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Copyrighted Material 11701_Black_2p_bindex.a.qxd 8/23/04 10:12 AM Page 451 INDEX A Ake, Commandant, 45 Abadan refinery,133, 170, 173 Akkadians, 21 Abbas, Abdul, 36 Aleppo, 73, 74, 75, 77 Abbas I, Shah, 65 pasha of, 84, 85, 86 East India Company alliance with, Ali, 33–36 72–73 rebellion against, 34 Abbasid dynasty,36–38 Ali, Rashid, 311, 312, 314, 341 Abdulhamid II, Sultan (Abdul the elimination of, 316, 318–319 Damned), 103–104, 109–110, 111, relationship with Third Reich, 117, 119, 121, 124–125, 127, 129, 315–316 130, 230–231, 280 Ali Mosque, 3, 4, 6–7, 79, 374–375. See dethroning of, 131 also Najaf Abdullah, King, 178, 240, 252, 254 Al Istiqlal editorials, 315 Abraham (Abram), 23, 26–27 Allah, 29, 30 “Absolute neutrality,” 315 All-India Moslem League, 311 Accounting systems, ancient, 17–20 “Almost facts,” xix–xx Ades, Shafiq, 346 Al Qaeda network, 373 Admiralty’s Oil Fuel Committee, 119 Alwand oil refinery,326 Affan, Caliph Uthman ibn, 32–33 Al Zawra newspaper, 108 Afghanistan, 76 Am al-Nakba, 246 Africa. See also South Africa America, 70. See also United States Ottoman Empire in, 56 oil consumption by,264 sea-lanes around,COPYRIGHTED 54 oil exported MATERIAL from, 98 African and Eastern Concessions, 139 oil for England from, 173 Age of Enlightenment, 70, 88 petroleum business in, 104–105 Age of Exploration, 52–53 Seven Years’ War and, 74 Ahab, King, 27–28 American oil company syndicate, 269 al-Ahd, 175, 176, 180 American oil interests, 262–263 Ahmet I, Sultan, 66–67 American oil policy,265–266, 267–271 Air operations, British, 257–258 American Petroleum Institute, 263, Aisha, 33 268 in Battle of the Camel, 34 Amorites, 22 451 11701_Black_2p_bindex.a.qxd 8/23/04 10:12 AM Page 452 Index 452 Anatolia, 52, 53–54, 56. See also Turkey Antitrust legislation, against oil barons, Halaf culture in, 14–15 105 Anatolia Railway agreements, 129, Anti-Zionists, 337. See also Zionism; 132–133, 139 Zionist entries Anatolia Railway Company,118, 119 Apcheron Peninsula, petroleum produc- concession to, 120–124, 143, 145, 159, tion in, 102–103 280 Apostasy,30 negotiations with, 139 Arab Association, in Cairo, 175 Anglo-French Declaration, 235–236 Arab Conquest, 30–32 Anglo-French oil negotiations, 225–226, Arabia 227, 228, 242 Islamic conquest of, 29, 30–32 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,294 unity of, 196–197 contribution to Third Reich, 305 Arabian American Oil Company Iranian takeover of, 356–358 (Aramco), 354 Olex as a subsidiary of, 304 Arabian Peninsula, 27–28, 180, 236 Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, “Arab-Jews,” 335 369–370 Arab lands, Turkification campaign of, Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), 175 126, 129, 134–136, 142–143, 170, Arab Legion, 327 213, 218, 243, 260, 264, 283, 283, Arab militancy,244 288. See also Anglo-Iranian Oil Arab nationalism, 174–175, 176–185, 236, Company 240, 293. See also al-Husseini, Haj British investment in, 146–147, 148, Mohamemed Amin 152, 154, 159–160, 160–163 anti-Semitism of, 294 British support for, 139–140, 141 German view of, 314 expanding jurisdiction of, 197–198 Hitler on, 342, 318 fusion with Royal Dutch Shell, Arab national parties, 175 204–205 Arab National Party,311 Mesopotamian oil rights and, Arab Nazis, 319 206–207 Arab Petroleum Conferences, 364–365 purchase of British Petroleum Com- Arab provinces, 236–237 pany,205–206 Arab Revolt, 180, 337, 340. See also Arab real-world monopoly of, 224–225 uprisings transfer of holdings to American con- Arabs sortium, 271 British Indianization of, 204 World War I and, 171–173 early history of, 27–36 “Anglo-Persian Oil Company—Acquisi- proclamation to Baghdad and, 192–193 tion of Capital” bill, 162–163 status in Western eyes, 315 Anglo-Persian Oil Company agreement, unity of, 246–247 130–133 Arabshah, Ahmad ibn, 54 Anglo-Persian–Turkish Petroleum fusion Arab sovereignty,League of Nations man- agreement, 200. See also Fusion dates and, 243–244 agreement Arab state, creation of, 180 Anglo-Saxon Petroleum, 222–223, 283, Arab tribal warriors, strength of, 288 256–257 Ankara, 53, 118 Arab Union, 360, 361 Anti-Semitism, 234, 343. See also Jewish Arab uprisings, 185–186, 244. See also entries; Jews Arab Revolt 11701_Black_2p_bindex.a.qxd 8/23/04 10:12 AM Page 453 Index 453 Armenia East India Company in, 75–76 Gulbenkian family from, 101–102 founding and development of, 37 mandate for, 242 Janissary rebellion in, 64–65 Armenian mandate, 233 Jews in, 335 Armenians, 52 Mamluk rule of, 69 extermination of, 231–233 modernization of, 108–109, 203 “Arrangements for Fusion of the Interests Mongol siege of, 44–47 in Turkish Petroleum Concessions of Ottoman recapture of, 65 the D’Arcy Group and the Turkish under Daoud Pasha, 81–82 Petroleum Company,” 155. See also reunification with the Ottoman Fusion agreement Empire, 83–86 Asian trade routes, 72. See also Trade routes starvation siege of, 68 Asquith, Herbert, 186, 208 Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 196 Assassins, 43–44 Timur’s campaigns against, 51, 52 Mongol destruction of, 44–45 Bagdadbahn (Rohrbach), 118 rebellions and strikes by,51 Baghdad mail route, 77 Assur, 21 Baghdad National Scientific Club, 176 Assyrian Christians, insurrection by,339 Baghdad oil field, 124, 126 Assyrians, 24–25, 28 Baghdad Pact, 360, 361 Australia, oil industry in, 106 Baghdad province, 57, 67, 111, 182, 209, Austro-Hungarian Empire, invasion of 214 Serbia by,164–165 concession for, 145, 163 Automobile industry,106 Baghdad railroad concession, 118, 119, 267 Awadh, 76–77. See also Najaf Baghdad Railway Company,196 Axis, Arab link to, 315–320. See also Nazi World War I and, 171 entries Baghdad Railway Convention of 1903, Aziz, Tariq, 368 119, 129, 143 Baha’i, 88 Bahktiari tribesmen, 116–117 B al-Bakr, Ahmad Hassan, 365–367 Ba’athist instigators, 4, 7, 9, 11 Baku, petroleum industry in, 115 Ba’ath Party,362, 365 Baku oil fields, 99–100, 100–101, headquarters of, 7 102–104, 107 purge of, 367–368 kerosene markets of, 102 Baba Gurgur Well #1 strike, 287 Balfour Declaration, 234–235, 238, 338 Babington-Smith, Henry,128, 145, 146, Balkans Wars, 141, 154 148, 152–153, 156 Banks, precursors of, 17 Babylon, 9–10, 20 Baquba outrages, 255, 257 history of, 23–26 Basra, 31, 32, 34–35, 47, 53, 54, 55, 64, 65, laws and commerce in, 17–20 67, 77, 78, 118, 186, 187, 190, 213, Babylonian Talmud, 334 214 Baghdad, 173–174, 208, 214 British acquisition of, 173–174, 183 banking on, 376 East India Company in, 72, 73, 74, 75, British drive for, 186–190 76 British governance over, 183 Indian Revenue Department in, 201 British prisoners in, 190 modernization of, 202–203 British proclamation to, 191–193 occupation of, 170, 173 as a center of knowledge, 37, 38, 39 Sykes-Picot Agreement and, 196 11701_Black_2p_bindex.a.qxd 8/23/04 10:12 AM Page 454 Index 454 Basra province, 57, 182, 209, 214 Buchanan, George, 197, 259–260 Basra Reform Society,175–176 “Bulgarian Atrocities,” 230–231 “Bastogne Bulldogs,” 5 Burmah Oil, 116, 120, 126 Battle of the Bulge, 5 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 371 Battle of the Camel, 34 Bush, George W., 372–373, 375 Bedford, A. C., 268 Byzantine Empire, 38, 56 Bedouins, 28, 29, 64, 67, 185 Belgium, World War I and, 165 Belief systems, Mesopotamian, 23 C Bell, Gertrude, 258 Cadman, John, 242, 266, 267–268, 284 Bérenger, Henri, 217, 220, 221. See also Calendar, Sumerian, 22 Long-Bérenger Agreement Caliphs, 30, 175, 182 Berthelot, Philippe, 242 of Baghdad, 36–37 Berthelot-Cadman agreement, 242–243 guerrilla war against Mongols, 43 Bitumen. See also Oil as “the shadow of God on earth,” 38 Mesopotamian deposits of, 95–101 Calligraphy,82 prehistoric uses of, 95 Camp Pennsylvania, Kuwait, 5 uses for, 96 Canada, oil industry in, 106 “Black City,” 100 Canaris, Wilhelm, 310 Black Death, 50. See also Plague Cape of Good Hope, 52–53 “Black Hell,” 83 Capitalism, state-controlled, 161 Blomberg, Axel von, 324 “Capitulation communities,” 122–123 Blue Mosque, 66–67, 79 Carpathian oil, 105–106 Bolshevik Revolution, 241 Carter administration, 369 Bombay,72–73, 77 Cassel, Sir Ernest, 128, 139, 141 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 75, 76 Cave art groups, 13, 14 Bosnia, World War I and, 163–164 “Census,” Mongol, 42, 45, 46 Boycott-breaking barter, 303 Chaldea, 25 Bravo Company,4, 9, 375 Chemical Warfare Service, 247 Brewsher, J. B., 15 Cheney,Richard, 373 Britain. See England Cholera, 85 British civilian administration, 200–204 Christianity,30. See also Christians British imperialist policy,72 Age of Exploration and, 53 British Indianization, 204. See also Indian- rise of, 26, 27 ization Christians, 239, 253. See also Christianity British industrial power, 73–74 in Anatolia, 52 British-Kuwaiti pact, 119 early Arabs and, 28 British mandate Islam versus, 39 defiance against, 253–254 jihad against, 256 ending of, 293 Maronite, 239 British Petrol (BP), 304 mass murder of, 230 British Petroleum Company Limited, Mongol alliances with, 44, 47, 49 205–206, 358 Ottoman Empire and, 56, 58, 229–234 Iraq and, xx Churchill, Winston, 133–134, 135–136, British prisoners, treatment of, 190, 256 141, 154, 257 Brooke-Popham, Brig. General Henry deal with Anglo-Persian, 159, 160–163 Robert, 249 on gas warfare, 248–249 Brown, Harold, 278, 279, 284 strategy of, 146–147 11701_Black_2p_bindex.a.qxd 8/23/04 10:12 AM Page 455 Index 455 CIA-MI6 coup, 358, 362 D City of Peace, 37–39 da Gama, Vasco, 53, 71 City-states, Mesopotamian, 21–22 Dair al-Zur, invasion of, 250–251 Civile Liste, 102, 103, 104, 111, 119, Damascus, 33, 52, 236, 251, 255 120–121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129 French march on, 245 debate about, 159 Mongol destruction of, 48 Civilization.
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