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“Éire Go Brách” the Development of Irish Republican Nationalism in the 20Th Into the 21St Centuries
“Éire go Brách” The Development of Irish Republican Nationalism in the 20th into the 21st Centuries Alexandra Watson Honors Thesis Dr. Giacomo Gambino Department of Political Science Spring 2020 Watson 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review: Irish Nationalism -- What is it ? 5 A Brief History 18 ‘The Irish Question’ and Early Roots of Irish Republicanism 20 Irish Republicanism and the War for Independence 25 The Anglo Irish Treaty of 1921, Pro-Treaty Republicanism vs. Anti-Treaty Republicanism, and Civil War 27 Early Statehood 32 ‘The Troubles’ and the Good Friday Agreement 36 Why is ‘the North’ Different? 36 ‘The Troubles’ 38 The Good Friday Agreement 40 Contemporary Irish Politics: Irish Nationalism Now? 45 Explaining the Current Political System 45 Competing nationalisms Since the Good Friday Agreement and the Possibility of Unification 46 2020 General Election 47 Conclusions 51 Appendix 54 Acknowledgements 57 Bibliography 58 Watson 3 Introduction In June of 2016, the people of the United Kingdom democratically elected to leave the European Union. The UK’s decision to divorce from the European Union has brought significant uncertainty for the country both in domestic and foreign policy and has spurred a national identity crisis across the United Kingdom. The Brexit negotiations themselves, and the consequences of them, put tremendous pressure on already strained international relationships between the UK and other European countries, most notably their geographic neighbour: the Republic of Ireland. The Anglo-Irish relationship is characterized by centuries of mutual antagonism and the development of Irish national consciousness, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of an autonomous Irish free state in 1922. -
The Role and Importance of the Welsh Language in Wales's Cultural Independence Within the United Kingdom
The role and importance of the Welsh language in Wales’s cultural independence within the United Kingdom Sylvain Scaglia To cite this version: Sylvain Scaglia. The role and importance of the Welsh language in Wales’s cultural independence within the United Kingdom. Linguistics. 2012. dumas-00719099 HAL Id: dumas-00719099 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00719099 Submitted on 19 Jul 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DU SUD TOULON-VAR FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MASTER RECHERCHE : CIVILISATIONS CONTEMPORAINES ET COMPAREES ANNÉE 2011-2012, 1ère SESSION The role and importance of the Welsh language in Wales’s cultural independence within the United Kingdom Sylvain SCAGLIA Under the direction of Professor Gilles Leydier Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1 WALES: NOT AN INDEPENDENT STATE, BUT AN INDEPENDENT NATION ........................................................ -
Decoding Middle Welsh Clauses Or “Avoid Ambiguity”
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2014 Decoding Middle Welsh clauses or “Avoid Ambiguity” Harlos, Axel ; Poppe, Erich ; Widmer, Paul Abstract: Middle Welsh is a language with a restricted set of morphosyntactic distinctions for grammatical relations and with relatively free word order in positive main declarative causes. However, syntactic ambiguity rarely, if ever, arises in natural texts. The present article shows in a corpus-based study how syntactic ambiguity is prevented and how morphological features interact with two referential properties, namely animacy and accessibility, in order to successfully identify grammatical relations in Middle Welsh. Further lower-tier factors are the semantics of the verb and the wider narrative context. The article complements recent insights suggesting that subject-verb agreement is not only determined by wordorder patterns, but also by referential properties of subjects. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2014-0008 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93417 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Harlos, Axel; Poppe, Erich; Widmer, Paul (2014). Decoding Middle Welsh clauses or “Avoid Ambigu- ity”. Indogermanische Forschungen. Zeitschrift für Indogermanistik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, 119:125-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2014-0008 Axel Harlos, Erich Poppe, and Paul Widmer Decoding Middle Welsh clauses or “Avoid Ambiguity” Abstract: Middle Welsh is a language with a restricted set of morphosyntactic dis- tinctions for grammatical relations and with relatively free word order in positive main declarative causes. -
Al Liamm Dastumadenn Sevenadurel Daouviziek Kerzu2002
Al Liamm Dastumadenn sevenadurel daouviziek Kerzu2002 Nedeleg laouen ha Bloavezh mat d’an holl Niverenn 3355 57vet bloavezh Postel [email protected] www.alliamm.com Pep skrivagner zo kiriek d’e skridoù TAOLENN BARZHONEGOÙ : Kroashent , gant Youenn Gwernig . .3 Maenhir, gant Jean-Yves Broudic . .4 O terriñ kleuz , gant Jakez Konan . .5 DANEVELLOÙ : Un endervezhiad hir, gant Ronan Huon . .7 N’eo ket mat ar gontadenn, gant Dominique Allain . .15 Breur ha c’hoar, gant Maguy Kerisit . .28 STUDIADENNOÙ : E koun Richard Jenkin, gant Per Denez . .55 Francesco Redi hag ar ganadur diwar netra, gant Yann gerven . .63 Soñjomp ervat : ur sell ouzh embannadurioù Buhez ar Sent, gant Jacqueline Gibson . .68 Renan hag a brezhoneg, gant Reun ar C’halan . .83 2 BEAJ : Un devezh e Gernevez, gant Per ar Bihan . .90 LEVRIOÙ, gant Eflamm gKervilio . .95 NOTENNOÙ : . .103 Youenn GWERNIG Kroashent Daou Hon-daou War hentoù hor bro Ker kalet o mein A gave din, Met e c’hoarzh va c’heneil E teuze o c’hrizder Un tammig. Daou Hon daou Ha tizhet ganeomp kalon ar c’hroashent. Steredenn o skignañ bannoù diniver War ar bed, Mont a reas va c’heneil hep kimiadiñ Gant ur seizhenn n’helle ket heuliañ 3 Marteze gant aon leskiñ e dreid, Mont a reas va c’heneil hag e c’hoarzh... Ha me, neuze, a raio Gant ur seizhenn n’hellen ket heuliañ kennebeut, Marteze gant aon koll an hent Ar c’hleuz, ar c’harzh hag Ar brouskoad pelloc’h – E ouiemp mat – (Ha soñj ‘peus, va c’heneil, va breur ? E oa eno soudarded kozh o c’hedal c’hoazh). -
Historical Background of the Contact Between Celtic Languages and English
Historical background of the contact between Celtic languages and English Dominković, Mario Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2016 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:149845 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-27 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Diplomski studij engleskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer i mađarskog jezika i književnosti – nastavnički smjer Mario Dominković Povijesna pozadina kontakta između keltskih jezika i engleskog Diplomski rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. Tanja Gradečak – Erdeljić Osijek, 2016. J.J. Strossmayer University in Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Teaching English as -
The Welsh Language and the Economy: a Review of Evidence and Methods
SOCIAL RESEARCH NUMBER: 10/2020 PUBLICATION DATE: 27/02/2020 The Welsh language and the economy: a review of evidence and methods Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. © Crown Copyright Digital ISBN 978-1-80038-097-4 The Welsh language and the economy: a review of evidence and methods Authors: Hefin Thomas, Brett Duggan, Alison Glover and Eluned Glyn, Arad Research. Full Research Report: Thomas, Hefin; Duggan, Brett; Glover, Alison and Glyn, Eluned (2020) The Welsh language and the economy: a review of evidence and methods. Cardiff: Welsh Government, GSR report number 10/2020. Available at: https://gov.wales/welsh-language-and-economy Views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and not necessarily those of the Welsh Government. For further information please contact: Catrin Redknap Social Research and Information Division Knowledge and Analytical Services Welsh Government Cathays Park Cardiff CF10 3NQ Tel: 0300 025 5720 Email: [email protected] Table of contents List of figures ............................................................................................................ 2 List of tables ............................................................................................................. 2 Glossary ................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 4 2. Methodology -
Pages Ffuglen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page I
Y Meddwl a’r Dychymyg Cymreig FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page i FfugLen Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page ii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG Golygydd Cyffredinol John Rowlands Cyfrolau a ymddangosodd yn y gyfres hyd yn hyn: 1. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), DiFfinio Dwy Lenyddiaeth Cymru (1995) 2. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Neb (1996) (Llyfr y Flwyddyn 1997; Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 3. Paul Birt, Cerddi Alltudiaeth (1997) 4. E. G. Millward, Yr Arwrgerdd Gymraeg (1998) 5. Jane Aaron, Pur fel y Dur (1998) (Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 6. Grahame Davies, Sefyll yn y Bwlch (1999) 7. John Rowlands (gol.), Y Sêr yn eu Graddau (2000) 8. Jerry Hunter, Soffestri’r Saeson (2000) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2001) 9. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), Gweld Sêr (2001) 10. Angharad Price, Rhwng Gwyn a Du (2002) 11. Jason Walford Davies, Gororau’r Iaith (2003) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2004) 12. Roger Owen, Ar Wasgar (2003) 13. T. Robin Chapman, Meibion Afradlon a Chymeriadau Eraill (2004) 14. Simon Brooks, O Dan Lygaid y Gestapo (2004) (Rhestr Hir Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2005) 15. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Newydd (2005) 16. Ioan Williams, Y Mudiad Drama yng Nghymru 1880–1940 (2006) 17. Owen Thomas (gol.), Llenyddiaeth mewn Theori (2006) 18. Sioned Puw Rowlands, Hwyaid, Cwningod a Sgwarnogod (2006) 19. Tudur Hallam, Canon Ein Llên (2007) Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU CAERDYDD 2008 Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iv h Enid Jones, 2008 Cedwir pob hawl. -
Notes on Parliaments Visited
3 Notes on parliaments visited Parliaments studied 3.1 This chapter provides a brief overview of the parliaments studied during the program in order to provide a context for the observations in Chapter 2. The notes are from the perspective of the committee’s interests and do not attempt to provide an overview of the parliaments themselves. There is obviously much more that could be said about each of the parliaments visited, but such comments would not reflect the experience provided by the study program. 3.2 As noted in paragraph 1.6 above, the committee was able to visit, observe and have discussions at the House of Commons and House of Lords in London, the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh, the Tynwald in Douglas, (Isle of Man), the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff and the French National Assembly in Paris. The notes on these assemblies reflect information provided during discussions as well as documents provided by our hosts. 3.3 Three main factors influenced the decision to visit the four parliaments in the United Kingdom and one in France: a desire to compare practices and procedures with other parliaments sharing Westminster origins (The House of Commons, House of Lords, Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales); an interest in learning how quite different parliamentary traditions address issues relevant to all legislatures, including scrutinising the Executive, use of parliamentary committees, communicating with the 34 STUDY PROGRAM 2006 public, procedures for conducting formal votes, how parliaments adapt themselves to societal changes (the Tynwald and the French National Assembly in addition to the parliaments in Britain); and time constraints imposed by the need to slot the visit into part of the Easter break (returning in time for the Budget sittings) and the sitting patterns of other parliaments. -
Council of Ministers Report on the Reduction of Carbon Emissions By
GR: 33/11 COUNCIL OF MINISTERS REPORT ON THE REDUCTION OF CARBON EMISSIONS BY THE ISLE OF MAN GOVERNMENT July 2011 Price Band A : £0.75 “To the Hon Noel Cringle, OBE, MLC, President of Tynwald, and the Hon Council and Keys in Tynwald assembled.” At the December 2009 sitting of Tynwald, the following resolution was passed: “That the Council of Ministers should assess what actions would be required to reduce carbon dioxide emissions caused by activities carried out by Government Departments by 10% by the end of 2010; and that the Council of Ministers should report back to the March 2010 sitting of Tynwald its conclusions about (a) the measures which would be required to achieve this and (b) the measures which Government could reasonably and practically put in place to achieve this target, and further that the Council of Ministers should report back in early 2011 on what percentage carbon dioxide emissions reduction was achieved during 2010.” In March 2010 the then Minister for Local Government and the Environment made a statement to Tynwald 2010, providing an update regarding progress made on the motion agreed in December 2009. This report, to be laid before Tynwald by the Council of Ministers, details the significant amount of work which has been carried out by officers regarding attempting to accurately quantify and introduce measures to reduce Government’s carbon dioxide emissions. Going forward, by utilising co-ordinated working between the Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture and the Transforming Government team it is hoped to establish better reporting mechanisms supported by effective monitoring tools and management systems, regarding Government’s usage of energy. -
Sociolinguistic Vitality of Manx After Extreme Language Shift: Authenticity Without Traditional Native Speakers
IJSL 2015; 231: 45 – 62 Open Access Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin Sociolinguistic vitality of Manx after extreme language shift: authenticity without traditional native speakers Abstract: This article draws on sociolinguistic fieldwork among speakers of one of Europe’s smallest indigenous language communities, a speaker group which persists after the loss of all of its “traditional speakers” within living memory. The extreme language shift experienced by Manx has not led to loss of the language as a spoken and literary medium due to the efforts of significant numbers of lan- guage activists and enthusiasts over several generations, from before the loss of the traditional language community to the present. Their actions have resulted in significant linguistic institutionalisation and a rapidly expanding number of speakers of various abilities, some of whom form a new “speaker community”. It discusses the constructions of linguistic authenticity and alternative models for the revival speaker, showing how core groups of speakers have been bestowed with authenticity by the wider non-speaker population, for whom linguists’ inter- est in language endangerment and language death are not primary concerns. The article shows how speakers appropriate and are accorded forms of authority and legitimacy in the absence of traditional native speakers. Keywords: authenticity, native speaker, language revitalization and regenera- tion, Manx Gaelic, Monegasque DOI 10.1515/ijsl-2014-0031 1 Introduction: sociolinguistic vitality after extreme language shift In this article I use the term extreme language shift (ELS) to refer to the process by which communities underwent a language shift from their historical native Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin: University of Limerick, Ireland. -
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh First Published November 2011, Updated to October 2016
Was Galatian Really Celtic? Anthony Durham & Michael Goormachtigh first published November 2011, updated to October 2016 Summary Saint Jerome’s AD 386 remark that the language of ancient Galatia (around modern Ankara) resembled the language of the Treveri (around modern Trier) has been misinterpreted. The “Celts”, “Gauls” or “Galatians” mentioned by classical authors, including those who invaded Greece and Anatolia around 277 BC, were not Celtic in the modern sense of speaking a Celtic language related to Welsh and Irish, but tall, pale-skinned, hairy, warrior peoples from the north. The 150 or so words and proper names currently known from Galatian speech show little affinity with Celtic but more with Germanic. Introduction In AD 386 Saint Jerome wrote: Apart from the Greek language, which is spoken throughout the entire East, the Galatians have their own language, almost the same as the Treveri. For many people this short remark is the linchpin of a belief that ancient Celtic speech spread far outside its Atlantic-fringe homeland, reaching even into the heart of Anatolia, modern Turkey. However, we wish to challenge the idea that Galatians spoke a language that was Celtic in the modern sense of being closely related to Welsh or Irish. Galatia was the region around ancient Ancyra, modern Ankara, in the middle of Turkey. Anatolia (otherwise known as Asia Minor) has seen many civilisations come and go over the millennia. Around 8000 BC it was a cradle of agriculture and the Neolithic revolution. The whole family of Indo-European languages originated somewhere in that region. We favour the idea that they grew up around the Black Sea all the way from northern Anatolia, past the mouth of the river Danube, to southern Russia and Ukraine. -
AMANDA GRIFFIN the Manx Music Festival
EnterText 2.1 AMANDA GRIFFIN The Manx Music Festival: A Socio-Cultural Consideration Introduction At the close of the 1993 Manx Music Festival, Sir Charles Kerruish, then President of the Isle of Man parliament, Tynwald, stated: “This festival demonstrates the strength of Manx culture as it is today. Frankly it makes me feel proud to be Manx and happy in the knowledge that our cultural heritage is in such safe keeping.”1 This article is a consideration of the ways in which this music festival can be claimed to demonstrate “the strength of Manx culture as it is today.” By examining the festival from two perspectives it will consider the ways in which the festival is negotiated as a symbol of Manx culture. The first of these perspectives focuses on the meanings found within the festival itself, and the second on the place the Manx Music Festival occupies in the broader culture of the Isle of Man as a whole. Ultimately the article will show how a competitive music festival is used as symbol of both culture and identity. The empirical research for this paper took place over a number of preparatory months and culminated in an intensive six-week period of field study in the Isle of Man that included attending the 108th Manx Music Festival in April 2000. I have chosen to report my findings from this research using the present tense, but this is by Amanda Griffin: The Manx Music Festival150 EnterText 2.1 no means an attempt to place the research in some sort of historically ambivalent moment, with disregard to the passage of time.