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striipag bha turadh ann. Dh'fhäs am boireannach na b'lheärr. Sgtiir a deöir. AN DIOGHALTAS AICE "Gun teagamh. fliuair sibh droch naidheachd an diugh. Pheigi." arsa Murchadh Thormaid, "mur eil sibh deönach mise doras na garaids a chäradh innsibh dhomh agus di- 'Seinn iribh o. hiüraibh o. hiigaibh o hi. chuimhnichidh mi c. Theid mi air eeann- Seo agaibh an obair bheir togail fo m'chridh. gnothaich (job) eite. Bhi stiuradh nio chasan do m'dhachaidh bhig fhin. "O cäraichidh sinn doras na garaids. Ma Air criochnacbadh saothair an lä dhomh." tha sibh deiseil tägaidh sinn an drasda agus seallaidh mi dhuibh doras na garaids. Tha Sin mar a sheinn Murchadh Thormaid chitheadh duine gun robh Murchadh 'na turadh ann." "nuair a thill e dhachaidh. "Nuair a bha c dhuine deannta 'na shcacaid dhubh-ghorm Agus leis a sin choisich an triuir a-mach a' stiiiireadh a’ chäir dhachaidh. bha eagail agus na dhungairidhe (dungarees), Bha baga dhan gharaids, an saor ’na shcacaid dhubh- air nach maircadh an ehr bochd air an rarhad uainc aige le chuid inncaian saoir. Bha e mu gorm is dungairidhc , . . an gille 'na an deidh an ath dheuchainn M.O.T. dheieh bliadhna air ITiichead a dh'aois. dhinichean tjeans) agus bcan-an-taighe 'na Chaidh tiircad de chäraichean nuadh Phög e Eilidh tri uairean mus do bhruidhinn sgiort agus seacaid de chlö-mör uaine is donn. earbsach seachad air "nuair a bha e a" i. Chord am froca oir is dearg a bha uimpc ris. Bha an litir na dorn ihaihast. stiiiireadh feadh uiread de shräidean ann an "Mhurchaidh. a ghraidh. bha ordugh thairis Sheall i doras na garaids dhaibh agus Glaschu. Ach bha sin an dän dhä. a dhol o air a fön — tha doras an gharaids bristc — chunnaic Murchadh Thormaid as a bhad na cheann gu ceann sa bhaile mhör ann an.cär ann an Baile-ür-na-Maoirn (Newton bha ccärr leis. Dh'fhosgail i an doras . . . agus meirgeach gun fheum. Nuair a rachadh am Mearns).” chunnaic an saor na bha am broinn . . . agus fear seo fair an raihad gu brath cha bhiodh "An e Aonghus Ogg a bh'ann'.’ 'Se duine chuir e iongnadh mör air. e comasach dha ach cär eile aosda meirgeach beartach a tha ann." Chan fhaca e cär cho briagha riamh rotmhe. a cheannaeh. "Chan e. bha a bhean. Peigi. a’ bruidhinn Bha an cär a' deärrsadh . . . mar gun robh Cha robh ach tri dürachdan aige . . . nach . . . a' bhean-phosda Ogg." e a’ toirt cuircadh dha. . . . "Trohhad a- biodh a bhean, Eilidh. no a phäisdean ann an "'S e duine faoin a tha ann a thaobh nam stcaeh. Mhurchaidh Thormaid, agus stiüir dith . . . gum biodh ar seann chänain ban . . . mar a theireadh an t-oran: mise feadh gach äitc o eheann-gnothach gu Albannach na äite na Beurla feadh Alba gu ceann-gnothach. ..." lcir fhathast. mar a bha i roimhe leaclid **'N um amadan, 'n am amadan a bha mi Thuig Murchadh Thormaid gun robh luaeh Mairearad nam Mallachd a phös Righ Calum riamh. millean thar inhiltean an seo. Ceann Mör . . . ’N am amadan. ’n am amadan a bha mi riamh. Thuig ise gu math na smaointcan a thäinig . . . agus an treas düraehd aige . . . gum biodh 'N am amadan. 'n am amadan a bha mi riamh. a-steach don cheann aige. cär mör briagha nuadh aige fhathast. A' mire ris na caileagan "Chruitheachd! Tha e direach nuadh.” arsa lomadh oidhehe bhiixlh hruadair aige. nuair A chaill mi rao chiall. . . esan. "Chan eil idir . . . ceithir miosan a dh'aois a bha e na chadal. gun toireadh duine dhä cär "Direach mar a thuirt thu. a ghraidh. An . . . an ceannaich thu an cär?” dh'fliaighnich mör briagha nuadh. an nasgaidh, ach leid thu ann am maireach?" bcan-an-taighe gu caraeh. dhuisgeadh e an ath iatha gun chär an läthair. “Theid . . . trath sa mhadainn. Eilidh. a Ach thuig an saor gun robh an dä-shealladh "Mise? Bhiodh mise fior thoilichte sin a thasgaidh." dheanamh . . . ach, nach saor bochd a tha aige agus . . . Iatha air choireiginn. . . . Bha uisge trom. irom ann an ath mhadain annam-sa?” Thöisich e a' gabhail örain a rithisd agus agus bha Murchadh an saor cho fliuch ris an "Cöig not’?" esan a' stiüireadh dhachaidh . . . lön mus do hon e an cär truagh aige leis an "Cöig?” fhiodh a dh'fheumadh e air son doras na "Direach cöig not’." ‘‘Air ciaradh don fheasgair 's mi seasgair fo garaids. “O gabhaidh. gabhaidh." dh'eigh an dhion. Cha mhör gun d'räinig iad taigh Aonghuis Gäidheal. Bha cagal air nach robh e a' Mu’n cuairt air a’ chagailt bidh aighear gun Ogg nuair a thuirt an gille: cluinntinn gu ceart . . . no gun robh e a' dol dith; “ A mhaighstir." (Bha c daonnan a’ as a rian . . . "cöig not' . . . sin agaibh e." Na päisdean ri äbhachd, *s am mäthair ri bruidhinn ri Murchadh Thormaid mar gun “ Seo an t-üghdarras agam." arsa ise. sniomh; robh e san sgoil fhathast). . . . "A mhaighstir, Nochd i Murchadh Thormaid an litir. "S ino chridh-s' air a lionadh le grädh chachreid mi nach eil am “ big-end" air dhol Leugh an saor i. Bha an litir fliuch leis a dhaibh."“ a dholaidh. . . ." deöir fhathast. Seo mar a bha sgriobhie. . . . Cha tuirt an saor cail ach leig e osna. "Pheigi, a ghraidh, Bhiodh na päisdean ann agus bhiodh am A dh’aithghearr bha an taigh eireaehdail Dh’»halbh mi leis a' bhan-rimairc agam. mäthair a‘ feilheamh air . . . ach cha bhiodh briagha beartach air am beulaibh. Thoir mathanas dhomh. Gabh an t-airgead a ise ri sniomh. 'S docha gum biodh i faisg air An sin. chuala iad boireannach a‘ ranail tha fhathast anns a' chimntas againn sa a fön agus sgriobhadh ise sios a h-uile ördugh agus a' deanamh caoineadh mar gun robhas bhanca. Gabh an taigh agus a h-uile eail a tha a thigeadh a-steach air a fön, a chionn is gum ’ga marbhadh. Ach thug iad an aire gun robh ann. Ach. reic an cär agus cuir thugarn an biodh obair-shaoirsinneachd nuadh fhaighinn Peigi Ogg na h-aonar, nuair a dh'fhosgail i t-airgead. air a shon-sa. Bhriseadh a chridhe nan an doras . . . agus abair gun robh na deöir Gu dileas, trdigeadh si e. Nam bheireadh fear air falbh a' sileadh sios air a gruaidhean. Bha i mu dhä Aonghus.” a' bhean Eilidh. mharbhadh Murchadh fhichead bliadhna a dh'aois . . . boireannach Thormaid an trusdair leis a h-uile inneal saoir laghach . . . bha clö na Hearadh uimpc . . a bha aige. agus bha t a' cumail greim air litir 'na dorn. G1LLEASBUIG MacMHUlRICH Stad e an t-seann chär aige le eiginn, oir “Trobhadaibh a-steach mach as an uisge Giileasbuig Lachlainn Tlleusbuig. bha na breicean (Brakes) air dhol a dholaidh. arsa ise agus na deöir a sior-shileadh agus a Nuair a bha e a’ direadh nan staidhre guaillean air chrith le ospagan. An deidh A tale is often sweeter with a sting in its tail. 2 CARN He was a firm believer in the aims of the Celtic League and active in the London branch SEUMAS MAC A' GHOBHAINN for many years. ln 1985 he was elected a member of the organising committee of Scrif- Celt. the first Celtic languages Book Fair, Seumas Mac a' Ghobhainn, Scottish author. essayist and Propagandist, and a Iong organised by the Celtic League in London. time member of the Celtic League. died in a London hospital on January 21. after This event attracted the support and a short illness. He was 57 years old. He had been a member of the London branch participation of 72 Celtic language publishe s. of the Celtic League since 1965 and was a member of the organising committee He was also a member of the Scrif-Celt ofScrif-Celt. His best known works were The Scottish Insurrection of 1820 (Victor organising committee for 1986 when the event Gollancz, 1970) and The Problem of Language Revival (Club Leabhar. Inverness. proved an even bigger success. 1971) both co-authored with Peter Berresford Ellis. He was working on a biography o f Edward Dwelly. the Compiler of Faclair Gäidhlig, the Seumas Mac a' Ghobhainn was born in which had been deleted front most Scottish Gaelic Dictionary, when he died. He feil ill Edinburgh on January 15, 1930. He was history books until that time (1970). The book with intestinal trouble just after Christmas and educated at the Royal High School where he gave birth to an 1820 Society. Oniy last ycur was admitted to hospital on January' 9. His was taught by Hector Maclvor (1910-1966) the socicty spent £10.000 in renovating a condition declined rapidly and he died at 6.18 a native of Lew is who had a great influence memoriaI to the executed Scottish leaders in a.m. on January 21. He was divorced but in Scottish literary circles. Educated during Sighthill Cemetery. Glasgow, which has now leaves a daughter and two sons. the Second World War. he spent two years hecn officially listed as a memorial by the Rose, in January, 1972, wrote of Seumas" at Llanduduo Gramntar school. He once Scottish Office, the Scottish Insurrection oj "lf the Scottish Gaelic language survives into recalled: 1820 was one of the most widely reviewed the 2 Ist Century it will be mainly thanks to 'Welsh was part of the Curriculum but the books of 1970 and has only just gone out of the clTorts of a tenacious Scotsman who. over school was flooded w ith evacuees and the r int. the past ten years. has been a veritabie one- parents of these children objected to the man national cultural movement". language being taught. As a result. Welsh was Seumas’ eo-author and friend, Peter droppcd to the detrintent o f the Welsh children Berresford Ellis. said: who then had no opportunity to learn their ” 1 was imroduced to Seumas in 1966 at the own language." time I was becinning to take an active ineerest Hejoined the Scottish National Party at the in the Celtic League. We met at the City time they achieved their first election success Literary Institute in London. We shared many with Dr. Robert M. Maclntyre taking the seat interests apart from an interest in all the Celtic for Moiherwetl in 1945. He was then a cultures and Celtic history- We sha J an supportcrof the "Lallans" literary movement interest in populär literature and its inf "nee. which was led hy pocts like Hugh in psychology, in general linguistics id in MacDiarntid. eastern philosophy. In the 1950s. however. he feil under the ""He was a sincere and passionate an: a influence of Seumas Mac Garaidh. the • man who wanted the best for all his llow Arhroath-born Scottish republican and Gaelic men: a radical socialist who hoped t t one enthusiast (1885-1966). Mac Garaidh. who day his own country' of Scotland wou once more take its position antong the inde ident won scveral prizes for his work in the Seumas Mac a ' Ghobhainn. language. taught that Scottish Gaelic had been nations o f the world. He made no ilogy the language o f all Scotland until the 13th The Problem o f Language Revival, co- about his vision o f seeing the Gaelic 1 tuage Century. Indeed. Gaelic had survived in some authored with Peter Berresford Ellis. the result become once again the national language o f parts of the Lowlands. such as Galloway. until of a Compilation of jointly written articles in Scotland. He wanted to see all six Celtic the late 18th Century. the Scottish bilingual newspaper Sruth. was peoples raise their heads as self-goveming and Front then on, Seumas Mac a ’ Ghobhainn a study of those countries that had achieved Celtic-speaking nations. insisted that the language be called the Sconish successful language revivals. "A book for the “In the passing of Seumas Mac a’ language. in Engiish. or Gäidhilg. Like his activist and not for the academic bookshelf." Ghobhainn. Scotland has not only lost an mentor Mac Garaidh. he w'anted the declared Ned Thomas, author of The Wc/sh indefatigable worker for the propagation of restoration of Scottish Gaelic as the national Extremist. her Gaelic language and its culture but a language of Scotland. He leamt the language. Writing in the Scottish Vanguard in 1967 tireless and unrepentent worker for a self- entbued itsculture and history, "Seumas Mac Seumas said: "It is a stark fact that Scotland's governing Scotland. And Scotland's loss is the Garaidh had opened a door for m e," he once national language can only be saved and ntade loss of the wider Celtic world. Ahovc all. said. to flourish again by its protagonists adopting Seumas Mac a’ Ghobhainn was a humane, He began to express dissatisfaction with the a completely revolutionary approach to the gentle, kindly and generous person.” alliludes of "Establishment” Gaelic bodies question of its revival." such as An Contunn Gäidhealach (foundcd in At a Celtic League meeting in 1969 he ntade PETER BERRESFORD ELLIS 1891) and even with SNP attitudes towards an impassioned piea for a Scottish Language the language. In a biting article in Rose Society to be established along the lines of the (September. 1965) he wrote: "It would appear Welsh l.anguage Society. The result was that that the Scots are not greatly concerned at all a number of Glasgow' Universjty students McRAE, WILLIE about the fact that their distinct language and answered his call and in October. 1969. culture iias declined almost to the point of non- Comunn na Cänain Albannaich (CNCA) came In proud and loving memory of Willie MeRae existence". into being. Its militancy achieved some who was shot dead on 6th April 1985. Articles on Celtic history and culture began success not only in polarising attitudes for a "As long as but a hundred o f us remain to flow front his pen both in Engiish and stronger support of the language but in alive, never will we on any conditions be Gaelic. He w'rote for a wide variety of joumals achieving minor successes in the use o f the brought under Engiish rule. It is in truth in many countries, including the Celtic ones, language in several walks of Scottish life. not for glory. not riches, nor hor.ours that and published several poems in Gaelic and Seumas resigned his chairmanship at the we are fighting, but for freedom — for that Engiish. Oetobcr. 1971. annual meeting. by which time alone. which no honest man gives up. but The Scottish fnsurrection o f 1820, eo- CNCA had branches across the country and with life itself." authored with Peter Berresford Ellis, was the 100 delegates representing the branches. were Always remembered with pride by his first full length study of the Scottish uprising attending. He wanted time to continue his friends and comrades in Scotland. which had national as well as radical aspects. research and writing activjties.
CARN 3 on a number of fronts shows up a nuniber of ON THE GAELIC FRONT deficiencies inherent in An Comunn Gaidhealach, which has yet to issue its own Policy for Gaelic Arts. le Frang MacThötnais The main problem which looms on the Gaelic horizon is the fact that two bodies now In l'our years' limc. it will be the centenary year of the founding of An Comurtn operatc for the promotion of Gaelic This is Gaidhealach. li was founded as a kind of cultural reaction to ihe many Highland a waste of resources, initiative, and innovation Games organisations which concentrated on physical prowess. The year 1891 was and the sooner the two bodies beeome one tust live years afler the Highland crofter entered into ihe Statute Books of the British strcamlined facility for the language the better. Government via the Crofters Act of 1886. The Act gave crofters security of tenure Thig an latha! but failed to open up the System of land use which had created Lhousands of previously * * * fertile land into a sterile desert. with sheep. then deer and grouse. ln Memoriam: As I was writing this. the While the passing of the Crofters Act was Gaidhealach and individuals who pay a news came that Seumas Mac A' Ghobhainn some kind o f achievement. gained through a subscription. CnaG ts run by a Board with ten died after a short illness. Seumas impinged painful process of politicisation. to sa\ nothing directors. o f whom 5 are drawn from the on my own life in the Gaelic world over a of bloody confrontations with the biased public bodies and 5 representing the general period of 25 years or so. as he did on the life forces o f law and Order. The Act placed rhe membership. of others. He was a gentle soul. but not soft whole System o f Highland land use intoaspic CnaG has concentrated its efforts on when it came to staging a war arena on behalf which did the cröfling pupulation little good. intervention in the public and polilical sectors of his adopted language. His work has yet to There was little opportunity for the of Scotland. The specific mention of Gaelic, be assessed but it will stand out as a significant entrepreneur. the innovator and the Initiator for instance. in the National Heritage eontribution to the public awarcncss of Gaelic to dcvelop. It was in effect a Third World (Scotland) Bill was as a result of CnaG's and Scottish history particularly in those ftery Situation and gave birth to the term "The rcpresentations. davs o f the Sixties when so rnuch had to be Highland Problem". Only now are things What could be called CnaG's baptism was done by so few. His inspiration was beginning to move in the right direction. with a Conference on Gaelic Policy, held in Skye contagious and I well remember. during the the recent formation of the Scottish Crofters in July 1985. While this Conference was years 1 edited the bilingual newspaper Union. flawed in certain of its aspects. it was a SRUTH. the many times he came up with On the cultural side. Gaelic saw many lens successful exposure of Gaelic used as a ideas and advice on what the paper should o f thousands of its Speakers move out of the medium of debate and discussion and the carry These were ölten lonely years for me. Highlands. Whole swathes o f a linguistie policy document which emerged from it was but the constant contacts by letter and domain were cut away to leave fragmented impressive not only in its content but in its meetings face to face with Seumas helped to pockets which have never recovered, though presentation: highly polished, articulate and restore a flagging energy. the Western Isles remained true to its language cogent in its arguments. He w ill be sadly missed from the Gaelic and culture. A small staff. including a Development scene. Searnus' place on the watchtower is The appearanee of An Comunn Gaidhealach Officer. and an agem with youth now empty. But we are thankful that his sense did much to bolster Gaelic, particularly responsibilities. has managed to create a sense o f duty over these long years will remain as through its annual National Mod. But the of purpose and direction for the language. It an inspiration to those of us who still carry Comunn was run by a hierarchy o f educatcd is perhaps too early in CnaG’s existente to on the fight. and aristocratic people quite divorced from analvseachievements to date. but its orogress A chuid de fhlaitheanas dha. the communahy which gave it a not wholly acceptable image. Neariy a Century on from 1891 whoever writes An Comunn’s history will have a hit of a task to balance the achievements of its THATCHER S THIRD REICH - early years with its activity in recent times. It was a reaction to the inability of An Comunn to grasp ncttles and agitate for WHAT WILL S.N.P. DO? progres.s on the Gaelic front which rcsulted Phil Mac Giolla Bhdin in the formation of Comunn na Gaidhlig in Be it May/June or October. whichever she decides. Thatcher is clearly heading for September 1984. I have mentioned this body a third term as commandant of the “ UK". in passing in past issues of CARN and it now Her policy of smashing the Trade Unions and supplanting the Labour aristocracy seems appropriate to flcsh out some of the with de-skilled, mobile and biddable assembly plant fodder has met w-ith wild acclaim details o f CnaG. Its aims are: from the lumpen bourgeoise of middle England. Her Vision of tuming ‘‘Great Britain" 1. To confirm the integral position of the into the Taiwan of the EEC is well on course. Gaidhlig language in the economic, social, moral and cultural development o f the In ihe crucial marginal seats that Labour OK. so Thatcher wins the election in the Gaidhlig speaking community. must win to topple her. Thatcher — even UK and "loses" in Scotland — so what? 2. To give young people the will and the before an election hudget — is miles ahead Thafs exactly what happened in ’79 and opportunity to share in our heritage and to in the areas that count. In Scotland, however. again in "83 - what’s different this time? In develop prtde in their identity as Gaels — her party could well be reduced to a rump. one respect nothing’s changed at all, in through access to and use of the Gaidhlig Thev have at present 21 — (out o fa possible another, just about everything. . . . The language. 72). foregoing is eommonly referred to as the 3. To stimulate awareness of the Malcolm Rifkind Thatchers man in Alba “ . . . Doomsday scenario . . ." The term sig ificance of the Gaidhlig language in — said he would be quite content with seems to have been coincd by someone in the Scotland’s heritage and cuhure. "around 15". Pro-Devolution campaign, the Campaign for 4. To ereate an environment in which the Some polls are suggesting that he could lind a Scottish Assembly — (CSA). Gaidhlig language can be leamed and used in 1 himseif "leading" a party in Scotland with The CSA is an all party body. however the as many situations as possible. as little as 6 or 7 MPs. His own seat iuelf Tories are the only party Standing in Scotland The membership of CnaG consists of repre- 1 could be at risk. Big names. like George that have no plans to grant Scotland any sort sentation from Local Authorities in the J Younger — Brit Minister for Defence — are of autonomy from Wesiminster. Indeed, if Highlamis. including Strathclyde, An Comunn ' almost certain to be among the casualtics. anything. the Southern based New Right are
4 CARN becoming morc centralist as their period of “ Although Moral force is an essential Caiside, Stephen Paul DeVillo, Alexei Office goes on. There is now much talk in pari of our independence struggle, it Kondratiev, and Kevin McEneaney, Scotland about what to do when Maggie gets cannot be seen as the sole weapon generously assisted by League members her hat-trick. availablc. It was not the moral justice of Michael Burke. Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Geoff Labour's branch manager in “ the north” , their case which won freedom for the Davis, and George Moran. Donald Dewar, has been busy damping down former colonies of the European etnpires, KELTOI subscriptions are available outside any such talk by his own people. It was the acceptance by the imperialist the U.S. at the special introductory rate of A third term of Thatcher is . a mythical powers that they could no longer control only $6 US (surface mail) or S10 US (airmail) disaster that won't happen. ...” However, events in their subject nations.” for two issues, frpm Keltoi, P.O. Box 20153, despite their leader's warnings. the party's Dag Hammarskjold Center, New York. New When it came to analysing the options open pro-devolutionists are talking about what to York, 10017, U.S.A. Issue Two will be do when she does it for a third time. to the SNP and Scotland under a Third Reich o f Thatcher the hcresy o f the young Turks available 1 May 1987. The most noticeable, the most vocal and continued: public has been. without doubt, Denis STEPHEN PAUL DeVILLO Canavan. “ The 3D’s o f Disruption. Direct Action Canavan, who the SNP call a pseudo- and Civil Disobedicncc are the logical Nationalist. has already indulged in some one- conclusions rcached by following the ‘No man Parncllite parliamentary disruption in the Mandate Argument’. ” A Celtic Library/Levraoueg Keltiek has just Scottish selcct committee. been opened on the initiative o f the Dalc’homp The Bill being debated was the community So what’s different this time from ’83? Sonj Association and o f the Conservatoire de Charge bill — (everyone eise in Scotland calls As far as the Labour Party’s concerned — Musique Traditionnelle de Bretagne at the it the poll tax). nothing at all. They’re still North Brit Centre owned by the latter between An Canavan's behaviour was condemned by the unionists, some will huff and puff theatrically. Oriant/Lorient and Ploveur. It will be open Labour hierarchy — especially Dewar. The but nothing more. to the public from 9 to 18.00, Tuesdays to SNP realises that the spectre of an assured As far as the people o f Scotland are Saturdays. The aim is to offer a wide choice Thatcher third term on a solid Engl i sh vote concerned things are very different. Thcre’s of books. periodicals, cassettes rclating to all puts the People's Party here in an unusually been 8 long years of Thatcherism to harden the Celtic countries. The founders would like vulnerable position. attitudes, concentrate minds and weaken to gaiher there as much as possible of the For probably the first time the SNP can jibe commiiment to the British Connection. This Celtic publishers’ production. They have got the Labour Party that voting Labour is a scenario is well named. but it isn’t Doomsday donations from various people and wasted vote. for the Tories — safe in their home counties Organisation and received hundreds of This was a fairly effective weapon against heartlands. it is Doomsday for the Labour publications already. They would like to get the SNP in the ’70s used hy Labour to some Party in Scotland — and that’s good news. new ones as they appear. either on the basis effect. of a free (“ press” ) Service or at cheapest For weeks now every SNP Statement, prices. The address; 36 Straed Emile Zola. leaflet, letter to the press has ended in unison KELTOh 56100 An Oriant. — ”... what will Labour in Scotland do when Available from same address; England votes Tory again?" Labour’s answer Ä PAN-CELTIC DALC’HOMP SONJ. Winter issue, in — apart from Canavan’s huffing and puffing French. Of great interest among other articles — has been silent fury at their inability to REVIEW are those dealing with vestiges of Celtic produce a reply. pagartism in Breton Christianism — was It remains. at present, the SNP's best shot Published by the American Branch Pelagius influenced by the Druids? Also how and. to their credit they’ve played it for all much the French 1789 Revolution owed to the they’re worth. Breton ideal of freedom in the beginning, how The question. rather surprisingly, hasn’t The Celtic League American Branch is proud its being diverted to tyranny caused the been thrown back at them — i.e. “ what will to announce the premier publication of its new Chouans’ rebellion. Subscription 90F/annum. you do when Thatcher is re-elected on English bi-annual magazine KELTOI: A PAN- votes?” If Labour, or anyone eise, asked this CELTIC REVIEW. * * * * * question. the SNP leadership would be equally KELTOI is designed to be a unique stuck to produce an answer. magazine; an eclectic mixture o f well-written AGM Some in the SNP realise this, and have been articles and features covering the history and seeking answers. ln doing so a fundamental culture of the six Celtic nations from the weakness of the SNP is highlighted. At the earliest times to the present day. The 1987 AGM o f the Celtic League is due last SNP National Council of ’86 a group of The contents of Issue One include an to take place during the August 14-16 young leftists, including Brendan O’Hara of interview with Alan Heusaff, plus articles on weckend in An Oriant/Lorient. Brittany. It Glasgow, published and distributed a short Possible Parallels to Kundalini Yoga in Celtic will thus coincide partly with the Interceltic pamphlet: “ A New Agenda for Scottish Tradition, the rise and decline of The Welsh Festival which extends uver teil days. The Nationalists” . Slate Industry, Fergus MacRoich in Celtic meeting will be held in the Conservatoire de It was an attempt to get the party to address Mythology, plus an in-depth look at Nikolai Musique Traditionnelle Bretonne situated just itself to something that. amazingly, it has Tolstoy’s The Quest for Merlin. Features in the town suburbs, on the" way to largely steered clear o f — i.e. the mechanics include Contemporary Celtic poetry by Kevin Ploveur/Ploemeur. All Celtic League of achieving independence. McEneaney. a review of Robert Fisk’s In members are invited (they will have the It castigated the current orthodoxy of the Time o f War, and Celtic Chronicle, detailing opportunity to witness the big musical event SNP — i.e. getting 37 MPs elected in Scotland some of the people and events from the and to visit sites of archaeological and historic — thus being a majority of Scotland’s 72 MPs American Branch’s populär 1987 Celtic interest which are numerous in the — the SNP would secure a democratic Calendar. Upcoming articles and features will surrounding districts). The organisers need to mandate for independence. include The Celtic Influence on Modem know well in advance how many people will Literature. The History of the Isle o f Mann, attend, particularly if they want “ This ’37 strategy’ owes little debt to a look at the poetry of Paul Muldoon. Tin, accommodation at the Conservatoire where political realities of Scotland, and although Copper and Cornwall, The Irish Language in meals will also be available on reservation. intended as a short-cut to independence. America Today, The Comish Uprising of Those intending to come should inform their is more likely to be a dead-end.” 1497, The Celtic Pelagius, Tristram & Isolde, branch secretary of their plan and ' The Battle o f the Boyne, and more. requirements if possible three months in In exaniining the experience of other subject KF.LTOI is made possible by the voluntary advance as there may be difficulties later in nations: contributions of staff members Liam O reserving places. Be with us!
CAJRN 5 BRE1ZH
all a zo yen ouzh ar yezh ha ne reont ket penn EUSKARIZ Ä ZISKOUEZ eus ar re-se. A .E .K . Ret e vefc komz c ’hoazh eus an aozadur A .E .K .. e bal deskin d’an dud deut AN HENT d’an oad komz ar yezh euskarek. Bez-ez eus kreizennoü anezhan e pep lech dre ar vro. En Iparralde n’eus nemetan o e’h D'ar mare ma welomp ar Stad C’Hall o krignan ar gounidoü a zo bet graet evit ober war-dro ar seurt tud .15 kreizenn a oa eno e 1980-81 gant 60 kelenner evit 540 ar brezhoneg er skol abaoe dek vloaz e talvezo moarvat d’hol iennerien kaout un deskard. Tri bloaz goude e oa 20 kelenner alberz eus ar pezh a c ’hoarvez gant ar skoliata en euskareg. ouzhpenn ha war-dro 800 deskard. Henvel a- w alc’h stad an traoü e Navarra. Evit ar I gant ar gouarnament emren. Lakaet e vez An emsaverien euskarat a lavar n'eo ket rannvro emren ez eus aozadurioü all ivez met deskin euskareg tamm ha tamm en holl reizh ober gant ar ger Euskadi o komz eus o AEK a emell eus ar pep brasan eus al labour | skolioü-Stad. ne chom mui nemet 1 % anezho bro keit ha ma ne vo ket unanet en ur Stad gant 32.000 den (tost da 60% eus an holl hep tamm euskareg ebet. Pegen mat e vez dezho o-unan o seizh rannvro. Lavarout a zeskerien vras) en e garg. Rein a ra kentelioü desket, se zo ur gudenn all. Pevat falrom reont Euskal Herria ha d'o heul e ran gant e skolioü abardaez. skoliou-hanv, er skolioü a zo, diouzh plas an euskareg enno; “ Bro-Euskar" diouzh skouerioii evel “ Bro- greantioü. Dre vras e klasker lakaat an dud aroueziet int gant al lizherennoü A. B. D ha C'Hall" ha *‘Bro-Saoz” . D’ar mare-man ha da bleustrin 6 eurvezh ar sizhun. Aozet e vez X. Er re A e vez desket pep tra dre ar ni o kom eus saviadou-yezh e rankomp ivez tennadoü "Start” a 12 eurvezh ar sizhun. spagnoleg met desket e vez euskareg 3 pe 4 diforc’h teir rannad enni: an hini a zo dindan War ar c’homz eo e vez lakaet ar pouez. ar eurvezh ar sizhun: e B eman an div yezh war j beli ar Stad C ’Hall, en euskareg Iparralde: ar pal o vezan barrekaat ar muian hag ar buanan hanter. sanset: e D e vez pep tra en euskareg Gumuniezh Emrcn Euskarat amparet gant ma c'haller an dud da ober gant an euskareg ! met desket e vez spagnoleg evel danvez; en Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia hag Araba/Alava: ha neuze en holl o divizoü pemdeziek. O lakaat ar bobl X n’eus tamm euskareg ebet. Setu amada heul Communidad Foral Navarra hag a zo bet da vezan perzhiek zoken e mererezh an I an dregantadoü-skolidi. evit pep rummad o dispartiet hervez un doare-ober anavezet mat aozadur a-gevret gant ar gelennerien hag ar lakaat a-gevret re an skolioü-Stad, re an e Breizh hag en Iwerzhon. strollad-ren a genurzh an holl labour E VO ikastoloü ha re ar skolioü prevez all (urzhioü Daoust ma c ’hotizanv Iparralde diwar an NEVEZET TALVOUD KEVREDIGEZHEL katolik), evit ar bloaz-skol ’86-’87. kenverict hevelep lezennoü ha Breizh e hanval stad ar AN EUSKAREG. N'eo ket kelenn hepken eo gant re ar bloaz-skol '81-82 etre klochedoü yezh bout yac’hoc'h eno eget en ho bro. Ne a ra AEK: lakaat a ra ober enklaskoü, kromm: gomzan ket eus niver an euskaregerien: rein stumman a ra kelennerien. broudan ar re a oar Er skolioü-bugaligoü (oad 3-4) ez eus e A a reer ar sifr 23% evit an dregantad anezho da zeskin da'r re all, aozan emgerc’hoü e-touez ar boblans niet moarvat ez eo ken 39% (47). e B 32% (25). c D 28 (25). en X 1% 63). (stourmadennoü). Rein al lec'h kentan d'an diresis hag ar sifroü a vez martezeet evit euskareg dre ar vro a-bezh an hini eo ar pal, “Breizh-Izel” . Ar pezh a zo arouezius eo e Er skolioü kentan derez (oad 5-14) ez eus en A 69 (67), e B 12% (9), e D 18 (16), cn kuit a "zaoudeodegezh” ! Ar re-man a daol voe digoret skolioü SEASKA eno abretoc ’h o selloü uheloc’h eget an divyezhegezh. . . t X (8). E Gipuzkoa c tizher 27.2% hag e eget re ZIWAN; 654 bugel a oa eno pemp Ya met evit kreskin en deus ezhomm AEK bloaz’zo; breman ez eus tost da 900 hag ur Biskaia 20.5% met en Araba n'eus nemet 4.1% er skolioü D. eus skoazell-arc'hant ar gouamamant. E-lec’h skol eil derez zo bet digoret e Kanbo, kedanaout AEK avat ez eo bet krouet Gouez d ’ur c'henskriver euskarat ar sifroü- Koulskoude e tle bezan un tamm mat H.A.B.E. e 1985 a-berzh-Stad evit ober war- se zo amsieriek a-walc’h. Diouzh ar gwel e nebeutoc'h a dud er rannvro-se eget en hör dro an euskarekaat hag an aozadur nevez-se | Goueled. kadaernaont ar mennad e tle sifroü ar eo a zo en e garg rannan an arc'hant evit al rummadoü gant nebcut a euskareg digreskin E Navarra e voe diskleriet e Kerzu 1985 e oa ' labour-se Pell eman AEK diouzh kavout e I war well ar rummadoü krenv ar yezh enno. divyezhek an tolead meneziek en hanternoz gont breman. Tamall a ra d'ar gouarnamant Padal e meur a skol B n’eus koulz lavaret ar rannvro. E-leizh a gudennoü a zo eno gant I lakaat skoilh da adsav ar yezh. N'eo ket gwir nemet spagnoleg. ernezan. ar gelennerien a an ikastoloü, anezho evel ma ouzoc’h skolioü ' ez eo ur "remziad kollet’' azo eus an holl dud ra evel ma karont. “ Moarvat eo gwclloc'h bet digoret dre ar vro a-bczh gant an deut. A-bouez bras er c'hontrol eo o lakaat aman eget e Breizh met e-leizh ac ’hanomp a emsaverien, skolioü prevez ac’hanta. Niver j da zeskin euskareg rak seul vui e welo ar | scnj ne ra ket ar gouarnamant seurt-anvet an holl skolidi e Navarra zo ouzhpenn ur wech ! vugale-skol e reer gantan en diavaez eus ar broadelour kemem ha ma c'hallfe evit lcdanaat ha.iter hini Araba gwir eo, met mat eo gouzout skolioü seul atizetoe’h e vint da zeskin ha da tachenn ar yezh.” N’ern eus ket a sifroü nevez ez eus bet dalc’hmat muioc’h a vugale o vont ober gantan ivez. evit ar skolioü eil derez. Er bloaz-skol ’82-'83 J'an ikastoloü e Navarra eget en Araba. Kement-se zo gwir. Hen diskouez a ra 3,604 eus an 91,389 studier ouzh o darempred Kerbenn istorel ar Vro-Euskar eo droukskouer Iwerzhon: ma vank a ar a oa en ikastoloü. Er skolioü-meur ez a Irunea/Pamplona. Ar gouamamant avat a ra grennarded aman da gomz ar yezh a vez difonn-difonn an traoü ivez: “ Me zo o studian an nebeutan ma c ’hall evit lakaat deskin an strivet da zeskin dezho. ur wech kuitaet ganto ar Yezhonizh Euskarek. Betek ar 4e bloavezh euskareg er skolioü-Stad; en arvar bras eman ar skol, ar pennabeg a-dra-sur eo na vez klevet ne vez ket kelennet un danvez paneveken dre ar yezh eno rak an holl a oar spagnoleg. Er nemet dibaot a wech er gevredigezh. rannvro emren ez a niver an dud o teskin I bcp rummad, tra ma’z eus daou e saozneg evit euskareg en ikas-toloü atav war greskin. Da 1 ar re a studi yezhoniezh ar yezh-se. Dre vras Every chilti from 3 to 14 years ofage in the gentan ne oa d'o harpan nemet an arc’hant a e c'haller lavarout n’eo ket lusket adsav hör Basque Autonomous Community is now being zeu an emsaverien a-benn da zastum. yezh gant diarbennoü an ensavadurioü taught the national language, though how well Breman e teu ar pep brasan digant ar- kefridiel; eman atav e dale'h ar "youlelezh", depends very much on the type o f school. ln chuzulioü lec'hel hag ar gouarnamant. Anl eme va c ’henskriver. Lavarout a reer ivez ez Navarra and in the Northern provinces the emsav a c'houlenn e ve lakaet an holl ikastoloü! eo gant kelennerien “ war vale” eo e vez lack o f official eneouragement gives cause for er servij foran, a-gevret gant ar skolioü-Stad. * desket an euskareg e meur a skol A ha B: mont concem but the ikastolas as well as AEK are Lezet eo bet ar garg eusan deskadurezh voutin1 a reont a glas da glas. Kalz eus ar gelennerien' doing a tremendous job in alI areas.
6 CARN RESISTING Sl 1 FOCATION A SEASON IN THE FRENCH GRIP A group of one hundred persons — members o f the APEEB (Association o f Parents wanting their children to be taught Breton) with State efforts to strangle the Breton language appeared to he relaxing after 1978. shortly children and friends — gathered on 23-1-87 after thc FLB had blown a hole in the French show-piece castle of Versailles. When in front o f the Education Offices in Rennes. a university degree in Breton was instituied five years ago, ander pressure front They wanted to ask: the electorate, even Mitterand looked like he was ready to enthark on a course of — Why their request. repeated during the “ historic reparation" (his own words). But the agents of uniformity were not long previous 3 months. to see the Department in recovering control. The victory of the Mtra-Conservalives last year allows them Inspector, was not answered; to tighten the noose again. Why 100 nursery school children are refused Breton classes sincc the beginning Thus the decision taken just before the March weil as to transfer the regional programmes of November: '86 election to put gTadually 31 Diwan front the eventng hours to the middle of the — Why is the APEEB not allowed to employ teachers (there are 35 o f thent this year. 17 dav (when people read the papers). Too much an itinerant teacher this year; schools) on the State’s payrolls over a 2 '6 year regional consciousness is not good! Ministers — Why have teachers on sick leave or on period has been rescinded: only 12 will be are opposed to giving powers of decision to refresher courses been replaced by staff establishcd. The development of these schools the Regional Councils. Having created them with no knowledge of Breton in 3 classes: u'hich depends on public funding — they have powerless. they' blame them now as — When will the Education authorities a deficit of 4 million francs this year — is thus inefficient. u waste of public money. Nexl establish a progranime for the bilingual blocked. There could easily be 800 childrcn step: do away wtth them! classes? to attend this year otherwise. The contract stgned in 1984 for four years — Does the inspectorate back the demand for No action is taken either by the official side with thc Region, obliged the State to a DEUG (Diploma for Breton University to remove thc impediments to the normal contribute yearly 1.450.(X)0 Ff in aid to the Studies) and for the training o f Breton working of the bilingual classes set up hv the Breton eultural associations. Negligible as this teachers in the training Colleges? State — obviously for the purpose o f was in comparison with the needs and with • Three separate complaints were brought countering DIWAN. what is spent on promoting the French culmral before the Rennes Administrative Court by 1t is clear, for all who see. that the French mterests. iIns heln was welcomed by the parents on the ground that their children were want our language DEAD. associations as reversing an old policy of deprived of Breton teaching in nursery and I WOULD LIKE HERE TO APPEAL TO discrimination. Rut money musr be spared for primary schools due to teachers being on leave READERS OF CARN to write. and .isk arms in Tr had or the Pacific. Too had for the of absence or because a request for such fricnds to write to French ambassadors or contract. there will be only 950.000 Ff for the teaching was turned down two years in directly to the French Minister of Educalion. Ploucs. The cuts will hit most severely succession. The Association of Breton Paris, strongly protesting against this associations whicb are activc in promoting the Teachers brought a further case against an cthnocidal poliev. ALL POSSIBLE STEPS Breton language (Skol Vreizh. Skol an Academy Inspector for ordering the teaching MUST BE TAKEN TO KEEP DIWAN Emsav. even the verv loyal Emgleo BreizL of Breton to be stopped in a College without G01NG. THIS DEPENDS PRIMARILY ON music (Bodadee ar Sonerien), dances any rcason. THE BRF.TONS OF COURSE. HUT (Kendalc'h). The pretext: their work has more © The Cöres-du-Nord Council decided in INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY WILL to do with "education nopulaire" ihan with November to put up bilingual road signs on HELP. ANY FINANCIAL CONTR1BU- culttirc as understood in Paris. DA STUM 327 km o f departmental roads — 45km were TION WILL ALSO BE WELCOME. THE (collccting traditional music) and scholars' done before — The other department councils ADDRESS IS: D IW A N . BOURK associations are spared reductions. They may however are dragging their feet. STOURM TREGLONOU, 29214 LANN1LIZ, Brittany. well present less danger to francophony and AR BREZHONEG resumed its campaign against the gallicized signs. in particular near Kemperle. They vowed not to be deterred by court actions. Kristian Georgeauit received a severe sentence in December. although accused only o f having lent his car to the militant SaB members. ® The Breton Cultural Council, of which Per Denez is the President, reported in January on its aclivity during thc second half o f 1986. During the National Minority Film Festival held last August in Douarnenez ii brought together representatives o f the Catalan government and o f the Welsh and Scott ish Television Services as well as elected members of the Regional and Depai mental Councils of Brittany. Will the latter now press for a Breton television channel? For 12 of them the Cultural Council organised a four- day trip to Wales in October where they met people in Charge of 3 TV channels of the Welsh Arts Council, of Ysgolion Meithrin Welsh Office prominents, etc. They had the Diwan nursery dass, Lezardo. Kemper!e. (see Cam No. 56, p. 8.) opportumty to satisfy themselves, if they had any doubts. that education through Welsh, far The pendulum has swung back also in the to the spread of a culmre with nothing but from being a handicap, acrually benefits the ,media. Local radios are being bought by shallow roots among the people. . . . children. Will they now stand four-square outside intcrests. The Parisian Controllers of With a 5th and a 6th French TV channel behind DIWAN? Among other activities ihe the FR3-channel liave decided. without being extended to Brittany. our people will Council took a leading pari in the unanimous referring in the slightest to the viewers. fo rave all the opportunstes to get soaked with Protests o f the Breton cultural organisations reducc thc Breton language television the only culture that counts. Soaked or i against the reduction o f che state’s financial broadcast time from 1 U hours to 1 hour. as suffocated contribution to their work.
CARN 7 • Since”YHYTireiön""cöurses hav: been organised bv ihe association APLB in an increasing numbcr o f secondary sehools and universities in ihe Paris area. Ronan Tremel takes a promineni pan in this aetivity. The number o f students choosing Breton as a subjeet in the baccalaureat rose front -18 in I*585 to !02 in 1986. This success was feit as a threat in higher spheres o f the Parts academy 1t was announced in September that the Breton (and other ''regional language") eourses. w ould no longer be admirted as pan of the ordinäre eurriculum. Ronan Tremel had already had to light against atiempts to transfer hint to the teaching of English. He was now asked to teach physics tnstead of Breton. Written protests were o f no avait. To draw public attention to this Situation, the APLB "staged" Breton classes in the hall of the Montparnasse railway Station on two occasions around Christmas. It must be Breton dass by APLB in Mntupanutsse (Paris) railway Sta tion (bv courtesy o f "Le Peuple remembered that therc are about one million Breton' ’). ipeople of Breton descent in Paris.______• OALED DIWAN. Treglonou. 29214 Minister, he is also the mayor o f Paris with IN THE SHADOW OF GREATER PARIS Lanniliz is organising a series of eourses from at his disposal an enomious budget and 40.000 Like Ireland Brittany is experieneing a new mid-February to the end of August. The (civil» servants: 70% o f the mnney allocated w-ave of emigration due to unemployment. subjects will include the training of Breton for culture in the state budget is reserved for teachers. teaching learners all levels. The strikes which look place in December in Paris in an attempt to du/./le the world. His Electricite de France and the French Railway Computer use. Staging plays for children. Position enables Chirac to control. rather to Company were backed here by a higher literature. film making. cotnic strtp ntaking. favour the development of the surrounding Proportion o f ihe workers thar. elsewhcre. The kan ha diskan singing — boating. There will region at the expense of the other 19 or 20. livelihood o f the whote farming community be camps for Breton speaking children 6-12 It suits a technocratic elite, backed by and 12-14. for families: a bilingual camp: is threatened. shipyards are not getting Orders, chauvinists who helieve that France will the merchant fleet is in decline. While the practice o f Breton while working with outshine all other countries if its Capital is number of new jobs (206.000) created during farmers. All activities directed towards numerically the biggest. Noconcem there for the period from 1967 to 1985 in Brittany was increasing knowledge of Breton. Phone (98) the sociological consequences of living in a claimed to be higher than in any other region. 040704 suburban conerete jungle! The major French the number of those engaged in farm work parties conspire in this megulomania which • A working group on Celtology at the decreased from 303.400 to 134.0(X) in the requircs the exploilation of the provinces (a same time. With losses in other seetors of the Leiden Umversity have recently published a very apt term as it implies subjection): their economy such as the building industry 60-page anthology of Old-Irish and early head Offices are of course in Paris, and that t—25.000 since 1978) and fishing, there was Middle-Welsh poetry with Dutch translations: is where. with 12% of ihe French electorate. only a balance of 6.000 extra jobs This De oudste Keltische poezie — een votes are to be picked! Lei the rest o f France represents an increase of 3% in Brittany bloemlezing can be obtained from the editor turn into a senii-desert. there will he roorn for whereas for the whole of the "Hexagon" the for the price of D. florin 9.25 incl. postage. holidav making. the address is: De Lantaam, Burggraven-laan average was +6%. 100. 2313 HX Leiden. Netherlands. This The future? The mayor of Kraozon (a town HOW DOES IT AFFECT BRITTANY? group. in which our friend Lauran Toorians in a picturesque peninsula South of Brest, with The emigration which averaged 2,4(X) per is panicularly active. is planning a small the Enez Hir nuclear submarine base next annum from 1975 to 1981 in the "Four exhibition on earlier Celtic studies to coincide door) sees the development o f tourism as the departements” rose to 14.000 per annum in with the International Congress o f Indo- only solution for extensive coastal areas and the period 1982-85. Inelude Loire-Atlantique European Linguistics due to bc held in Leiden even for the whole of Brittany. As BREMAN and you could add 30% to this figure. next September. The idea of this exhibition remarks, it may bc the most profitable way One would wait in vain for most o f those was inspired by SCRIF-CELT which they for the liberal-capitalists to cxploit the in positions of authority in Brittany to raise visited in April 1986. They will attend the "region’s potential” but it means their voice against the spoliation of our Summer School of Celtic Studies organised dispossessing the Breton people of their land. country, to demand for their constituents a fair by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. of thetr dignity. Tourism is acceptable only share of the State resources. They owe too next June 22-July 10. They would like to meet if it combincs with ihe development o f the much to patronage, and the tradition of Celtic League members on that occasion. other seetors of the Breton economy and adulation for Paris is too deeply seated. Al ® The Breton branch of CONSEO culture. If our culture is to develop. it will their head as President of the regional (Conference of West European Statcless be only thanks to our national will as will be assembly of a truncated Brittany is Yvon Nations) constituted by Emgann. Stourm ar clear from reports in this issue. The French Bourges who is also on record for urging as Brezhoneg, the Breton scction o f the European State is out to smother it. little power as possible for that elected body. Bureau for Lesser-Spoken Languages) is As for the economy, its prospects are not Is French unity so fragile! organising a festival-cum-demonstration in improved by present trends. The The nationalists. autonomists. regionalists, Support for the demand that Breton be regionalisation to which the Mitterand those who in areas like Brittany. on the recogmsed as an offtcial language in Brittany. government pledged itself six years ago periphery of the State, are aware of a different This is to take place in Karaez on March brought forth regional assemblies elected by identity and want to maintain it, they are the 21 - 22 .______universal suffrage but Chirac and his team are only ones who could, if united. even if the rolling it back: the powers of the regions must media are against them. draw the attention of LE P5EÖPILE BRETO N /Pg :• L be limited to the maximum. he himself said their fellow-countrymen to their colonial BREIZH. last October. Regionalisation is good only for Situation and denounce the failure of the 20 pages, monthly organ of the U.D.B.. the Paris region, for which he has great French party politieians to end the exploitation B P301.22304 Lannuon-Cedcx (Subscriptions ambitions requiring Privileges, more to which they are subjected. in spite of the 100 Ff/annum to CP Rennes 236576). Privileges than ever. He is not only the Prime mono “ Liberty, Equalily, Fraternity” .
8 CARN CYMRU
1. Mae gennyf cwythr sy'n ddiplomydd yn Llysgenhadacth Brydain yno, a; DEDDF IAITH NEWYDD I 2. Mae'r Ffindir yn un o wledydd Ewrop Ile mae dwy iaith yn cydfyw yn gytun heb yr GYMRU - GWERS O'R FFINDiR un yn goresgyn y Hall: hynny yw gwlad a allem ni ddysgu ohoni sut i ffurfio a gweithredu ddeddfwriaeth i sierhau dofodol Datilenais heddiw yn y Western Mail nad oes ond 27 allan o 200 o gyrff cyhoeddus i'r ddwy iaith yn y wlad hon. a chwmniau preifat a dderbynniodd y dogfennau ymgynghorol oddiwrth y Swyddfa Cyn dechrau. hoffwn gydnabod campwaith G ym reig beLlach w edi ym ateb. (arall) Meie Stephens sef "Linguistic Tybed ai yw'r diffyg ymateb yma yn adlewyrchu'r ffaith nad yw’r cyrff a'r Minorities in Western F.urope” . ac os ydych cwmniau hyn yn pryderu gormod ynglyn a gweithredu un ai bil Dafydd Wigley neu eisiau rhagor o fanylion, ewch i'r gyfrol fil yr Arglwydd Prys-Davies. Efallai erys sail i’r gred yma os yw ’r sefyllfa bresennol honno. sy’n bodoli yn Ffindir yn herthnasol i’r sefyllfa y gellir ei chreu yng Nghymru’r Yn ol fy cwythr (sy'r siarad Ffinneg ond dyfodol. Hoffwn ddychwelyd i’r pwynt hwn nes ymlaen yn y ilythyr hwn. dim Sw'edeg) a’m modryb (sy’n siarad Swedeg ond dim Ffinneg), does dim "problem iaith’ ’ yno; mae’r bobl yn eyd-fyw' Rydw i ar ddeall hefvd fod y Swyddfa 1. CYMERWCH DDWY DABLED POB yn ddedwydd ac yn gytun — does dim tyndra Gymreig yn gwahodd sylwadau oddiwnh y BORE A NOS rhwng y ddwy garfan yn y wlad. cyhoedd a mudiadau a diddordeb ym 2. USE AS D1RECTED modolaeth ein hiaith gencdiaelhol: bod 127 3. TAKE AS BEFORE? Dyma ddyfyniad o Gymal 19 yng wedi gofynam eich dogfennau ymgynghorol Os ydy e mor angenrheidiol bwysig i gael Nghyfansoddiad y Ffindir 1919: ac 86 wedi ymateb yn barod. Credaf fi fod cyfarwyddyd manwl. Saesneg ar hob potel. "Finnish and Swedish are the national hyn yn dangos bod ’na rhagor o gonsyrn paham y caniateir "Use as directed” a sothach languages of the Republic. The rights of ymysg y boblogaeth yn gyffredinol am yr iaith tebyg sydd i’w ddarganfod ar hanner y poteli Finnish citizens to use their mother tongue nag sydd ymysg ein gwleidyddion a’n sy ’n dod mas a fferyllfeydd Cymru heddiw? whether Finnish or Swedish. as parties before gweision sifil sydd efallai yn ducddol i weld Fy marn personol i yw, nid yr iaith sy’n courts o f law and administrative authoritics yr iaith yn rhwystrad yn hytrach na'n rhan bwysig, ond beth sy’n ysgrifenedig. Pan and to obtain from them documents in that annatod o ’n cymdeithas. roeddwn i’n gweithioyn Seland Ncwydd, fc language shall be guaranteed by law. so as to Fel Mcddyg Teulu dan byfforddiant, rydw fyddwn i’n rhagnodi yn Samoeg a Maori yn protect the rights of the Finnish-speaking and i’n ymwybodol o nifer o ddifygion sy’n ol mamiaith y claf. ac roeddwn i’n fodlon bod Swcdish-speaking populalious in accordance cffeithio ar fy nghleifion — diffygion na y claf yn deall y gorchmynion. with equal principles. The cultural and fyddai’n bodoli pe bai bil Dafydd Wigley Y rheswm bod ’na ddadi yn y Ile cyntaf yw. economic needs of the state in accordance wdth neu’r Arglwydd Prys-Davies yn ddeddf. nid diogelwch y claf. ond yn hytrach y sta..s equal principles.’’ Y diffyg mwyaf amlwg ydy’r ansicrwvdd eilradd sydd i’r iaith Gymraeg. Dydy’r Hefyd yn y Cyfansoddiad y mae cymalau ynglyn a hawliau’r Cymry i gael y siaradwr Saesneg ddim yn eydnabod yn gwarantu fod pob deddf a Gorchymyn cyfarwyddyd ar labeli eu tabledi neu foddion dilysrwydd y Gymraeg yma yng Nghymru. Statudol yn cael ei gyhoeddi yn Swedeg a yn ysgrifenedig yn Gymraeg. Rydw i wedi Dydy nhw ddym yn eydnabod bod y Gymraeg Ffinneg. Fe gyhoeddir y Gazette Swyddogol cael profiad personol o un o ’m cleifion yn gallu mynegu neges ar ei liwt ei hun. heb yn ddwyieithog. Gellir derbyn gohebiaeth oedrannus uniaith Gymraeg a ddywedodd gael y Saesneg ar ei phwys. oddiwrth unrhyw ran o ’r llywodraeth yn yr wrthyf. (arol iddi dderbyn ci thabledi gyda'r Dyma enghraifft arall: y Tystysgrif Achos iaith a ddewisiwyd gan yr unigolyn. cyfarw vddyd yn Gymraeg) ei bod hi am y tro o Farwolaeth. Gallaf ei lenwi yn uniaith Ac yn ol yr ystadegau, mae’r polisiau yn cyntaf yn deall sawl Tabled i gymeryd. a Saesneg. neu yn ddwyieithog. ond nid yn gweithio: dydy’r nifer o siaradwyr Swedeg phryd. heb orfod dibynnu ar ei chof. Gymraeg yn unig. ddim wedi lleihau ers sefydlu’r Weriniaeth yn Er waethaf y galw am ragnodau Dyma enghraifft arall: roedd hawl gennyf 1919 (rhyw 303.406 neu 6.6% yn ol cyfrifiad (prescriptions) yn yr iaith. rydw i wedi methu gofrestru genedigaeth fy merch. Carys Ann. 1970. Fel canran y boblogaeth mae’r ffigyr cael gwvbodaeth pendant ynglyn a ’r gyfraith yn uniaith Saesneg neu yn ddwyieithog. ond wedi disgyn tipyn bach: nid achos fod y yn y eyswllt hwn. Yn ol y Ddeddf Iaith 1967, nid yn uniaith Gymraeg. siaradwyr Swedeg yn methu pasio’r iaith rnae unrhvw'betii yn ysgrifenedig yn Gymraeg ymlaen i ’w plant, ond achos fod Cvfradd Mae’n amlwg fod y Gymraeg. yn ei sefyllfa yng Nghymru yn gyfartal ddilys a Saesneg. Genedigaeth y siaradwyr Swedeg (17.7 y mil) bresennol. yn apendics diangenrhaid. Yn ol y Medicines Act 1968 (dwi ar ddeall) yn Hai na’r siaradwyr Ffinneg (21.5 y mil). (maddeuweh y term meddygol yna!) a mae rhaid i’r cyfarwyddyd fod yn Saesneg. Mae ’na ddwy ddeddf hollbwysig a luniwyd ganiateir dim ond er mwyn bodloni yr Dydy e ddim yn ymarferol bosib gael y er mwyn gweithredu ysbryd y cyfansoddiad “eithafwyr" hynny sy’n dymuno byw eu ddwy iaith ar v pitw labeli a ddefnyddir: felly yn wyneb y ffaith bod y Swedeg wedi ei Ueoli bywydau trwy’r Gymraeg. pa iaith i’w defnyddio? Bues i’n gohebu a’r ym Mroydd Swedeg yn hytrach na bod yn Does dim cydraddoldeb neu ddilysrwydd ar Gymdeithas Fferyllyddol Prvdain Fawr ers wasgaredig trwy’r wlad i gyd; sef: hyn o bryd. Does dim dadl chwaith a oes mis Ebrill y llynnedd ond maent yn dal i Language Act 1922; a, basiwyd ar yr un angen am ddeddf iaith newydd: mae pob wneud ymehwyl i’r peth. Yn y cyfamser pryd: cyfriftad ers dechrau’r ganrif hon wedi dangos mae’n dibynnu ar y fferyllydd: os yn Knowledge o f Languages required by Civil dirywiad yn nifer o Gymry Gymraeg. Mae’r Gymro/Gymraes gellir caei y labeli yn Servants Act 1922. ystadegau yn profi, yn wyneb y drefn Gvmraeg; os yn Saes/Saesnes ni ellir heb Yn ol y Language Act fe rennir y wlad yn ffwdan, ac mae rhaid imi ysgrifennu’r bresennol. fod yr iaith yn marw. Dyna pam 547 o fwrdeistreft fei y canlyn; cyfarw'yddyd ar wahan yn Gymraeg. mae angen arnom ni i gyd fei Cymry ddeddf MATH 1 Bwrdeistrefi Uniaith Swedeg. Er body siaradwyr Saesneg yn ducddol i iaith newydd. MATH II Bwrdeistrefi Dwyieithog a Hoffwn newid cyfeiriad nawr a disgrifio'r ddadlau ar sail diogelwch bod rhaid i’r Mv/yafrif Swedeg. Saesneg gario’rdydd. hoffwn ofyn i ehi beth sefyllfa sy’n bodoli yng ngwlad y Ffindir. am MATH III Bwrdeistrefi Dwyieithog a ddau reswm- sy’n saffach: Mwyafrif Ffinneg.
CARN 9 MATH IV Bwrdeisirefi Uniaiih Ffinneg. Os bydd canran y lleisfrif yn fwy na 10% (neu. yn ol gwelliant 1962 os bydd nifer y NEWS FROM WALES Ueiafrif yn fwy na 5.000) mae'r fwrdeistref honno'n ddwyieifhog. Fel arall, mae'n BOOK SALES DOWN TEACHING T HROUGH WELSH IN THE fwrdeistref unieithog. The Welsh Books Councils annual report UNIVERSITY OF WALES Fe adolygir pob bwrdeisiref put> 10 mlynedd suggest a poor year for W'clsh ianguage At the same time as Plaid Cymru have gyda'r cyfrifiad: yng nghvfnod 1963-72 roedd Publishing. Almost all books in Welsh reeeive dropped their demands for a separate Welsh v sefyllfa fei y canlyn: a government grant to finanee their medium College, the University Grants 44 o Fath I publication. However funds spent on Commission have agreed to finanee a elose 34 o Fath II advertising. Publicity and marheiing are pitiful Circuit television link between the University 13 o Fath 111 and many books fail to appear in time for the Colleges at Bangor and Aberystwyth. Al 456 o Fath IV. peak pureiiasing periods ol’ the National present about 200 students takc some part ol Yn ol y Knowiedges of Languages Act. mae Eisteddfod and Christmas. their degree course through W'clsh at euch rhaid i hob swyddog a gwas sifil basio College and both have 17 lecturing posts arholiadau yn Ffinneg a Swcdeg. i through Welsh (both figures exelude Welsh Ym mvd addysg. Ile bynnag y bont. os bydd CASEL Ianguage and literature). The new link will 18 o blant oed ysgol gynradd mewn ardul. A new society "CASEL” has been formed greatly expand the ränge of subjccts available mae rhatd i'r awdtirdodau ddarparu vsgol ar to preserve the building o f Wales' non ' to students in either College. eu cyfer. Mcwn ysgoiion uwchradd mae'n eonformist heritage. Besides trying to orfodol i bob disgyhl astudio'r ddwy iaith. Ym conserve notable examples of our religious W ELSH IN WEST GLAMORGAN mhrifysgol v Ffindir. Swedeg yw iaith architecture. a complcte reeord of all chapels | A Liberal tueinber of West Glamorgan swyddogol 22 adran allan o tua 180 er mae past and present, is proposed. A scheme hus I County Council has highlightcd the perilous Ffinneg yw'r brif iaith y Brifysgol. already commenced in Clwyd and one has Position o f the Welsh Ianguage in West O ganlyniad i'r ddeddtwriaeth oleuedig been convpleted in Mid Glamorgan and can j Glamorgan and in Swansea. W'alcs' second yma. does dim angcn deddfu yn arhennig er be seen at the Pontypridd Heritage Centre. most populous centre There was a 47% mwyn "achtib'' Swedeg (heblaw vne nevfnod Tliere are about 5.(XX) chapels in Wales today. decline in the County‘s numbers of Welsh yr Ail Ryfel Byd pan esgusodwyd vr The sccretary is Mr. G. D. Nash. Capel, Speakers between 1951 and 1981. Swansea arrialoedd Swedeg rhag ymselvdlu cartrefi ar Amgucdd fa Werin Cymru, Sa in Ffagan. has 11.000 Welsh Speakers, compared witlt gyfer y ffoaduriaid Ffinneg eu hiaith u Caerdydd. CF5 6XB. C ardiffs I6.(X)0. However. unlikcCardiffit ddisodlwyd gan y Rwsiaid). has no Welsh seeondar) school and only two Petaem ni i ddilvn \»r un canllawiau a ’r S4C"s ANNUAL REPORT Welsh primary schools. He urges the Ffiniatd. fe fyddai'n rhaid eael rhvwbeth In 1985/86 S4C received £32 million from the inimediate establishment of a third school. tebyg i'r "Rheoi 5.000" am rhai bwrdeistrefi. l.B.A . Of this 90% wem to pay for Only 15% ofthe Council's employecs speak Ond. heb y evwiriad. dyma'r canlyniad: programmes. excluding those from the BBC. Welsh and he also urges more teaehing of Math I (Uniaith Gymraegl 0 1.374 hours of Welsh programmes were Welsh to adults and a Welsh Ianguage Math II (Dwvieithosj a Mwvafrif Gvmraeg) broadcast. 568 hours from the RBC H.T V. promotional drive. 8 provided 508 hours at a cost of £19 million Math III (Dwvieilhoa a Mwvafrif Saesnea) (£39.320 per hour) and 36 smaller INDEPENDENT TELEVISION 13 independent Companies eontributed 206 hours FINANCES Math IV (Uniaith Saesneg) 15 for £9 million (£43.176 per hour). Overall The net advertising revenue of the I.T.V. Mae'r Ffindir wedi gweithrcdu polisiau viewing by Welsh Speakers is mereasing. ln Companies in the "'United Kingdom" is sv'n adlewyrchu ewyllys da dilysrwydd llawn April 1985 the average Welsh Speakers £1.200 million. Of this 17% (£130 million) i'r ddwy iaith ers 1919 a llwyddiant gallem watched 130 minutes of Welsh Ianguage goes to finanee Channel Four. and one flfth ni yng Nghynrru edmygit a dylem ni yng programmes per weck and in March 1986 o f this goes to Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Thouglit Nghymru efelyehu. Dydy’r bohl o'r un garfan some 180 minutes. The percentage of the J is being given to doing away w ith the Channel ddint yn anfodloni (begruade) v cost o Welsii speaking population view ing weekly 4 levy and allowing it to finanee itself. weithredu'r polisiau: dydy'r wlad ddint yn rose from 50% to 65% overthe same period. I However S4C would still reeeive its feth-dal. o'u herwydd ychwaith. Er bod y percentage. One Scottish independent llciafrif Swedeg ei iaith mor fach, erys i’r iaith ddyfodol llaw'cr sicrach nag svdd i'n hiaith ni. SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHKRS Yma yng Nghymru mae eisiau newid Nearly 30% (some 4.400 individuals) of to finanee Gaelic Ianguage programmes on top deddfwriaeth ein gwlad ac agwedd ein tcachcrs in secondary schools in Wales regard of £4(X).(XX) spent annuallv by S.T.V. Why gwleidyddion. O'i chymharu a gwledydd themselves u.s fluent or reasonably fluent in not? eraill Ewrop. mae mae'r reeord gormesol y Welsh w ith a further 18% possessing limited 1 lywodraethau Prydcinig dros y canrifoedd oral and written ability. Ofthose fluent orally NEW WELSH HIGH SCHOOLS mag : 10 CARN • APPEAL WELSH DRAMA IN DUBLIN Ffred Ffransis, ex-chairman of Cymdeithas yr laith Gymraeg, is in jail in H.M. Prison, LETTER Three plays in Welsh were performed in the Wymott, Ulnef Walton, Leyland. Preston, Peacock Theatre in Dublin in January. Dear Editor. Lancs. England since last Summer. He was The Peacock is an adjunct o f the Abbey I was very surprised to read in the Autumn sentenced for an action aimed to draw Theatre used for experimental and Irish 1986 issue of Carn a Statement by R. Glynn attention to the lack of an effective Welsh language drama. Jones on behalf of Pwyllgor Coffa Saunders language policy in the realm of education. He Brith Gof performed 8961 Canevon Galar Lewis that: "It is out deeply held belief that is not due to be released until March 7. a Gobaiih (an evocation o f the experiences of Marxism has nothing to offer the nationalist Cymdeithas yr laith Gymraeg is the "disappeared" o f Latin America) and movement, holding as it does a nations' campaigning for a properly ftnanced and Ymfudvr (the feelings of a group of Welsh language and culture in contempt and even- empowered Welsh Education Development emigrants waiting at Ellis Island for entry into tually destroying them." Does this apply to Body which unlike the offtcial Education the USA). all languages. since if all languages were to Authority would adopt and implement The third play was Joli Boi. performed by be destroyed the human race would have net measures capable of ensuring the survival o f Cwmni Cyfri Tri (reminiscences of a boy’s means o f communication left? When the mat the Welsh language. life in a Welsh valley in a past generation). ter was discussed by the International Work We in the Celtic League believe in the All three plays were well receivcd by ing Men’s Association in 1866 some of the importance of international solidarity in the audiences and received enthusiastic reviews French members called for “ the abolition of fight for the lesser-spoken and in particular in the Dublin dailies. Great interest was shown national ities". Karl Marx pointed out that they for the Celtic languages. lfyou sharc this view by the Dublin theatre fraternity. A number of had spoken in French. a language not please (a) write without delay to the Welsh well-known actors and producers were in understood by the majority of thosc present, Office, Cardiff, Wales, expressing your evidence throughout the fortnight. A second and suggested that their real aim might well support for this campaign; a copy to the Dublin theatre expressed interest in hosting be the absorption of everyone into the French Cymdeithas, 5 Maes Albert, Aberystwyth, one of the Companies. nationality. The letter o f the General Coun Dyfed, Wales would also be useful: Cb) send Cwmni Gyfri Tri and the Irish Company, cil of the International in January I 870 on the a postcard with greetings to Ffred Ffransis Deilt. will offer co-productions in Wales and Irish question was written by Marx, who said who deserves our encouragement. Ireland during the summer. that: "The nation which subjugates another The climax o f this Cooperation will be an nation forges its own chains." International Celtic Theatre Festival to be WELSH-CORNISH It is a very encouraging experience to visit hosted by the Abbey at the Peacock in three the Union Republics of the Soviel Union year’s time. EXCHANGE (there are fifteen and I myself have been to ftve). One feature which is evident even to MICHEÄL REAMONN In 1986. a successful fact-finding exchange a casual tourist is that the names of streets and was organised between various Irish language all other public notices are in both Russian groups from Belfast and Cymdeithas yr laith and the language of the Republic in which they Gymraeg which greatly enhanced contacts are situated, and that the local language has CORNISH NEWS between the two countrics. At the insiigation priority. More detailed enquiry shows that in of the Celtic League, a further exchange is each Republic its own language has equality being organised between Cymru and Kemow. with Russian and that the language of the The response has been enthusiastic. both by Republic is the means of instruction in the LOCAL GOVERNMENT Cymdeithas vr laith and by Cowethas an Yeth schools. At the same time provision is made One problem the Cornish political movement Kernewek and Dalleth. for the language and culture of the smaller na- has had over the years is that of gaining local Representatives from both Cornish tionalities. some of which had dwindlcd govemment seats in a piecemeal way. The organisations are planning to visit Cymru in almost to extinction before the Revolution. large part of any local councillors life is taken mid March. They will visit a Pan-Cellic This has also taken place in other Socialist up with the day to day responsibilities of weekend to teach the six Celtic languages to countrics. One may instance the German helping individuals within their wards, leamers, organised jointly by the Celtie Democratic Republic. where the Sorbs, or community etc. and therefore they often lose League and the Nant Cwrtheyrn National Slav minority. who were treated as very in contact with the larger core of activists within Language Centre, and also visit a bilingual ferior people under previous regimes, and their group. party or Organisation, if they comprehcnsive school in Porthntadog. They who under Hitler risked sharing the fate of belong to one. This is not so mueh so when then travel to Cardiff to visit primary and the Jews, now have the use of their own there is a large back up Organisation as there nursery schools and centres of Welsh culture language in their schools and newspapers. and would be with the larger political parties. At thcrc. flourishing cultural fcstivals o f their own. present there are at least four membes of the Cymdeithas yr laith intend to visit Kemow It is however worth remembering that C.C.C. who, at some time, have declared in April when they will attend Cowethas an equality in languages is not very satisfying if themselves as "nationalist” but have been Yeth’s Penseythen, which has been very economic inequality persists, and that elected onto the C.C.C. on various tickets successful in recent years. economic deprivation can bring about the fforn Liberal through M.K. to Independent — It is hoped that Cymdeithas y r laith will lend disappearancc of a language. In the Soviet all four are still known to have a nationalist its experience in training language teachers Union the so-called "backward'’ regions have outlook of varying degrees. It is a great pity to give new confidence and skills to the been raised to the same level of development that there is no outward sign of co-operation teachers of Cornish as a sccond language. The as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist between this small but potentially influential possibility of organising courses to raise Republic. and “ internal colonialism" is a group as all are thought to have excellent teaching Standards had already been thing o f the past. reputations as individual councillors. considered by Cowethas an Yeth. but this will The comment of Marx on the Suppression provide new impetus to the idea. and give a of the revolt in Paris in June 1848 may have SEEN TO BE BEI.IEVED - boost to the ability of the language movement more than local application: "The Hungarian CORNWALL COUNCIL ACTIVITIES to develop. It is heartening to see how initial will not be free, nor the Pole, nor the Italian. The Policy Committee of the C.C.C. has contacts likc this are already producing as long as the worker remains asla v e!'' decided to allow local radio and regional TV concrete results, and hopefully encourage stations to broadcast one full council meeting. similar bilateral contacts in the future. Yours sincerely, The PC will then decide whether or not to ALFRED JENKIN continuc the cxpcricmcnt for a further twelvc DAVYTH FEAR months. CARN 11 EIRE annanth agus tä se föin an-ghafa le hobair ar son daoine faoi ealang.) Tä iompar Uachtarän Plaid Cymru ag cur IOMPAR AISTEACH imni ar dhaoine lc tamall. Is minie a dheanann se räiteas nach mbionn ag teacht le dearcadh DAFYDD ELIS THOMAS näisiünaithe i geoitinne. Anuraidh chuir se i geoinne "riail na Breatnaise" san Eistcddfod näisiünta. rud a chuir alltacht ar dhaoine. Ina dhiaidh sin rinne Rinne Uachtarän Plaid Cvmru. Dafydd Elis Thomas T.P.. iarracht cosc a chur ar se ionsaf fioehinhar ar an Dr. Mercdith Evans, thoscaireacht de Ghaeilgcoin ö na Se Chontae a thug cuairt ar an mBreatain Bheag an t-aisteoir aithnidiüil. nuair a nochtaigh ar 12-16 Feabhra ar chuireadh ö Cymdeithas yr Iaith Cymraeg. seisean imni faoi inimircigh Shasanacha a Scrfobh an tUas. Thomas chuig Rünaf Baile Shasana. Douglas Hurd T.P., ar 27 bheith ag cur füthü sa Bhreatain Bheag. Eanäir ag iarraidh go ndiültöfaf cead isteach sa Bhreatain Mhör don toscaireacht Tamall de bhlianta ö shin tugadh le fios do toisc go mbeadh baill de Shinn Fein ar na cuairteoirf. dhaoine a bhi ä gceistiü faoi dhö na tai haf (tithe samhraidh) gurb e tuairim an Bhrainse Speisialta gurb e Thomas a bhi taobh thiar den Düirt Thomas go mba mhasla c “ do ghaolta 6 Rialtas Westminster. Mhmigh se go raibh fheachtas sin. Ni raibh ansin ach daoine 6n u'r seo a marafodh agus iad ar an caidreamh le Gaeilgeoiri Bheal Feirste le deargsheaföid agus tä se deacair a thuiscint seirbhi's leis na försai sa chüige." Nuair a meas i gcomhtheacs na sioneagmhäla atä ag cen fäth ar theastaigh ö na bleachtairi an sceal sheas Seanad an Cymdeilhas leis an gcuireadh an Cymdeilhas le mionlaigh thar lear. Mar äirithe sin a scaipeadh. Fe ar bith nuair a d’eirigh se as an eagrafocht sin. shampla ghlac an Cuntann pfirt i gcomhdhäil chuala an Teachta Parlaiminte fein an Ni'or shoileirigh se cen tir a bhi i geeist. Is idirnäisiünta i mBarcelona anuraidh. Ifomhain bhuail scanradh c agus deirtear go eosüil go bhfuil se inghlaciha d'Uachtarän Düin Timire an Cymdeithas go raibh bhfuil se imithe i measülacht ö shin i leith. Plaid Cymru go mbeadh Breatnaigh ar seir- cuireadh tugtha do an-chuid eagraiochiai sa Le deanai. is eosüil go bhfuil doichcall air bhis le hArm Shasana — "na försai". an nath Bhreatain Bheag bualadh leis an toscaireacht cainte atä aige — agus iad i mbun foghabhäla Eireannach agus go raibh an chuid is mo diobh roimh theangmhäil d'aon chineäl le hEirinn. Tar eis dö e fein a iompar mar a rinne se ar chuid de thir Cheilteach eile. 1s leir go tar eis glacadh leis an gcuireadh cheana fein. bhfuil a eolas ar thfr-eolaiocht agus ar stair Tuigtcar dom nach raibh Plaid Cymru i geeist. faoi cheist na toscaireachta caithfidh ceist a na hEireann an-loehiach nuair a thagrafonn se Is e an tuairim atä ag muintir an Cymdeithas bheith ann faoina inchreidteacht mar cheannaire näisiünta. do na Sd Chontae mar "an eilige". gur cürsai toghchanaiochta atä ar bun ag Ochtar a bhi ar an toscaireacht: Mäirtin Ö Thomas. Meastar gur ar mhaithe lc bheith ag Muilleoir (Oifigeach Cultüir Shinn Fein): geaitseäil don slua atä se i mbliana agus MICHEÄL PÄDRAIG Pädraig Ö Vfaoilehraoibhe (Comhairleoir olltoghchän ag druidim leis an Rfocht (This article deals with the stränge Bhaile de chuid Shinn Fein ö Lios na Aontaithe. behaviour o f Plaid Cymru 's President, Dafydd gCearrbhaeh): Tomäs Mag Uidhir (Sinn Fein. Is eosüil go bhfuil imni ar Thomas faoi Elis Thomas, in opposing the visit o f a group Fear Manach): Nöirm Nf Mhurchü (an “ smearadh" ön bPäirti Coimeädach. Tä an o f language aclivists from the North to Wales Bunscoil Ghaelach. Bcal Feirste); Seamas Plaid faoi bhrü le tamall ön bPäirti sin. Le because it included members o f Sinn Fein. The Mac Grianna (Doire); Brendän O Fiaich (Glör tamall anuas tä na Coimeädaigh ag iarraidh visit was at the inviration o f the Welsh na nGael, Beal Feirste); Pal Nf hArtaile (Na tionchar a irnirt i measc phobal na Breatnaise Language Society. Mr. Thomas wrote to the Naionrai Gaelacha) agus Seän Mac Corraidh agus tä an bheirt Theachia Parlaiminte ag an British Home Secretary asking him to ban the (Coiste Ceantair Bhcal Feirste de Chonradh bPlaid i dtogheheantair imeallacha. group. When the delegation arrived one man na Gaeilge). Is gne aisteach den scöal e go mbfodh dea- was detained ander the Prevention of Measann an Cymdeithas gur feidir leo an- chaidrcamh ag Dafydd Elis Thomas le Sinn Terrorism Act fo ra numberofdays — a clear tairbhe a bhaint as comhphle leis na Fein thar threimhse fhada. Ba eisean a case offelon-seriing.) Gaeilgeoirf seo maidir le modhanna thionsenaigh an t-eascaire toghehäin do Fhear müinteoireachta. pleanäil phobail. Manach-Tir Eoghain Theas tar eis bhäs Bobby foilsitheoireacht agus cur chun cinn teanga Sands. Roinnt blianta ö shin bhi OIDEAS GAEL Ceilti i suiomh uirbeach. comhchainteanna neamhfhoirmcälta ag cuid 1 mi na Samhna 1985 thug slua de bhaill de cheannairt an Plaid le Sinn Fein. an Cymdeithas euairt ar Bhcal Feirsre äit a Le blianta beaga anuas tä caidreamh niaith SUMMER COURSES IN THE IRISH raibh comhchainteanna acu le heagrafochtai bunaithe ag an Plaid leis an SDLP agus is lü LANGUAGE (beginners, intermediate and Gaeilge. cultdir agus polaitiiila. Bhi cruinniti go mör bä na ceannasafochta anois le Sinn advanced) FOR ADULTS. 1987 acu le hUachtarän Shinn Fein. Gearöid Mac Fein. GLENCOLMCILLE and GLENFIN, CO. DONEGAL, IRELAND Adhaimh T.P. Ö thäinig Dafydd Elis Thomas in oifig mar * 1 • LANGLAGE COURSES — 18-25 July and An träth sin d'iarr Craobh Mön den Plaid Uachtarän an Plaid tä an päirti imithe i leig 3-8 August 1987 ar an Cymdeithas an ehuairt a chur ar ceal. agus L "measülacht". Is eolas poibli d go i ► • COURSE IN LANGU.AGES ANDCULTURE Ni'or tugadh aird ar an iarratas sin. Bhi mumtir bhfuil fadhbanna pearsanta ag cur isteach go 25 July to 3 August 1987 Plaid Mön ag freagairt don ghlamail a bhi ar mör air agus nach bhfuil an tsläinte go maith ® SAOISCOIL (Writers’ Workshops) bun ag na Coimeädaigh faoin ehuairt. Tä aige. Ö thräth go cheile thug se le fios go 3-8 August 1987 histeire ar Chlann Thatcher aris agus mb'fhearr leis ein as oifig mar Uachtarän agus 1 * Course fees are from £85 upwards inclusive of Uachtarän Plaid Cumru ag cuidiü leo an uair mar Theachta Parlaiminte. accommodation. For full details write to: seo. Mar bharr ar an donas tä an dara feisire de Chuir rächt Thomas uafäs ar Chathaoirleach chuid Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley. ag 2 Br. Chalraf, Choc Mhuirfean, an Cymdeithas. Toni Schiavone. fear a smaoineamh ar ein as an saol poiblf ag an Co. Bhaile Ätha Cliath. Fön: (01) 880606 thacafonn go mör lc Plaid Cymru. Düirt se cliead olltoghchän eile. (Cürsai pearsanta is go mbeifi ag sül leis an saghas sin taimülachta ctiis leis sin: fuair beirt dä phäisti bäs le galar 12 CARN TV. CAMPAIGNER JAILED The Conradh na Gaeilge campaign for an Irish language tele Vision Service came to the fore again at the end o f January. On the 24ih of the month Donnchadh Ö Duinn from Tamhlacht. a suburb of Dublin was taken to Mountjoy Prison. He was sentenced to a week's iinprisonment in Rathfamham District Court last November unless he paid a £20 fine for not having a television licence. He is refusing to pay for a licence in protest at trhe lack of Irish language television programmes on Radio-Teleffs Eireann (RTE) — especially for children and young people. Dormcha is an active member of Cuniann Gaelach Thamhlachta. the local branch o f Conradh na Gaeilge and his children artend the all-Irish school in the area. Pickets o f about eighty people demonstrated outside the jail on a number of occasions during Donncha's week-long imprisonment and a well attended picket was also placed on RTE headquarters in Donnybrook. In a Statement Conradh na Gaeilge said that it considcrs it most unjust that the State should GAELTACHT send a man to prison for taking a courageous PARTIES' STAND All parties claimed that they would endeavour and principled stand to highlight R .T .E .’s to increase employment in the Gaeltacht and blantant disregard for the rights o f Irish ON IRISH provide LJdaräs na Gaeltachta with adequate Speakers. Indeed. the Minister for resources. Communications should, as a matter of .Comhchoiste na Gaeilge which represents 35 Fianna Fäil accepted the contention o f the urgency, give the R.T.E. Authority a clear Irish language and cultural organisations Comhchoiste that urgent policies are needed directive to comply with its statutory wrotc to the leaders o f the political parties | to halt any further deciine of the Gaeltacht. Obligation to the Irish language. seeking their support for specific measures The Progressive Dcmocrats listed a number which the Comhchoiste considcrs need be o f practical proposals which they would In Rathfarnham eoun on 1 Ith Feb. fines of implemented to secure the future of the Irish implement to strengthen the Gaeltacht. £50 or 5 days in prison were imposed on Ite language. Nf Chinnaith. President of Conradh na The following observations are based on RIGHTS Gaeilge and Pddraig Ö Duibhir, a primary replies received. election manifestos and Ünly two parties. the Workers' Party and Sinn teacher in Scoil Chaitlin Maude, in policy documents of the parties. Fein, recognised the full extern of the Tamhlocht. for refusing to pay their television difficulties eneountered by Irish Speakers who licences. After the court appcarance both said EDUCATION wish to conduct their business with the Stale they would not pay the fines. Ite NI All parties. apart from Fine Gael. stated that through Irish. They agreed thal a Biil of Chionnaith al ready served a week in jail some fundamental changes need be rnade regarding Rights for the Irish Language is necessary to years ago for refusal to take out a T.V. the teaching o f Irish. They agreed that a give Irish Speakers the same rights as Speakers licence. modern Irish language curriculum which of Englisb. At the court appearancc tf\e District Justice, places greater emphasis on spoken Irish needs The appointment of a Language Rights' lustice Delap, said he understtxKi the principle to be developed. Commissioner to ensure that those rights are involved and was sorry that he had to apply All parties. cxecpi Fine Gacl. emphasised provided and to investigate and resolve the law. He agreed that RTE were not serving the importante o f Irish-niedium schools. eomplaints reearding them. is an intrinsic pari the Irish language community satisfactorily While those parties plcdged full support for ol that Bill. The Progressive Democrats also and he was not there to protect R.T.E. but such schools, it remains to be seen whether endorsed such an appotntmem. to implement the law. or not they will give recognition. if in The other parties which referred to this In a Statement Ite Ni Chionnaith said: Government, to those Irish-medium school question — Fianna Fäil, Fine Gael and the "Television is the most powerful medium which were refused recognition in the current Green Alliance — do so in a very general of Communications. This country's population school-year. manner which lacks detail. look at television daily. We depend on it as an important medium for entertainment and R .T.fi. IMPORTANCE OF IRISH as a basic source of Information. All parties accepted that R.T.E. is failing to All parties claimed to recognise the A television Service is, in itself, not provide an adequate number of Irish language importance of the Irish language, though it is sufficient to save a language which is in television programmes. Fine Gael pointed to clear that understanding o f its importance danger. A lack of a television Service is the establishment of the Inter-Departmental varies from party to party. sufficient, however, to destroy a language Working Group to make proposals in this A substantial section of the Fianna Fäil which is weak. A language cannot survive. area. as evidence of its concern and action. election manifesto outlined, in Irish, the in this day and age, without the support of The Workers’ Party and Sinn Fein urged party’s policy on Irish. Sinn F6in has television. The support of television is the establishment o f an all-Irish television published its election manifesto in Irish. The necessary for the future of a language. Station: Fianna Fäil and the Progressive Workers' Party had a seeuon, in English, o f RTE is failing in its duty to Irish Speakers. Democrats supported the more limited aim of their election manifesto on the Irish language. RTE is endangering the future of the Irish a Gaeltacht television Station. The manifestos o f Fine Gael and Labour had language. I am not willing to assist them in Fianna Fäil. the Labour Party and the only one reference to Irish. The Progressive doing that and I am therefore refusing to Progressive Democrats emphasise the Democrats. Labour Party and Sinn Fdin had obtain a television licence.” importance o f Raidiö na Gaeltachta. policy or discussion documents on Irish. GARN 13 representation now has a more left wing slant also. The Workers’ Party expressed GENERAL satisfaction with an inereased vote and LÄ MOR NA doubled representation. Sinn Fein fighting their first election on a non-abstentionist ticket ELECTION did not do as well as some o f their supporters GAEILGE may have hoped for. particularly in Border constituencies where Hunger Strike candidates Conradh na Gaeilge’s Ard-Fheis in May of 1987 won seats in 1981. However Section 31 of the last year adopted a motion proposing the Broadcasting Act denying them access to T.V. designation o f St. Patrick’s Day as Lä M6r The long forecast General Election in the and Radio was no help. Party spokesmen na Gaeilge. This followed a wide-ranging Republic was eventually called for February stated that in the circumstances they were discussion, during the previous months, on I7th following the withdrawal of the four reasonably satisfied and had got across to the how best to promote that concept. Labour Ministers from the ruling Fine Gael- electorate that they were not just a one issue St. Patrick’s Day was specifically chosen Labour Coalition. The breaking point was the party and achieved some organisational aims. for Lä Mör na Gaeilge since that day is the proposed budget for 1987 which involved a day most associated traditionally with the Irish broad ränge of spending cuts, the introduction 0 ©©0 ©0 i « M # © d language — as a result o f Conradh na of charges for previously free Services, the Gaeilge’s pioneering work at the beginning amalgamation of State bodies, a public sector of the Century. pay freeze and the reduction o f a number of This is a new initiative to bring Irish into social welfare benefits. The announcement everyone’s life. It is intended to encouragc the was made on January 2 Ist leading to a long whole community to make a special effort to 4 week campaign. Fine Gael chose to speak and use Irish in various ways on that _campaign on their policy of balancing the day. It is hoped that Irish will be spoken in books at any eost and the detaileü budget they all houses at some time during that day. had proposed. The Opposition Fianna Fäil ABILITY AND GOODWILL party maintained that it would reduce the Very many people are able to speak and use deficit and still promote growth but refused Irish. The public is very favourably disposed to set out explicit budget proposals. Polls at towards the language. Thal is evident from the beginning of the campaign indicated a the Census, from surveys and scientific clear lead for Fianna Fäil even over the research. and from the tremendous demand combined support o f Fine Gael and the new for Irish-medium schools and Irish classes. Progressive Democrai party (see CARN While it is difficult to change patterns of 53). One of the main elements of the latter language usage it can be done. What is party’s policy was a reduction of the Standard required is the creation of the atmosphere and tax rate to 25% but with an even greater opportunities which will encourage people to spending reduction than proposed by the | Tony Gregory, Independent Republican use whatever Irish they have. That is precisely Government. As the campaign progressed the Socialist T.D. what it is hoped will happen through Lä na Fianna Fäil lead decreased but on the eve of Gaeilge. More opportunities than ever before the polling it still seemed sufficient to gain a With this election result Mr. Haughey will be created for people to speak and to use clear majority in the Däif (Parliament). though seems assured of forming a Fianna Fäil Irish. a high percentage of voters were still government and becoming next Taoiseach. It is the public itself that will have the most undecided. The mechanics of this are a litlle more active role in this but important sectors of ln the event the electorate denied the Fianna complicated though and to maintain his public life — the media. the schools, the Fäil leader, C.J. Haughey. the Overall government in power he will be depending in Churches and business community — will be majority he was seeking (some might say it crucial votes on support (or at least abstention expected to provide them with strong support was vagaries of the transfers in the in voting) from one of the smallcr parties or and encouraging assistance. proportional representation voting System, as all o f the independents. The question of Posters and leaflets have been sent to Fianna Fäil l'ailed to gain some seats by only Cathaoirleach (Chairperson) is another schools and the assistance of teachers sought a small number o f votes, however the System obstacle to be overcome although conceivably in this initiative. The Electricity Supply Board works both ways!) There are 166 seats in the the outgoing government Deputy may be has made two pages of their “ Win Electric" Däil and the final state of the parties was persuaded to retain this position. Even were leaflet available ensuring the message will be (figures in brackets give the representation on that the case he would still need the support received by 600,000 households and dissolution). o f three independents. It is reckoned that hei Customers. Newspapers have been asked to % of First would have the support o f Mr. Neil Blaney,. publish articles and news items in Irish and Preference Independent Fianna Fäil, on most issues. and churches to celebrate Masses and Services in Party Seats Votes could also count on Mr. Sean Treacy. an ex- Irish throughout the country. Fianna Fäil 81 (71) 44.1 Labonr T.D. This would Ieave Mr. Tony CARN wishes this initiative well and hopes Fine Gael 51 (68) 27.1 Gregory, Independent Republican Socialist to be able to report a successful first year in Progressive Democrats 14 (5) 11.8 T .D. for Dublin’s inner city and again in a our next issue. Labour Party 12 (14) 6.4 key position (in 1981 in somewhat the same Workers’ Party 4 (2) 3.8 Situation hc got a development deal for the Sinn Fein — 1.9% inner city). Mr. Gregory favours a unified Others 4 (6) 4.8 approach from the left. inclusive of Labour. Workers' Party, himself and the remaining. MESSAGE FOR While the various larger parties gained and also left wing, independent Deputy. However lost seats in different constituencies the net a left wing alliance seems unlikely. Labour "RHUFOIM” result apart from the gain of seats by Fianna has already indicated it is taking its own line Could correspondent “ Rhufon” . writing in Fäil was the leap into prominence of the and it seems likely the Workers’ Party will Carn 52 please contact myself or Mr. Davyd Progressive Democrats, largely at the expense adopt the same attitude. To overcome these Robyns (3 Asquith Court, Eaton Crescent, of Fine Gael. The Labour Party was lucky to difficulties Mr. Haughey will no doubt need Swansea, Cymru). come out with 12 seats as a number of their all the political wiles and astuteness with T .D .’s just barely made it including their which he is credited. EDITOR leader Dick Spring who held his seat on a j recount by a mere 4 votes. The party J. O ’F. 14 CARN THE NORTH - LOYALIST ATTITUDES extreme paramilitarv Organisation, which has Whilc ihe major political parties were still attempted seizure o f such a large quantity of been responsiblc for sectarian innrders in the preparing election campaigns in the Republic, arms. however, has naturally raised the past. makes overtures to the nalionaJist samething happened in the North, which question o f whaL the perpetrators had in mind. p< tpulation. became quickly eclipsed in the tuedia. bin it is known that loyalist paramilitaries do have The issuing of this documem after almost which meritcd a great deal of attention. This enough arms for the occasional sortees w hich a year's campaigning by Unionists agatnst the was the publication b_s the Ulster Delenee they make tnto Catholic areas on random Anglo lrish Agreement, also signals a Association (U .D .A .) the strongest loyalist assassination operations. It is also a well- realisation aniong a significam section of paramiliiary group ;>! a p o liy documeni. 11 . orded fact that the loyalist population hold loyalism that the British will not gi’ c tip tlie which sought io overcomc the politica ui enomious quantity of legally-held arms. Agreement uniler the pressure which has been intpasse o f the North by ol'fcring tu • in then. should a risky raid of this scale hc mounted so lar natiotialists a meaninglul role in a power- vd ■ ..r at this time — unless some specific On the face ol u then. the U .D .A .'s sharing adminisiration. and very .arge Operation was eontemplated? document gives rise 10 some h'ope that the The publication ol this docutncm is As yct, it is not clear which loyalist political stalernate o f ihe Nortfi can he hroken rcvcaling on a nuniber o f levels First of all. Organisation carried out tlie Coleraine raid. Howes er. where the t D A plan comcs to Hut tt has been long recognised that a number it is nothing short o f astonishing tliat ihe gnef is the attitude which •ifficialdom ha'- U.D.A would break ranks with the mujoriiy ot paramilitary groups which usc various adopted Lo this Organisation iikc others which natnes are. in fact. only factions within the of Unionist opinion w hich holds that nothing resort to violencc The question which U.D.A. can he discussed while the Anglolrish unmediately tace.s inpnrently reasonablc Could it he that the U.D.A. is leaming from Agreement betsveen the Dublin and London Icaders Iikc lohn McMichael is one of the Provisionat JRA and jts political wing. Governments exist credibility How can the U .D A öfter 10 Sinn Fein, in espousing the policy o f seeking The U .D .A .’s chief political siratcgisl. John eontpTomise w ith a section of die Community power "w ith an armalite in one hand and a McMichael. tnadc it clear at the launch ot the !rom which they regularly dioose victirris for hailot box in the other"? If the constitutional new policy (hat the Organisation regarded the assassination'' Protests ot ihe Unionists are eventually seen attitude o f ihe two main Union ist parties as The campaign o f the Unionists against the to hc a failure, there may well he a move sterile and unproductivc. There was a cleai Auglo Irish Agreement has almost eshausted towards ntore extreme policies than xhose of tmplication in what he had to say that the all constitutionnl means. There is a feeiing lan Paisley. Peter Robinson and George U.D.A.. which on one occasion espoused the that. quitc snon. the paramilitaries who have Seawright. As an expression of dissension idca ol an "independent Ulster", acccptcd heen waiting in rin. wings may dccide that the v. inch would really alarm the British and that an uccomniodation of some sbrt would time Tor stronger aetion has arrived. This possihly sliakc their comniitmcnt to the have to he arrived at with the aspirations and feeiing was strengthened b\ a raid in Fehmary Agreement, a loi of votes could go to the identity o f the North’s nahonalist population 011 a barrack-- ol the Ulster Delenee Regiment political .‘.'mg of what is a private loyalist Th is represents .1 suhslantial progress on in Coieratne. Co Derry from which orte army. This new policy document may well Unionist thought und! now which has heen hundred and seventy rifles and pistols were be the Start of an historic change in tlie politics donunated by the "not an inch" syndromc taken of northern Unionisui. While supposedly responsthle and "moderate" politicians have gone into a blind The arms were recovered and .1 uuniher ot PEAIMR MAC AIRT sulk and refusc 10 talk to the British, an men have been Chargen with the raid. The It would reduce the power and abilti. m Irish a "living instrument' and tnterpreted in the SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT Ministers on tlie Council ol Ministers n affee; light of changing social circumstances. decisions including the increase o f marital breakdown Despite its sal’e passage through the Dail tue The rase is ha so! on dclailed telerences 10 in ireland. and the fact that divorce was Single European Act (SEAl has not yct beeil various artides of tlie Constitution, and the recognised as a basic right almost evcrywhere ratified by the State and Ireland remains the appeal cited 16 grounds against the High eise in the Council of Europe member States. only member state o f the EEC not yct to do Court decision (which unfortunately held that The coun aeceptcd arguments by the so. The delay has been causcd by the actions there was nothing in the SEA which ai'fccled Government of Ireland that the drafting taken in the High Court and l’ollovving that. ihe rights guaranteed by the Constitution). The records ol' the Convention showed that the the Supremc Court, by Mr. Raymond Crott). iudgement o f the Supremc Court eould have right 10 divorce had been deliberately an economic Consultant frotrt Dublin (though lar reaching consequences for Irish cxcluued and ruled that the lack of Provision as pointed out in the last issue die Government sovereignty and neutrality riet us liopc that for divorce and remarriage is not a breach o f taette o f waiting until just hefore the the Supreme Court decision w ill uphold ihose the Convention. In its finding on the Situation latificaiioii due dalc 10 bring in die Bill means basic principles of the couple's daughter. the judgment said that their tactic has backftred tut thein 1. Mi that tlie ‘normal development o f the natural Crotty's High Court aetion tailed and his family lies" between Dr. Johnston. Ms. appeal to the Supremc Coun is beirig lieard EUROPEAN DIVORCE Williams and Neasa. "requires. inthecourt's at the time ol' writing (mid February) A RULING opinion, that she should be plaeed iegallv and decision is expected sometime in March. socially in a position akin to that of a Mr. Crotty has claimed the Act is An appeal to the European Court of Human legitimatc child.” unconstitutional beeause it extends and Rights by Dr. Roy Johnston und Ms. Jttnice Ihe Court therefore lound that the legal augments the objccts of the Rome Treaty bv Williams on the lack of divorcc in the Irish regihne in Ireland. which created "iiiegitimate iranst'erring large itreas of Irish sovereignty to state was ruled on a» the end o f last year. Dr. childrcn" was a breach o f guarantees on the the EEC. He Claims it was not lbr the Johnston and his wife agreed to separate in l'amily rights of both the child and its natural Government alone to agree to the SEA and 1465 and he and Ms Williams have heen parents. that the Act should he put to the Irish people living together since 1971. They have an 8 The judgment was seen as putting an by vvay of a referendum. year old daughter Neasa. They claimed that Obligation on any new Government to proceed Mr. Crotty also Claims that the Substitution artides in the European Convention of Human with legislation. aiready initiated in the Status ot qualified majority lbr unanimous voting Rights on ihe rigiil to marry and the right to of Childrcn Bill. 1986. Legal experxs also (including the veui) altered in a signifteanl and respeet for fainily life also implied a right to believe that pari o f the Bil! may have to be fundamental was the mode of Operation ol dtvoree and remarriagc Submissions were reviewed beeause it preserves some distinction existing instituiions urtder die Rome ! reuiv madc that the Convention should he seen as bet" een legitimatc and iiiegitimate childrcn. CARN 15 KERN O W nei crcia anjye tcez Professional, pi teez a' dass creaz. CORNOACK: E feth kefez bera a dass ma brossa radn a thivreazow rhewhelez. mebion a vrodn a ez PLANSIN E EN E a whilas go gwreeth nakevez. ha trevesigion DELLER TEITHY noweth. es ter veth kefez mesk a gemidniethow na ew henath a thewetha Tho gontendia tavas dasserrez tho idn bobel cowzorion dithiack. Ma zenjez aweeth et a DEWYSYANSOW anothans oava kenz a tavas teithiack, ma dass creaz ma radn vrossa a ria ez dothans hedda rei tho nei brossa problem es tra rissen en heveleb an teethy a reaz rag stithia AN D AIL nei desevos wostalla. tavossow durt lefrow pi dadn descas. A Comoack a'n Osow Creaz. ez do nei durt Ma gon Crortoegion Professional a plegia Y fyth synsys an 17ves a Vys Whevrer an a gwariow religious. ve towlez ra a deez tewa humzenjy mui Cornoack vel denneth pympes dewysyans warn uganrsag an Dail kemin ha leak a'n ooz na, ha thoava par ter aral. os gweel a an dra brossa clewyo. os Eireann. An dewysyans-ma a wra gul drum alja anjye convethes. A Cornoack dewetha. gallos dappia a tavas. os gulhvos neppeth et y’n gwlasegeth Republyk. Kensa, Sinn Fein durt Gwreans an Bez ha Jooan Chei a Horr, an istory. aweeth os gwisca metessen a daffer re dhascoras aga thowl sparyans (gwclcugh ew aweeth tavas a deez kemin. Cornoack dowtez na, an kilt. Carn 56). Mar pö eannasow dewysys. an jy Thera metessen kenz idn tavas a'n gort en Buz me vedn gwed iskerens heb mar pa a yl tenkv patron a Senethow Ywerdhonek. termen a vaternow Gornoack. buz a tavas a rama avowa tel ejy a gwirra Kernowion leba Nessa, strollas 'Thatcheryk' noweih, an ve kemmidniez tho nei ma dotho sawor thera anjye peb preez- tewa wollas! Ha na el 'Progressive Democrats' re ontdhysquedhas gweras ha ntor. rag mava toaz nteaz meaz a nep mevians abar gweel tho thasvewa tavas gans scodhyans desevys a dro dhe un vranja tyogion ha poscaders; ha en thiougel nei boaz zenjez tho weel mui vel humrei tho wheghves a'n votyoryon. Awos bos an gon tavas Cornoack reeg bewa hirra gen a neb gwary-club hedra vo ftllel tho whilas en syrcumstansow-ma. y havalsa del yu deez ntor. ha anjye skianjack heb dowt huz fean tho writhia anoweth gon tavas en e deller anhevoyd dasfurvyans yn gwlasegeth dithesk. dothans bounas oa pell thor peb teethy, neb ew an idn teller. mar medna toaz Y werdhonek. darhumres jentil. ha gwrithia arta. leba veth reaz tho thasvounas ‘Labour' re asas an dewys a gestewysyans Thcron nei lebben pcrillia tho gomeras a a tavas an keher anotho ez mar veor ethom. gans strollas yu erbvn trelvow — Fine Gael. tavas a ve formiez gen a deez hivel na. ha e an re-ma lemmyn a’s teves ogaster mow gomendia tho idn bobel ew por thiffrans eilen RICHARD GENDALL herwyth kynda gans an 'Progressive Democrats'. Votyoryon raghenna. a'stevyth dewys a gestewynyans askel-dyghow, try Donations to the Brian Webb memorial strollas a n Cleth (Workers' Party, Sinn Fein, FUNDYANS COVATH fund can be sent to: FUNDYANS COVATH ha Labour) po Fianna Fail (nep re waynyas BRIAN WEBB. d o Trewyn. Lodge Hill. dre hengof aga brassa scodhyans dyworth an BRIAN WEBB Liskeard. Kernow/Comwall. Cheques shouid rencas-ober). A wra Fianna Fail lemmyn be made out to “ Fundyans Covath Brian slynkya dhe'n cleth dhe worthbosa coli an The recent death at an early agc of Brian Webb" and date and aniount written in votyoryon askel-dyghow. ha drcdho dry dhe Webb, secretary and founder member of Cornish if at all possible. Ywerdhon an fals dyghow/clcth, yn herwyth Cowethas an Yeth Kernewek. is a great loss Cowethas an Yeth Kernewek has recently Systems gwlasegul an West? to the Cornish language movement. Apart been successful in persuading most of the Trelyans a'n par-rna a vyth daslammys yn front his work with the Cowethas, Brian and main "high Street" banks in Cornwall to formyans an Dail, ha sewva us an System a Loveday, daughter of Cornwall's Grand Bard. accept cheques with the date and amount votyans hedransform unplek a who were married in 1985. were building up written in Cornish. The banks have been omdhysquedhyans kemaswrek. Hemma a ry a collection of books and other materials with circulated with translations to help their Staff. dhe votyoryon dewys an moyha ledan yn un a view to turning iheir honte at Cusgarne into Also, the Cowethas' annua! Cornish weekend votya rag pyu pynak a yllons, mes whath a Cornish language centre. In memory of the — Penseythen Kernewek — always well gwytha an melow a dhewysoryon A pe work that Brian did for the Cornish language. attended. will this year have a new venue, System an par?ma defnythyes yn Breten, y a fund has been set up, the proceeds of which Hengar Manorat St. Tudy near Bodmin. The whrussa gasa dhe'n pobel dewys Seneth will go towards helping the language thrive weekend is in April, and Information on this omdhysquedhek gwyw. ha ry chons dhe'n and prosper. The February edition of An and Coewthas an Yeth Kernewek can bc strollasow gwlasek gwanna kesstryva gans Gannas, the all Cornish monthly paper of the acquired front: Julia Allard. Scryvynyas, moy efeth. Cowethas, reported the fund as Standing at Cowethas an Yeth Kernewek, 4 Westmoor Yth yu dathel erbvn Omdhysquedhyans well over one thousand pounds. Crescent. Perranwell Station, Truro. Kemuswrek del wra spcdya Senethow anfast. Bytegens, henclcpter ynter an Stat Bretennek ha’n Republyk dres an dewetha 25 blcdhen 1497 COMMEMORATION a dhysqua del vyth dhe Vreten 8 stryf (yn un It is hoped that this year the Cornish commemoration at St. Keveme, left the lauer dhesmygy dewysyans yn 1987) y fyth ynweth Nationalist Party and Mebyon Kernow will poorly attended. The Celtic League in 8 stryf dhe Ywerdhon. liaise in coordinating activities for the annual Cornwall has contacted both CNP and MK commemoration of the 1497 Cornish with a view to finding a solution to this PETER WILLS Rebellion. As reported in Carn No. 56, the dilemma. Pcrhaps readers of Carn who are (translation by Rod Lyon) erection of a new commemorative plaque by members of one or other o f the two the CNP and subsequent ceremony at-Bodmin. organisations may wish to contact the parties The Dciil elections hold out the prospeci of on the same day as the MK organised on the matter. a readgruneru o f Irish politics, especiallv given the Superior STV form o f verfing. IAN WILLIAMS I6 CARN CORNISH TÖLRISM THE SIXTH PERRANPORTH Wc were also very pleaxed to welcome Mr. Ken Thompson, the Tourist Offtcer for CONFERENCE Cornwall, to lead us in a discussion on the | tourist induxtry in Cornwall, which has been The sixth in the series of Conferences was hcld delivery xervice unit fwhercby a midwifc going through a poor patch in reccnt years at the Ponsincrc Hotel on the !5th and I6th accompaniex a "mother” to a local hospitalj j Views vaned considerably as to whether November 1986. The theme was "Could should bc sei up in all six East Cornwall j tourixm is per se beneficial to Cornwall, or Cornwall run her own Services?” and wc Hospitals, and not bc confined solely to the even necessary. and there were those who looked at ihree serviees in particular during Budc/Stratton onc as it is at present. look the view that. stnee it is here to stay . the the coursc ot the weckend: C’ornish Railways. The Conference was also informed of the aim should bc to improve the quality of w hat The Health Service, and the Postal Service. composition and role ot the Community is offered. The natural attributex of Cornwall Health Council, whose duty is to prtxJuce an are the ones on which to concentrate and CORNISH RAILWAYS annual report. I he Council was criticised by market - geographica!, historical. cultural The area managcr for Plymouth and Cornish Miss Loveday Carlyon. Chairman ol Mcbyon and ethmc The Celttc heritage should he Railways. Mr. Jim Collins, gave us a Kernow. as being unrepresentative ofordinarv emphasised — and this would no doubl comprehensivc and stimulating account ol the users of the health Service. Mr Roger Holmes include the gradual removal o f the English Organisation and Operation of the railway added that he considered ihai District Health rose symbol sl network within Cornwall. He said that there Authorities werc even less representative GENERAL POINTS are three areas of Operation — Inter-City t CORNISH POSTAL SERVICE One ot the general themex that emerged front trains, which account for 8Ofv o f the revenue: The Head Postmaster at I ruro. Mr John all the above discusstons was the key issue of the Branch line operations. which largely White, gave a most interesting account of the puhl tc participation The meanx are already survived Beeching: and Freight On Freight. history of the Postal sersice. its current in existence whereby members of the puhlic. Mr. Collins said that China Clay is a most Organisation, and future prospects. Attention groups and orgamsattons can apply to be important eomponent. that British Rail is | was again drawn to the fact that a large pan represented on the s arioux advisory learful of losing the Royal Mail contract. and | of East Cornwall, as well as St. Austeil, docs eommittees — and one extsts in relation to all that there are hopes of increased traffic as a not come under the aegis of Truro. but of the ahove-mentioned sersices. It is therefore result of the proposed Falmouth Container Plymouth, and that therefore the PL Post up to people to use this mechanism. and to Port. Code covers much o f Cornwall. Mr. Pedyr endeavour to effect change. if change is w hat On the administrative side. it was Prior emphasised the insensilivity to Cornwall is destred acknowledged that decision-making is now as a postal area in us own right. Mr. White done either in Swindon or in Plymouth, and replied that the Post Code "equipment” had CORMSH-BRETON FRIENDSHIP that therefore Plymouth and Cornish Railways beeil instailed many years ago and that it svas This bond was funher strenglhened by the are not run from Truro. When asked the not practicable to make alterat ions now. participation of Dr Le Mee. who had question "Could Cornwall ran her own And what about that old chestnut. a Cornish travelled a distance of some hundreds of railways?" Mr. Collins' answer was. postage stanip? Mr, White said thai the nnles. via Portsmouth, to attend the basically. "no". 1t is essentiälly a matter of campuign for a stamp. even a special issue Conference. He described recent politieal eost. and sincc the bulk of the Business is stamp. mighi be worth taking up again developmenu in Brittany and referred to the Inter-C'ity. which could not be extricaied from attitudes had changed over the past twenty to new law introduced in March 1982 which was the remainder, it would be intpracticable. Tltis thirty years. still leaves the question. of coursc. as to destgned to increase the powers of the regions whether Plymouth and Cornish Railways CORNISH DEVELOPMENT AGENCY in France, but which has been distoned by could drop the "Plymouth” label and be In addition to the main sessions in relation to French polittcians. Nevertheless the Breton administered from Truro. Do "econömies of existing serviees. the Conference also looked economy has taken a turn for the bettcr. and scale” always have to win the day? at the question of a Development Agency for ] what has been done there could be taken as Mrs. Rita Pope suggested that the local Cornwall — whether. if it comes into being. a model for Cornwall too. limetablex could carry Cornish as weil as it should be an agency covering Devon and Dr Le Mee strongly advised the creation English headings. just as happens in Wales, Cornwall, or Cornwall alone. Mr. Paul of a Comish-Breton working party to explore and this was received enthusiastically by Mr. Holmes. C.C.. explained in clear and ways ofdeepening the bonds between die two. Collins and by Mr. Rex Jenkin. die Customer powerful terms the case for Cornw all going and he also stressed the importance o f having Service managcr. it alone. The interests of Devon are different I a direct foothold in the E .E .C .. such as a from those of Cornwall. The economic ntake- bureau in Brussels. We w ere extremely CORNISH HEALTH SERVICE up is clearly different, and the problems facing pleased to welcome him to the Conference. Mr. George Owens, the District General the two are not the same. Further. it has | and it is now up to the Cornish to act upon Manager, and Mr. Alan Coleman, the al readv been the experience that when they his words. Chairman o f the Cornwall and Isles o f Scilly are linked for the purpose of the Health Authority. gave a very lively and administration of certain serviees (e.g. police. WORKING PARTIES interesting presentation on the Organisation water) the seat of power has always been in There were several full reports on what the and responsibilities of the Service. This Devon and that is where it appears that a various working parties have been doing. and included the fact that much of East and North disproportionate amount of available what they hope to do in the future. It is clear Cornwall falls within what is called a resources go. The Cornish could not do a that an immense amount of work is being done "Manager Area", that is. it is managed on worse job than is being done at present by in a variety of fields, amongst these is media behalf of Cornwall by either the North Devon others in sorting out their problems. relations, however a word here. Despite Health Authority or the Plymouth Health Support for this stance came from virtually extensive Publicity and apparently improving Authority. everyone present, inciuding Mr. David Press relations, the coverage of the This was shown to be o f particular Harris. M.P.. who was against a joint Devon/ Conference, even in the responsible relevance in relation to the fact that there is Cornwall Agency on practical grounds. He newspapers. was appalltng. It was slanted. no matemity unit in East Cornwall. Mrs. Ann indicated that there has been a gradual change and did not represent reality. This shows even Sandercock. who nms ante-natal classes for in the Conservative approach, towards more the need for a Cornish Press Council, the National Childbirth Trust, made the point | favouring the setting up of smaller corpora- or ac least an effective monitoring group. We that most East Cornish mothers-to-bc go to tions and units. This concept of a Cornish hope to examine all this at the next Conference Freedom Fields Hospital in Plymouth to have Development Agency, which Mebyon on the 20th/31st May. 1987, again at the their babies, while those who want their Kernow' had pioneered many years ago. Ponsmere Hotel. ehildren to be born in Cornwall have to go j appears to be gaining much Support across the to Truro. She suggested that a dontino politieal spectrum. PAUL SMALES CARN I7 Tourism in Looe — been replaced over that period, offsetting CORNISH POLITICAL some of these gains. Notw'ithstanding this, the PRISOSIERS A Growth Industry rise in employment contrasts with the general gloom about Cornish tourism. w'hich has been ln early February seven men became the First for non-Cornish in the doldrum for the last ten years. The Cornish political prisoners for a long time. survey detected a generally favourable local This happened on the very same weekend as Entrepreneurs attitude to tourism, apart from some retailing, the British state was taking another symbolic but it did not cover thosc Segments of the Step towards becoming a aeedy policc state Such a lot o f fanciful talk is gcncrated about population who did not gain from tourism and when its political poltes raided the BBC the tourist economy that it is a welcome relief who might be expected to be more hostile to ot'fiees in Glasgow. to come across some facts. palatable or not. the summer invasion. N1REX — the nuclear state's dustmen — and this is what Dr. Gareth Shaw and Dr. The survey also gives some intriguing siaried a test drill at a quarry near Camborne Alan Williams and their colleagues from details about the business-people of Looe. in late 1986. The usual Opposition emerged Exeier University provide in their first report Three-quarters of them had financed and led io the usual demonstrations and on the survey that thev are currentlv carrvine themselves out of Family savings and/or bank petitioning by the anti-nuclear movement in out o f the holiday industry in Cornwall.1 The loans. Thirty per cent of the self-catering Cornwall. NIREX — just as predictably — team investigated 81 enterprises of all kinds operators and a quarter o f the hotel and guest denied any intention to actually dump nuclear out of a total identified o f 227. and what house proprietors were over the age o f 55. wastc at ihc site or anywhcrc clse in Cornwall. makes this enquiry partieularly useful is that Only 16% o f them were Cornish. The These matters rested until the Cornish it covers the whole o f the economy o f a local newcomers had mainly been employccs in Stannary Parliament took a hand. Stannators area (that o f Looe, population 4.500) their previous work life and only one o f them argue that the rights o f the Stannary including shops and factorics. and not just had come from a tourist related oceupation. Parliament — based on tharters. partieularly holiday activities in isolation. Their chief reasons for moving to Looe were that of 1508 — still exist and that these rights Some of the survey findings are what one dissatisfaction with their former life style, a give them the power to bound any land for might expect, others are not. For instance. desire for a new environment and for seif mining purposes as well as to over-rule certain they confirm our general impression o f the employment. OlThe 1986 sample, 28% hat! laws passed at Westminster. natu re of a tourist-based economy. ln suramer taken over or started up locally since 1984. Until now' these sweeping demands have three-quarters of all employment is female and The survey does not re late whether this high only been intermitiently tested by individual 65% is part-tinte. ln the winter. hotels. guest tumover occurred because proprietors made Stannators refusing to pay their road tax and houses and self-catering operations cut their a quick killing and left or because they failed. subsequently being pursued through the full-time work force by two-thirds and the The picture that einerges therefore is the courts. Once the re the issues rapidly become number of part time Staff by 90%. Local firms familiär one o f an inflow o f middle aged ntystified by incredibly complex legal buy virtually all their non-food requirements English people with little or no knowledge of arguments that leave most by-standers from outside Cornwall and perhaps 807? of the tourist trade, and perhaps no great dumbfounded. their food supplies. but nearly 60% use local knowledge of Cornwall, who were sinking But in January a group of “tinners” accountants. While hotels and guest houses their life savings in a risky new venture declared their intention to bound the quarry get their building and maintcnanec dnne by because they wanted a change o f w'ork style where NIREX was drilling. ln due course locals. seif catering operations go outside and environment. What the Exeter pilot study stannators with sonte supporters and the Cornwall for these Services. Thus the does not identify is how many jobs for locals attention of the local media descended on the economy o f Looe has poor links with the rest were provided or sustained by the inflow of quarry to exercise their rights. After some of Cornwall but there is nothing unusual about forcign Capital. But nevertheless itvields some discussion with the police they were allowed this and it applies equally to many non-tourist useful insights into the holiday economy. to bound. On following Weekends bands of industries in other parts o f Cornwall. tinners entered the quarry, ignoring the no- According to the enquiry, employment RONALD PERRY enlry sign erectcd by NIREX — in fact the grew considerably, by over 30% from Stannery Parliament has declared NIREX to 1981-86. within the survey firms. We are be in unlawful oceupation and issued a writ dealing here with the survivors. of course. and I. Tourism in Cornwall Project No. 1. Dept. of of possession for the tinners. Once there they other firms will have closed down and not Geography. Exeter University (price £3). began to dig shafts. After a couple of weeks of what NIREX described as a “ nuisance" the police moved A CORNISH CHARTER in and arrested seven tinners who were held 1987 will be a year of elections. ln March we — at the most — of the seats on the District for over 40 hours before being charged with have the Tmro by-election caused by the death causing crimiual damage and remanded on Councils) plus the non-existence of a pressure o f Liberal MP David Penhaligon in a road group putting forward a coherenl Cornish bail for four weeks. Since then another two accident. In May all six District Councils go politics it was decided to intervene in the tinners have been arrested but released on to the polls and we can be lairly sure that in police bail. Supporters have claimcd that the elections. either May/June or October we shall see a decision to Charge the original sever, came We intend doing this by presenting all "General Election" for the British candidates at both levels with an eight point from a "very high levei indeed’’. Someone Parliament. charter tha> presents the minimum action is elearly rattled. Like il or not attention will this year be needed to sccure a future for the Cornish The fact that a part o f the Cornish unduly focussed on the trivialities o f what people into the next Century'. They will be movement has taken the lead in the issue of passes for political debate among centralist asked io indicate which o f the points they nuclear waste dumping is a welcome sign and politicians. At a meeting to discuss strategy agree with. if any. and the response w'ill be indicates the increasing confidcnce in general for 1987 the Cornish brauch of the Celtic publicised. The aim is to put the future o f the within that movement over the past year or so. League therefore explored how best to inject Cornish people onto the electoral agenda. a pro-Cornish political message into all this B.D. Separate Charters have been issued for electioneering. Westminster and District Council levels and Given the probable absence of nationalist a background paper — running to around candidates over most of Cornwall (MK has 5.(X)0-6,000 words — has been written to put cP n& f (. announced they do not intend to. stand for the Charters in context. Copies of the lalter Westminster and it is unlikely that MK and are availahle. at eost, from the Cornish Cy r S C oJH\fh the CNP combined will contest more tlian 5% secretary. 18 CARN MANNIN chellooish neesht mychione ny scannaneyn craid jeh cultooryn joarree, beg ny mooar. Scannaneyn Bretnish shoh. Ta'n chooid smoo dy 'leih Yiarragh ad shoh “Shoh shinyn. possan beg coontey ny scannaneyn y ve mie. Agh va un chionn ayns ard-valley bannit Lunnin. Cha ghoomney ard-vooaralagh er y chellooish nhione dooin veg jeh'n teihll cheumooie jeh ayns Hostnagh y laa elley va gaccan mychione ny Lunnin. Dy jarroo, vel seihll erbee ayn scannaneyn. She crenteyder (critic) ta cheumooie jeh'n vean jeh Lunnin? S'cummey gobbraghey da'n earishlioar Lunninagh shen lhien". Bretnish "City Limits” v'ayn. Va'n t'er aeg shoh gra Choud’s ta fys aym. shoh yn chied cheayrt dy row scannaneyn ayns Bretnish cur y ren lught-jeeaghyn eddyr-ashoonagh fakin Er y ghcrrid. ta ghua scannane Brelnish er chengey er sleih "er egin". Er y fa nagh vcl scannaneyn jeant ayns chengey Celtiagh as chosnev goo mic ayns cheeraghyn dy liooar Bretnish ec monney sleih. v'eh goll rish coontey ram jeu. Cha nhyrrys: dooyrt — eer ayns Sostyn, my ta. Ta ny scannaneyn jannoo scannaneyn ayns Ladjyn, bunnys! Bretnagh ren jannoo nane jeh ny scannaneyn shoh enmyssit Boy Soldier as Coming up Cre’n ommidjys r’ayns beeal y fer boght shoh. shoh dy row eh jeant echey sy tradishoon Roses. Ta n chied scannane. vajeant liorish T’eh jeeaghyn dy vel eh cho bolvaneagh as Europagh. Cha row eshyn son croymmey Karl Francis, mychione dooinney aeg ayns nagh vel eh toiggal dy vel Bretnish myr undin sheese roish boghtynid mean-Atlantagh ayns armee Hostyn ayns Twoaie Nerin. Shc jeh'n scannane Boy Soldier. Ta Baarl currit Lunnin. Bretnagh y fer aeg shoh. as ta Bretnish echey. er y Vretnisli er y scaalhean (screen) Son shickyrys. cha nel mee eredjal dy vel Cha nel mee er nakin y scannane shoh as by äghterbee. Lunnin ny voayl jouyllagh. As cha nel mee vie lhiani fakin eh. Lhaih mee ayns pabyr Ta'n aigney jeh’n chremeyder shoh eredjal dy vel flaunys cheet kyndagh rish naight Sostnagh ennagh dy vcl baght noa ec soilshaghey magh red feer scanshoil dooin. scannaneyn ayns Bretnish. Agh ta mee dy y scannane shoh. baght nagh vel ry gheddyn Dy chooilley vlein, ta Sostyn goll sheese ny firrinagh eredjal dy nhegin da ny Celtiee ro vennick ayns Sostyn mychione cooishyn smoo as ny smoo. As dy chooilley vlein, t'ee ellanagh (as ny Sostnce) brishey ny geulaghyn Yernagh. cheet dy ve ny smoo coon. Gyn ourys, ta'n cultooroil ta cheet voish Lunnin. Scannaneyn T'eh jeeaghyn dy vel y scannane shoh red cheddin taghyrt ayns ymmodee ayns chengaghyn Celtiagh ta'n seihll mooar mychione fosley sooillyn y Vretnagh aeg as cheeraghyn elley — y Rank, myr sampleyr. toiggal, shen aght mie shen y yannoo. eh ayns Twoaie Nerin. Ta’n nah scannane. Ayns cooishyn politickagh, ta laue yn eaghtyr Coming Up Roses, jeeaghyn dy ve foddey ny ec y skian jesh ayns ram cheeraghyn. Dy Recent Welsh language films have had a smoo eddrym. T'eh mychione thie-jalloo er mennick, ta shen cur er sleih y ve coon ayns good rereption from international audiences. y jiass jeh’n Thalloo Bretnagh. choud's ta fys cooishyn cultooroil. Agh va’n coonid shen Uns is a good example ofhow Celts can speak aym. rieau ry akin ayns Sostyn. tra v'ee heose ny over the heads of their present cultural Ta skeealyn dy liooar er ve ayns ny heese. Va rieau sleih ayn goll rish dty masters. pabyryn-naighi "trome" ayns Sostyn as er y ghooinney voish "City Limits” va jannoo BRIAN MAC STOYLL ■ Baase Doolish y sleih elley tra v'ad recortyssey paart jeh ny loayeyderyn dooghyssagh s’jerree. Shen yn aght va mee feer aighoil as mish gynsaghey y Karragher chengey ny mayrey. Va Doolish. y "Breagagh". moyrnagh ass Cheavll mee jiu dy vel Doolish y Karragher. towse jeh’n Vanninaghys echey. Ren eshyn Gaclgeyr as Manninagh dooie. er ngeddyn as e ven Joyce goll dy chumnial ayns yn baase. Cha noddym eredjal eh. Ta Mannin. Affrick. agh beign daue cheet dy valley. Cha as y chooish Cheltiagh. er choayl dooinney dod ad jannoo fegooish Mannin. Rish mooar. Cha nodmayd fordrail eh, my ta. Ta ymmodee bleeantyn. va'n Breagagh shin er choayl foawr. gobbraghey er y fockleyr yindyssagh echey. Er y chied laa jeh'n vlein 1953. lhaih mee Bwooise da Jee dy daink eh magh sy jerrey. art mychione y Ghaelg as Doolish. V ’eh gra Voish y fockleyr shoh. bee sleih nagh ren dy row eh ny red scammyltagh nagh row ny rieau meeiteil rish y Vreagagh toiggal crc'n Manninee cur geill da'n chengey dooghyssagh sorch dy ghooinney v'ayn. oc. Ren yn art shen greinnaghey red ennagh Er aght ennagh, v’eh brishey cree Ghoolish feer ghowin aynym. as va’n laa shen va mee dy chumnial ayns Mannin ta goll er currit da'n Ghaelg as da Mannin. Cha dod Sostynaghey gagh laa. V'eh cliaghtey gra dy mee jannoo fegooish gynsaghey Gaelg. as va row eh myr joarree sy cheer echey hene. Agh mee laccal loayrt ee car y traa. Trooid yn art er y chooid sloo hooar ch baase sy cheer v ’eh shen. va clouit sy phabyr-naight shen "Yn graihagh er. Chaghter Vona" veeil mee rish Doolish. Leslie Quirk. Bernard Caine. Walter y The cause o f the Manx language has Chleree. as sleih elley sy phossan beg shen sujfered a heavy hlow with the death o f va graihagh er y chengey ayns yn laghyn shen. Douglas Fargher. His great dictionary serves Va mee cliaghtey goll lesh shilley er y chenn as a practica/ memoria! ofthis great Manx sleih Gaelgagh marish Doolish as Leslie as Patriot. BRIAN MAC STOYLL CARN 19 the present plans for its interpretation to FORUM NY A NEW QUEST FOR visitors and Island residents, to graft onto it some dubious Arthurian labels. THE HOLY GRAIL A Souvenir industry doesn't offer rnuch GAELGEY hope. How can one make a copy of the Holy The visit o f Dr. Goodrich to ihe Isle o f Mann Grail when nobody can agree what kind o f recently has caused a lot of inierest. not only 1 9 8 6 a vessel it was? Are we going to see a within the Island itself. but further afield in repetition o f the very romantic but quite the adjacent countries. This is hardly The 1986 Gaelic Forum, organized by the inaccurate representations o f Arthur and his surprising considering that she contends that Mannin Branch of the Celtic League, was held Court in a medieval setting? Would anybody St. Patrick's Isle. Peel is the site of the Castle on the 27th December at Thie ny Gaelgey. really accept an accurate reproduction of a of the Holy Grail. This claim comes with St. Jude’s. This annual event had a change of sixth Century sword as a faithful representation many oiher Claims about the activities o f the formal this time, with the intention o f giving of Excalibur? It wouldn’t be dramaric enough! British King Arthur, which are bound to cause those present a better opportunity to Perhaps an alternative to the Peel Viking many repercussions in academic circles. participaie in formulating a policy for the Festival Pageant is being considered. That was She began her fifteen year long quest into furtherance of Gaelic in Mann. All fun so long as it was not regarded as a true the truth about Arthur, as a result of organisations and individuals with an inierest reflection of history. It was full of dissatisfaction over teaching to students from in the language were invited to attend the anachronisms. and the Viking and Celtic books which she came to trust less and less Seminar. The main propositions were given protagonists were caricatures of the real thing. as time went by. Dr. Goodrich undertook the a general title — Manks Gaelic in the Year but it was foundcd on a handful of fairly well task o f applying the resources of modern 2.000. Viabte strategies were asked for, that documented facts. technology and new linguistic disciplines to could be adopted, bearing in niind the röles The worst that could happen perhaps. would all the available manuscripts relating to that the various organisations concerned with be the springing up of totally bogus Lancelot’s Arthur’s life and campaigns. Her arguments the language could play. A co-ordinated effort Lounge Bars, Queen Guinivere’s Sauna and are very persuasive and convincing. She was called for, to not only promote Manks Massage Parlours or similar. Let us hope that places Camelot at Carlisle and almost all o f Gaelic but to produce more fluent Speakers. insults of this sort to Dr. Goodrich's research King Arthur’s battles/in the area north of The four main headings for discussion were will not occur. Who can be sure? Can there Hadrian’s Hall. This runs counter to all those Publicity — Education — Young Peopie and ever be any such thing as tasteful exploitation? researches which seek to find the sites o f his Government and Commerce. It is not as if the Island does not already battles in the West o f England. However, as Some very useful and practical suggestions have an impressive number of tangible Dr. Goodrich points out, no Contemporary arose as a result of group discussion and we anifacts and visible sites. reaching back to the Anglo-Saxon documents specify any West hope that we shall see them implemented. All Bronze Age and beyond. A selection of Country locations. groups feit constrained to say that there had accessible sites was prepared by the Manx She goes on to draw on place names to be a considerabie change of attitude towards Museum and National Trust as long ago as evidence to trace the routs from Carlisle to the language at a political level. before we 1973. Much more has come to light since. the Castle of the Holy Grail. ln all accounts, could expect any significant advance in the Surely well conducted package tours of sites she says, the route leads along the Rhinns of cause. Much has been achieved by voluntary forpeople seriously interested in pre-history, Galloway to Loch Ryan and thcncc across the effort. indeed Manks was saved front oblivion interpreted by expert guides, would be sea. A description of the location of the Castle by such effort! but we have reached the limits something the Island could take pride in. of the Holy Grail which lists twelve of what can be done and there now must be topographical particulars, matches St. a greater commitment at govemment level. COLIN JERRY Patrick's Isle, Peel exactly. and no other in the form of funding — grants or bursaries, island. according to her. and perhaps more importantly in the (leid of Sub-editors note: Since this article was The archcological investigation at present education. written, a review' of the hook "King Arthur", in progress at Peel Castle, has so far revealed The Mannin Branch has undertaken to by Norma Lorre Goodrich, has been nothing which either confirms or contradicts prepare and publish a paper based on the published bv Dr. R. L. Thomson, well known her contention that this was the site of King recommendations of the Seminar. Copies will as an authority on Celtic languages and Arthur’s main Religious Centre. The Director be forwarded to all relevant organisations and history. He condemns her conclusions as of the excavations. David Freke. allows that. government departments. unscholarly and the book as fiction. Mr. “there was something very important Thanks go from the Branch to all those who Thomson is also a member of the Arthurian happening in the Castle during the Dark took part, in what has been a worthwhile Society. A ges." The fact remains that nothing has been exercise. found there. which can be connected with King Arthur and it must be considered most FBNANCE INDUSTRY years. It would take two average wages to unlikely that anything will appear that could afford even a modest terraced house. be connected with him. EXPANDS - AT WHAT Young peopie see the growth in the business King Arthur has fascinated and excited the COST? sector as perhaps their only Chance to remain pcople’s imagination over many centuries, and on the island und be employed. Many are many sites with only tenuous connections with House prices in Mann have risen in value by 1% during the past year and are expected to opting for business studies. Computer studies him have attracted tourists in their millions. and office skills and are being encouraged to Tourist and business interests in the Isle of rise a further 10% during the year ahead. The Government proudly boasts that the reason for do so. Office juniors, mostly employed from Mann were awake to the potential which Dr. the ranks of school leavers, who have several Goodrich’s contention involves. Atlracting this rise is due to renewed confidence in the economy. brought about by the most recent "O ” levels including English and Maths. but tourists here should not be difficult if Dr. with no office skills, are offered jobs with Goodrich’s proofs can be simply put and boom in the finance industry. New housing estates on the outskiits of wages as low as £40 per week, offen with lirtlc convincingly substantiated in ways easily opportunity for promotion. understood by less academic minds. It is more Douglas, of expensive, neo-georgian boxes are being snapped up by new residents in the Unless Government uses the extra money difficult to imagine what they can be shown it receives from the recent expansion of the whe.i they arrive. There have been quite business community. More, even more expensive housing is to be developed on good business sector. to creale alternative i enough fakes perpctrated in the past in King employment, with increasing competition in Arthur’s name, and a new one should not be agricultural land in Union Mills, despite local protest. Meanwhile the Island is 1 ittered with a job market not noted for worker intensity. tolerated. Attractive though the present castle the new poor may find themselves servicing is. with a unique history o f its own, it cannot properties for sale. Working dass fa'rnilies have not been able to take advantage o f the the finance industry. have a use in the Arthurian context as it C.J.K. Stands. It would be a serious interfcrcnce with relativcly low property prices of the last few 20 CARN committee of three members of our IS PLANNING CONTROL IN THE Committee, who each week examine all planning appiications which we consider to ISLAND OVER-INFLUENCED BY be contentious, will prove to be a qualified help to the member for Planning who will GOVERNMENT POLICY? make the initial decisions. We base our views on the Development Plan, making allowance H. S. for the need for amending. and we agree with the precepts o f Mr. C. N. Hadfield’s “ Island Survey". We were formed in 1938. and the Intention of enlarging the Financial Sector has ln 1961 the population o f the Island had past sixteen years have shown the need for commenced. and we prcdict that the choice dcclincd to 48,133 the lowest level for 1 10 our work. The future foretells a greater need I o f sites for the residences will not be within years. This was caused by the considerable for our Society. number of young people who left the Island the areas allocated on the Development Plan Extracl from a pamphlet published recently in order to obtain work. The Manx for future development, but will be contrary by the Society for the Presenarion of the Manx Government were desperate to endeavour to to the “ guide-lines“ of the Development eorrect the imbalance o f the population and Plan. This will be detrimental to the Island. Countryside (Founded 1938). evolved a policy o f attraeting new residents It has been suggested in Tynwald that the to the Island. By 1971. 1 1,3 19 new residents Island could accommodate a population o MANX CULTURE had settled in the Island, and the building 100.000. The ceiling population approved by boom commenced. The Planning Committee Tynwald is 75,000 by the year 2000 which & THE M.H.K.S. had no planning policy to cater for this should be sufficient to cover the Island’s considerable influx and the result was the economic requirements wiihout destroying the Sie ih Gyn Thie is an "umbrella commencement of a period of chaotic attractions o f the Island. Organisation“ , consisting of a Committee planning when wealth achieved approval for How much of the “Manxness of Man“ which contains representatives from various select planning sites. The Society for the will be lost in the newly formed Tynwald? folk-based rr.usic. song and dance groups on Preservation of the Manx Countryside and the The present Island population consists of the Isle of Man. It is a cultural. and as far as Manx Conservation Council challenged 30% of Celtic or Viking stock (The Manx), possible. non-political body (!). planning appiications with little success and 23% Manx born of Comeovers, 7% Prior to the Election for the House of Keys it was apparent thut much strenger action was Comcovers and 40% New Residents. held on the Island in November 1986. Steih essential. In 1970 "Fo Halloo" was formed Gyn Thie conducted a survey amongst the by an active group of determined Manx We are reminded of the first line of the well candidates. These numbered 73. contesting 23 residents who appreciated that our expressions known poem by T. E. Brown: out of 24 seats. Together with an incentive of concern passed through the usual channels “ Dear Countryrnen. Whate’er is left to us to reply in the shape of a stamped addressed were unheedcd by an inflexible Government of ancient heritage. . ." envelope. a circular letter was sent to each who were prepared to destroy the appeal of Many of the Comeovers and New Residents candidaie asking whether they supponed the Island in order to gain finance. The have as great a love and appreciation for the “ . . the teaching of Manks Gaelic and Idrceful methods of “ Fo Halloo“ aroused the Island as the Manx and they are welcome, but Manks Studies (Historv etc.) in Schools“ and people from their apathy and had a devastating a large influx of New Residents who come to asking (hem to complete a slip indicating the effect on the Government, ln order to try to the Island because it is a tax-haven without extern of their support. making ans eomments pacify the Manx Residents ä Draft interest in the Island or its residents is a threat they feit would be relevant. Development Plan was created in 1971. It was to our heritage. From the number of replies received and perhaps itnpressive but it was ineffectual. and We are greatly impressed with the book the eomments made it is clear that the issue eleven years delay before approval was given “ Island Survey" produced at the request of involved was considered by the candidates in by Tynwald in 1982 permitted additional the Lieut.-Governor, Earl Granville by the an objective and unbiased light. detrimental development, but even when highly effteient Planning Officer. Mr. C. N. Out of the 73 letters sent. we had 49 replies approved the Development Plan was only Hadfield, F .S .I., M .P.T.I. in 1944. It was a (.67%). accepted as a “ guideline for planning“ . It is masterly guide to the correct methods which Of the 49. 4 candidates chose not to not a statutory plan. ! future development should be approached complete the slip provided (in 3 cases through In 1961 there were eight well established with. He declared “ that the coastiine of the a stated lack o f relevant information on the building firms in the Island, at present there Island must remain unspoilt. — Development subject). are fifty-four, yet the approvals granted for of estates of standardised boxes with 38 candidates (77.5% of replies) indicated new estates are mainly allocated to one firm Segregation o f the classes must be avoided. support for Manks Gaelic and Manks Studies and not spread among the other building — First dass agricultural land must not be — 16 o f these (33% o f replies) with the firms. Does this benefit the construction used for any ftiture development. — He iroviso that their support was based on Manks industry in general? depicted a very satisfactory method o f the Gael ic not being com pul sory, and 6(12% of The Development Plan through natural redevelopment of the Douglas Town Centre. ” extensions of town and villagcs provides Good planning is subservient to Good Politics, replies) indicated support for Manks Studies only. 1,886 acres to accommodate a population of but the expert guidance of Mr. C. N. Hadfield 75,000 by the year 2,000. At the rate that this was shelved by Tynwald and ignored, but not Once the New House o f Keys was land is being approved for the development forgotten by those who appreciate what was determined, a “league-table“ was compiled, llustrating the replies received from the 24 o f unrequired estates. while 2,600 houses a good Development Plan. members. remain unsold. represents unwise planning The new Ministerial structure o f the Manx From the stated support of the new which will force the unnecessary loss of good Government will create a change in the vlembers it would appear that the House of farm-land with in the next few years. Green Department of Local Government and the Ceys at least does not feel that Manks Culture Belt Areas should have protected the environment that will alter the form of the hould be regarded as having “ Ethnie perimeters of Douglas. Now it is almost too Planning Committee and will reduce its Minority" Status. A bit of an in-joke, that, late as it is possible for development o f land efficiency. but nevertheless a profound relief! Quite what with estates which could be out of character The initial decision on submitted planning practical use will be gained from this support, with our Manx environment, from Braddan appiications will be the decision o f ONE lowever, will only be seen as time goes on. Bridge to Mount Rule. MEMBER instead of three. (An inadequate Anyone who would like a more detailed A STATUTORY Development Plan procedure which will treble the requests for ireakdown of informatiofnor figures should approved in 1971 would have prevented much Reviews). Reviews and Appeals will be as ontact Sleih Gyn Thie through: deplorable development and loss of farm-land, before. but politics out-weighs good planning. We view this change with apprehension and J Linda Greggor, 1 Church Street, , A new drive for New Residents with the believe that our submitted views from a sub- 1 ...... CARN 21 CELriCA in government documents in Irish and which "THE PEOPLE'S TWINNING - does little for the language. One hopes that the Müscraf-Bro-Plinn twinning will serve as a model for other MÜSCRAI ÄND BRO-PLINN" twinnings between Irish towns — and particularly Irish-speaking areas — and The twinning of the Müscraf district in Ireland with 4 towns from the Bro-Plinn area Breton-speaking Brittany. Previous to this visit, the twinning ceremonies in Brittany of central Brittany, which was signed and sealed during the holiday week of the 26-31st served only as another occasion for the use October 1986, should serve as an example as far as creating personal contacts between of French by town counciilors and mayors who inhabitants of similar areas and cultural aims are concerned. were often flucnt in Breton. This defeated the cultural aim of such twinnings in the official The 60-sxrong Irish delegation were will help to restore the flagging fortunes of domain. I had the embarrassment of being distributed among the people of Kergrist- the fest-noz in the area. present at such a ceremony in Plestin (Cötes- Mouloü, Tremargat, Peumerit-Quintin and Economic exchanges are expectcd to du-Nord) some years ago where one visiting Lanrivain. The warmth of the contact was follow and a committee was set up during Cornish delegate spoke more Breton than the due in part to the size of the towns the week to organise links on both sides. town counciilors of Plestin — who had native involved (no more than 500 inhabitants in The visit also marked an interesting Speakers among them! any case) but mosl of all to the lively development in relations between Irish and The Müscraf and Bro-Pl inn people visited evenings (and momings!) when the Breton towns and villages. The twinning the Prefecture in Saint-Brieuc on the delegation from Müscral and their Breton ceTemony. which took piace on Thursday Wednesday, and not only was Breton spoken hosts took over the local pubs for a 30th at 3.00 p.m., was held almost in the State Offices, but the Breton national musical Session. The Breton reaction could compietely in Breton and in Irish. This anthem was sung as well! was nothing new for the Irish, but it be summed up as “Biskoazh kcmcnt all” The committees on both sides should be marked a Step on the road to making — “There never has been anything like congratulated for their choice of “partners”, it” ! These contrasted with the official Breton an official language in Brittany. to use a dancing term, as two more suitable dinners between two sets of city The mayors of tbree of the four Breton areas could hardly be imagined. Perhaps the counciilors which one sees elsewhere — villages spoke in Breton. Two of them Bretagne-Irlande association will look into the which havc littlc impact on the ordinary read prepared spccchcs while the mayor of possibility of twinning other Gaeltacht areas townspeople. This was in every way a Peumerit-Quintin gave an extempore with Breton-speaking Brittany in the future. people’s twinning. There were of course speech which was delightful to hear and In the meantime. the people of Bro-Plinn are some official moments, but the good crack which expressed the enthusiasm of all due to visit Müscraf this autumn, and they will and the humourous exchanges soon concerned. His speech was understood by no doubt be treated to a great time by their reasserted themselves. The recent “Iris’ all Breton Speakers present. The fourth Müscraf friends in return for the way they Programme on RTE gave only a small mayor spoke in French but his speech was looked after them. interpreted in Breton by the parish priest taste of the enjoyment, the generosity and Another positive aspect of this twinning, to of Kergrist (who is one of the handful of the friendship experieneed during the fmish with, was the way that people of priests who have remained faithful to the week. different political persuasions who would Breton language.) The ceremony was Songs and daftces were never far away rarely if ever work together in the Bro-Plinn broadcast live by Radio Kreiz-Breizh for from people’s minds during the week. The area were on the committee and helped in the benefit of the people of the similarities between the two areas in this various ways. This happened also on their surround ing districts, and the speeches respect are striking. Bro-Plinn is one of visit to Ireland. This could be a very positive were translated consecutively by Seosamh the strongholds of Breton dancing and the development in country areas — again, some- Ö Ccallachäin (Breton to Irish) and Eamon kan-ha-diskan singing to which peopte thing which isn’t the case in twinnings prefer to dance. Müscraf is also well- Ö Ciosüin (Irish to Breton). between towns and cities. known for its “kan-ha-diskan” : it is the The Irish delegation. led by Peadar Ö Riada, stronghold of the lüibin, where singers made it clear to the Bretons during the week EAMONN Ö CIOSÄIN altemate verses of working songs. The that they should use their language in all people o f Bro-Plinn showed great circumstances. and the Bro-Plinn organising appreciation of the set-dancing displays by committee were adamant that Breton be used the Müscraf delegates during the week. as much as possible. On a personal level, the NEW SECRETARIES Questions are often asked about the Irish delegation wanted to hear Breton — out eventual economic spin-offs of such of curiosity — and the somewhat bemused Please note names of new secretaries for Alba twinnings, but in this case the benefit was local people obliged. although wondering why and Breizh (one for subs. and one for immediate and visible for the local pub- people should want to hear a language that they correspondence). owners, who made over £1,000 profit on couldn’t understand. This gives an indication We would like to take this opportunity to each session. There was a session every of the cultural work which remains to be done thank Mairi Denovan for her many years as night, starting on Sunday (26th) night on in the area, and which could be greatly helped secrctary, Mairi will still be an active member the arrival of the Irish delegation, in by the twinning, if the commitment of the of the Alba branch and will be handling Carn Peumerit-Quintin. Sessions ran into the organising committees is anything to go by. distribution. early hours the following nights in The e3tablishment of Breton as an official Also a special thanks must go to Jorg Kergrist-Moeloü, Lanrivain, Tremargat and language requires great care as regards getting Gwegen who has had a nurnber of terms as a fest-noz was held after the twinning people used to an official vocabulary based on Breizh secretary and who continued on his ccrcmony, on Thursday which broke all familiai words. Care must bc taken in order dutics despile a high workload with Diwan recent records for attendance. Hopefully it to avoid the sort of officialesc which one finds until successors for the Position were found. 22 CARN officers and when group loyalty is strong there this horrific wrong that has been donc to them is an enormous pressure on the members of and to their families, or will it now bc THE the group — not to spill the beans — not to admitted — what many people now believe teil an the others. Whcn it is now clear that — that a miscarriage ot justice tank plac.-? The BIRMINGHAM there has been a miscarriage o f justice and answer to that question depends CARN 23 Membership and Subscriptions AU those who agree with the Constitution and Aims o f the Celtic League are eligible for membership. The membership fee (including Carn) and subscription rates are: IR£6, MAODEZ Stg£5.50, 60FF or LSS15. Postage outsidc 12, 29133 Spezed, Brittany. The Old Europe is by air mail. GLANNDOUR Testament was translated from die original by For information about the Celtic League. Josef Lec'hvien, parish priest o f Kergrist- applications for membership. subscriptions. 1 9 0 9 -1 9 8 6 Moelou. a special ist o f Hebrew. ctc. write to any o f the following secrctaries: has not succeeded in finding out at what ieel Loeiz ar Floc'h dicd on November 25th last in the FTP chain of command the decision to ALBA in Louaneg, near Perroz-Glreg, whcre he had liquidate was taken, but those interviewed are Phil Mac Giolla Bhäin, 40 Berriedale Ave.. bcen parish priest for 3 1 years. Known in the obviously embarrassed: they could not give Baillieston, Glaschu. G69 7BT. Breton movement as Maodez Glanndour, he any proof of their victim having been a BREIZH leaves the mark o f a dccply religious German collaborator. As to why they hit a Subscriptions: Youenn Craff, Talbodek. Personality on the development of today’s highly respected Breton tigure. Guidct debates Beilh/Baye 29130 Ketnperle/Quimperld. Breton cuiture. He will be rcmernbered above the possibility that they wanted to force the Brittany. Correspondcncc: Yann Bouessel all as one o f our grcatest pocts, whose writing nationalists. in reaction to such a symbolic Du Bourg, La Haie d’lze. Val d'Ize. 35450 was almost exclusiveiy in Breton. He firs. attack, to dcclarc themselves squarely on the Livrd-sur-Changeon, Brittany. came to notice fifty years ago through the German side or dissolve their organisations. CYMRU pages o f the pionccring literary magazine Either way it would, they reckoned. lead to Merfyn Phillips, Parcy Ffrier. Llandudoch. Gwalam. It was his long poein Imrum (a word the annihilation of the national movement. The Dyfcd. borrowed from Old Irish and meaning Communists would capitalise on this as they EIRE ‘‘(cLrcirm) navigation") which- in 1941 could Claim to have been the most patriotic Tom äs Scott, 16 Päirc na Cabrat, Bailc Ätha revealed him as a master of our languagc. an of all the French Resistants in their drive to Cliath 7. artist able to exploit its musical potcntialities, beeome the most powerful of the French KERNOW for instance by his use of alliterations. His parties. Ian Williams, 6 Rose Row, Redruth. poems, published over the following forty Attention must be drawn however to the fact MANNIN years. in collections or singly Iikc the that the fighting unit, later to be known as the Cristl Jerrv, 6 Glenfaba Road, Peel. prophetic “Vijilez an Deu Diwezhan" (Wake Bezen Perrot, was set up on November 11, LONDON' for the Last Day) justify the Claim that our therefore not in response to the murder. A Seamas Ö Coileäin, G.42 Du Cane Court. literaturc can satisfactorUy comparc with that chaptcr has been added about the Bezen London SW 17 7JR. o f other countries. Equally important for the ulthough il has nolhing to do with the stated U.S.A. Breton Catholics was his publication of the purpose of the book: it carrics dcprccatory Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick, P.O. Box 20153 periodicals Studi hag Ober, Kaieroü Krisren, comments on the manner it was constituted Dag Hammerskjold Postal Centre, New York. Ar Bedenn evit ar Vro by nteans of which he and operated but it will enable readers to see NY 10017. sought to develop an understanding of that Laind-Henaff constantly andeavoured to INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Christianity through the medium o f Breton. safeguard its Breton character. whatever the Alan Heusaff, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, In Cooperation with other priests, he translaied circumstanccs and the appearances. Things Dromchonrach, Äth Cliath 9, Eire. the Bible directly from Greek “ respecting the did not indeed tum out the way its members When renewing please send cheques to Order o f words and the composition of wanted In particular it disturbed many of same Branch as previously, or notify its sentences because there is a rhythm. a them that they had to fight fellow-eountrymcn. sccretary of any change. strength. images in the Greek text which They could say that they did not Start this Breton can better reflect than Latin or intcmecine conflict. For reasons which are not The General Sccretary ofthe Celtic League French". They werc published from 1969 investigated they had to wear a German is B. J. Moffatt, 24 St. Germain's Place. onwards. The periodical Imbourc'h brought uniform without Breton insignia. Much as Peel. Isle of Man. out his “ Notennoü a Batrologiezh" from they might have liked neither could they which the development o f Christian thought separate among the Maquisards those who The Editor is Ms. P. Bridson. 33 Böthar in the early centuries can be followed. were primarily fighting to retain their Bancroft. Tamhlacht. B.Ä.C. 24. Eire. An authority on Breton populär music and individual freedoin from those who were a composer himself, he wrotc the introduction doing so for the retum o f a power bent on Our next deadline for CARN 58 will bc to a collection of songs published by SKOL destroying the Breton language. the Breton May 8th, 1987.1 would ask regulär or new which illustrated the diversity of modes in our identity and national ity. contributors to meet this due date and would music. Among the few wurks which he One of the merits o f the book is that it will appeal especially for more photographs/ published in French are the collection “ Le help to remove the taboo which has since the illustraiions (not necessarily accompaning Brasierdes Ancetres" composed o f populär war thwarted the efforts to show Yann Vari articles). poems translated from Breton, as well as a Perrot in his true light as an indomitable collection o f his own poems in translation. Breton. That his name was given to the Bezen Materials sent for publication in CARN A nicles from him which appeared in various Ls sharply criticised on the ground that he and must relate to our aims. bc clearly written; periodicals will be gathered in a book titled Laine-Henaff held fundamentally different if in languages other than English articles "Dre Inizi ar Bed Kcltiek” (Through the Isles religious convictions. It may be stated should be marked to ease editing (bracket o f the Ccltic World). There is also material however that every Brezen member was free sentences/paragraphs which may bc omitted for possibly ntore than a volume in the notes to practise his religion as he liked. As for the in case of need to shorten). which he look of observations, conversations, choice of name it was consonant with that meditations over a period of fifty years. They determinalion to act as Bretons, in defiancc Help to find new subscribers and to seil would constitute a precious record o f his of all threats, which also characterised Yann CARN. We offer 20% retail allowance (salc thought and feelings. Vari Perrot. or retum). All material is Copyright (©) Let us mention herc that both the Old and CARN unless otherwise stated. The views the New Testaments arc available in Breton A. HELSAFF expressed in CARN arc not necessarily those in five volumes from Diffusion Breizh, BP o f the editor nor of the Celtic League. v N ewcomer to tl)E Political Scene ■ o g . CoRNisl) at tl)E CROssRoaös CaRaiO NaN EileaN Welsft aNö H gör€w KaRaEz FEStival NatioNalist ri?iNk raNk t:nc Mytt} o f ttjE Union S.E.A. REfERENÖUM MaNx Qaslic — 13 ycaR PlaN CEIDC 1£AGU€ /4LBA: CXWtUNN CEKJWCH • BRQZH: KEI^PtE KHJfcK 09MWJ:UND€B CtLL4fDD*Ei6E:CONfMOH CEUWCW KERNOWt KESUNVANS KHIEK • /H4NMNIOQkMMEEYS CEUWGH ALBA Betelguese san deach 50 anam a chall. Chaidh CARAID N;VN EILEAN raointean fheusgan a’ bhäigh a sgrios euideaehd ach cha d’fhuair na tuathanaich "Thäinig an Eaglais agus an Stäit cömhla gus Toraigh a tliachdadh.“ .Ach ann an fheusgan sgillinn niadh mar chuidhteachadh. 1980 thäinig sagart ür dhan eilean. agns airs on a' chiad uair thachair na h-ughdarrasan Cha robh muinntir Fhaoide no na tuathanaich deidheil air Gulf a‘ tilleadh. air stri nan aghaidh. “ Bha iad coltach ri dithis fon deoch an taic a cheile — cha Sc sin a bha fainear dhaibh agus ann an robh fios aca fon ghrein gu dä an taohh a bha iad a' dol!" 1985 chuir iad iarrtas planaidh a-staigh gus an olalann a thogail rithist air $60m. Se cüis Riaghaltas airson fiü 's sgnudadh tüsail air Bho chionn ceud bliadhna bha daoinc a' iongnaidh gun d’thug an Comhdhäil orra raon adhair. gabhail cömhnaidh ann an 25-30 eilean tharraing air ais. Dar räinig c an t-cilcan bha an t-sluagh gun Eircannach. An diugh chan eil iad ann ach i6, Ach goirid an dridh sin chaidh Comhdhäil mhisncach agus glö amharassch mu dheidhinn agus dh'innis an i-Athair Uiramach Diarmüid na nOilean thar a cheile — a-rtir Uf Pefcfn dutne oifigeil sam bith mar e (hem. Ach chuir 0 Pcicfn dhomh gun robh an riaghaltas aig air sgäth bean-bhrathaidh a bha ag obair as e air chois co-chomann agus buidheann dräma Fine Gael is Labour ag iarraidh a h-uilc gin leth an riaghaltas aig MacGearailt. Ckit an tfeid agus fo läimh thog iad rathad agus seirbheis dhiubh fhägail bän. Air an adhbhar sin chuir a’ Chomhdhäil bho seo a-mach ma-tä? büirn. "Sc ceist de chreideamh a th’aig bun c air bhonn Comhdhäil na nOileän, comhaiiie ' 'Feumaidh sinn ar gnothaichean fhln a chur duilgheadas. Mas urramn dhut sin a a tha seasamh cöir nan cilcan. air döigh fach) fhuair mi gcalladh pearsanta cheartachadh, annad fhein no san t- Cha robh üidh aig na sagartan öga ann an bho Ö hEocha gun toir an ath riaghaltas aig suidhcachadh, tha thu scachad air letheach Toraigh, eilean beag bochd naodh mile a- Fianna Fail inbhcoifigeil dhan Chomhdhäil." sflghe.” Agus ged nach robh an t-slighc gun mach — bha barrachd glöir ri cosnadh a- Tha an riaghaltas sin ann a-nis — an co-ghcall bhristcadh düil chuir e an deö air ais dhan measg nam bochd ann am bläths thali ihairis e an gcalladh sin? cho imhearsnaehd. na ann an geilean is fuachd Thoraigh — agus Agus an sin? Tha Maighstir ö Pefcfn an düil A-räir coltais cha do chörd seo ris an dar chaidh Maighstir Ö Pefcfn ann air iasad ri aon chomhairle agus rcachd chöinchean casbaig agus ann an 1984 chuir e ftos gu bho na h-losanaich thuirt an t-casbaig ginn airson an 39f de mhuinntir na h-Ebrpa a tha Maighstir Ö Pcicfn gum biodh sagart ür a' faodadh e fuircach ann cho fad ’s bu toigli leis. gabhail cömhnaidh ann an eiieanan. Tha e an tighinn 'na äite an ceann lä no dhä Bhon uair 'S gann gun d'rätntg c mun d’fhuair e mach döchas gum fan 5,000 Eircannach nam mcasg. gun robh an Stäit an säs ann am fuadaichean sin tha tri sagartan air a bhi ann, is iad gun chead gnothach a ghabhad ri obair leasachaidh "Bha 200 duine ann nuair a chaidh ini a-mach The Fedemtion ofthe Islands oflrelond was ann an 1980. Thug iad 50 air falbh an 1981 sam bith. Ach cha d'fhuaradh cuidhte 's Ö established by Ftither Ö Petcin as a response gu taighean iira air tlr-mör. agus bha an t- Pefcfn agus le taic bho na h-Iosanaich chuir ro what war seen as a desire by both the State e Comhdhäil na nOilcan air chois. cilean air fad a bhi bän an 1982. Bha iad gan and the Church to rid themselves of the island toirt ann am buidhnean air feagal gum biodh Sa chiad bhiiadhna aca chaidh iad an "problem Plans to clear Tory Island have öbraid uamhasach ann." Bha airgead ann aghaidh Gulf-Chevron Oil, an deicheamh been challenged. and Gulf Oil forced out of airson taighean mealltach air fir-mör ach cha companaidh as mb anns na Stäitcan Whiddy. Before the election Haughey gave a robh c ri fhaotainn airson taighean comhairle Aonaichtc. Ann am Faoide. eilean beag de 40 promise of official recognition to the duine lonadail am Bä Bheanntnii. bha olalann air an eilcan fhäin no airson scirbhcis biiirn Federation — will the Situation improve? no aisig. agus ged a tha üidh aig Malinair ann de 17 tanca aig Gulf Oil. Chaidh seo a sgrios an seirbheis adhair cha phäigheadh an an 1979 le mür-thubaist aig an tancair PEADAJR MORGAN Seumas Mac a' where they were taken to Sighthill Cemeterv but naher in exaltation of sptrit that it has been and scättcrcd at the 1820 Monument, ä given to us To Lnow- and comc into a closc Ghobhainn's memorial to the executed leaders of the communion with such an ardent Gael. such Scottish 182U msurrccnon which Seumas had an unremitting Scotsman and such a great ashes re turn to done more than most to bring to the attention humanitarian and Internationalist. For Seumas of his fcllow Scots. Over 10Ü people attended. was a true imemationalist — recognising that Scotland induding members of the Scottish Brunch nf only by respccting the rights of individual the Ccltic League as well as other bodies. peoplcs and individual nations can one achieve On February 11, 1987, the mortal remains o f The remains were piped to the memorial a true internationalism. Scottish histonan. author. and Ccltic League with the lainent "The Flowers of the Forest' "He bclieved that freedom o f national activist, Seumas Mac a’ Ghobhainn. were Councillor Jim Mitchell (a member o f the communitics from the cultural. poiitical and flown back to Scotland accompamed by his National Executive of the Scottish National economic cxploitation of other nations is friend and eoljeague Peter Berresford Ellis Party and secretary of the 1820 Society) told inseperable from the achievement of a truly and Seamas Ö Coileäin, secretary of the those who had come to pay their respccls that dcmocratic society. National and social London Branch o f the Ccltic League. with it was fitnng that the ashes of this tcnacious freedoms and not two separate and unrelatcd which Seumas Mac a’ Ghobhainn was Scotsman had come home io Scotland and that issues. They are two sides of one great assoctatcd for many years. it was more fining that they bc scaticred at dcmocratic principle. each heing incomplete A cremation servicc had bcen held in the monument which he. more than anyone, without the other." Kingston, Surrey. on February 3 at which had worked so tirelessly to bring to the notice Seamas Ö Coileäin spoke of Seumas Mac ;both Scottish Gaelic and English were used. of his fellow countrymen. a' Ghobhainn's work for the Celtic League. A Church o f England minister delivered an Peter Berresford Ellis also spoke, outlining Hc was a founder member of the London eulogy in praise o f Seumas’s sclfless work for Seumas Mac a' Ghobhainn's commitment to Branch and sought closer co-operation the Scottish language and Scottish the Scottish Gaelic language and to the between the national movements o f the six independcnce. struggle for independcnce. Celtic niTions. His last public activities were The ashes were then flown to Glasgow- “ We stand at this monument not in sadness in connection with Scrif-Cclt. the Ccltic CARN 2 languages book fair, organised by the Celtic League. As the ashes were scattered, a simple NATIONALIST THINK TANK religious ceremony was conductcd by Reverend John Prcntice o f ihc Martyrs' Church, Paisley (Church of Scotland). And PUBLISH LAND PAPER the piper played another lament. One distressful and disgraceful act marred The Andrew Fletcher Scoiety. which was set up in 1985 as a Nationalist think tank, this great tribute. The Labour Party controlled has published its second “ Fletcher Paper” entitled "Land — Ownership and Use". Glasgow City Council, while agreeing to the This book, which marks the centenary of the Crofters' Act of 1886, consists of eight scattering of the ashes at the 1820 Monument, contributions by authors who are actively involved with land in Scotland, in tried to prevent a ceremony and also tried to agriculture, crofting, forestry or Conservation. insist that the press and media should not be informed. Peter Berresford Ellis said: The book begins with a review of the "1 was distressed to leam that Glasgow City based, locally owned and managed forests. present Situation and note that whiie the feudal planting out different types of timber, had decided to play politics with the wishes System was abolished in England in 1290, especially native spccies, such as Scots pine of the late Seumas Mac a' Ghobhainn and his North of the Border it continues to be the basis fatnily. For it could only be because o f some and birch. niight help to ehange or reverse this of land ownership as defined by Scots law. trend. bizarre political motivation on their pari that Perhaps because of this. Scotland has the most they wished me to sneak into Scotland, likc Finally. there are three important articles concentrated pattem of private land ownership on crofting. one by Angus McHattie, in which some thief in the night, and surreptiously in Europe with some 60% of Scotland's land he asks the rhetorical question — is there a scatter the ashes of this great Scottish historian being owned by less than l ,500 owners. This future in crofting? — and answers that there and poct without the attendance o f his friends. concentration gives enormous power, wealth must be a future to crofting if communities admirers or the press and media. and privilege to a remarkably few families in are to be held in the remote areas of Scotland, "The attitude of Councillor Macrac. Scotland. The book then continues with a for without crofting, these communities would convcnor o f the Parks and Recreations chaptcr by Dr Adam Watson of the Institute die. No other activity can hold the people in Committee, can only be descrihed as an insult of Terrestrial Ecoiogy and R. Drennan the same way as the attachmcm to land has to a great Scotsman and a hurtful insult to his Watson. and examines the Situation which done. Changes are needed. however, and it family. By trying to suppress this tribute to exists in Switzerland. a small eountry with is essential that Strategie ptans are drawn up a man who did more than most for the etema! much mountainous terrain. In Switzerlanu. for the future of crofting. Mr. McHattie dignity o f the common man and working dass Integration between forestry. agriculture and compares Scotland with Scandinavia and Seot, the Labour controlled council are tourism is the rule, with each contributmg to describes a view front one 3.000 feet peak in showing a communion of spirit with the High the success o f the others. In Scotland, the Norway, from which he looked down on a English Tory attitudes o f the Governments of general pattem has heen to separate and valley containing an autonomous villagc of 1820 and 1847 when they sought to eradicule compartmentalisc the different forms of land twenty small farms with their own erops. local the facts of the 1820 uprismg front Scotland's use. which are seen as competitive and power supply. school, etc. A similar view history." mutally exclusive. from a similar.peak in Skye revealed a valley Conservation is one o f the new aspects of with twenty blackfaccd ewes and twelve land use in Scotland. Dr. Frank Rennie. a lambs. crofter from Lew is and the President o f the There is one area of Scotland where the AM MÄRT, 1971 Scottish Crofters' Union, describes how- crofting land is indeed in coinntunity Conservation can be integrated into the ownership. In the parish o f Stornoway. the Ceathrar Ghaidheal 6g crofting sccne so that the crofters thcmselvcs crofts were gifted to the community in 1923 air giülan thun na h-uaighe derive some direct benefit from Conservation by Lord Levcrhulme and have been run by air gualainn leathan nan contpanach projects which are taking place in their area. the Stornoway Trust ever since. "Land in ri fuam na piob-mhör At present, any benefits from Conservation Community Ownership". a chapter written fear aca fo bhratach Poblacht na h-Eireann which accmc to the crofting comniunitics are by Frank Thompson, describes this successful 's an triüir eile fo bhratach dhearg nan indirect. such as through tourism etc The system of community or social ownership of Sasunnach direct financial benefits go mainly to the land and suggests that it is a model which is e sgeul aosda ceudna a rithist landowners by way of grants to compensate ought to be studied and copied. leis an namhaid ärsatgh for not using the land, and to 'Outsiders’ who Finally. Dr. James Hunter, the President a'suaihadh an iamhan neo chiontach are usually appointed to conservation-rclated o f the Scottish Crofters" Union, makes some air chul deascan liomharr Jobs, such as wardens, etc. The intangible topical and controversial suggestions for the fada air faibh bho'n bhlär. benefits. such as the preservation of the disposal, or "privatisation". of the crofting environment (wild life, scenery. etc.) are estates owned by the Department of princtpally for thosc who use the countryside Agriculture and Fisheries of Scotland. The MARCH, 1971 as a "lung o f the city” . estates. were built up in the first 25 years of Several of the authors mention the special this Century, costing the Governments at the Four young Gaels role that forestry must play in the Highland time, relatively enormous sums of money. bome towards their graves ecoiogy and note that "trees should exist for Now the present Government Ls in a on comrades' broad shoulders the Highlands rather thun Highlands for the privatising mood. and Dr Hunter suggests and the pipes play trees". A full chapter. however, deals with that for each estate the First offer should bc one of them draped by Ireland’s (lag this subject in some depth and notes how made to the local community co-operative. the other three by the English red mg Scotland's forestry is presentty dominated by What better way could there be to hamess the it’s still the same tale the state-owned Forestry Commission, and a Creative skills of the locality than making it whiie the auld enenty numberof large private enterprises which are responsible for the management of its own mb stainless hands linanced by extemal mobile Capital. Robin estate? M. DENOVAN behind polished desks Callender. the author. predicts that this surge far from the fray. in forestry will be similar to other surges in K. V Highland land use. notablv cattle. sheep and Seumas Mac a’Ghobhainn deer. in that the benefits will go largely to Translation: S&unas Ö Coileiin. Outsiders rather than to the Highland r \ j v£v community. Mr. Callender sugges^ that a .....J f S ' i y £ ...... ehange in forest policy towards more locaüy J n - 3 CARN BREIZH renerien bolitikel en abeg da se. E mi2 ARVEZIOÜ EUS EMRENEREZH c ’hwevrer diwezhan, pa feile da berc’henn div gelaouenn sizhuniek en em zisober diouto, e roas o sac’h d’an 33 den o labourat evitan, DiASARZn MANAV hep kemenn dezho en a-raok. Ne oa netra el lezenn o virout outari. Graet ez eus bet Gouzout a reer he deus Enez Vanav un taram emrenerezh diabarzh. N ’eman ket erbedoü gant ul lez-enklask met an aotrou en er “ Rouantelezh Unanet'' met ereet eo outi dre berzh an unpenniezh hag a laka roue deus lavaret ne raio ket diouto. Hag aesoc’h eo d’ar seurt loenedenn ober diouzh e benn pe rouanez Breizh-Veur ha “Norzh Iwerzhon” da vezan ivez tiern pe diemez Manav, en ur vroig emren eget en ur vro vras? Sonjit gant ur gouamour d’o derc'houezan. Al lezennoü degemeret gant Parlament er C ’Hwec’h Kontelezh ha penaos eo bet Westminster a vez iakaet peurvutan da dalvout eno ivez met da gentan e rank bout nac'het o gwirioü ouzh ar asantet dezho gant an Tynwald. Ar gouamament-man en deus ar gwir d’aozari Gatoliged/Broadelourien gant Parlament lezennoü e-unan, votet e vezont gant ur C’Huzul-dezvan ha Iakaet da dalvout gant Stormont e pad keit all amzer. Met un akt ur C’Huzul-Erounit. War al labour-douar hag ar peskerezh eo e oa diazezet an nevez zo bet degemeret gant Tynwald da armerzh met an droiadouriezh (touristelezh) zo deut da vezari ur vammenn a c ’hounid warezan al labourerien c’hopret. Dav e vo pouezusoc’h moarvat eget an div oberiantiz-se; abaoe ar brezel diwezhan ivez o deus d’an 2500 gourc'hwelour (hiniennoü pe degaset ur bem kompagnunezhioü o fennvurevioü d'an enez hag a ginnig dezho kompagnunezhioü) hag a zo en Enez ober diskarg-tailhoü war o c’horvoder: rein a reont labour da dud ar vro da vihanan. dioutan, goude m ’o defe an dam vrasan Frankizoü herivel a ginniger en Inizi Angl-ha-Norman met eno eo deut ar plas da anezho nebeutoc’h eget 6 pe 7 den o labourat evito. Dleet e vo dezho rein d’o gopridi un vezan re enk, berz a lakaer breman war implijidi ar c’hompagnunezhioü da annezari, diskleriadur a-zivout al labour o devo da ober, setu m’emari paotred an Tynwald o pedin ar renerien gompagnunezhioü da zont da pegement e vint paeet. pet deiz ehan-labour Vanav. plas a vc graet dezho. Gant-se eo kresket priz ur bem traoü, hini an tiez o devo da gaout, petra ober m ’o defe abeg da peurgen, ken e ranker doujan na c ’hallo ket Manaviz a orin kaout tu d’o frenari glemm. Ar merc’hed o deus breman ar gwir bremaik. Bizness da gentan, okay? da zistrein d ’o labour goude ehan-gwilioud. N’eo ket dispar c'hoazh ar gwarezoü-se. Tremen a raer aze al linenn etre ar frankiz armerzh: dam anezho zo bet Iakaet eno hep Sanset e vo digollct ar vicherourien a vefe da ober pezh a garer gant e aro’hant hag an goulenn aotre. Iakaet dilabour a-daol-trumm met ne dlead da harpan ar Stad da bourvezan servijoü Lod eus politikerien Vanav zo nec’het c ’hoarvezo c gwirionez nemet e degouezhioü kevredigezhel en ur baean tailhoü. Enez eveiato na zeufe gwallvrud dezho ma lezfent dibaot. Ar gargidi-stad zo lezet diwarez: Vanav zo brudet evel “tax haven” , ur goudor an Enez da zont da vezan ur minic’hi evit m’emeur o vont d'o lakaat dilabour n’eus ket diouzh paotred an tailhoü. Breizhveuriz koulz kammarc'hantourien, ur bod evit oberiadurioü ezhomm da lavarout dezho ur pennad en a- ha diavaezidi all a ra o mad cus ar goudor- a vrizhvankerezh. Un danvez-Iezenn a aozer raok. se, gwazh a se evit ar re ma c’hall an breman da virout ouzh an dra-se met war a Eveiato gwelloc’h urzhiet eo ar sindikadoü dailhanterien gouzout mat-tre pegement a hanval ez eus mcur a doull ennaii ma c'hallo breman cn Enez Vanav ha ma’z eus deut c ’hounezont. Strollad al Labour c Breizh-Veur ar floderien tremen drezo. gwellaennoü er c ’henverioü goprerien-gopridi en deus roet da c'houzout na c ’houzanzo ket Evit a seil ouzh ar Gumuniezh Armerzhel ez eo dreist-holl a-drugarez d’an Transport seurt troioü kämm pia tap ar galloud hag e Europat, gouzout a raer e voe graet ur and General Workers Union ma’z eo Bemard lakaio votin ul lezenn o tennan d'an inizi evit rt ferendom e Republik Iwerzhon kent divizout Moffatt e karg eus e skourr manavat. bevennan ar frankiz-se., En anv Tynwald cn emezelaü, e-!ech er R.U. e voe a-walc’h da Mec Vannin, strollad broade! Manav, a deus diskuilhet Ch. Kerruish ar mennad-se o Barlamant Westminster lavarout mont e- c'houlenn e ve distaget an enez diouzh Bro- lavarout e oa diaotreüs a-grenn. Diogeiaet eo barzh. Met Enez Vanav a zivizas chom er- Saoz ha savet ur republik. Ne dlefe ar bet neuze gant gouamamant London ne oa anv maez. Moarvat n'eo ket a-drugarez d’ur geodedouriezh bezan roet da zen ken na vefe cbet a gemman ar c ’henverioü bonreizhel etre spered broadel her met kentoc’h evit gallout bet 10 vloaz e-barzh ar vro. Ober a ra Mec ar “ Rouantelezh Unanet“ ha Manav. Ar re- kenderc'hel da c ’houdorin diouzh an tailhoü. Vannin a bep seurt kinnigoü evit gwellaat stad se zo spisaet en davevellskrid ur C’Hengor E gwirionez e rank Manaviz mirout meur a an armerzh, ar gourc’hwel, ar servijoü Roueel: an daou dir o deus gwirioü ha dleadoü hini eus reolennoü ar C'Henvarc’had hep kevredigezhel ha sevenadurel hep displegan an eii e-kenver egile, Manav ar gwir e vc kaout ar gonidoü diwar an emezeladur. Karout koulskoude penaos kavout an arc’hant evit hen doujet ha skoret hec’h emrenerezh gant a rafent astenn bevenn ar riblennad-vor berzet ober. Diskuilh a ra ar frankiz a vez roet d’ar Pariamant Westminster, hag ar R.U. ar gwir d’ar besketerien estren ha gwareziii o c’hompagnunezhioü estren e-kenver an tailhoü da gaout digant Manav skoazell ha kenlabour c ’houerien diouzh emporzhiadurioü boued met a-raok he lemel diganto e tlefed, gouez evit sevenin hec’h atcbcgezhioü diabarzh hag met n'hellont ket. d’ar vroadelourien, diorren an armerzh war etrevroadcl. Ma vefe nac'het an dlead-se gant dachennoü all, e ziseurtekaat. Ha Manav Manav he defear R.U. ar gwir da lakaat bec’h dieub a dlefe bezan neptu en he folitikerezh wami. Dougen a ra Manaviz dam cus ar diavaez. samm a zo gant an Emzifenn. Abaoe Araok 1976 e veze skourjezet tud en Enez Diaes e vo da Iwerzhon mirout he bloavezhioü e roont 1V4 milion £ evit an dra- Vanav m'o deveze graet torfedoü bihan e- neptuegezh er bloavezhioü da zont. Manav, se: 2'/4% eoeusanarc’hantazastumontdiwar lec’h o lakaat en toull-bac’h. Digoustusoc’h e-kreiz ur mor leun a listri-spluj evel m’hen an telloü maltouterezh. Eman Ministrerezh an e oa, ha lakaat a rae tud yaouank, c ’hoant anata ar gwallzarvoudoü peuz-stank a Emzifenn o c ’houlenn e rofent 5% met nac’het dezho ober un tamm freuzh e-ser un droiad c’hoarvez d ’al listri pesketaerezh, e vefe o deus mont en tu-hont d’an dregantad-se. en Enez, da zamantifl d’o 1er. startoe’h c ’hoazh dezhi gounit an dere-se. Bez’ez eus bonioü milourel (kamp hag N'eo ket gwarezet-mat gwirioü an dud Pegen dishenvel bennak ez eo abegoü aerborzh Jurby, araezioü kehenterezh) en gopret gani lezennoü an Enez. Moarvat n’int Manaviz da zerc’hel d’o emrenerezh, o youl Enez ha ne zegasont koulz lavaret netra d’an ket nivents a-walc’h evit lakaat bec'h war ar d’e virout a zo Start a dra sur. CARN 4 Summary: Some aspects o f the kind o f Self LEON FLEURIOT, who held the chair of in what became Brittany but also in various government enjoyed by the Manx are Celtic Studies in Rennes University and also areas further East and North-East, well before described here: the problems arising from taught at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes the Germanic invasions. He was the director offering tax exemptions to extemal Companies, in Paris, died on March 15, aged 64. His deaih of the first of three volumes of a collective the contribution to U.K. defence, the questiort is a grievous loss for the Breton studies. He work titled “Histoire Culturelle de la o f individual appeal to the European Court became widely known with the publication in Bretagne" due to be published this year. Death o f Human Rights, the marginal position 1964 of his research work on Old Breton; has deprived us of a book about the andern relative to the EEC, the limitations ofthe new Elements d’une Grammaire du Vieux-Breton Breton society and its institutions on which Employment Act. A few points from Mec and Dictionnaire des Gloses en Vieux-Breton he was working. The Breton language has been Vannin ’s policy are also noted. which added quite considerably to our enriched by the adaptation of the old-Breton knowledge of that stage of development of our gloses which he brought to light, ln an Gerioit diaes. Derc’houezan: torepresent; language. demonstrating how well adapted it excellent article in BREIZH he recommended dezvan: to Iegislate; kuzul-erounit: executive was to the needs of the higher strata of the that the Breton spoken in the 19th Century, council; kcngor: commission; atebegezh: Breton society of those days. ln 1980 he which is aceessible in collections of fblk tales, responsibility; bon: base; araezioü published “Les Origines de la Bretagne" should be preferred by present day leamers to kehenterezh: Communications facilities; which showed that close relations existed the corrupted forms of the “terminal native gourc'hwel: employment. between Britain and Armorica, with Speakers”. Lct us hope that many of his A. HEUSAFF immigrants settling from across the Channel students will continue his work! highly respected Breton figure, Guidet debates QUI A TUE YANN the possibility that they wanted to force the nationalists, in reaction to such a symbolic attack. to declare themselves squarely on the VARI PERROT? German side or dissolve their organisations. by Thierry Guidet, 196 pp., published by BELTAN ED1TIONS, 43 rue St. Michel, Either way it would. they reckoned. lead to 29190 Brasparzh. Brittany. Price 100 Francs + 7.10 Fr postage (France) but + 4.10 the annihilation o f the national movement. The Fr (other countries). Communists would capitalise on this as they could Claim to have been the most patriotic of all the French Rdsistants in their drive to former Rdsistants. The theater group Strollad The assassination o f Yann Vari Perrot on the become the most powerful of the French ar Vro Bagan was subjected last year to threats 12th of Decembcr 1943 caused a great stir parties. throughout Brittany but shocked particularly for Staging a play ofthe same title as the book here under review. This play has also been Attention must be drawn however to the fact those who were involved in the Breton that the fighting unit. later to be known as the movement. The French Resistance's hostility criticised for giving a very distorted picture Bezen Perrot, was set up on November 11. to the Breton nationalists had become of Perrot (see article by Zonia Bowen about Ronan Caerleon in CARN 56) but for the therefore not in response to the murder. A increasinglv threatening during the year, two chapter has been added about the Bezen of them had been shot dead a few weeks Rdsistants it raised questions which thev although it has nothing to do with the stated before, but nohody expected the parish priest would rather not answer. purpose of the book; it carries dcprccatory of Skrignag, for all his dedication to die We had u biography of Perrot by Abbe H. comments on the manner it was constituted Poisson written some 30 years ago. It portrays promotion o f the Breton language and and operated but it will enable readers to see an exemplary Christian and an ardent traditions, to be a target. He was the drivine that Laine-Henaff constantly andeavoured to force of the Bleun Brug, a Catholic Champion of the Breton language; it deals safeguard its Breton character, whatever the association which proclaimed that “ Ar cautiously with the tug-of-war that went on circumstances and the appearances. Things Brezhoneg hag ar Feiz a zo breur ha c'hoar between the priest and the bishop. But as did not indeed turn out the way its members regards the assassination. Poisson confined e Breizh" (Breton and faiih are brother and wanted. ln particular it disturbed many of himself to refuting the allegation that Perrot sister in Brittany); as the editor o f Fretz ha them that they had to fight fellow-countrymen. Breiz he saw to it that Üiis periodical appeared had collaborated with the Germans. Had he tried to discover those responsible for the They could say that they did not Start this regularly over a pcriod of 32 years (except intemecine conflict. For reasons which are not murder he would indeed have moved on during the first World War when he was investigated they had to wear a German mobilised as stretcher bearer). He had not dangerous ground in those days. uniform without Breton insignia. Much as Encouraged perhaps by the ehallenge ventured into the poäitical field beyond they might have liked neither could they thrown up by Ar Vro Bagan. Th. Guidet. a asserting that Brittany should recover the separate among the Maquisards those who journalist with Ouest-France. has tried to rights guaranteed to her by the 1532 Treaty were primarily fighting to retain their solve the mystery. He relies on Poisson and of Union with France. However in his individual freedotn from those who were on Caerleon for the short biography that was writings and occasionally during the annual doing so for the retum of a power bent on Bleuf Brug Congress he had betrayed his necessary for a good understanding of Perrot's destroying the Breton language. the Breton Personality. His own detectivc work occupies sympathy for the morc radicai ideas of BREIZ identity and nationality. barely a quarter of the book. He succeeded ATAO. thereby incurring censorship by the One ofthe merits of the book is that it will in getting Statements from representatives of bishop o f Kemper who had him also posted help to remove the taboo which has since the the two rival wings of the French Resistance: to Skrignag, a parish of extreme poverty full war thwarted the efforts to show Yann Vari of pro-Communisi anticlericals. Perrot was several members of the Communist-eontrolled Perrot in his true light as an indomitable tolerant where the fundamental principles of Francs Tireurs Partisans (FTPs) and a leading member of the BCRA, De Gaulle's Secret Breton. That his name was given to the Bezen Christianity were not impugned and lic is sharply criticised on the ground that he and welcomed to his parish house not only the Service. The FrPs confirm what was known Laine-Henaff held fundamentally different language activists and fans but also leading already in 1944 by the Germans and the Bezen religious convictions. It may be stated Perrot: that it was one of their members who members of the Breton national movement however that every Brezen member was free and even partisans of the dcole laique. ln shot Y. V. Perrot. A Statement by a former to practise his religion as he liked. As for the reality as revealed in his testament — written BCRA agent made in 1979 throwing doubl on choice of name it was consonant with that in July 1918 during the German offensive on that Information is revealed as suspect. Guidet determination to act as Bretons. in defiance the Marne when he thought that his lifc was has not succeeded in finding out at what levcl of all threats, which also characterised Yann in the FTP chain of command the decision to in danger. and discovered unchanged after his Vari PSrrot. death — he wanted Brittany to be govemed liquidate was taken. but those interviewed are obviously embarrassed: they could not give by Bretons and Bretons only. But who killed A. HEUSAFF him and why? any proof of their victim having beer, a German collaborator. As to why they hit a 5 CARN offtcial language in Brittany. we needed an immediate victory as the Breton KAREZ FESTIVAL Almost all Breton political and cultural language cannot wait! Diwan's President, organisations, UDB. POBL, DIWAN, 18 Andre Lavanant, spoke in defence of the A SU CCESS cultural organisations members of the Breton Breton language schools, in danger of closing section of the European Bureau for Lcsscr- their «doors, strangled by the French As announced in CARN 57. a festival in Used Languages, a number of elected governmem Herve ar Beg, speaking for both support o f Breton was held in Karaez representatives, various personalities, etc. had Stourm ar Brezhoneg and Emgann, told the (Carhaix) on March 2 Ist and 22nd. More than called on Breton people lo come to Karaez audience what "official language" mcans for 4,000 people attended those two days This call was well answered and, as the inedia those two organisations In the short-term we organised by the cultural Organisation Stourm underlined in the following days. we hadn't must wm a Breton television channel and a ar Brezhoneg and the polincal movement seen as many people gathered together in Breton radio Station for the whole of Brittany, Emgann. both members of CONSEO, the support of Breton for several years — the hall wc must be allowed to use Breton in public Conference of Western European Statclcss in Karaez was much too small to hold all ot life, and Breton must become a compulsory Nations foundcd in Barcelona, Catalonia. in them. "Brezhoneg. Yezh Ofisiel" ( = subject. taught in all schools. December 1985. The members of CONSEO, "Breton as an official language"). a Slogan The large audience and the Speakers’ nationalist organisations from all over published mainly by Stourm ar Brezhoneg in uncnmpromising tone were seen by the Western Europe, had decided to ntakc of recent years was therefore understood and newspapers as vindicating SAB-style demands March 21. 1987 a special day for oppressed approved of by thousands of people and methods. European languages. In Brittany this took the Düring the Sunday concert several Speeches Let us hope this nsing tide won't stop! form of a two-day festival anended by the best were delivered. Per Denez. the President ol Breton singers and musicians in support for the Breton Cultural Council, told us that we I. KADORED the demand that Breton be recognised as an had to fight for our cultural rights, and that * ' i t Karaez Festival (by courtesy o f EMGANN) U.S. PAN CELTIC The Conference then turned to the Nobel Prize somewhat unusual subject of sports, when CONFERENCE Lois Kuter. founder of the U.S Branch of the Controversy International Committee for the Defence of A large and appreciative audience attended the the Breton Language. spoke on Celtic I was imerested to read the article in Beijing American Branch's 14th Annual Pan-Celtic Wrestling, "an ancicnt sport with a modern Review ( Vol. 29. No. 47), an official Chinese Conference in New York on May 3rd. following". illustrating her talk with slides magazine about the Nobel Prize for Literarure The film, "iona: The Jewel in the Ocean" taken at reccnt matches in Brittany and Chinese Writers prcceeded a panel discussion on Celtic The Comish Insurrections of 1497, with Ihe Ii reminds me of the Story about General Spirituality, inoderated by Alexei Kondratiev, amazing cight-year joumey of royal claimant Gordon telling one of his Chinese officers to Breton Chairman of the American Branch. Perkin Warbeck through Brittany. Irclarid. pray to God in English. When asked why. and a well-known teacher of Celtic Mythology Scotland, and finally Cornwall, was detaiicd Gordon said "Not everybody understands and Celtic Spirituality at the Irish Arts Center in a talk given by Stephen Paul DeViilo. Chinese, old chap." in New York. The discussion stressed the II it is any consolatlon, one of the greatest continuitv between ancient Celtic paganism playwnghts in Britain, Saunders Lewis, wrote and the development of the Celtic Church, and NORDFRIESLAND. Kultui - Politik in the Welsh language. Likc Chinese writers. mcluded Eileen Campbell Gordon. proprietor Wirtschaft Mr Lewis, who died recently, never received of the Rivcndcll Bookshop, and Brendan Fay. Die Vierteljahresschrift des Noidfriisk the Nobel Prize. author o f an article on the life o f Pelagius Instituut. Informationen über Nordfriesland I have read dozens of Chinese works in appearing in issue two of Kelroi: A Pan-Celtic und aktuelle Probleme, die seine Menschen English translation, the latest being Review. betreffen Diskussionsforum für Nordlriesen "Munosa” by Zhang Xian Liang The The Conference was enlivcned by a und alle, die an ihnen interessiert sind. literary Standard has always been high. But dclicious array of traditional Celtic delicacies Jahresabonnement. DM 1 6 .-+ Porto. why sHtmld a work have to be translated into prepared and served by Elizabeth Anne Chefredakteur. Dr. Thomas Steenscn. c/o English to win an international prize? Fitzpatrick for a free "Celtic Brunch” Nordlrnsk instituut. Osterstr. 63. 2257 enjoyed by cycryone present. Brcdstedl/Gräist, F.R. Germany. I. J. KENNA CARN 6 spccifically-Breton associations rcmains to be The CRB started as a club but decided NEWCOMER TO THE seen. rccently in An Oriant to become a political The POBL stated its position Ln us momhly “movement" with a federal stmeture based on POLITICAL SCENE LAVENIR DE LA BRETAGNE (May 87). “Comitfe de Pays" (fiays meaning traditionally It ts nationabst. its aim being to wm the defined parls of Brittany). It criticises the Thcrc wert al ready ihre* parties campaigmng freedom needed to maintoin our national present Regional Council as Iacking a policy for Breton self-govemmem: the oldesi is the identity and to develop our economic and I for Brittany, dominated as it is by members Union Democratique Bretonne (UDB), cultura! resources; it is democratic, calling for of French parties elected on a d6partement fbunded in the early sixties; the Parti pour an elected assemblv to stand for our countrv’s basis. It wants to prevent moves towards ('Organisation de la Bretagne Librc (POBL) interests; and it is federalist. for a Eumpe "des renewed centralisation which the Chirac and EMGANN (meaning Baltic) an: relativcly peuples” (i.e. based on its ethnic groups, not governmem is pushing ahead with. It is for recent. The newcomer Ls the Convention pour on the existing States) As a nalion, Brittany a European federation of regions. lt wants la Region Bretagne (CRB) Let us try to sce is entitled to be governed by Bretons. to equal official Status for the Breton language briefly what characterises them. reserve exclusive ownership of its natural and, in particular. DIWAN to be endowed with The UDB Stands for Breton autonomy and resources, to promote its national language and the means to exist and develop. Its programine fbr socialism. lt does not call itself a national to conclude international agreemenls. POBL fot regional autonomy is being worked out. party but wants increased powers of decision Stands therefore. unlike the UDB, for Breton Wc should also mention FRANKIZ in mauere, affccting economy and culture to I sovereignty, though how that would combine BRE1ZH, which split away from the UDB a be given to institutions of ourown It does not with Eumpean federalism needs clarifieation. few years ago: it is reported now as seeking makc clear how an autonomous governmem EMGANN. which puhlishes a periodical of specifically to act as a channel of political could translate its socialist outlook into reality the same namc. is also more outspoken than support for the demands of the language without a similar eontexl in France Thntigh the UDB on the question of nationalism It organisations. But thai is also what the parties disappointed by the Mitterand-Mauroy-Fabius advncates self-management socialism which mentioned above would do. Surcly, political governmem. the UDB seems rcluetant to give would allow maximum decentralisation in all common sense should dictatc to them. if not up the collaborauon with the French left to ftelds. wheTeas the UDB would be more for to sink their differences, at least to get tngether which it owes 77 seats in communal councils. central cuntrol I Yann Fduere, of the POBL. and plan for campaigns to secure the many lt nov. sees the quest for autonomy going hand upholds on the European seale the same objectives on which they are agreed. A in hand with the establishinent of a European I pnnciplc of devolution of powere and plurality of political vtews is normal in arty federation based on historic regions, not on annbuuons but withutu mention of socialisml. advanced society but in the Breton case it the existing States lt criticises the Single EMGANN secs the rrxu problem as being the seems to be a luxury to he used sparingly or European Act for excluding the regions’ Capital ist exploitation of Brittany and a socialist even reserved until we have got the freedom participauon in EEC decision making. It wants State as the means to end it. This ideology to decide ourselves hov, to run our country. to widen its appeal: whether only towards ! separates it from POBL. EMGANN has not other "proeressionists" or towaids other tPStwl if< «nppnrt »n nny p|<*riionc A H FH SAFF Dd la D=i Qd [3 la (a Is la Is S [3 B E E E E la E E la E E la Is E Is E E la E E Is DIWAN NEW S • AN IRISH BRETON DICTIONARY of law proposals towards that end were tabled 2.10 pages. by Loei/ Andouard and Eamonn in the French National Assemblv since 1950. Ö Ciosdin, ha.s just bcen pubiished by They were all hlockcd by sueeessive • On March 16th the Lesneven tax office was govemmenis. Those Sponsoring this latest occupied in protest against the Statc's refusal Mouladuriou Hör Yezh. 1 Plasenn Ch. Peguy. Poullbriani, 29260 Lesneven. Brittany. Price Petition arc most loyal and forbearing citizens. to honour its Februare 1986 undertaking to IRL5.50 plus postage. other eminent personalities are expected to integrale the DIWAN teachcrs in the public join them. their talk o f "langues de France” educational system. Two days later a crossroad Andouard (1904-1985) is wcll-known as a Breton wnter and translator of Insh poems and is meant to rcassure that they have no sinister outsidc Karaez was blocked for the same d Mgns on the holy unity of the State. How reason at night for VA hour by about 60 Diwan short stories into Breton He leamed Irish in the 1920s and gathered material for this work many o f those in positions of power will be parencs and supporters lexplanatory leaflets itiipressed? A National Council for the distributed to motorisls). from his~ rcadings of Pearse, Padraig Ö Conaire*. Scan O Riordäin. The war and Languages and Culturcs of France was sei up • The L7IWAN General Assemblv held on before Chirac took over. lt tuet only onee March 29th in Treglonou decided in view of subsequem disturbanccs ir his life greally interferred with its prosecution but he Shows how serious they are. A charter for the the urgent need to find a solution to the protection of the fundamental rights o f ethnic financial problem to apply to the Ministry of succeeded in bringmg 11 to completion (in the last ycare of his life) with the help of Eamonn groups to their language is said to be almosi Education lor a "conrract simple" whereby the ready for presentation before the European State would give DIWAN the money to pay Ö Ciosöin. Eamonn. who tcaches Irish in Rennes University. quickly familiarised Parliainent. Guess who will oppose it. Copies its teachcrs but they would then have to of the petition form available from 40 me de introduec the tcaching o f French as early as himsclf wuh Breton and ha.s also pubiished a collection of Irish poems (Barzhonegoü la Rcpublique. 29200 Brest the first ycar of primary education. This Iwerzhonck) in translalion Skrid. 1983 — has apparcntly would be accepiable to the minister in fact contribuied about half of the 7.000 though ii was not clear whether hc wants one hour or 10 houre a weck of French lessons! entries. This Cooperation of two authnrs wuh a masterly knowledge of their respcctive EUROSKOL lt puls in scrious danger the aim of enabling national language and a good ccimmand of the r the child ren. many of whom comc from the DIWAN Association will cclebrate the "other" language has re.sulted in providing an French-spcaking homes. to become flucnt in lOth anniversary o f the foundatton of its first cxcclfcm tool for those Irish students who want Breton before getting to bilingual education nursere schixi! in Aprii 1988. They would like DIWAN hopes that this "reasonable" attitude to learn Breton and for the Bretons who have to see all the European linguistic minorities will strengthen the public support which they started in Insh. without huving to relv on the which have pnnuiry schools (either public or already enjoy and which is ncccssary if thev hclp of English or French which would private, using their languages as a means of are to resist a further underminmg. Is it not incrca.se the risk o f semantie errors. The tcaching taking pan in this event Wc appeal time though to forestall a Situation where all publication was made possible by the heip tu the readers of CARN to send addresses of the Breton schools will be hostages (o the given by the EEC Commission and the Breton peopleVassociations in Charge o f such French administration and to makc Cultural Institute to Mouladurinu Hör Yezh chocK to Mr Marc Boivin. Diwan. 29214 • Emgleo Brei/ has launeheil 1 cafpaignol arrangements so that a number of them can reglonou. Lanniliz. Brittany. who will then remain independent of the States Financial signaturcs topctition thi-L •••!: r -ernmct'.i t nd 'hem further information (dossier to pass a law 111 the form * 1 a .1 t gonera. btackmaü? Uuroskol) fbr the "Utneues et etilt1 it nncv .32 7 CARN CyMRU GAEILGE / GWYDDELEG Gail dyn dybied taw geiriau cytras yw teitl yr erthygl hon ond nid yw hynny’n wir. Benthyciadau yw Gael a Gaeilge o’r geiriau Gwyddel a Gwyddeleg fei y benthyciwyd cerbyd yn y cyfeiriad arall o’r gair Gwyddeleg carbad. Ond trafod geiriau cytras yw fy mwriad yn yr ysgrifen hon yn hytrach na benthyciadau i fynegi’r berthynas rhwng y Gymraeg a'r Wyddeleg. Yr hyn a’m sbardunodd oedd sgwrs rhyngof ac aelod adnabyddus o Gangen Cymru’r Undeb Celtaidd ac yntau’n ymweld ä Phabell y Celtiaid yn Eisteddfod Genedlaetho! Abergwaun a’r Fro. Traethodd ar y cysylltiad rhwng y Gymraeg a’r Wyddeleg neu, yn ei farn ef, ar y diffyg cysylltiad. Dyfynnodd ryw arbenigwr yn y Wyddeleg a ddwedodd nad oedd ond rhyw ddeugain o eiriau Gwyddeleg a oedd yn gytras ä geiriau Cymraeg. Dwedais fod Uawer mwy na hynny ond dwedodd y gwr da a ymwelodd ä’r Babell taw o ysgolhaig Gwyddeleg y cafodd yr hanes. Pwy ydw i i anghytuno ä barn rhywun sy’n hyddysg yn y maes hwnnw? Eto i gyd y mae gosodiad anghywir yr arbenigwr yn y Wyddeieg yn her syn haeddu ei gwrthbrofi. Mae agosatrwydd yr ieithoedd Brythonig yn ddigon hysbys i aelodau’r Undeb o Gymru, Cemyw a Llydaw. Yn yr un modd y mae ein cydaelodau o Iwerddon, yr Alban a Manaw yn gwybod mor debyg yw eu hieithoedd nhw a’i gilydd. Llai hysbys yw enghreifftiau o’r berthynas rhwng yr ieithoedd Brythonig a'r tair iaith sy’n tarddu o’r hen Wyddeleg. Oherwydd hynny ceir honiadau fei yr un am y deugain pär yn unig o eiriau cytras rhwng y Gymraeg a’r Wyddeleg. Yr unig ffordd i wrthbrofi gosodiad yr arbenigwr camarweiniol yw gwneud rhcstr o eiriau Gwyddeleg ar ar bwys pob un y gair cytras Cymraeg. Gail rhestrau fod yn ddigon sych i’w darllen ond credaf nad yw hynny’n wir am y rhestr isod a wna lawer i fagu diddordeb ymhlith y Cymry yn iaith eu cyd-Geltiaid yn Iwerddon. Cofier nad yw geiriau cytras o reidrwydd yn gyfystyr. Wrth fynd trwy’r rhestr daw patrwm o reolau ieithegol yn amlwg, fe! y cyfetyb f ar ddechrau gair Gwyddeleg at gw yn yr un sefyllfa yn Gymraeg neu at h vveithi.au, ac s Wyddeleg at h neu at ch yn Gymraeg. Cyfetyb d yng Ngwyddeleg at nt, th at d, Hh at dd, c yn fynych at p, ac yn y blaen. a a (perthnasol) bia bwyd clat clawdd abha afon bhtos buais (bum) clär clawr aimsir amser blas blas cluas clust ainm enw bläth blodyn end cneuen airgead arian bliain blwyddyn coileach ceiliog airne eirinen bö buweh coirce ceirch adtnhaim addefaf bodhar byddar comhaireamh cyfrif aiteann eithin bötthigh beudy craiceann croen aithnfm adwaen bolg bola crann pren amach i maes ( = mas) beart bwriad creidim credaf amhail hafal; fei brathaire bradwr crios crys amärach yfory bräithre brodyr crochaim crogaf amuigh i maes brostü brysio cruach crug an a (gofynnol) buachaill bugail cruinn erwn anäil anadl buion byddin cü ci ann ynddo; yno bun bön cuach cog anocht heno caillim collaf cuid peth aos oes (amser) cam cam cüig pump aon un caol cul cuimhmm cofiaf ar ar capall ceffyl cutosach pwysig athair ewyrth cara cär dö, da dau bagairt bwgwth carn cam daichead deugain beag bach carr car dea- da beagän bychan cat cath deas de bean benyw cathair caer deich deg beann ban cathaoir cadair Dia Duw beatha bywyd cd pwy dflis dilys beidh bydd cead cant do i beifear byddir cead cynt do dy bheith bod ceann pen dödheag deuddeg beiriü berwi ceathair pedwar doimhin dwfn beo byw ceile cilydd doire deri CARN 8 llanw doras drws lfonadh scuab ysgub lom 11 wnt dorn dwrn scuabaim sgubaf lu Hai döthain digon sb chwe, chwech drwg luchaigh llygod droch- seacht dubh du mae mab saith sean hen duine dyn mailh mad scideadh chwythu 6 ef maithim maddeuaf seol hwyl (llong) each eb-(ol) maol moel sf hi ean edn maor maer sia hwy (hyd) eigean angen marbh marw siad hwy, hwynt eile ail marc march sine hyn bist ust marcach marchog siol hil fad hyd mäthair modr( -yb) slai llath faill gallt mein mewn slua llu faoilleän gwylan meid maint snithaid nodwydd fear gwr Meitheamh Mehefin crö snäthaide crau nedwydd tir gwyr mf mis snämhaim nofiaf fbar gwair mian myn-(nu) sm'omh nyddu hun, hunan mil mel fein o shin o hyn ugain mfle mil ftche speal pal fial hael milis melys srian ffrwyn gweu minie mynych ff srön ffroen fionn gwyn mo fy sü sudd ffor gwir mo mwy siiiste ffust flrinne gwirionedd modh modd siur chwaer flaithiüil gwladol möin mawn ti taw (fe sydd ...) molaim molaf fliuch gwlyb tachtadh tagu grug mör mawr fraoch talamh talaith fuar oer muc moch tamall tamaid nä na. nag gabha gof tanaf tenau na na. nac gabhar gafr laobh tu naoi naw gach pob tar dere. tyrd nead nyth gaoth gwynt tarbh tarw neall niwl gar ger teas tes neart nerth garbh garw teann tyn ge gwydd neasa nes tigh nf n i, nid ty glan glän tine tän nö neu glas glas tfr tir nua newvdd gleann glyn trächtaim traethaf elün glin 6 0 träigh traeth ocht wyth goradh gori trasna (ar) draws gort garth ord gordd rabhadh tri tri gut gweddi rhybudd tri reidh trwy i yn rhwydd tri an traean rhedaf iarann haearn rithim trdcaire trugaredd rhy is ys rö- troigh troed rhod fseal isel roth trom trwm labhairt llefaru rua rhudd trua trueni lämh llaw saile heli tu ti sal sawdl län llawn tuf to helyg leanaim (di-)lynaf saileach uan oen salann halcn leath lled < = go) uain wyn leathan llydan Samh-( radh) haf ubh wy leathar Iledr san, sin hwn. hon. hyn uile oll. holl saor saer leas lies üll afal ysgaru leasainm Uysenw scaniint um am liath llwyd sceal chwedl ür ir lios Uys scioböl sgubor Nodwedd bennaf y rhestr uchod yw mai rhestr fer o eiriau cyffredin bob dydd yw ond yn ddigon hir i wrthbroff r honiad am y deugain pär o eiriau cytras. Y mae miloedd o barau tebyg. Efallai yr amheuid dilysrwydd cytrascdd rhai o’r geiriau, fei do : i ac üll : afal er enghraifft. Ond tardda i o'r gair do yn yr hen Gymraeg. Hen siliafiad rill oedd ubhall. Seinid y bh yma rhywbeth yn debyg i'r f yn Gymracg yrFöl yn y Canol Oesoedd. Gwneuthum fy ngorau i gyfyngu'r rhestr at eiriau cytras yn unig ac osgoi benthyciadau fei scandain : sgadan, ainnir : anner ac an hbthar : y feidir. Siaradwyd Gwyddeleg yn Nyfed am ryw bum can mlynedd ac nid oes rhyfedd bod rhai o eiriau’r iaith honno yn aros yn» Gymraeg yr ardal hon o hyd. Ar wahän i’r geiriau cytras y mae cystrawennau gramadegol tebyg yn y ddwy iaith. Oherwydd hynny y mae'n rhwyddach i Gymro ddysgu Gwyddeleg nag y mae i Sais. Holandwr neu Almaenwr wncud hynny. Nac anghofier y treigladau na ’chwaith. Dyma enghraifft o’u pwysigrwydd: a thigh = ei dy, a tigh = ei thy ac a dtigh = eu ty. Mae cyfundrefn treigladau ym tnhob un o’r ieithoedd Celtaidd. 9 CARN Ni wadaf y gwahaniaethau rhwng y ddwy iaith. Ni ddisgwylid fei arall gan ystyried p’un mor bell yn öl yr ymwahanodd y Wyddeleg o’r hen Frythoneg, ddwy fil o flynynddoedd yn 61 neu’n gynharach efallai. Er hynny erys digonedd a rhagor i fynegi’r berthynas rhwng y Gymraeg a’r Wyddeleg. Gobeithiaf y bydd yr erthygl hon yn sbardun i ragor o Gymry ymddiddori yn y Wyddeleg a’i dysgu. Nid oes dim i galonogi’r Gwyddyl yn well wrth hyrwyddo eu hiaith yn cu gwlad nhw cu hunain na gwcld cu cydGeltiaid yn ei dysgu oherwydd eu bod nhw’n deall ei phwysigrwydd. Y mae dosbarth Gwyddeleg yng Nghrymych, Dyfed ar öl i bobl dangos eu hawydd i’w dysgu ym Mhabell y Celtiaid ar Faes Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Abergwaun a’r Fro. to indicate acceptance of the invalidity of the Union, but the acceptance of Cymru as an THE MYTH OF THE UNION occupied nation rather than an integral part o f the British state would entail there being In an objective attempt to evaluate the international, legal and ethical Situation of in existence some Cymry at least that have Cymru today I feel that first it is necessary to examine the historical basis of her shown a continued recognition of a "Free present Situation, i.e. the “ Act of Union” of 1536, to examine its validity and then Cymric” aspect, i.e. some of the pre-conquest to proceed from the conclusions. vaiues relating to traditions. points of Cymric law. the Borders, personal nomenclature etc. Firstly, what did the Act o f Union imply? and at the same time receiving international apart from the language o f course. In any Its main objectives were (a) The recognition. Evcntually after 4 years he was event, it would seem inconceivable for any “ Extirpation“ of the Cymric language. (b) finally overwhelmed, vastly outnumbered by individual or movement that seeks and aims The abolishing of the Cymric laws and what his enemies and their mercenaries drawn from for national freedom and national recognition. remained of the Cymric administration, and all over Europe. not to utilize the invalidity of the Union as a (c) The realignmem of the border with The main point however is that this was a basis and a springboard for their objectives England. With regards to the Laws and Cymric national army that was decimated at because if the traditional vaiues o f nationhood Border, the objcct was accompiished but its Harlech but Owain Glyndwr and some o f his are ignored. nationalist idiology becomes intern with regards to the language has up to henchmen managed to escape, and carried on hollow and futile. now clearly failed. the fight on a guerilla basis, he disregarded ln the light o f these conclusions, I have How valid is the Act of Union? An Act of all demands for surrender, and the offer of endeavoured to research into the Border Union would by its implication alone, require the "Kings pardon" — the modern aspect and to project the Cymric laws and the desire, or at least the consent o f the “ Amnesty" — and died in obscurity. This administration into a modern context as far countries invoived, hence the signatures of die sounds like one of the most eonvincing cascs as 1 am ablc. participants reprsentatives would be required imaginabie for a refusal to acknowledge With regards to the Laws. a qualified on the document. This was certainly the case defeat. lawyer of international repute is clearly with regards to the Anglo/Scottish and Anglo- One aspect which should also bc mentioned needed. The border. I have compiled in two Irish Union treaties, upon which their is the populär contention that the Act of Union aspects: (a) the border as it would appear respective flags were superimposed in was instrumental to making Cymru a part of disregarding the Act of Union, this has been symbolie union to form the “ Union Jack". England, clearly this is not the case. for one achicvcd with the co-operation of various This most certainly was not the case with thing. the document of the Union rcpeatedly historians and county archivists from either regard to Cymru, there was no Cymric refers to Cymru as the "Dominion of Wales". side of the border, also a host o f documents signature and obviously no Televant colours 1 feel it is unlikely that a country seeking to and references and extensive field work, and on the “ British" flag. incorporate another land as part o f itself is (b) the “ Old Cymric Border" is the best that It would seem then that the term “ Union“ likely to distinguish it by name and Status from I can envisagc o f where the border would be must be discarded and the terms any other part of the English hoineland not when Cymru first became a recognisable “ Annexation" or “ Incorporation-' used in its only on the Union document but on all entity, i.e. following the battles of Chester and place, implying as it does, a unilateral decision subsequent references to the present day. Ict Deorham and is based on the first printed map on the part o f the English hierarchy. The alone re-defining a border. o f Cymm by Humphrey Lluyd in 1573. here question now arises as to the validity of It should also be noted that even under again some academic opinion would be annexation. 1 think that one could justifiably English law, there is some doubt regarding appreciated. Cymru is after all reputed for its claim that this could be attributed to the "Law the Unions validity as the Magna Carta is academics. of Conquest". Now having got this far. the generally regarded as the basis of English law. Perhaps it would be appropriate here to question presents ttself as to just how valid yet articles 56, 57 and 58 of the Carla relate expose a few populär misconceptions relating is the Law o f Conquest as far as Cymru is specifically to the recognition of Cymric law to Cymric history. One of them is the concept concerned. Here again previous test cases of withm Cymm. o f "Llywelyn ein Llew O la f i.e. our last International Law have revealed that “ Law The conclusion then must be that the Act sovereign. The fact remains that his brother of Conquest" is only applicable where die of Union is technically invalid as are also the Dafydd carricd on the struggle for 6 months vanquished side has acknowledged defeat. alternative terms "Annexation” and after the dcath of Llywelyn but the distinction either by peace treaty with the Victors, or by "Incorporation" and of course by the same of the last ruling sovereign of Cymru must surrender and cessation of hostilities. This is token. the Cymric laws. Administration and go to Owain Glyndwr, himself of the royal clearly not the case with regard to Cymru. The Borders would be technically legal, ln this Cymric line, however, known descendents of Norman defeat o f the Cymric sovereign light then the true definition of the legal Status the "Old Lineage" are in fact still living in Lly welyn II, and later of his brother Dafydd. of Cymm would be as a nation under alien Cymru — a point worth noting. The other which resulted in Gwynedd being ringed by occupation and administration and technically misconception is that the English conquered Norman garrison castles in order to subdue not part o f the U.K. Cymru. This they never did! They did the Cymric resistance, was followed by This being the case, it now remains to however invade and annex parts o f the border several risings, notably by Maelgwn and by examine the relevant aspect o f the laws and area. notably the area between the "Old Madog, himself o f the Cymric royal line, administration in the light o f present day Cymric Border" and that relating to the Act however, the most renowned bid for freedom conditions and to trace the line of the national o f Union. Most of this invasion was carried was made by another of the royal line, Owain and administrative borders on to modern out during the Mcrcian offensive of Offa II. ap Gruffydd fOwain Glyndwr) who not only maps. This 1 have endeavoured to do to the The invaders of Cymm however were the succeeded in throwing the Norman-English best o f my ability as a layman but I feel that Normans, the coaquerers of the English, their out of Cymm, pushing well into England in the asptci is now open to investigation by language was not English but Norman French, the process, but re-establishcd the Cymric international legal Professionals. My own a point to remember too is that it took state, its laws, traditioiy» and administration limited atlempts in the international field tend infinltely longer for the Norman to subdue the CARN 10 small Cymric nation than it took thcm to bring England to hecl. I have mcntioned diese few points in order to obtain a true historical WELSH NEWS perspective. It is difficult fbr those o f us o f non-Cymric THE WELSH IN ENGLAND birth to understand why ihe above revelations NEW WELSH SECONDARY SCHOOLS The 1981 census recorded 585.778 Welsh bom have never been the comer stone of nationalisi Following a 10 year battie a new Welsh people living in England and Scotland — pjolicies. “ Establishment" cducation cannot secondary school is to be set up at St. Clears equivalent to one-fifth of the present be the whole reason. after all. there is no as a unit of Carmarthen’s bilingual Ysgol Bro population of Wales. Of these the largest group shortage of critical cxamination by national ists Myrddin. The next campaign is for a Welsh — 13% — is in London, especially in the north o f other Establishment myths. perhaps it is the school fbr Southern Pembrokeshire at Havcrford and north-west (Brent, Barnet, Ealing, old dominant pre-celtic subconscious reacting West. Mid Glamorgan is to have its fourth Hillingdon. Slough) and west central areas to the concept o f Celtic/Cymric overlordship, Welsh secondary school at Cymmer in the (Westminister, Warswork, Lambeth). Other I don't know, but genuine Cymric nationalism Rhondda Valley. centres are West Midlands (35.000), Avon surely cannot afford to ignore the myth o f the (29,000, including Bristol), Hampshire Union. NEW CATHOLIC DIOCESE The Roman Catholic Church in Wales has (23,000), Hereford and Worcester (23.000), reorganised its diocesan boundaries in Wales Cheshire (21.000) and Shropshire (21,000). In to create a third diocese for its 167 parishes. the north west the main areas are Liverpool. The 150,000 Catholics in Wales rnrw have Wirral. Manchester, Stockport and Salford. cathcdrals at Cardiff. Wrexham and Swansea. The new bishop of Minerva at Swansea is Rev. Deal Editor. TEACHERS COURSE Daniel Mull ins — an Irishman who has learut The Anglican teacher-traming College at 1 would like to add to the remarks of Alfred Welsh and who is eager to promote fiirther use Jenkin, CARN 57. conceming Marxism's Camarthen whose 700 students are 50% Welsh of Welsh in his diocese. Part of his speaking has revalidated its B.Ed degree relevance at all times to the nation. I regret enlhronement ceremony was in Welsh. 1 have not prccise sources of quotations at through Welsh to deal specificaally with the needs of Welsh medium and bilingual schools hand. LEARNERS’ SUCCESS When one considers the unique Creative A survey by Gwyncdd County Council showed power which increasingly attaches to Marxism that 61.8% of Welsh leamers leaving primary J NEW WELSH PRIMARY SCHOOL in the whole world. one has to accuse R. schools in the County will be capable of 1 Glynn Jones eilher of childish ignorance or The number of pupils in Welsh medium following secondary courses in the language primary schools in Mid Glamorgan has of trying to prevent workers and socialists of This will give a potential 78.2% of all Celtic nations from attending to forbidden doublcd in the last decade. As a result a brand secondary school pupils able to follow new Welsh primary school has been opened truths. Marxism is a superb guide to political secondary education through Welsh — if the judgement provided it is not dogmatised and near Pontypridd. This gives a total for the courses are available for them! is developed in Contemporary terms. Its many County of 20 schools and 8 units. writings on the national question, socialism, and bourgeois nationalism (of the oppressed SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE and the oppressor) constitute a department ot thought. A survey by the BBC has revealed that 90% of non-Welsh Speakers in Wales believe I once wrote a careful refutation of a CARN that all children in Wales should have the opportunity to leam Welsh with 4% against. misrepresentation from Wales about the 53% would like to be able to speak Welsh themselves. 91% would like to see all children Soviel Baltic republics — is there some special bilingual on leaving school. The factors they saw helping the language were education spieen in Wales about Marxism? — but the 62%, broadcasting 16% and Status 17%. Support by Welsh Speakers for Welsh language editor at the time later said he had lost it. media was: Another bourgeois nationalist! Marxists use the phrase Bourgeois (Weekly papers) (Monihly papers) Broadcasting Nationalism for the national aspect of the Papur. Radio efforts o f capitalist States or for national Purchase /listen Y Cymru Y Faner Barn Bro. S4C Cvmru liberation movements which tend to the Regularly 13% 9% 2% 40% 46% 31% formation of new capitalist States. Marxists Occasionally 15% 10% 7% 9% 37% 13% arc able to regard some of these activities as Never 72% 82% 90% 51% 17% 55% useful to working pcople and. of course. if Working dass 7% 3% 0% 35% 51% 26% new national States are founded on a capitalist 15-24 years 9% 9% 0% 35% 31% 14% basis, the struggle for socialism goes on. Proletarian internationalism means action on Only 30% had ever written a cheque in Welsh! the basis of the common intercsts of workers and their allies the world over without forgetting that nations exist. Lenin pointed out military rule (reference to Cromwell). The that the working dass accepts and welcomes English working dass will never accomplish Annwyl Golygydd. assimilation of nations if it is not coercive and anything before it has got rid o f lreland Regarding the note CAMPORETH if it does not give one nation privilege over (Marx's emphasis) . . . English reaction in KESKELTEK RUGBY on page 16 of Catn another. Marxists see the future o f the nation England has its roots . . . in the subjugation last, whereas 1 can't offer "an interceltic as national in form and socia!ist in content. o f lreland." Lenin wrote that the tragedy of championship”, should any Comish (or other No nation has become socialist without the Irish was that they rose in 1916 but we Celtic) rugby club wish a fixture against a Marxism. all know that they were early in the world Welsh Club whose entire Ist XV speaks Welsh national liberation struggle which received and who are administercd through Welsh, they Lenin pointed out that Marx saw the such a boost from Sovict example and its should contact me as Secretary. national question as subordinate to the labour Marxist national thinking. Lenin commended question (national form, socialist contcnt) James Connolly and through Connolly Clive James, "But his theory is as far from ignoring the Marxism is in the same quickline as the other Hafan, national question as heaven from earth". He martyrs o f the Easter RLsing. Caeathro, goes on to quote Marx. "All the abominations Caemaurfon, of the English have their origin in the Irish Gwynedd, Pale . . . things would have taken another tum Yours sincerely, ROYSTON GREEN Cymru, LL55 2SS. in England but for the necessity in lreland of 11 CARN EIRE Ar ndöigh, nior chuidigh an mhithreoir pholasai atä ar Plaid Cymru faoi cheannas OLLTOGHCHÄN WESTMINSTER Dafydd Elis Tornas olc maith nö dona leis an Leirigh an feachtas olltoghchäin sa Rfocht Aontaithe neart agus laigi an näisiünachais gcüis näisiünach. An phäirt atä ag Päirti an Lucht Oibre sa chomh fada agus a bhaineann se leis an bpolaiti'ocht thoghänaioch. Bhreatain Bheag tä sä ag na Liobraläithe sa Tä an näisiunachas mos läidre mar fhörsa in Albain nä mar a bhi se le fada. De Chom. Ni mör a admhäil go dteann siad siüd rdir na bpobalbhreitheanna is deanai tä 80% de mhuintir na hAlban i bhfäbhar as a mbealach le hiad fein a leiriü mar dhream fdinrialtais de chineal äigin agus tä Albanach as gach triür ar son neamhspleächais. atä nios “ C o m a f nä na mörphäirtithe eile. Pü ar bith tä siad docht daingean i ngach ceann Bhi an oiread sin imni ar na päirtithe ! difffochtaf sontasacha idir an Bhreatain Bheag de chüig thogheheantar na tire polaitiüla aoniaiocha le linn an olltoghchäin agus Albain. An rud is mö atä le rä faoin olltoghchän in go raibh siad ar a dtröandicheall ag iarraidh Ar nds na hAlban bhi päirtithe an oirthuaisceart Eireann gur trua go mör gur gan cos a fhägäil faoin SNP. I ngeall air sin Chomhaontais tar öis gnöthai an "dflärachais“ scoilteadh an vöta näisiünach. Comhoibrionn bhi Päirti an Lucht Oibre agus dhä phäirti an a chur orthu föin sa Bhreatain Bheag agus nil Sinn Fein agus an SDLP go maith ar na Chomhaontais — an SDP agus na Liobrälaith aon dabht gur cirigh leo vötai a mhealladh ö comhairli äitiüla ar fud na Se Chontae. Is — ar son Chomhphobail Albanaigh. Plaid Cyntru dä bharr. sampla maithe de sin an bealach ar chuidigh I gcäs Phäirtf an Lucht Oibre tä Reacht Bhi difriocht shontasach i bpolasaf Phäirtf an SDLP le comhairleoir de chuid Sinn Föin Fdinrialtais dreachtaithe acu le fada. an Lucht Oibre sa Bhreatain Bheag thar mar a thoghadh ina Chathaoirleach ar Comhairle ln ainneoin när öirigh chomh maith leis an a bhi in Albain sa mheid is go raibh agus go Dhüiche Fhear Manach le deanai. SNP agus ba mhaith leo san olltoghchän bhfuil an päirtf sin go nimhneach in aghaidh Tä an locht as scoilteadh an vöta näisiünaigh lüirfodh gur gnd bhuan de shaol na hAlban 6 fäinrialtais sa Bhreatain Bheag. Mar sin fein go priomha ar cheannasaiocht an SDLP agus an näisiunachas poiaitiiiil. Tä tromlach ann i is löiriü 6 ar a meas ar neart an näisiünachais ar a bpatrüin, Riaitas Bhaiie Ätha Ciiath. gcönai ar son föinrialtais mar a bhi sa Bhreatnaigh go bhfuil dream chomh Bhi sö näireach go häirithe mar a chuir an reifreann i 1979 agus mar is leir 6 frithnäisiunach san sästa tacü le bunü SDLP in eadan Ghearöid Mhic Adhaimh i shuirbheanna le deich mbliain anuas. Tä an institiüidf näisiünta äirithe ar nös Comhairle niBeal Feirste Thiar. Chaith Riaitas Shasana tacaibcht don näisiünachas pholailiül i bhfad Pleanäla Eacnamfochta (coincheap an- an t-uafäs airgid le hUachtarän Shinn Fein a nt'os leithne agus m'os läidre nä an tacaiocht eiginnte. ni m6r a admhäil) agus tä an päirti bhuaiadh. don SNP agus ba dhearmad 6 a shamhlü gurb le fada ag gcallüint tacaiochta don ßhreatnais. ionann iad. Leirigh an t-olltoghchän go bhfuil neart mör MICHEÄL PÄDRAIG Tä cüiseanna maithe eacnamai'ochta leis an fös i bPäirtf Lucht Oibre Shasana sa Bhreatain näisiünachas ceanna nuair a smaoim'tear go Bheag. Smaoinigh gur 6 thoghcheantair (The recent General Election campaign in bhfuil 20% d'oibrithe Ghlaschü dffhostaithe Bhreatnacha an triür detreanach a bhi ina the U. K. has shown the strength and (le hais 7% in oirdheiscirt Shasana). gCeannairi ar an bpairti — Callaghan. Foot weaknesses of Celtic nationalist parties in Ba löir 6n toghchänalochl go raibh agus Kinnock. elections). is the core of his presentation, even with a neat launched at a function chaired by Pädraig Ö HURLING TO evocation of the solo run “ only the Gael ran Snodaigh (former editor of CARN) in down the long green fteld with a ball on the Buswell's Hotel, Dublin, where the FREEDOM! blade of a stick — even the wild Indian needed multilingual night included readings by a thong net. So hurley became as special as Sorescu and Deane, as well as the playing of the Irish who played it.'* Bartok's Rumanian Dances' by a young Dublin Dr. J. Bowyer Bell is best known in Ireland On its political significance he says: “The quartet who accompanied a Dublin contralto as the author of The Secret Army, a history prime significance of hurley, however, is that singing one of Sorescu’s poems which the of the I.R.A But he has in fact published the game is not a training for war or even an leader of the group here set to music. Sorescu. much eise besides. This year Transaction analogue war game but, rather that the entirc j most wlllingly gave an interview to the Irish Books (New Brunswick, USA. and Oxford, game is a grounding for revolution. The language weekly Anois: “Of course, of course, England) published his latest To Play the players were not being trained to replace the I believe in the Gaelic”, as he said expressing Game: An Analysis of Sports — a stränge, hurley at some late date with a Thompson regret at how few people actually spoke the unusual and provocative presentation of sport submachine gun but to rebel, to play their own language — which he first heard at a reading in its political — imperial and national — role, game. . . . For potential rebels, attitude is far ! by O Snodaigh who was in Rome recently as a moulder of nations or of national styles more important than armament. . . . The j (courtesy the Cultural Relations Committee of at least and as an expresston o f national hurley stick was not a war tool but a game | the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs) for characteristics. Always entertaining and offen tool, symbolizing the shift in Irish reality.” | an international poetry festival. perceptive he deals with handball in Ireland Very impressed and pleased with a night of and its export to the USA in 1882 as well as traditional music at Hughes’s on the Dublin with curling and golf in Alba: no mention RUMANIAN POET quayside Sorescu pointed out that Romania too however of wrestling in Kemow or Breizh! had its Celtic background, not only in Galatia While the Library of Congress cataloging Marin Sorescu, one of Rumania’s leading poets and many surviving placenames but in a vague rata says: “ includes index” it doesn’t in fact (whose books seil upwards of 100,000 copies recall of the ancestrial “Gauls” who were and the table o f contents is so skimpy that one per title), was in Dublin lately for the issue displaced in power and language by the roman wouldn’t notice the sustained piece on the of versions of some of his poems in English, legions. GAA and its significance (and in his view by John F. Deane. Entitled The Youth of Given the perennial interest in comparative or paralleling failure) on pp. 144 Quixote (Dedalus, Dublin. £3.60 papierback) Czechoslovakia (e.g. the continuous reprinting to 156. The replacing o f cricket by hurling the book, illustrated by Brian Bourke, was of Jan Filipts Celtic Cmlization) and in Galicia CARN 12 for example, perhaps the actual remaining We believe that these men should not bc Celtic countrics with surviving or reviving made to suffer unnecessarily and would Celtic (anguages and aspirations to political THE CRUTHIN therefore appeal to our readers on and economic emancipation may have more humanitarian grounds to write to the Minister friends in Europe than they had imagined MYTH for Justice, An Roinn Dli agus Cirt. Laiche Stiofäin, Äth Cliath 2, in support o f an Previous issues of Cam have mentioned this improvement in their conditions of detention. latest unionist, near-unionist, or late-comer opportun ist-unionist theory (thesis ?) the myth of the Cruthin — as the elder folk of Ulster who were defeated by the invading Gaels (it is alleged), withdrew to Scotland from whence 30 YEARS OF they retumed in the 17th Century plantations TH E EEC and from whom has Sprung the backbone of present-day “ Ulster” (they would never say IRISH SOVEREIGNTY MOVEMENT “ Ulst” i.e. % of a province) and from whom Statement on the 30th anniversary of the in diaspora has spread the best and the greatest foundation of the EEC in the history of the USA. The crazy theory continues to gain currency The ISM urges members of the public to resist and is regularly used as a validalion point in the Propaganda barrage to be unleased upon the more entreme levels of Unionism, in the them this year by the European Commission joumals of the UDA for example. on the occasion of the 30th anniversary o f the A short time ago a Conference of the British establishmcnt o f the EEC. Association for Irish Studies at the Oxford Mounting unemployment and emigration, Polytechnic in England was addressed on the the erosion by the EEC o f the powers o f the topic by its main begetter Dr. Ian Adamson, Brid N( DMmhnaill Government to take effective countervailing a gentle (if misguided) physician. Hc could measures and the continued pressures on Irish not bc deflected from his line. Thal one o f his neutrality should remind us that the EEC is “Cruthin” heroes (St. Comhghall) was shown much more a contributory cause of Ireland's CONRADH not to have been a Cruthin at all didn’t sway Problems than their eure. him one inch; that the "Cruthin" monastery What this anniversary really commemorates of Bangor was not in Cruthin land didn't stop is a 30-years’ successful assault on national ARD FHEIS his claiming it to have been a major Cruthin independence and dcmocracy in the interests centre; that there is no proof whatever that o f Western Europe’s transnational firms and The Conradh na Gaeilge Ard Fheis was held the Cruthins and the Picts were in any way the national political elites who have agreed in Derrv in May. ln his rcport the Rünaf. Sehn related he ignored when it was pointed out to to sacrifice democratic rights struggled for Mac Mathüna, highlighted the main points in him; that the Dal Riata not the Cruthin (who over centuries in order to construct a the organisations work over the last year: were a mostly inland Gaelic pcople) who went supranational System congenial to Big Capital • Publication of a Gaeltacht Policy to Scotland hardly caused him a pause when which can present a common European front document. demonstrated. to the Third World. This anniversary is also • Launching o f 6 County Language rights In other words we are faced with a deep designed to usher in a new period in which demands. seated belief with almost no base in there will be further assaults on democracy • Pursuance of Irish on TV campaign archeology. myth or history — and all the through the working of the Single European through delivery of demand from 631 more dangerous accordingly — a belief with Act, a push towards monetary and political language committees and organisations and definite political ramifications which the Union in the EEC and closer Cooperation on continuance of Licence Rcfusal campaign League ought to address at depth in the foreign policy and defence among the leading to the jailing o f one campaigner and discussions, dcliberations and plans of both Membcr States which are all, apart from court appearances of others. the Irish and Scottish branches particularly. Ircland, NATO members. • Proposals on Action Plan for Irish 1987-90 The European Community is the antithesis to Bord na Gaeilge and to Government bodies. D. O ’M .B. of the democratic principle of government of • Launching of La Mör na Gaeilge on St. the people, by the people, for the people. It Patrick's Day. is rather a System of supranational government • Language campaign during General IRISH REPUBLICAN and law-making by non-elected committees. Election. the Commission, Council and Court of the • Cooperation with Gaelscoileanna in PRISONERS Community, aimed at re-establishing across support of Irish language schools denied Western Europe the canons of 19th Century government recognition. The Celtic League has been asked to intervene laissez-faire. • Putting up a language candidate (Sean Mac in support of a demand for an alleviation of Social Controls on Capital by the State, Mathüna) for Senate election. the conditions under which Republiean which not only socialists but enlightened Motions were passed on the mass media, prisoners are being held in Portlaoise. In a capitalists desire, is made increasingly more education. language rights and the Gaeltacht. letter to us in Irish, their spokesman complains difficult by the rules o f the EEC System. The Amongst the latter was one supporting the of a very unsatisfactory Situation regarding scheme of harmonised indirect taxes by 1992. courageous stand of Bnd Nie Dhdmhnaill and visits: "we are allowed only one hour for which Ireland agreed to in the Single condemning the injustice she has suffered as every three weeks although we had been European Act, violates the classical a result of her demand for an Irish language promised that we could get it more frequently: democratic principle of no taxation without Mass in an Irish speaking arca. Brid is this is causing suffering to our relatives. A representation. If implemented, it will make principai of the small local school and since prisoner is allowed out on parole in very strict it extremely difficult for developing Irish her Opposition to the introduction of English personal circumstances even though everyone Companies or State enterprises to build up Mass in the area her position has beeil madc it a point of honour until now to retum. Capital to enable them to expand. threatened by the manager. the local parish 'Strip searching and solitary confinemcnt are The expcrience of the Irish people this past priest, who has introduced an unqualified causing considerale stress: they are ftfteen years has given the lie to most of the teacher into the school leaving her with no unjustified. Some here, who are serving life Claims which were made to induce them to pupils. sentences. are left uninformed of v.hen they join the EEC in 1972. We fear that further Oulgoing Uachtarän, Itc Ni Chionnaith, would be released in spite o f the YVhitaker disappointment and disillusionment with the was elected for a further term. report which advised against that.” EEC lie ahead. 13 CARN The Irish Sovereignty Movement believes that the appropriate response of democrats to this anniversary should be to dedicate themselves to breaking out o f this System of collective neo-colonialism in which peripheral and less developed countries like Ireland, Scotland. Wales, Spain. Portugal and Greece must become ever more disadvantaged and to establish instead real national independence for their peopies. In lreland's case this means resisting the continual giving away o f our power to conduct our trade relations, plan our economy, develop our natural resources and follow an independent foreign policy. and rcclaiming what has already been surrendered. The Irish Sovereignty Movement intends in the period ahead to develop closer Cooperation with movements and groups in other EEC countries which are critical of EEC dcvclopmcnts and which scek to rc-cstablish their national independence in face o f the EEC's efforts to reduce the Status o f their Raxmond Crotry Pres, Constitutional Rights Campaign and Micheäl Ö Loinsigh, counlries to that o f mere provinces within a Vice-Pres. and also Sec. o f Irish Sovereignty Movement. West European Superstate. It calls for an international campaign in defence o f the Nation State as the focus of democracy and such as working parties. a secretariat and because this is not the case". The two other cnlightcned politics over the coming Century. regulai meetings, so as to give impetus lo the main political pailics, Fine Gael and the drive for European Unity. Progressive Democrats called for a Yes vote also. ANTHONY COUGHLAN If it is now desired to qualify. curtail or The Labour Parry while theoretically inhibit the existing sovereign power to against did nothing in fact — how could it formulate and to pursue such foreign policies when 6 months earlier it was part o f a as from time to time to the Government may SUPREME COURT Coalition attempting to ram the measure seem proper, it is not within the power o f the through? Government itself to do so. The foreign policy VICTORY - Opposition to the SEA was formed by the organ of the State cannot. within the terms of Constitutional Rights Campaign (Mr. the Constitution, agree to inipose upon itself, REFERENDUM Raymond Crotty). The Coalition for Peace the State or upon the People the comemplated and Neutralitv and the Workers Party Stress restrictions upon freedom o f action. To DEFEÄT was iaid on the ultimate end of neutralitv acquirc the power to do so would, in my which would come about in aecepting and opinion. require a reeourse to the People The Dublin Government's attempt to rush supporting a common foreign policy with ‘whose right it is'. in the words of Article 6, through ratification of the Single European other member states all of which are NATO | 'in final appeal. to decide all questions of Act (SEA) at the end of last year w ithout members and on the fact that support for | national policy. according to the requirements proper debate (although they let a full ycar Sellafield would be envisaged, as Title III of the common good'.'* go by without introducing it) was halted by protects plants which are "essential" for In otheT words the Court saw clearly that Mr. Raymond Crotty's High Court action defence. The negative aspects of being the SEA is a treaty designed to change the secking to have the provisions o f the Act rclegated to 3 votes o f 76 (loosing the power EEC from an essentially Economic declared repugnant to the Irish Constitution. to prevent job losses or the withdrawal of Community into a developing Political and Mr. Crotty's action was unsuccessful in the agricultural Support) of having mid European Military Union, ln the EEC Ireland had power High Court bul was appealed to the Supreme prices without their salaries (harmonisation of of veto on matters affecting vital national Court who delivered their judgement in early VAT rates) and of loosing an independent interests. In the proposed political union. with April. By a majority o f 3 to 2 the Supreme voice on world issues were put forward. only 3 votes out of 76 in most things, it must Court held that Tille III of the Act. “ Treaty ln the event the combined forces of the in future accept decisions damaging to itself Provisions on European Co-opeation in the establishment. the main political parties and taken in the interests of the dominant member Sphere of Foreign Policy". was in violation the mass media (all national dailies called for States. of the Constitution. a Yes vote and coverage was similiarly ln the course of the judgement it was stated: Despite calls for a rcnegoliaüon of the SEA biased), and the fears 'engendered in the "As a treaty. Title 111 is not designed in static the Government proceeded with a referendum electorate proved too much and they said yes terms. It not alone envisages changes in inter- (held on May 26th) to alter the Constitution to the SEA by a majority o f 70% to 30% in state relations. bul also postulates and requires to permit ratification o f the SEA. It a low poll o f only 44% of the electorate. As those changes. And the purpose of those furthermore proceeded to spend over might have been expected the rural changes is to erode national independence in £300,000 of taxpayers money. through the constituencies lumed in high Yes votes while the conduct of extemal relations in the Government Information Services to those who have seen prices rise and jobs lost, interests of European political cohesion in desiminate false pro-SEA Propaganda — a the urban working dass constituencies polled foreign relations. As I have pointed out, the biatant misuse of taxpayers money. the highest No percentages. treaty marks the transformation o f the EEC Commissioners joined in. uttering The peopies fears about an end to Irish European Communities from an Organisation veiled and not so veiled threats about what neutralitv made the Government promise in which has so far been essentially economic would happen if the voters did not say yes to the course of the campaign to lodge a to one that is to he political also. It goes the SEA. The Fianna Fäil govemment leader. declaration when ratifying that the provisions beyond existing arrangements and practices, C. Haughey, surprised no one by doing o f the Single Act ln regard to political in that it establishes within the framework of another U tum and calling for a Yes vote. Last Cooperation do not affect lreland's long the Communities new institutions and Offices December in the Däil he had declared: "It is established policy of military neutrality. Such (such as European Political co-operation, the dishonesi and misleading — to attempt to put unilateral declarations however have no legal Political Director and the Poli tical Coimiiittee) the ratifica'.'on of the SEA across as somchting effect and are worthless. and charts a route o f co-ordination, by means o f great benefit to the people o f this country. J. O’F. CARN 14 KERNOW kemyn pupteth. Gwyr yu y clcwyr geryow ha lavarow noweth a dhe dhyn dyworth sawsnek trawythyow gorrys yn mysk lavar Sawsnek. Ha ogas pup Kemewegor ow MYRYN YN- RAK kernewek whath gans cowsoryon an fretha. kewsel Sawsnek a’y yeth enysek ha budhys Herdhya war Gesva an Tavas a wre nebes yn bys a sawncgoryon marth vya a pe an cas GANS AN YETH tus solabrys may fystynnens ha parusy ha dyhaval. dyllo rolyow gerva noweth. Sowynny a Res porres dhe scryforyon kernewek a’n os- KERNEWEK! wrussons dhe nep gre pan vu dyllys deu ma assaya scryfa war destennow amoweth. ystynnyans dhe’n gerlyver kernewek — 'War testennow erbysek, polytek, may teffo an Ny yllyr nagha y’n dedhyow-ma bos an Forth/Pythow an Gegyn' ha ‘Chy ha tavas yn forth wyw dh'agan ethommow Kernewek tavas bew. owth encressya hag yn Sothva'. Bytegens nyns yu gwelys na clcwys pupteth. Gclwel wamedha a wrussen may hy nyver a gowsoryon kefrys yn myns a dus yn fenough dcfnyth an geryow noweth-ma. whrellens yndella. a scryf yn Kernewek. Den mar myn whythra Tus na wor namur yn kever Kernewek re brassa ran a'n pyth a vyth scryfys lemmyn y ’n leverys trawythyow bos Kernewek arnoweth GRAHAM SANDLRCOCK yeth a gyf hep hyr bredery bos tus uw scryfa yeth dasserghys dre dhesmygy cals a eryow menough yn kever taclow coth ha whethlow noweth, cam aga devedhyans hag erbyn Much modern Comish writing seems to be hep mur a les dhe vewnans amoweth. Prak gysyow an tavas hengovek; efan yu dhe dus stuck in the post. Contrary to some academics ’ yth yu hemma an cas? Yu gnas an weryn re studhyas downna an desten-ma nag yu gwyr views Comish writers use few neologisms, gemcwck mar hyrethek wor tu ha'n dedhyow dhe'n lyha. Ow whythra scryvow kemyn y rather the language may be hampered by a coth? Nyns yu hemma gwyr herwyth ow brys- kefyr nag yu mamas ynter 1 ha 2 cansran an lack of suitable vocabulary for the present vy; tus a dhysk hag a gows Kernewek lemmyn geryow usyes noweth gwres! day. Despite new word lists published by the a vyn gweles agan tavas avel neppyth gwyw Agan let yu martesen dre gonter nag us lowr Comish Language Board, the diffusion of dhe vewnans hedhyu. Martesen y fyll dhyn a eryow noweth ma nag yu Kernewek cref usage o f new words is rather slow. lowr a eryow noweth dhe dhesscryfa taclow lowr dhe sevel erbyn an fros mur a dermow This was presented by the prosecution as but one that is o f general interest. A dismissal on a legal technicality. It didn't, they representative o f Sinn Fdin’s British desk, VICTORY claimed, affect their belief that Stannary law commenting on the results of two questions was completely invalid. To the tinners this in the survey — “ Which solution would you looked like a convenient let out. Once again prefer to the 'Irish' problem?” and “ How FOR TIIMNERS the State has pulled back from a lengthy would you describe the IRA?” — says, “ . . . confrontation with Stannary law in the English Although the results did show a good degree As reported in Cam 57 in February seven courts. Since the decision NIREX contractors o f understanding, some people reached tinners were arrested while exercising their have stopped drilling — temporarily, conclusions which showed a dangcrous lack rights under Comish Stannary law to dig at according to official sources. But it looks of clarity.” a quarry near Cambome. NIREX, the suspiciously like a victory for the tinners who Whcther SFs remarks came as a result of Govemment’s nuclear dustmen, happened to are now considering seeking recompense from noting that only 76% o f those interviewed be conducting some test drills at the same time the police for wrongful arrest. preferred a United Ireland solution to the first at the same quarry. After spending 48 hours o f the above questions, or because 15% o f the in Cambome police Station the tinners were survey still saw the IRA as terrorists, is a charged with "criminal damage” . Later matter of conjecture. another five tinners joined the first seven. CORNISH Copies of this 40 page, interesting initiative The Stannary Court responded by issuing can be acquired by sending a minimum of £1 warrants for the arrest o f the local police MOVEMENT (to cover production, post etc.) to A. Förster, Superintendent after he had refused to appear 9 Roach’s Row, Redruth, Cornwall. before them. But this decision was not enforccd Icading, according to some SURVEY I.J.W. observers, to a loss of credibility for the Stannary Court. The vast array of opinions within the Meanwhile the defendants were intending membership of any political Organisation, to plead not guilty and their defending soiieitor even those with well defined and thought out CORnuxiLL got busy preparing the case for their immunity aims, is something that most “ leaders" of from the processes of English law. The these bodies put to the back of their minds. CORNWALLS’ NEW ground was being set for Comwall’s first The thought of someone wanting to publish MAGAZINE FOR THE M show trial. the results of an opinion poll on the views of NATIONAL MOVEMENT. Then in April, after two months of weighty active members of the Cornish movement to POLITICS/SATIRICAL deliberations, the Crown prosecutor for various nationalist type issues may lead some Cornwall and a pari o f South West England to break out in a cold sweat. There is always 25p + 20p Postage surprised everyone by announcing that one, however. who takes that valiant first Step Quarterly charges were being dropped. Apparently the and in Comwall’s case it Ls Allen Förster who prosecution had suddenly discovered that the has initiated and produced the results of a "free cornwall" mineral rights were in fact owned by the survery of opinions in the Comish movement Professor o f the Institute o f Comish Studies on such diverse topics as the Provisional CHYCOTH*! 9 ROACHS ROW, who hgd mysteriously granied permission to I.R.A. and . . . the Comish Gorsedd. REDRUTH, KERNOW. the tinners some time previously. It is not an academic work, as Allen adniits, 15 CARN Cardiff. Methods of teaching and resources CORNISH were studied and proved very interesting. CHARTER DELEGATION TO Meetings were organised with several branches of Cymdeithas yr laith where their CAMPAIGN CYMRU strategy in their campaigns was analysed. The deiegation also visited other locations A deiegation of members of Cowethas an Ycth o f interest. e.g. Sain Record's Studios in STIFLED Kemewek (the Cornish Language Fellowship) Llandwrog. the Offices of Cymdeithas Tai and Dalleth (the Cornish nursery schools Eryri housing association and also Nant The Cornish Charter campaign to put the Organisation) visited Cyniru recently at the Gwrtheym language centre where they took future of the Cornish people onto the poiitical invitation of the Celtic League and part in a weekend language course organised agenda has acquired a momentum o f its own. Cymdeithas yr laith Gymraeg. The object of by the Celtic League. Cymdeithas Yr laith In March the candidates, all English, in the the visit was to establish priority areas for hupe to visit Kemow over the summer where Truro by-election were questioned as to thcir Cowethas an Yeth and DaJleih's campaigns, perhaps they will already see the fruits of the positions on 10 issues of special relevance to and to compare resource materiais to see visit to Cymru. One hope is that Cornish the Cornish. They replied. although over 50 whether some could be used in Kemow. Thrce organisations will be able to make use of press releases to newspapcrs in both Cornwall schools were visited, a bilingual Cymdeithas yr Iaith's cxperience in training and England obtained precious little wider comprehensive in Porthmadog and Welsh language tcachers and that some sori of course coverage. medium primary and nursery schools in can be arranged. In April the Charter campaign was detached from the League itself in Order to avoid confusion and bccausc it was gaining some support from non-Lcaguc mcmbcrs. That month it duly sent out questionnaires to all 390 local council candidates in Cornwall. Again press coverage was slow until a spokesman appeared on local radio and ciatmed that the Cornish press was akin to the South African press in the effective censorship it imposed. Oddly enough that same weck the campaign was mentioned several times tn the press. What a remarkable coi neide nee1 About a thrrd o f the council candidates replied — showing a lamentable lack of concem about the Cornish and the Charter Group have now published a report on the response. A leaflet on where the parties stand on Cornish issues (e.g. housing, employment. the role of tourism, culture and identity, environment. inter-nationalism) has also been distributed in some areas. The Group's document The Cornish community: reclaiming our destiny is available from the Cornish branch secretary, price £1.20 including postage. and Cathai] O Dochairtaigh (Irish), Cailean CELTIC LEAGUE Spencer (Gaelic). Bryan Mac Stoyll (Manks) LANGUAGE COURSE IN and Zonia Bowcn (Breton) and the organisers NANT GWRTHEYRN Cailean Spencer and Davyth Fear. In all, over COUNCIL GRANTS fifty attended, many coming for the day from , The deiegation from Kemow was just one of up to fifty miles away. as the centre only holds 1 the events in North Wales on the weekend of l 34 over-night. Over a dozen schoolchildrcn The present Cornwall County Council, March 13-15. People attending a language attended from Ysgol Eifionydd. Porthmadog effectively controlled by the Libcral/S.D.P. course at the remote picturesque centre on the I where Cornish classes have been part of the Alliance group, would seem to be a little more Llyn peninsula came from far and wide. lunchtime Curriculum since January. It was willing than previous adimnistrations, to give including the Hebrides, Mannin, London. decided that such courses should become a handouts to what would nomially be seen as Yorkshire and all parts o f Cymru. Courses regulär event with the next to be provisionally fringe elements. were offered to complete beginners in arranged for the Autumn. Anyone with an Recently, following an initiative by Cornish, Manks, Irish and Scots Gaelic and interest in helping or attending should contact councillor and M.K. member, Neil Plummer, Breton, partlv through the medium of English Davyth Fear, Derydd, Stryd Fawr, the council's policy committee voted to gram but mostly through the medium of Welsh as Penrhyndeudraeth. Meirionnydd, Gwyncdd. £750 to this years Lowender Peran festival the vast majority were either Cymraeg or had Cymru. The organisers would like to thank despite a request for only £500. This. along leamt the language. The tutors on the course the tutors for the hard work they put in to with grants for a council representative to were Jenefer Lowe (Cornish), Barry Tobin make the course a success. attend the 8th International Festival of Film and Television in the Celtic Countries and a MINISTER OF STATE recommendation that £50 be given to a "MEYN MAMVRO" National Cornish Committee of the A magazinc of the ancient stones and sacred Association for Film & T.V. in the Celtic The Cornwall County Council's policy sites of West Penwith, Kemow. Includes Countries (whether or not this is part o f the committee has agreed to set up a working articles on Cornish pre-history and culture, former mentioned body is not clear) is, party to look into the possib.ility of asking the legends and folkJore. With Celtic artwork. perhaps, a welcome sign of things to come Westminster government to appoint a pictures and photographs. Annual subscription . . . that is until a change of administration. Secretary o f State for Cornwall on the same (3 issues) £3.90 from Cheryl Straffon, 22 And we must not forget the grant given to j footing as for Wales. Scotland and Northern Bosome Road, St. Just. Penzance, Cornwall Glasgow University for a project designed to Ireland. tr, view of its unique history and TR 19 7JJ. reintroduce the Cornish chough to Cornwall. 1 particular economic problems. CARN 16 CORNISH AT THE Incidentaliy, his recommended changes will His book has a number o f aims. First, to hopefully rcduce the gap beiween certain answer the criticisms from academics in the CROSSROADS aspects of "middle" and "late" Comish, a rarified world of “ Celtic studies” who have perccplual gap which may be argued to arise tended to dismiss Revivcd Comish as not principally from differences in the litcrary and worth the paper it’s printed on. Second, to Ken George’s book on the Pmnounciation and vemacular use of the language (irrespective define the sounds of Cornish as they were Spelling oJRevived Comish has been a major o f their historical dating) and therefore of less pronounced around 1500 (i.e. Middle milestone in the development o f the language, significance than some Comish experts seem Cornish). Third, to propose a new spelling coming as it does at a time o f much debate to make it. System (a phonemic spelling) that more within the language movement on the future closely fits the spoken language to a real of Comish. Here we present two views of it, Anticipating likely criticisms of Dr. historical base. And fourth. to exorcise the one from Graham Sandercock, chairman of George's thesis, the inain line of Opposition demon of Late Cornish (i.e. that Cornish the Comish Language Board, and the other may be the arguments that, firstly, a revised spoken by the language's last colloquial by Bemard Deacon, supporter of the move orthography will be confusing to beginners. Speakers) and argue that Middle Comish to base spokcn Comish on its late (18th and. secondly, that since all published material should form the basis for the revived Century) phase. is in "unified" Cornish, problems of revamping literature, grammars and language. dictionaries will arise. The resolution of the He has largely succeeded in achieving his SOME THOUGHTS ON THE first problem will require a willingness to first three aims although there will still be RECOMMENDATIONS OF adjust in the short term only; for future people who argue that Late Cornish should DR. K.J. GEORGE learners their difficulties will be rcduced in be the basis for the spoken language (see Cam several ways The second objection can only 53). A closely argued review of the phonemes be countered by detemiining a timetable for of Middle Comish based on a computerised Those who have followed the Cornish Implementation through which a changeover analysis of all the literary evidence will no language "debate” in CARN and elsewhere date is decided. by which time the necessary doubt be sufficiently convincing for those of may be forgiven if they have gained the groundwork will have been accomplished. us with little training in linguistics. impression that a rift has appeared in the With limited financial resources within the The proposed phonemic spelling certainly language movement in Cornwall. Readers language movement, a five year period. looks more logical than the current “ Unified" may rest assured that this is not the case; subsequent to agreement in principle. would spelling and more closely approximates the proponents o f minor variants in usage move seem to be a minimuni requirement prior to real sounds of the historical language. This forward with one aim. namely the continued implementation. is now being considered by the crcaking growth and revival of Comish. The so called Further objections to Dr. George's package mechanism of the Cornish Language Board “ traditional' 7 ‘ 'm iddle ” / ’ ’unified Mate will probably arise, particularly among those who will presumably decidc to announce its camps are in frequent and constructive contact whosc use of Comish is limited to reading and adoption as the formal spelling Standard at and are the best o f friends, co-operating in writing. on an emotional basis since a few of some, hopefully not too distant. date. their common purpose. Our discussions and the proposed Orthographie changes will be Ken's spelling also has the advantage of debates are healthy and to be cncouraged, strikingly unfamiliar visually to the reader. being closer to the Late Comish sound system although it is perhaps unfortunate that This will be particularly so in the case of the — although obviousiy failing to allow for statemems in print may have given the sound <6 > , a sound which has never found changing grammar and vocabulary beiween impression of personalised differences. The Orthographie accommodation at any stage in 1500 and the 1700s — and this actuallv makes role of the Comish Language Board has bcen the development o f Cornish. and has been it preferable to U nited Comish for supporters somewhat ambivalent and criticism has been consequently compromised as a serics of of Late Cornish. His work is also, levelled from various quarters and with English Orthographie approximations paradoxically, a great help to those who wish varying justification of the Board's rigid including " s" , “j ’\ "g" and "dg” . to understand the sounds of Late Comish and adhercnce to "unified" Comish, although this Those individual students of the evolution in that respect will be welcomed by people conservativc stancc has its roots in a need to of Comish whose criticism of "unified” on all sides of the language movement. maintain a pragmatic degree of Stabilisation Comish has been most vociferous in the past Yet nagging doubts remain. After ploughing during a period of growth. must be prepared to submit their objective and through the discussions o f dipthongs. semi- The appearance of Dr. George’s book may constructive reaetions to Dr. George's work. vowels, occlusive consonants, and those prove to be of considerable significance. and, if Orthographie change. to whatever notorious sibilants and shibilants. not to Admist a plethora of keen amateurs in the degree. is to be realistically and practically mention their close friends the affricatives we language movement, Dr. George’s credentials incorporated, it is essential that the debate is can conclude — it's magnificent. . . but will are impressive. He is unusual in the Cornish open and honest. it work? context in combining rigorous academic Despite being a simplified Version of his talents with a deep personal involvement in GRAHAM SANDERCOCK thesis Ken's book is by no means as easy read. the language movement, and. as a fluent Chairman, For those acquainted with the arcanc technical Speaker of Comish and Breton and with a The Cornish Language Board Jargon of linguistics this will come as no good working knowledge of Welsh, his surprise and it's fair to say that Ken's work recommendations must be treated with is a lot more acccssible than some I have read. respect. The debate in Comish circles will Sentences such as "ln Comish. the epethctic certainly intensify and it is important that SPIRANTS, SIBILANTS AND vowel, which is half-long when stressed in personal preferences play a secondary role to SHIBILANTS! order to comply with the quantity rulcs. counts objective appraisal. as a syllable for the purposes of metre. but The principal strengths o f Dr. George's not for those o f stress” will have readers ftndings lie in the rational isalion o f areas scurrying to the glossary helpfully provided glossed over or mistaken by Robert Morton In his book Ken George conjures up the at the back of the book. Nance in his System o f "unified" Comish. sudden materialisation of a "Cornish Speaker This is probably unavoidable in a work of These are in particular Nance's failure to from Tudor times” and suggests that, if the this nature although a more serious problem identify or distinguish certain vowel lessons o f his book had been digested is the absence o f a clear check list of all the realisations and confusion over vowel lengths. properly, "present day Speakers would, aftcr phonetic Symbols used. Several times I was despite the fact that they were apparent at all some initial adjustments and probably a few left wondering — but what sound is nieant by stages in the development and evolution of laughs. be chatting together without difficulty that symboi, This was an irntating and Comish. In correcting these. Dr. George will by the end of the day." This endcaring. if presumably avoidable omission. achievc a long teil need to bring orthography somewhat unlikely. Vision captures U>th the However all this means that Ken’s central and pronounciation into closer harmony. promise and the limits of Ken's messagc. message — the sound System o f Middle 17 CARN Cornish — will have to be mediated to che Dear Editor. Again. in Unified grammar we have to leam puntcrs who warn to leam the language by 1 am just one of the many Cornish language literally thousands of verbal endings. How those who give their time and energy in Speakers who spent years leaming, and blindly many people can honestly say ihev remember tcaching it. And it’s here that the effort will helieving in “ Unified Cornish". only t<> he them all. automatically. off hand? But in have to be made if Revived Cornish Speakers both hurt and horrifted to discover that Traditional Cornish only a few common are to be weaned away t'rom an approach to International and Celtic language scholars primary verbs are frequently used in their Cornish that is still too orten a cross hctween eontinually looked w th something akin to personal forms, all the rcst being generally solving a crossword puzzle and chanting a scom at what 1 had tried so hard to learn. The used in die infinitive and using the prnriary stränge vocabularv in the accent of middle writings of Glanville Price fProfessor of Celtic verbs as auxilliaries. This is not only corrcct. dass English. Languagcs at Aberystwith Univcrsity) in his as the writings show. but cuts out hosts of Ken has provided us with a powerful book "The Languages of Britain" totally leaming and mental agony. imellectual frantework for Cornish as she was eondemning the use of Unified Cornish was So it is easier. It is acceptable both to once spoken . . . bat could wc rcaiiy ehat sufficietit to make anyone stop and think. To academics and to cousin Jack. It also happily with that disinterred medieval ignore such an authority is stupid! reconciles those who study dialect, who have Speaker Ignoring for a momcnt the aestheiic Harsh his words may have been. but. 1 was in the past had much valuable work ncglected and sanitary credibilitv gap in imagining an sadly forced to admit. true. At no time in the by the present teachings. unwashed peasant straiglu front the ftclds past could our forefathers have understood the And it is not hard to change Unwillingness sitting in the neat front rooms of the modern Cornish language as I was taught it. a inixture to do so is the biggest hang-up — and an Cornish revivaltst and demurely sipping a eup of late, early, middle, with a totally new amount of pride swallowing in admitting past o f tea we are left with the quesiion o f what spelling System, and. on the svholc. a middle errors. possibly wasted efforts. To refuse to thev would talk about. Tbere isn't just a dass English pronunciation. Even Professor even consider any change is like being a Lingutstic gulf between the Cornish Speaker Chailes Thomas, o f the Institute of Cornish blinkered horse. those who ignore all the of 1500 and the tartan revivalist o f the 1480s studies seems to have no patience with it. faults of "Unified", and stick blindly to it but a vawning cuitural gulf. A language honed although at the Institute all earlier Cornish clash in their opinions with those who have in the miracle plays and monasteries of a Language Literature is studied with interest. also studied "Unified". and all other forms. Celtic pre-industrial society will be very 1 was disillusioncd and disenchanted. But and are therefore in a beiter position to give I different from that needed by the residents o f 1 wanted to know Cornish. so I am now rc- a valid opimon. Even a ten year hobby-srudy post-industrial Thateherite Cornwall, ieaming it in the “ Late" or "Traditional” o f "Unified" cannot compare w ith a trained If modern Cornish is to pcnctrate the mass form, as last used by native Speakers. I am Professional opinion. or that o f a person who of the Cornish people it needs to be seen as not a masochist, nor very clever, but in the has spent a lifetime's devotion to the subject. relevant by thein. In achieving this the ahility Interests of integritv and authenticity, I feel But from my öwn point of view, as a non- to conversc with someone who's been dcad I must do this. and I find 1 am not alonc in academic interested partv w ith a good dash for 400 years is probabiy one of the least wanting tt. in faet a growing number of us are of common sense. I found the change to important factors. Cornish will survive and dianging "Traditional" was like putting on a pair of grow through us ability to niakc links with Even in the vears when I studied. parrot comlbrtable slippers aftcr wearing too-tight people's perccptions o f being Cornish in the fashion. Unified Cornish, I was getting shoes. It fits. It belongs. It seems natural. 1 late 20th Century. Is it able to Interpret our confused with its constant re-teachings on know I can 't lake exams in it. but I don't really world o f holidav homes. suburhanisation. pronunciation. and habits are hard to break give a damn. My ancestors did not need exams nulitary bases, unempioyment and consumer 1 Now even more 1 find it is tendina towards to speak Cornish. or feel that a possible Capitalism° in this sense the desire to utilise the teachings of the "Traditional" school. bardship at the end of their studies was — however mistaken it might he in a pure who have all along followed the rieh acccnts necessary proof of their "Comishness". linguistk: way — sounds and words still j of Penwith! They. like the traditional Cornish uself were present in the Cornish dialect of English. and At first I was rather frightened o f the total the product of our own history. With the * ‘real to pick up the language "where it left off" change to "Traditional" Cornish, and even thing" theTe is nothing more to prove. I'm will contmue toexert a strong emotional pull. more reluetant to let go all I had learnt. and glad I changed! I recommend everyone elsc Nevenhcless Kcn's book is an indispensable have to Start again. To say I was hesitant was to do the same. source for discovering how Cornish should an Understatement, but soon found many Just to show a few of the differences be spoken — whether one intends to base that benefits, the change is not so difficult. between the two teachings, I willquote some specch on 1500 or the 1700s. The proposed T‘ie first benefit was that I did not have to examples. ln the "Unified" dictionary, we new spelling System is a step in the right be defensive about what I was leaming to find the word BRON. Wc find it three times direction and allows Speakers some leewav | academics. They could not fault it. betng a to bc exact. nieaning "a hill". "a breast” , while avoidmg the awful howlers perpetrated genuine form o f the language Secnndly. and and "rushes" which is which? The traditional by a literal reading of Unified Cornish. We just as important to me, was the fact that spelling as used by the native Speakers shows can all agree we wish to hear a language that people such as m> grundmother (a fisherTnan's in lact wc had BURN. a hill; BRODN. a breast, and BRUN, rushes. The differences doesn't sound Itke schoolboy Latin but like daughtcr) and my grandfather (a furnier) are clear. both in wriling and in speaking. a genuine spoken language. Ken George's would not look in blank amazement at the (so work is a first Step down that road and should I muintained) "Cornish” coming out o f my ELIZABETH BOON be compulsory reading for anyone seriously mouth. with a very F.nglish accent! or at the trying to teach the spoken language. using of archaie or invented words instead ol It was very encouraging to read in Cam, the dialect ones I grew up with. Winter 1986. that Dalleth is to receive a grünt BERNARD DEACOM I have sincediscovered that mmers. builders from South West Arts to prepare a Video for and other labourers who have tried the tcaching of Cornish in primary schools. “ Unified” , but gave it up. unable to eope. 1 wish that I could think that this would be and not able to identify with it. turned with “ J.AKEZ GAlJCHER ker, i replied toyour in Traditional Cornish instead of Unified rcliefto "Traditional” with its more homely letter to the Breton address you gave me but Cornish: the latter is so obviously under fire sounds and easier grammar. the French state returned it stamped and discredited. the fortner represents the Advanced students too. who are able to N'HABITE PAS A L'ADDRESSE language as it was really used in the last 500 query origins arc often dissatisfied. and have INDIQUEE. However. I couldn't offer much years o f its "old Iife" There is so much been heard toecho the opinions of the higher help. difference between the two that it would be scholars in eondemning "Unified". and 1 Sincerely. more than a pity if this wonderful chance to noticcd with some interest that even a leading ROYSTON GREEN get our language in through the school door rnemher o> the Cornish Language Board, in “Tranquilla” , takes the childrcn on a wild goose chasc. Polmarth,(CarnmcnellLs, the forcwi nt f his new book. alsocondemns NOW IS THE TIME TO GET THINGS the “Morten-Hance-Unified" system of Redruth, Cornwall. RIGHT. Cornish. RICHARD GENDALL CARN 18 t’ad jannoo ymmyd jeh’n Ghaelg, cha nel ad Ghaelg cheet dy ve ayrn jeh’n cheeayle CHENGEY faitagh as cha nel ad goaill nearey. chionnit ain. Shoh aght liauyr dy liooar dy ynsaghey y By vie Ihiam fakin possanyn elley jeh NY MAYREY? Ghaelg, my ta, agh she’n aght dooghyssagh moiraghyn as nyn baitchyn goaill aym ayns t’ayn as ta'n Ghaelg cheet dy ve "Chengey Beeal Arrish er fud ny cheerey. Agh er-lhiam Va mee Ihaih art scruil ec Brian Mac Stoyll: ny Mayrey” reesht. dy vel eh orrin neesht caghlaa yn aght ta shin art er-ennym "Y Ghaclg: Eisht, Nish as y Red elley ta cheet ass yn chooish shoh: tra gynsaghey y Ghaelg. Share da Gaelgeyr Traa Ry-heet", va clouit sy lioar, “ For A ta shin reih dy ynsaghey y Ghaelg. s'likly dy ynsaghey un studeyr na possan feer veg dy , Celtic Future". Screeu Brian: vel shin jerkal rish ynsaghey ee dy tappee ayns studeyryn. Shegin dooin cur ersooyl voin ny “ Dy firrinagh, she yn doillccid smoo t'ain brastyl ennagh, jeeaghyn er lioaryn as y lhied. lioaryn ain as cur roish studeyryn dagh nhee yn genney dy vraane as paitchyn ta loayn Ta shin jarrood yn traa foddey va ceaut ain ta shin loayrt mychione as insh daue ny Gaelg. Ga dy vel mraane ayn as Gaelg flaaoil ynsaghey y Vaarle as yn aght va shin cur fockleyn cooie — insh. insh, insh: Gaelg oc, cha nel monney jeu ayn. She red fyrran greim urree — beggan er beggan rish traa trooid ny cleayshyn oc. yn Ghaelg ec y traa t'ayn (as rish ymmoddee foddey ass beeal un pheiagh er-lheh — son Shegin da studeyryn caghlaa nyn aigney as bleeantyn). Son y chooid smoo. she deiney y chooid smoo, nyn moir. Ny jarrood ncesht nyn jerkalys tra t’ad goaill toshiaght er ta cliaghtey loayrt Gaelg ry-cheiUey." dy vel fockleyn noa ry-ynsaghey bunnys dagh ynsaghey y Ghaelg. Shegin daue goaill soylley Ren Brian ynsaghey y Ghaelg da ny laa nyn sheihll. ayns aght myr paitchyn. Shegin daue fakin; paitchyn echey hene. agh tra daase ad, cha Ny smoo na shen. cre’n aght ta shin shegin daue soaral: shegin daue bentyn rish row ad arryliagh dy ghra veg sy ghlare shen. gynsaghey fockleyn as raaghyn sy Vaarle? Ta dagh ooilley nhee. Shegin daue clashtyn as Veagh toiggalys oc er feyshtyn sy Ghaelg. agh shin gynsaghey ad lesh nyn girp hene lurg jannoo beeal arrish. yinnagh ad ansoor sy Vaarle. Va fys oc nagh dooin fakin as soaral as clashtyn as Shegin daue gcnnaghtyn y Ghaelg. row y Ghaelg goll er loayrt ec nyn gaarjyn gcnnaghtyn red ennagh. Ta shin clashtyn as myr shen v'ad jiooldcy jannoo ymmyd jce. fockleyn as raaghyn cochianglt rish y red shen Sy phossan cloie. Beeal Arrish, ta ny ass beeal nyn moir as ta shin jannoo beeal The opportunity for mothers and children paitchyn toiggal Gaelg dy liooar dy ghoaill arrish. to leam together and use the Gaelic without arTaneyn as drancyn beggey as dy ghoaill aym Agh son y chooid smoo, ta shin gynsaghey artificiality is vital to the fiiture o f the ayns skeeallyn. Ta nyn moiraghyn gynsaghcy y Ghaelg trooid y Vaarle, ass fockleyryn as language. The leaming situations such as in y ghlare ec yn un traa as syn un aght. Nagh lioaryn elley. Cha nel shin goaill stiagh y childhood should be an integral pan of any vel shen myr ta'n cheshaght, Mudiad Ghaelg trooid nyn girp agh myr gamman language course so that the language is not Ysgolion Meithrin. coyrlaghey dauesyn ayns inchynagh trooid nyn gceayle ynrican. Shen just a mental exercise, but pari ofour whnle Bretin? Ayns Beeal Arrish ta ny paitchyn yn oyr ta shin jarrood fockleyn as raaghyn being. marish nyn gaarjyn as marish nyn moiraghyn derrey vees reddyn taghyrt ain as ta ferne ain as she’n Ghaelg ta chengey y phossan. Tra I orroo. Cha nee agh ec yn traa shen ta'n ROBARD Y CHARSALAGH good knowledge of the language and with whom the Board could co-operate. to provide MANX GAELIC TO THE a “ repeat language course" for colleagues. The overwheltning evidence of the educational benefits of second language YEAR 2000 - A THIRTEEN teaching can no longer be dismissed. Manx Gaelic is the most obvious and sensible one YEAR PLAN to use. considering that 70% o f place names are in that language. A good knowledge of the meaning of place names would enhance The Gaelic Forum organised and funded by the Mannin Branch of the Celtic League. understanding o f the geography and history with the purpose of providing organisations, societies and individuals which have of Mann and should be an integral part of an interest in the Manks language. with the opportunity to identify general and specific “ Manx Studics" at primaTy level. This would areas of need, for the furtherance of knowledge and awareness of Manks Gaelic. provide a good foundation for the G.C.S.E. and to suggest any practical steps that might be taken, was held in Thie ny Gaelgey. examination. Other benefits are derived from second language skills — an increased St. Judes, earlier this year. awareness of communication — a greater The meeting was well attended and well representative of the invited abilily to acquire subsequent languages. organisations. The four broad headings for discussion were: EDUCATION, The need for in-service training of teachers PUBLICITY. GOVERNMENT AND COMMERCE, YOUNG PEOPLE. At the was stressed by three o f the four groups. end of the session of group discussion, the meeting was given a summary from each Gaelic should be on the school curriculum (not of the four groups. extra-curricular). Where possible, one member of staff per school would take special REPORT responsibility with the possible use o f 1t was interesting, although not unexpected. and human resources could not provide an peripetetic staff. Teaching o f the language to note that often morc than one group covered adequate and effective educational should be relevant and interesting and employ some of the same topics. Programme. A positive policy towards Manks up-to-date methods, with the use of good It was considered that the limit of progress Gaelic by the Board o f Education is not only visual and other teaching-aids. Use of well by voluntary effort had been reached and that, vital, but is the single factor that would have known characters, dubbed Videos could be of while that good work conuibutes niuch to the the greatest impact. Thcrc are at present, value (there may be difficulties over preservation of the language. limited financial teachcrs employed by the Board, with a very Copyright). 19 CARN As a general principle, it is vital that the the ideal place to site a language laboratory best of modern teaching methods and for Gaelic. This would be o f great benefit to labels. Postal Authority — on postage stamps techniques be applied to the teaching of students of the language. (Ellan Vannin is readily understood by the Gaelic. Advice should be sought from experts A Manx Language Studies Bursary would population). Treasury — on coinage and in the teaching of second languages. The study be a worthwhile project which the Heritage notes, (as for P.O.). of Irish/Welsh intensive language courses for Foundation might consider as part of its brief. 6. Tourist Board. To emphasise "the application to Manx could niake a valuable More general ways o f promoting awareness difference that counts” — the production o'f contribution to the methods of learning at and use of the language were discussed and a bilingual publicity leaflet or insert. outlining present available to students. To encourage practical suggestions made: cultural and national events, with Information more Speakers to achieve a greater degree of 1. Cultural organisations to tak# on Thie ny Gaelgey and the cultural life of fluency it was feit that lessons should not responsibility for supplying Manx Post Office the Island. Bilingual Tourist Board posters. necessarily be taken, foilowing the with bilingual Information — charts of streets e.g. Balley Cashtel — Castletown; Ellan grammatica! approach. More conversational names. Vannin Isle of Man. ciasses are clearly desirable. 2. (a) A circular letter to households in 7. Advantage should be taken of the The feeling was generally expressed that a bilinguallv named streets, requesting that ihey summer outdoor markets such as at Port Erin positive government policv was essential to use the Gaelic form of the name. Station to advance availability o f Manx accord the language official (not superficial) (b) A "buy a sign" campaign — to literature. cards etc. Status and presiige; given that the language encourage groups, firms, individuals to Commercial sponsorship should be sought offers the most undeniable "difference" Sponsor bilingual signs where they do not yet for specific projects. The Island, is quoted in Tourist Board literature and gives exist. geographically the ideal place for a Mann its international element, which sets it 3. A "fact pack" to local authorities, centre/college for the Gaelic and the other more naturally into a world context, rather outlining the importance o f extending the Celtic languages. This could be run by private than merely a part o f the British lsles. A limited Status alrcady conceded. enterprise on the lines of the Scottish Gaelic government publication containing an 4. Greater use o f the language by Manx College on the Isle of Skye. There is a demand introduction to the language and culture o f Radio. A direct approach to the Station ^hroughout the world for courses and summer Mann and a background to its history and management to consider possible ways to schools of this type. geography. would be of great interest to include more Gaelic into its programming To promote and encourage the language visitors and residents who have settled here. with more news bulletins in Manx amongst young adults, a club or association Much more should be done to make greater 5. Continuation of the current effort on should be formed to organise pen-friends, use of Manx on official signs and notices, Publicity matcrials. but with more imagination exchange visits, sports fixtures and cultural particularly at the Manx Museum, which is and humour. Seeking greater co-operation exchanges to national festivals. with people after all a National Museum. from commercial Manx producers e.g. o f simrlar age who are learning their language The Manx Museum, situatcd in the Brewery — beermats. labels. Milk Matkeling in the other Ccltic countries. country’s main town o f Douglas, would be Board — to include Manx on cartons and C.J.K. well and provided sufficient space for their AMMYR UNFAIR! activities. This year things have altered and they will not bc allowed to have an en bloc CHELLVEEISH There is still an undercurrent of resentmenl allocation. No reasonable explanation has so by some, that the Tynwald Day Arrangements far been given for this decision. but o f course DA NY Committee has disregarded the rights and last year was nominated to be "Heritage wishes of the peoplc. Year” . Presumably, heritage is not required ASHOONYN Several years ago the Arrangements this year. Committee decided to "tidy up" the Tynwald The Tynwald Arrangements Committee has CELT9AGH Day Fair, and the stalls and general public, become a law unto itself, indicatcd by its lack were reiegated to a position behind the public of deference for the ancient traditional rights Stands on the Memorial Field. This has Ta foin jannoo colught vees gobbraghey dv of the people. The Committee is now deciding effectively cut them off from the ceremony chur er bun amrnyr chellveeish da ny who will and who will not take pari in the but has made the Fair Field available for ashoonyn Celtiagb ooilley, ayns y Vritaan Fair! This state of affairs must not be allowed British military displays and other associated Beg, y Chemow, Nerin, Mannin, Nalbin. as to go on. foreign pomp. It will be remembered that on y Vretin, vees jannoo ymmyd jeh nyn the first year o f this new arrangement. Mec jengaghyn dooghysagh cho wheesh as vees Vannin attempted to erect a stall on the Fair IOM NEWSPAPER jantagh, Oddagh Iheid yn amrnyr jannoo Field. but were forced off by the police. The obbyr vooar dy chooney lesh cooishyn ny public can no longer feel that they are taking DSSPUTE h’ashoonyn Celtiagh. Ta shin ayns ferne jeh part in the ancient ceremony on their National The monopol istic empire of Isle o f Man press claarcyn ta bentyn rish nyn slayd, nyn Day. It has become two events baron Henri Dor is in ruins after a bitter four- sheenaghys as ashoonaghys, cha nee yn The Fair, even in the days when it was held month battie with the NGA and NUJ boghtynid veih cheu heear yn faarkey on the Fair Field, has degenerated over the newspaper unions. Adantagh ta chur stiagh orrin nish. Ta mee years, with a proliferation of local businesses Dor. the eccentric French millionaire who arryltagh dy ghoaill orrym-pene obbyr yn holding stalls and using Tynwald Day as an hxs dominated the Manx press for tne past 30 screeudeyr dy chur er bun Iheid yn co-lught, extra, lucrativc outlet for selling cheap and vears, is now in the process of selling out to as veign booisal dy nowin smooinaghiyn, nasty goods. Neverthelcss the crowds who the English Halifax Courier group. But his cooney as eieyn. Veign booisal son giootyn attended were at least able to witness the former workforce — around 50 local printers dy chooney lhiam dy eeck son postys, ceremony. Then it was possible to claim your and journaliscs all sacked du ring the dispute screeunyn, A.R.E. Te foin cur magh plot by getting there early enough on Tynwald — have injected their skills into the launch of screeunyn naight dy skeaylley naight nyn Day. Since the move to the memorial Field, a total ly new paper, ‘‘The Manx jannooyn. Screeu hym, my sailliu, ec yn it is now necessary to apply beforehand. This Independent". enmys currit ec bun yn duillag. My vees ny worked on a first come first served basis, and All that remains of Dor’s "Examiner” Celriee ooilley co-laboraght fod yn ashlish it was possible, with co-operation, for cultural group are the titles and machinery, with no shoh cheet dy ve ny red bio. organisations to apply for nearby plots so that staff left to produce papers again. Whether Lawry Coombs, 1 Oak Ave., Gillingham, their mutual interests were enhanced. Last the Halifax Courier will attempt to import Kent. ME7 2NS. year Si eh Gyn Thie applied for several English journalists and printers — a highly David John, Nant-y-Felin, Ty Ddwei, adjacent plots on behalf of the various cultural controversial move — remains to be seen. Dyfed, Cymni SA62 6QB. organisations that it serves. This worked very The dispute, prompted by Dor’s cynical CARN 20 manipulation of his titles and staff, demonstrated the great potential solidarity of CELTIC STUDIES IN GAELIC MEMORIAL Manx trade unionists, and the shameful MANNIN? FOR inadequacy of the Island's industrial relations machinery. DOUGIE FARGHER Dor blatantly defied a special court of One o f the suggestions to come from the Gaelic Forum fsee Cam 57) was that the inquiry into the dispute and there was nothing At the Annual General Meeting o f Yn Tynwald could do about it, despite Island should site a centre/coilege for the Celtic languages. Those putting forward the Cheshaght Ghailckagh, the Chairmän sympathetic concem front individual MHKs. announced the setting up o f a fund to the Even Exco, the “Manx Cabinet”, seemed notion were either aware of, or have had direct experience of the lack o f altruism of memory of the late Douglas Fargher. The powerless to intervene. govemment, for they suggsjted that such an intention is tö erect a memorial stone on his As a private employer, Dor was one o f the establishment might be run by private grave which will be entirely in Manks Gaelic. Island’s sacred cows. And for the Manx enterpri.se and so would o f necessity be self- Those wishing to make a contribution to the Establishment, the Island's image as a haven financing. fund may do so through the Secretary, Joan o f Free Enterprise will always come before Caine, 23 Straid ny Keeilley, Purt ny the protection o f its working people. The press reported in April that an unnamed group of local and off Island Companies and h’Inshey, Mannin. SEAMUS Y BEERY individuals have plans to launch a Manx university which will primarily centre on M.O.D. courses on international finance and attract students from around the world. Courses will EMBARRASSMENT u.s. not they say, be limited to the subjects mentioncd in the report, one of which is Celtic The Ministry of Defence was accused by the SUBMARINE studies. League of lying, over an incident involving A feasibility study is being carried out. the use o f an Airfield in Mann, by Army Air TOWS IRISH Could it be that the finance subjects will help Corps aircraft from Aldergrove in Northern subsidize such subjects as Celtic studies, or Ireland. is there a greater potential in Celticism than TRAWLER League attention was drawn to the fact that even we realize? The snagging o f a County Down trawler, the the aircraft were using Jurby Airfield in N. W. ‘Summer Morn' in February o f this year, and Mann without any facilities for crash rescue subsequent disclosurcs in the House of or air traffic control. Following protracted Commons, has pushed the number of SPEAKER OF THE correspondence with the M.O.D. it was stated suspected incidents involving submarines and that “ all flights were made under the control fishing vessels, to twenty-five. KEYS ATTACKS of A.T.C. Ronaldsway" (the Island's Civil Michael Spicer M.P. for the Dept. of Airport). The Island’s A.T.C. authorities Transport was forced to concede that of DEFENCE LINK however, in a Statement to the League, said seventeen Fishing vessels lost in unexplained it could not agree with the contents of the marine exercise areas. Mr. Spicer WITH THE U.K. M .O.D. ’s letter. When questioned about the conveniently forgot to mention the Scottish curious contradiction, a Mr. J.B. Calvert for Fishing vessel ’Mhari L’ which disappeared A fierce attack on the annual defence the M.O.D. could only say they would contact with all hands in calm seas, in a submarine contribution, from the Manx Government to the League. when they had “ looked into the exercise area, in the South-East Irish Sea. the United Kingdom, was called for when whole matter again” . As a result of the new Publicity, several Tynwald debated the issue in March. The M .P .’s including George Foulks and Dafydd contribution fixed at 2 V4 % of the Custom and J.B.M. Wigley, are calling for a full enquiry into the Excise revenue, estimated at £1.15 million, disappearances. The International Maritime was proposed by Treasury Minister David FISHERY Organisation (I.M.O.) is also under pressure Cannan. The Minister indicated that the figure to ‘beef-up’ its resolution, which is set down was being retained at the 2 ‘A% level for PROTECTION for ratification at its November meeting in economic reasons; however he stressed the London. Irish Government ministers and United Kingdom were pressing for a VESSEL U.K. Pariiamentarians are meeting in May to contribution based on 5% of revenues. It was discuss a united approach to the I.M.O. also pointed out that other “off-shore" islands Some ten years or more after Mec Vannin The latest developments are a complete (Jersey and Guemsey) were also, from this caropaigned for the govemment to make vindication of the Celtic League’s campaign year, paying the levy. The M inisters Provision for our own fishery protection to monitor military activity which first brought Statement provoked a strong attack from Sir vessel, Enbarr has just completed some weeks the problem to light. League activities in this Charles Kerruish, Speaker of the House of of sea trials before being put into Service. sphere will be stepped up and in addition to Keys. Sir Charles, an outspoken Opponent of There is a rooted aversion by govemment a petition calling for a curb on sub-activity the contribution for many years, called on to take up sound advice if it comcs from in commercial sea areas around the Celtic Tynwald to reconsider the whole issue. He nationalist-based organisations. The great countries; a lobby of the I.M.O. is planned inidicated that it was more likely that the other days o f the fishing industry are over unless for November. Monitoring o f naval activity “ off-shore” islands had been "squeezed” to stringent Conservation measures are taken and in the Irish and Celtic seas is continuing, and pay the contribution this year, with the Isle our territorial waters extended to a median contact has been established with sympathetic of Mann being used as an example. Sir line. Govemment negotiators seem to be groups in the Faslane area o f Scotland, who Charles went on to point out, that unlike the content with being fobbed o ff by second rate have agreed to monitor the base complex Manx who allowed the money to be taken off civil servants in London. the Island, the Channel Islands were taking steps to ensure monies contributed, were spent within the commnnity. Despite a strong ARMOR Magazine depuis 19 ans presente, BREM AN, monthly newspaper, 20 pages in argument against continuation, coupled with commente et illustre la vie politique, Breton. Reports on the Breton language allegations that the Ministry o f Defence was economique, culturelle et sociale de la struggle (demonstrations, meetings, trials, maintaining certain installations on the Island, Bretagne et toute independance. 60-80 pages. courses. publications, also on struggles for of which the Manx Govemment had not been Le No. 12FF. Mensuel, Abonnement freedom in other countries. Subscription 120 informed, the decision to continue the 120FF/an Armor Magazine, BP123, 22404 FF Brittany/France, 150 FF other countries. contribution was carried. Lamballe-Cedex, Brittany. J.B.M. 21 CARN CELtlCA academics or researchers, and does not seek CELTIC FESTIVAL CELTIC to defme or categorise. The Celtic people are essentialiy, onginaily European. So if you can find a Europeanness in art, then it can’t be The date of this years Lowender Peran VISION far off what is a Celticness, but I've been vety (“ Festival of the Celts”) is the 14-18 October careful not to say that Celtic Vision is Celtic and as usual will be based in the Ponsmere Our exhibition of paintings by Contemporary art — it's merely to illustrate the contribution Hotel, Perranporth. There will be artists from artists from each of the Celtic regions has Celtic artists have made to the mainstream all six countries involved in dance already been shown in Madrid (its movements in art.” spectaculars, concerts, theatre, music inauguration was by the Mayors of Madrid Nevertheless, on the surface die Celtic sessions, ceili's, choirs, Street entertainment and La Coruna, Galicia), La Coruna. Cork, world is fragmented and peripheral to and workshops. For fiirther Information. Glasgow, Llandudno, Jarrow (Bede Gallery), F.nropean. and now, global cuiture. Yet sei Festival Office (c/o Davc/Pat Crewcs, 8 Newlyn-Penzance and will go on to Cardiff deep in the European mind, Celtic love of Tywamhayle Road, Perranporth, Kemow/ — June 13th-July 4th. Then Nantes. Britanny infinite things and acceptance of the Cornwall). Sept. 7th-Oct. Ilth. inexplicable lies alongside the orderliness of We would appreciate some mention of this classical reason and logie. Here then is the project which is die first exhibition to be cxcitement of Celtic Vision; it is neilher twee rvicRAE MEMORIAL shown in each Celtic region and including nor backward-looking. The Celts are CAIRN artists from each of the regions. notorious for nostalgic dreaming o f the glory The idea o f Celtic Vision originated from of the past; this time we are looking at Celtic The second anniversary o f the mysterious a series of discussions between artists John artists as they are, working within a larger death by shooting of veteran Scottish Bellany, myself and Derck Culley during cultural milieu. and not as a race apart. nationalist Willie McRae on April 6th, 1985, Windsor Arts Centre's Celtic Week in 1981. Our logo is taken from the Book o f Durrow. was marked by the erection of a memorial Gradually these artists gathered contacts, We were not able to find exhibition facilities cairn at the remote spot in Invemess-shire support and. o f coursc, pictrures; theconcept in the Islc o f Mann and unfortunateiy we were whcre Willie McRae met his death at the took form, and now the show is on the road. not able to send our exhibition there. hands o f “ agents of the State" (see CARN Celtic Vision is an exhibition of 54). Contemporary art chosen by artists, not DENIS BOWF.N The erection of the cairn marks the determination of Willie McRac’s former comrades not to give up the struggle to force the Crown to hold a Fatal Accident Inquiry into his killing. It was heartening that the event was given widespread publicity by sections of the media. and it is to be hoped that the Crown will eventually give way to the growing public demand for a Fata) Accident Inquiry. A.B. IKISH DEMOCRAT. Monthly organ of the Connolly Association, t^pp in English, Stg£5 per annum, to 244 Gräys Inn Rd.. London WC1. Comments on the Irish political scene and on Anglo-Irish relations from a socialist- republican viewpoint. In the May issue. several articles argued in favour of voting NO in the Irish referendum on the Single European Act. The EEC is denounced as being the political expression of the transnationals in Europe and as having resultcd in the worsi unemployment in the "Celtic Vision", Newly Art Gallery Opening, May 1987. history of the Irish State. AL LIAMM. Literary magazine in Bretcm, • A 32 page booklet “Les Classes bilingues 6 times a year, 80 pages. Founded 1946. ETNISMO. a 12 page periodical (3 times a en Bretagne” about the work of the five Suhscription Brittany/France 130FF, other year) in Esperanto published by 1KEL schools m whtch bilingual streams exist (with countries 140FF surface mail, 180FF airmail (International Committee for Ethnie a total of 170 pupils) can be obtained for 15F to P. Le Bihan, 16 rue des Fours a Chaux, Freedom). Information about ethnical from APEEB before the Rennes 35400 St-Malo, Brittany. AL LIAMM also Problems. DM22/annum to Universala Administrative Court (see CARN 57, p. 7) publishes novels, poetry, children’s books, Esperanto Asocio, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, were upheld: the court decided in particular dictionaries, ctc. Catalogues from/Orders to NL-3015 Rotterdam. | that the onus was on the State to replace the Ronan Huon, 2 Venelle Poulbriquen, 29200 teachor of one bilingual dass who had been Brest. arrested and dismissed. CARN 22 o Did the Irish fall to use them in their tyranny of the French revolutionaries? It is resistancc to the Norman conquest? What surprising that nothing is said in this book REVIEW about the Welsh in the days o f Llyweiyn and about the Chouans, as weil as about the I. R. A. Owen Glyndwr? Could Brittany have saved Probably the author belongs to the school of CELTIC WARF ARE. 1595-1763, by James its independente if inslcad o f opposing the ihought according tr> which no Celts survived Michael Hill, 204 pp John Donald Publishers French army in open battle her forces had after Culloden. Yct his book is well worth Ltd., 138 St. Stephen St., Edinburgh. resorted to hit and run attacks, as the Chouans reoding. Stg£ 12.50. ISBN 085976 151 7. did for scveral years in their resistancc to the A. HEUSAFF Here, the publishers claiin, is the first comprehensive study o f the way the Ccltic peoples fought and o f the weapons they used. WELSH and HEBREW The book deals however with a relatively short period in the history of only two o f the For a long time in ihe history of the study o f the Welsh languagc pcople have supposed a Celtic peoples. the Scots and the Irish, and dose conriection between Welsh and the languagc of the Bible. o f the Old Testament. Hebrew. for the latter it is only the fateful years during Claims o f this type have been made for other languages as 'weil. All these suppositions which the Ulster chiefs struggled to prevent disappeared in the last Century as a result of the rise of comparative linguistics as a new branch the English conquest. The wars conducted by of Science. Since the publication o f the Ccltic grammar by Zeuss in 1853 it is clear beyond the Scottish Gacls for mort than a Century all possiblc doubl that the Celtic languages are related to the other languages of Europe. being until they were defeated in Culloden arc the one o f the branchcs of the great Indo-European languagc family. main subject o f the author's attention Within ln this Century some scholars have again adopted the idea of a closer rclationship between these limits » c have indeed a thorough study Welsh and the Scmitie languages (of which language family Hebrew is a member). This was which justifies the title Reference is mude in done. e.g. by the wcll-known grammarian o f Welsh. Sir John Morris-Joncs. Othcrs studied the introduction to characteristics o f the the relations between the Celtic languages of the British Isles and Scmitic. e.g. Julius Pokomy Andern Celts' warfarc. Eighteen battles arc who. apart from studics o f this type, is known as the author of a grammar o f Old Irish, which analysed in great detail, four of them having is still a usefui tool. taken place in Ireland and ihre« in North The ideas o f Pokomy. who published on this topic for many years from the twcntics America: they exhibit an amazing continuity almost until his death in 1970. have been ridiculed and have met with scom . because nobody o f strategy and taetics. could imagme how there could bc a historical link between the insular Celtic peoples and O f partieular intcrcst to me is the chapter those speaking Semitic or related languages in the Middle East and North Africa. “ A conflict o f culturcs” and the observations Now it may bc truc that a histoncal rclalion cannot be proved. that it is even rather unlikely. made in the conclusion about the cultural but this docs noi mcan that all those who saw similarilies between e.g. Welsh and Hebrew contrasts between Celts and Anglo-Saxons were wrong in this rcspect. The explanation may have been refuted. the sinularities remain. evidencod in the conflict which opposed South We will first takc a look at some o f tbe more important o f these similarilies to give an and North in the American Civil War: up to idea o f the extern o f the phenomenon. We use Welsh and Hebrew in this comparison. but 1850, says Hill, who is American, the South when you know other Ccltic arahor Scmitic languages, you will sce that many of the cxamples front Virginia to Texas was probably thrce- could have been taken from other members of the two languagc families involvcd. quarters Ccltic (I snpposc he has only the The Hebrew examplcs are all taken from the Bible. prescnlcd herc in transcription (in white peoples in mind). The battlcs between which vowel-lcngth is not indicatcd; ' indicatcs the glottal stop, h sounds likc Welsh ch. tt the English and the French in Canada illustratc has the same sound as t, « is a laryngeal pecuUar to the Scmitic arid related languages. s sounds how cunningly the former were ablc to tum likc sh Because wc do not want to rely on our rather scanty knowlcdgc of Welsh, the Welsh the Highlanders' fighting qualittes to their cxamples are taken from Stephen Williams' Welsh Grammar, or. where appropnaie. from advantage. Most significant in the continuity the Welsh Bible. referred to above was the practicc of the a) The combinntion of substantives, dopendem on each other in a way exprcssed by a tactical offensive in which the Highland genitive case in e.g the classical languages. and by mcans of a preposition in many other chargc played a Capital rolc. Celts are shown Indo-European languages. In Hebrew and m Welsh this combination is effected by simple herc to be admirablc fighters but poor juxtaposition o f the words involvcd: soldicrs, adverse as they were to disciplinc H.: 5cm ha-'i5 (Ruth i 2) and paticncc, though most successful when name the man emotionally driven (is there a lesson there for W.: enw y gwr mcaning “ the man's name.“ our present political movements which seem It is remarkable that bolh in Hebrew and in Welsh the rulc applies that. when the second to rely overmuch on economic arguments'), patt of the combination is defmitc. the first patt is definite too, but that the first pari cannot good at guerilla warfarc in which they knew be preceded «seif by the article (enw y gwr = the name of the man). how to cxploit the natural environment but b) When a noun is combincd with an adjcctive the normal word order. both in Hebrew lacking in tenacity and in the ability to build and in Welsh is: Noun — Adjcctive: complex logistic Systems or large scale H.: be-sade 'aher (Ruth ii 8) Organisation» (of course Culloden came after in (leid another the English industry had provided Loid W.: mewn maex arall = in another field. Cumbcriand with overwhelming equipment). c) The word order in the normal indienmr sentence is Verb — Subject — Object in both Defensive strategy was another crucial languages: elcment in their warfare: they fought best on H.: wa-tiqqah nt^otm 'et ha-yclcd (Ruth iv 16) the homc ground, they lost when they and took Naomi (object marker) the child ventured far from their base, as at Kinsalc W.: gwclodd y plcntyn geffyl (Williams 240) saw the child a horse (the child saw a horse). (1601) and at Preston (1715). (We cannot use the Welsh Bible in this case because most normal Hebrew indicative sentences Readers who are not intcrested in military are represented by another sentence type in the Welsh translation). matters will still gain valuable insight into the d) ln both languages so-calicd nominal sentences occur, in which no verb is extant: cultural characteristics of the two peoples H.: sem ha-’i$ 'elimelek (Ruth i 2) concemed at that stagc of their development. the name o f the man (sec aub a)) “ was" Elimelech Other researchcrs may wish to check James W.: pcchodau athrawon athrawon pechodau (Williams 241). M . Hill’s conclusions. It would bc interesting c) forms of a verb meaning 'to be' may be inserted. however. between prcdicate and to know if they appiy to other periods in the subject. cf.: history of Ireland and Scotland, as well as to H.: 'emci haya ha-dabar (i Kings x 6) other Celtic countries. Guerilla lactics feature truth was the word prominently in the battlcs led by Hugh Ö Ncill W.: nid aur yw popeth melyn {Williams 241), liier, “ not gold is everything yellow" (all prior to Kinsale. and by AJasdair Mac Colla. that is yellow is not gold). 23 CARN 0 A numbcr of prcpositioas in Welsh may bc combined with pronominal expressions in such a way that one can spcak of conjugaied prepositions (thus e.g. Williams, 188f). In Membership and [he Semitic languages thcre exists a special form of the personal pronoun that can be sufftxed to nouns (to express “possession"). verbs (indicating thc object), and prepositions. The Subscriptions combination with prepositions is comparablc to the usage in Welsh: All those who agree with the Constitution me H.: itt-i W.: at-af and Aims of the Celtic League arc cligible for you (m) ’itt-ka at-at membership. The membership fee (including you (f) ’itt-ak Cam) and subscription rates arc: IR£6. him ’itt-o at-o Stg£5.50, 60FF or US$15. Postage outsidc her ’itt-ah at-i Europc is by air mail. US ’itl-anu at-om For Information about thc Celtic League, 'itt-kem you (m, pl) at-och applications for membership. subscriptions. you (f, pl) ’itt-ken etc. writc to any of »he following secretaräs: them (m) ’itt-am at-ynt them (f) ’itt-an ALBA Phil Mac Giolla B h iin , 40 Berriedale A ve., (hyphen is uscd to separate the prepositional elemcnt from thc pronominal onc; Hebrew k Baillieston, Glaschu. G69 7BT. in these instances is pronounced like Welsh ch). BREIZH g) To strengthen the pronominal clement in such a combination Hebrew ases thc full, Subscriptions: Youenn Craff, Talbodck. independent form o f the pronoun. following aftcr the combination prcposition + pronominal Beilh/Bave 29130 Kemperle/Quimper!6. suffix. In Welsh rhe independent pronoun may also be used to strengthen a possessive pronoun Brittany. Corrcspoodence: Yann Boueswi or a pronoun combined with a prcposition: Du Boürg, La Haie d‘Iz6. Val d ’lzd, 35450 H.: b-i 'ani (i Sam. xxv 24) Livrf-sur-Changeon, Brittany on m e , I CYMRU W.: am-af fi. (same mcaning). Merfvn Phillips, Parc y Ffrier, Llandudoch. h) The word indicating a relative relation between two scntcnces in Hcbrcw is not a real Dyfed. pronoun. This may be scen in those instances where the relative pronoun is dependent of filR E a prcposition, becausc in that type o f scmcnce a pronoun referring back to thc previous scntence T om is Scott, 16 Päirc na Cabral, Bade Ätha has to be used within the dependent semence, together with thc preposilion; thc same Cliath 7. construction is found in Welsh, where "y" is called a parricle used as the relative govemed KERNOW by a prcposition (Williams 81); lan Williams, 6 Rose Row. Redruth. H.; Sem ha-’is ’aier casiti cimm-o ha-yom bc^az (Ruth ii 19) MANNIN name the man (relative) I-worked with-him today Boaz Cristl Jerry, 6 Gleriaba Road, Pee! W.: enw y gwr y gweithiais gydag cf heddiw. yw Boas. Litcrally "name thc man LONDON I-worked with-hc to-day Boas" (the name of the man I worked with to-day is Boas). S6amas Ö CoüeÄin, G.42 Du Cane Court, i) A comparablc construction can be observed in those instances where the relative Stands London SW 17 7JR in a genitive relation to a word in the dependent scntcnce (cf. Williams 80). U.S.A. H.: ’clohe yisra'cl ‘aSer bat la-ha»ot lahat kanaf-aw Elizabeth A. Kitzpatrkk, P O. Box 20153 God Israel frei.) you-camc to-seek-refuge under r/is-wings Dag HammcrskjokJ Postal Centre. New York, W.: Dduw Israel, yr hwn y daethost i obeithio dan ei udenydd (Ruth ii 12), NY 10017. litterally "G od Israel, thc one/this you-came to hope under his wings" (the God of Israel INTERNATIONAL B RAN CH under whosc wings you-camc to hope). Alan HeusafT. 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, j) In both Hehrew and Welsh a special type o f scntence is used to deseribe a circumstance Dromchonrach, Äth Cliath 9, Eire. accompanying the action memioned in the main scntence. In Hebrew grammar this scntence When renewing please send chcqucs to type is called: circumstantial clause, whercas Williams (252) speaks of the absolute phrase. same Branch as previously, or notify its Both arc introduced by thc equivaient o f 'and', and both can express simultaneousnexs but secretary o f any change. also contrast. The scntence is nominal, i.e. does not contam a conjugatcd verbal form, cf. H.: (the two angels came to Sodom) we-loj yoScb (Gen. xix I) The General Secretary of the Celtic League and Lot sitting (i.e. while L. was sitting) is B. J. Moffatt, 24 St. Germain's Place, W.: a Lot yn cistedd Peel, Isle of Man H.: <1 am speaking to my Lord) we-’anoki cafar tGen. xviii 27) and I dust (i.e. although I am dust) The Editor is Ms. P . Bridson, 33 Böthar W.: a ml yn Uwch. ■ BancröR", Tärahlachl, B.A.C. 24, £irc. How to cxplain these stmilarmes' hör thc time bemg wc arc not inclmcd to subsenbe to Our next dcadlinc for CARN 58 will be 8th the theory o f a direct historical relation between insular Celtic and Scmitic languages. Thcre August, 1987. I would ask regulär or new may be possibilities of contact between peoples from North Afnca speaking languages related contributors to meet this due date and would to the Semitic oncs and Celtic speaking peoples in Spain many. many centuries ago, but we appeal especially for more photographs/ think that. beforc wc proceed on those lines o f investigation, it is worth while exploring the Ulustrations (not nccessarily accompaning possibilities of thc so-called language typology. Several scholars main tarn that thcre arc types articlcs). o f language. not just characterised by different features, but characterised by features tliat Materials sent for publication in CARN are connected to euch other. So il has bcen observed tliat in languages in wlüch the normal must relate to our aims, be clearly written; Order in indicalive sentcnccs is Verb — Subject — Object (c) the combinalion of Noun and if in languages other than English articles Adjective is mostly N — A (b). Close scrutiny of the similarities shared by Hebrew and Welsh should be marked to easc editing (bracket may be very useful for our knowledgc of and insight into that most important means of sentences/puragraphs which may bc omitted communication. language. in case of need to shorten). DR. K. JONGELING Help to find new subscribere and to seil NOTE TO CELTIC LEAGUE MEMBERS CARN. We offer 20% retail allowance (salc or return). All material is Copyright (©) Assuming that this Issue of CARN reacbes Bretonne, between Lorient and Ploemeur. CARN unless otherwise staied. The views you in time, we should like to remind you We hope you will be able to altend. Please expressed in CARN arc not necessarily those of the C.L. Anntul General Meeting which notify yr ur brauch secretary, to whom you of the editor nor of the Celtic League. is to lake place,on August 14-16 at the may als« subrnit proposals, draft Conservatoire de Musique Traditionnelle resolutioo», suggestions for the agenda. Printed by Print 2K, Usher’s Quay, Dublin 8. ISSN 0257-7860 Nr. 59 AUTUMN 1987 80p Sterling PROspects afteR tpe ElectioN Dcrr? LaNQuaqe Simvey Stacke CelteR? y “CiRoebö Col! Dalletn Neo-Celtic ARt Reiviove tpose CfjaiNs! False leqisIatioN iN MaNN DiwaN: State pelp on coNöitioN OELUC l£AGU€ ^lBA:COVlUNN CEIUMCH*BREIZH:KEKRE KEU1K OWRUrUNDCB CELMIOO• EWf:CONR4DH CEUWCH KERNOiV: KESUNMNS KRJEK'AMNNIN: COMMKV5 CfUMGH - organisers would obtain the co-opcration o f 1987 CELTIC LEAGUE competcnt Breton Speakers, so as to remedy this dcfect. and to contribute to the re- habilitation of the language. A.G.M. RESOLUTIONS (As a conscqucnce of this rcsolution’s udoption. the A.G.M. allocatcd the sum o f £100 to be supported by other Branchcs if KERNOW election promi.se to establish a Gaeltacht possiblc (for the pmmotion of a suitable play Television servicc, will not bc put intoeffect in the Breton language. during the Festival)). "In view of increasing eonccm about at present. The Leaguc appreciatcs the servicc Ghetto ization of Comish people, this A.G.M. being provided by Radio na Gaeltachta but The A.G.M . wishes to pay tribute to the supports the carrying out o f a sample census belicvcs that the futurc o f the Irish language. memory o f Marehard Gourlaouen for her lifc in Cornwall, to investigate Nationality, particularly among young pcople. is long servicc to the Breton language — is National Consciousness, and Migration of dependant on the provision of an all lri.sh outraged to hear that her wish expresscJ in Social dass." Television Station. We rcquest this xhould bc her W ill. u> have her funeral mass in Breton, CYMRU proceded with. as a matter of urgency , was refused by the parish priest o f Douamcnc/.. in spitc of rhe willingness of a This A.G.M States its full supppon for This A.G.M . condcmns the lack of action on dozen other priests who were willmg to Dafydd Wiglcys Welsh Language Bill. The the pan of the Irish Government to the receni officiate in his place. The Celtic Lcague General Secretary is instructed to weite to Claim of the U.K. Government to the North considcr this action a gross Violation of a right Mrs. Thatcher and to the Secretary of State Channel (Sea passagc). which should be eonsidered sacred by all for Wales, urging them to makc it bclievers. and respeeted by Ministers of Government policy and have it cnactcd within MANNES' whatever Church. a ycar. The A.G.M . calls on all Branch This A .G .M ., considcring the contribution Secrctaries to writc to the Secretary of State being madc to the Manx Economy by the GALICIA & ASTURIES for Wales, to state their support for the said Fmance sector: This A.G.M.: Bill so as to indicaie the solidarity of the Ccltic a> urges that some of the money generated (i) acknowledges that many vestiges of early League in this matter. to govemmcni. be spent to arrest the Ccltic influctKc pervisi througboul thnse dilution of the Manx national identity; parts of Europe once scttled by our This A.G.M. notesthe Intention of the English pcople. Company Grosvener Management, to build b) demands that the govemment invests in all a Holiday Villagc of some 1.500 houses in institutions. organisations and socicties (ii) expresses the hope tliat, front such arcas. Morfa Bychan. ncar Forthmadog, against the conccrned with the national hcritage might comc the support and understand- wishes of the local Council. The development ing wc need to pursue our aims more would swamp the Welsh speaking community This A.G.M . Supports the resolution to cffectivcly. with English incomcrs ovemight. sincc therc Tynwald by the Speaker of the Housc of Keys, CARN 2 ALBA agams' ‘on sheanmhair aige. . . . Ach. de do an gadaiche a-steach gun fhacal. oir 's iomadh NA ghnothach ris a sin?” uair a rinn e seo roimhe. "Dearbhadh. a Leadaidh” . ‘Nuair a bha an t-eucorach sa phriosain. "Dearbhadh, gun teagamh” . stiuir iad an car don taigh breagha aig COMPUTAIREAN • 'An cuir mi sibhse gu Roinn-rannsachaidh Leadaidh Phrois; comhla leis a' bhocsa far an Computair a' Phoileis?” dh'fheoraieh Wilson, robh na nithean E.P.N.S. agus an spain airgid. ged a bha a ghuth curamach. rinn e ‘‘Nach miorbhuileach Roinn-rannsachaidh URA snodhaghaire oir ba fios aige nach robh Computair a’ Phoileis . . . taing do na computair sam bith aig Domhnall Aonghnus. computairean aca fhuair sinn air ais gach’pios Mar a bha Domhnall Aonghnus a' dol a-steach Ach chord fealla-dha ris. airgid a bha air chall . . . roimh uair a thide do steisean a’ phoileis a dh'obair cho-dhuin Bha an conastapal ag eisdeachd ris an t- bhon a ghairrn mi iad. . . . ” e gun ionnsaicheadh e “ moladh Beinn seardeant agus bha am PC deiseil. Theab nach do rinn an Gaidheal gaire. Dobhrain" bho'n t-seann chlar Gaelfonn 78 "Roinn-rannsachaidh Computair a' "Suas gu seo. ghearain mi nuair a chuaia aige. Phoileis, a bruidhinn. a leadaidh", arsa mi cho cosgail ‘sa bha eompuitearan ura a' Ba e uanihasach toilichte gun robh Domhnall Aonghnus air am fon. Dh'eisd e ri phoileis . . . cha ghearan mi a chaoidh . . . Seairdcant Wilson air an "desk" bhon a bha Leadaidh Phrois agus an sin chuir e a’ ceist fhuair mi dearbhadh gum bheil Roinn- e cho lan de spors. oirre. rannsachaidh Computair a" Phoileis direach “ Ph. C. MacLeoid. nuair a thig na “ An do dh'ith an gadaiche rud sam bith?" miorbhuileach . direach litrichean a-stcach. leughaidh tu iad agus bheir "De do ghnothach ris a sin?" miorbhuileach. ..." thu fios dhuinn nuair a chi Lhu cail sonraiehte. “ Tha an fhios seo a dhith air an computair. Ach cha täinig am posta fhathast". arsa ” 0 . gun teagamh. uill. tha sinn a paigheadh GILLEASBUIG MacMHLIRICH Wilson. gu daor air son a h-uile computair a’ Gilleasbuig Lachlainn 'Illeasbuig. Ba fidc gu leoir ann agus bhruidhinn iad le phoileis. ..." cheile gu aighearach gu h-araidh mu Chuaia P. C. MacLeoid ise a’ dol a-mach dheidhinn chomputairean agus am poileas. agus. an deidh sin. thill i. "Smaoinichibh, a shcairdeant". "Dh'ith e biadh, gun teagamh sam bith. dh'fheoraieh P. C. Domhnall MacLeoid "am agus dh'ol e botail Mhouton Cadet (fion dearg bu choir dhaibh uircad de dh'airgiod a na Frainge) a bha aig an duine agams' REVIEW chaithcamh air coinputairean a' phoileis?” euideaehd". Bha i uanihasach feargach. leis Rinn iad gaire le cheile. "Ma bhitheas am a sin. "Ten Questions for Scottish Democrats''. by pobal cinntcach gum bheil tairbhe unnta. co "Gle mhath.” fhreagair an Gaidheal. Robert MulholUmd (availablc front the otttltor, chuireadh nan aghaidh?". fhreagair Wilson. bhiodh e sporsail euideaehd. "am bi sibh aig 2 Farr Cottages, Farr. by Invemess, Scotland; 50p plus 13p P&P). Leis an sin thainig na litrichean a-steach an taigh fad uair a thide?" agus thoisich am poileasman Gaidhealach ga'n "De do ghnothach ris a sin?” leughadh. Cia uimc a bha iad a’ toirt brath “ Feumaidh sibh na nithean a dhearbhadh” . Bob Muiholland’s latest pamphlet deals with the basics o f the Scottish question; the ach mu dheidhinn nam priosanach a bha air * ‘Eu-comasach! Ach bi mi aig an taigh co- an leigeil ma sgaoil o'n phriosan. dhiu. . . .” democratic right of the Scottish people to self- Bha ceithir colbhan ann. 'San dama cholbh Stiuir iad car dubh a’ phoileis air l'albh a' determination, complete political bha an t-ainm, 'san fhear eile an t-seoladh. lorg Iain Aingeal. Cha robh Paradise Street independence and national sovereignty. ann an treas colbh a h-uile roimh-bhinn agus na Pharras idir, ach taighean salach na which. as the author States, "has nothing to anns a' cholbh mu dheireadh am facal 'Fios'. eomhairle a bha coltach ri bocsaichean do with Devolution; Autonomy: Home Rule; Chan fhaca Domhnall facal sam bith anns comhdaichte le im grod. or “ Independence within the EEC and Nato" etc.” a’ cholbh mu dheireadh gus an tainig e gu Thainig duine luideach le toitean Cigarette John Angel. 13 Paradise Street. na bhiiean gus an doras aig 13 Paradise Street. Mulholland cuts away at the feeble idcas “ Abair. Iain Aingeal!" arsesan "bhae air "Iain Aingeal?” dh'fheoraieh am which have dominated so much of what passes for political thinking in Scotland, and gets a dhiteadh da fhicead ‘sa tri uairean air son polasman. gadachd. se sin ri radh. briscadh a-steach agus "Seadh. de mu dheighinn sin?" straight to the heart of a large number of a' deanamh meirleann." ' ‘Bhris thu a-steach do'n taigh aig Leadaidh important questions: Democracy. Chunnaic e anns a' cholbh deireannach na Phrois an raoir. eadar uair is sia uairean 'sa Nationalisrn, National Sovereignty. faclan seo a thaobh Iain Aingeal — 1THIDH mhadainn!” Internationalism. Socialism. the EEC. E BIADH AN DEIDH GACH GADACHD. "Gun teagamh sam bith, tha suilean agaibh Imperialism. Culture. etc. Dh'Innis Domhnall Aonghnus sin don air cul ar cinn. Bha mi fior-chinnteach nach The pamphlet is designed to promote Sheairdcant. "Nach gorach an truaghan a tha robh duine sam bith an lathair nuair a chaidh discussion among Scottish national ists. ann". arsa Wilson, le gaire. "bithidh duine mi a-steach an raoir". democrats and socialists. and the author mar sin a' tillcadh do'n aon amaidcachd a ris “ Nach neonachi smaoinich Domhnall correctly States that political independence "is agus a ris agus a ris. Leis a sin. bithidh e an Aonghnus. ‘mar a theireadh daoine ‘cho the central question for all Scottish democrats sas a dh'aithghearr. gorach ris na h-eoin- ach chan eil na h-eoin — and there is no place for further dithering Fichead mionaid an deidh sin sheirm am cho gorach no cho coirbhte ris a' ghadaiche and complaccncy. ..." fon. Thog Wilson i. "Leadaidh Phrois, a seo . . . idir idir. agus ann an Beinn Dobhrain Com ing at a time when Scottish bruidhinn, bhris duine air choireigin a stigh 'tha 'n eilid anns a' ghleannan seo. 'S chan nationalisrn. likc the Labour movement in do’n taigh againn agus ghoid e a h-uile pios amadan gun eolas ach de an diofair Scotland, is sinking ever deeper into the airgid a tha aghainn.” . . . mur eil cucorach ann chan eil am poileas Slough of Devolutionary Despond, this "A h-uile cail airgid?” arsa an seairdcant. fcumail. ..." pamphlet is a refreshing and important work gu beadrach. Sgriobh Domhnall Aonghnus sios a h-uile and one which deserves to be widely read. “ Uill, airgeadaichte co-dhiu — EPNS facal na leabhar beag dubh agus dh'fhosgail saor on spain-tea airgid a Ihuair an duine e doras a' chair air son Iain Aingeil. Chaidh AB. 3 CARN descent has materialised. Indeed an appeal to the voters against the abolition of an PROSPECTS AFTER THE international Scottish football team may be an even more powerful weapon in such seats. The SNP’s well known non-sectarian attitudes ELECTION will serve in future to moderate the likely backlash when Thatcherite school cuts force The 1987 British General Election predictcd Secretary must point to another dose of Labour local government moguls to slash a Thatcher victory for reactionary English insensitivity from English Toryism. separate school funding. Earlier this year Toryism. In Scotland and Wales the populär The Alliance dominance in the Highlands Labour in Lothian Regional Council came vote was overwhelmingly opposed to this and Islands (Liberal 3, SDP 2, Labour 1 and unstuck in pushing one new Catholic school outcome but the Opposition to Thatcherisni SNP 1) has created something of a Tory free in Livingston in return for two closures in was dissipated by being spread between zone but constructive ideas how to thwart nearby West Lothian. The Catholic hicrarchy Labour, Alliance and Nationalists. Tory policics, e.g. the extension o f nuclear has been noteably supportive of anti-nuclear SNP and Plaid Cymru Consolidated their power and creeping militarisation and policies in Scotland and in no way opposed overall representation by an increase of two exploiting the ‘‘wildemess" for tax havens in to a Scots parliament. seats to make a total of six. Howevcr tactical estate property and tree planting. are awaited All in all the political prospects for Scots voting, long a part of Scottish practice gave with interest. The victorious Charles Kennedy is one o f even more distinctive survival apart the Liberais 2 gains (Argyll and NE Fife) and (Ross, Cromarty and Skye) called for from English Thatcherisni. This can only Labour the biggest beneficiaries, taking recognition of the "Scottish dimension" focus on the best routes to self-government Hillhead from the SDP. Western Isles and through inter party Cooperation. Only time but this cannot wait for a Lib-Lab pact to try Dundee East from the SNP and ftve seats from will teil if this is genuine. and oust Thatcherisni in England. With the the Tories (Edinburgh South and Central. As for the Irish factor. which your readers Alliance in turmoil and Labour pushed into Cunninghain Noilli. Strathkelvin & Bearsdon have been regailed with in recent issues. there a "Scottish side show" Scots will become and Aberdeen South). Labour had especially was no noticeable evidence o f its meaning very critical o f the British Opposition who targeted the SNP seats and their spokeswoman catching on. The Scottish Unionist Party claimed to have won Scotland — but after all Helen Liddel found these victories withdrew the threat to contest key Tory they lost once again in England! “ partieularly sweet” . marginals and advocatcd tactical voting much Labour and Alliance poliiiciaiis shuuld need But the SNP benefitted from the quest to as Enoch Powell (the former UUU MP) had the recent comments of rcjected Tory oust the Tories from Scotland, they won back done before. i.e. vote Labour on the statesman John Biffen MP. who warned his Moray (Margaret Ewing). Banff & Buchan “mainland". Tory colleagues not to ignore Scotland — the (Alex Salmond) and Angus East (Andrew As for the one SNP candidate who made nation. the government must always Welsh) all of which seats the SNP held in the this issue prominent in the run up to the polls remember. he warned. thal "from a country 1970s. With the media hype of a possible hung he gained 12.7% in Glasgow Shettleston a with that kind of history you cannot take for parliament and the clear Labour surge in third place and a rise of 4% on the 1983 result. granted its future direction.” Scotland voters forgot how atmost impossiblc Whether Irish discontent is at the root of the it is for Labour towin in England. Indeed their SNP increase remains to be seen. No instant ROB GIBSON percentage Swings therc were miniscule solution to detach Labour voters of Irish compared to Scotland and Wales. The "sluggish bamboozcled England" of Nyc Bevan’s time is now a self-satisfied. greedy and uncaring rat race as the SE comer draws more and moTe wealth into its coffers at the ON THE GAELIC FRONT expense of the rest. For Wales the Labour gains at Tory expense le in South Wales was matched by the Plaid Frctng M acThomais Cymru consolidation in holding Caemarfon. and Mcrionvdd nant Conwy and gaintng Ynys Since my last column was written (with £10.000 worth of books in the last year) Mon (Anglesev) again from the Tories. But apologies for missing the last issue of CARN). wnters would have even slimmer retums. whereas the SNP increased its share of the a nuniber of intcresting things have occurred. One fairly dark cloud on the literarv horizon vote toover 14% with 13 second places with Collectivcly they indieate that Gaelic is surely. is An Comunn Gaidhealach's proposal to only one lost deposit. the only other creditable though slowly, making its welcome Comeback close its bookshops in Oban. Inverness and Plaid rcsults were third place in Carmarthcn. with increasing support. Stornoway. to remove an £8.000 per annum 5.000 behind the Labour victor with 12.457 First, the Gaelic Books Council gave its loss. This Step is seen by both writers and votes. fourth place in Ceredigcon with 7.948 report for the past year's activities. ln the 20 publishers as removing a direct-buying facility votes and second place in the Rhonnda 30.000 years since this body was set up. more than much needed by the general public. The loss behind Labour with 4.261 votes. 200 Gaelic books have been helped to of these outlets w ill mean that. apart from the One result is a “ Celtic Alliance" in pubücation. invoiving over£l 10,000. There Book Council's mobile van. Gaelic book sales parliament o f 6 MPs (as opposed to the total is little doubt that had the Council not been will decrease significantly. Yct An Comunn SDP presence of 5 MPs for the whole UK). in existence. many o f these books would still is supposed to be committed to 'Gaelic Arts'. The annus mirahilis for Labour wherc they be seeking the light of a published day. Perhaps the recent appointment of a Gaelic gained 69.4 % of Scottish seats (50 out of 72) But it is a pity that the literary side of Gaelic Arts Development Officer. shared between on 42.39% of votes puts a heavy onus on them culture needs so much subsidy. The Gaelic An Comunn and Comunn na Gaidhlig might to defend Scotland. Early indieations are thal book-buytng public docs its best to support offer some hope for the future of Gaelic offers of Cooperation with other non-Tories Gaelic writers, yet the latter's rewards are literature. Chi sinn. will be tested over the proposed poll tax due very small, ln a recent survey, it was shown At the recent annual meeting o f the Celtic to be levied in 1989 and the likely privadsation that most Gaelic authors receive less than £100 Congress in Inverness. the former Director of Scottish Electric ity Boards. Above all what each year from their writing. This fact is o f the Bilingual Education Project in the 10 Tories left in Scotland can do against 62 hardly an encouragement to up and coming Western Isles criticised the manner in which Opposition MPs will be a test of the creaky writers who understandably would expect a bilingual education was heading in the Islands. Westminster System. Threats to draft in better financial return for their efforts. Between 1975 and 1981 the Project had English Tory members to man Scots Part of the problem is the lack of bookshops estabüshed a bilingual approach in 38 out of committees will maintain the tension. already throughout the Highlands and Islands devoted the 50 primary schools in the Western Isles. a Scottish whip has been appointed front to the selling o f Gaelic books. Indeed. were Its example had been copied in other arcas as across the Border. But the appointment of it not for the existence of the Gaelic Book far apart as Alaska and New Zealand. Now Thatcher reject. Peter Walker MP to be Welsh Council's mobile book van (which sold ovei much o f the lead estabüshed had been lost CARN 4 mainly because of the concept of "Gaelic only' unils being attached to onc or two primary schools. The ex-Director argued that in Gaelic- speaking areas like the Western Isles. all the schools should be involved. These units introduce a degree of being "separate" front the main school and would introduce a feeling that Gaelic was special, rather than being a fully-integrated medium in education. Comunn na Gaidhlig has released a ten-year development plan for Gaelic in the Western Isles. The plan includes the use of Gaelic in all sectors o f education and means to ensure a grcater awareness of Gaelic in general public lifc. The primary aim is to create a Community in which Gaelic is used as a medium rhrough which business, personal Services, leisure activities and public Services. This is an antbitious Programme which will ntean the injeclion of time and ntoney for its airns to be achieved. But at least the Programme defines the objectives and idcntifics those areas which are readiiy amenable to development. Antong the other signs that Gaelic is being accepted in the public sector is the rccent use o f Gaelic by the Post Office on its buildings and vehiclcs in the Western Isles. This is a small but significant gesture by a public body: no doubl others will follow. The Gaelic Playgroups Association. Comhairle nan Sgoiltean Araich. now cater for over 500 children in Gaelic-medium nursery groups throughout Scotland. The Comhairle was founded in 1982 and has pursued a vigorous policy o f development in . m e * k-T- the five ycars of its existenee. It has a l'ull- y>o time development offleer with plans for the I d r x ^ . appointment o f other stalf to look after specific areas. The body was instrumental in introducing Gaelic-medium primary schooling in Glasgow. Inverness. Skye and Lewis. NEO-CELTIC DESIGN It is progress like this which augurs well for the l'u tu re of the languagc. But what still needs to be done is to instil in the ordinarv Here is something you may deent important motif, in creating the highest creation. man. Gaelic Speaker the sense of identity and pride — the first Neo-Celtic 4-Dimensional design an example of the union of opposites, male in the language. Once that is achieved it will incorporating a I6th Century Cymric and female, themselves a representation of be a major breakthrough. cosntological conccpt of "Being" enterging universal duality, in its generative potential from chaos, "Abred.” into multifarious life — the two squares' diagonal creating a new forms "Gwynfyd." destined to fuse into (triad?) gnomen. a reetangle o f the "golden Infinity (God) or "Ceugant". (See Rolleston. proportion". Thus the new form retains the T. W .. Myths & Legends of the Celtic Rtice old form, o f which it is a reflection, and the (London: Constable. 1985), p. 334. new form bears the seed to regenerate its Also see: S. Begley, "Images of image. NATIONALIST Hyperspace," Newsweek Magazine, Dec. 17. But was every Celtic artist aware of this 1984, p. 87. I have incorporated two content? Repeating the style may have bcen LAND PAPER hyperspacc forms. (4-d objects on a 2-d the ultimatc. singulär purpose of the artist. surface). who ntay not have been at all aware o f his "Land: Ownershipand Use" (68 pp.. £3.00 See: Geo. Bain’s Celtic Art, p. 31. hidden content. But so what? It is enough that incl. post) which was reviewed in the last issue “ dividing a circle", and compare with p. 34 such content existed and was continued. o f CARN. can be obtained front the Secretary. of Robert Lawlor's Sacred Geometry, New however in ignorance. Andrew Fletcher Society, Wayside. York: Crossroad. 1982 (about $10.00). Lonforgan. Dundee. DD2 5HA. Scotland. regarding the "division of Unily". Lawlor Now I am reluctant to discard "pure The Andrew Reicher Society is a national ist explains the Pathagorean articulation of Celtic geometric" forms when using ink as the Organisation which exists to publish ‘Fletcher compositions — i.e.. the meaning of medium. But not so completely unwilling in Papers' in which ideas. issues. or proportions and geometrical forms in painting. In the painting medium I believe I developmems affecting the lifc o f the Scottish thentselves (e.g.. Platonic immutable can yet combine 4-D shapes. abstract Nation can be analysed in depth. The first archetypes. featuring the "Golden Section," expressionist application. which in ink is Early Fletcher Paper. “ Gaelic: Looking to the 1: 1.618 . . .). This is the content behind the Medieval handling instead, and Celtic Future" (56 pp. £1.50 front the same address) style of nur European ancestors, also known mythical-cosmological content — all in one is a review by five authors. all active in the both in India and Egypt. I have used the workl Gaelic movement. Further Fletcher Papers are octagon to represent the first creation. planned. mineral, giving rise to life forms. pentagona! IAN BÄN 5 CARN BREIZH pe na reont ket hag o disklerian ma vankont da zifenn hon lazoü (interestoü). Ret eo AMZER-DA-ZONT AR derc'hel da gomz eus ar pobloü kelt evel broadou. Adai ma asanter ober gant ar ger POBLOU KELT ''rannvro" e teu hör gorread kouiz hag hör gwirioü da vout dispis. Peurvuian ne spir ket ar gwir e-kenver an nerzh. met nerzh a zo er Goulennet eo bet ouzhin komz diwar-benn amzer-da-zont ar pobloü kelt en Orrant gwir ivez. Ha gw'irioü a vez anavezet c'hoazh e miz Eost tremenet. Goude ma n'emaon ket mui o vevan e Breizh abaoe pell pell'zo da vroadoü istorcl. nann da rannvroioü avat. n'on ket deut da vezan profed c'hoazh. Gwall fin e rankfe bezan an neb a vefe gouest Ar gwir da zivizout pesuert Stad a feil dezho. da zarlavarout ar pezh a vo c’hoarvezet a-benn 50 pe 100 vloaz en hör broioü. n'eo pergen. ket hepken en abeg ma'z int renet gant galloudoü ha n'int ket chalet gant o mad Padal. penaos gonit harp ar bobl? Prcderiet met ouzhpenn en askont da gudcnnoü bras an amvcd. d’ar risklou a sav gant e vez an darn vrasan eus an dud da gentan kevezerezh ar c’healiadurezhioü. an armoü nukleel, saotradur an endro devoudet gant o armerzh. o rez-bevans. Pa vez re izel. gant kresk dreistgonvor poblans ar bed. diviadur war hirdermen ar mammennoü ne reont forzh. ne deont ket zoken da votin. energiezh-kondon. Ne glasker ket a-zevri lakaat harz da ziouennadur a bep seurt N'eus ket ru hiziv an deiz en hör broioü da anevaled ha plant hag a zo frouezh un emdroadur kantmilionvloazel. Nebeutoe’h gas war-raok un emsav war ziazez hon amkanioü yezhel pe sevenadurel hepken. Ma c'hoazh a vez graet gant an dud-e-karg evit diwall henvezhoü ha sevenadurioü diouzh n'onip ket anaoudek-mat eus ar saviadoü an distruj. armerzhel ha kevredigezhcl. ha ma n'o deus ket hon emsavioü krog war ar gwikelreoü a Ar yezhoü keltiek a zo e-touez ar re ar sevenadurel ‘•glan’’ hepken (arabat loriii hon ] bled ganto, e ehomo disterhd levezon wamo. muiari en arvar. E pep lec’h e vez komzet daouarn . . .). Koulskoude e kondaone Koulskoude diouzh hon abegoü sevenadurel bremaii soazneg pe galleg war an daehenn a Doumergue ar brezhoneg kent üa eo e leuio dreist-holl ar youl da badout evei zo bet o hini e-pad kantvedoü. Koulskoude e vroadelourien vreizhat bezan savet o I pobl. Skouer Bro-Skos. e-lec'h ma pouez an kreder en divyezhegezh. . . . Pa gomzomp mouezhig! Ha Karta Sevenadurel Giscard, I SNP nebeut-tre war an arvezioü yezhel a eus pobloü kelt e sonjomp e poblansoü hag tanav an danvez anezhi a-dra-sur. zo deut da I e'hallfed rnenegin a-enep d'ar menoz-se. o deus miret da vihanan un emskiant dispis ■ heul un dekvloaziad ma oa peuz taer an D'am sonj en em vag ar vroadelouriezh skosat eus o dibarder istorcl. ur skiant a gumuniezh Emsav. Evel just, arabat d'ur strollad broadel muinc'h diwar an hengoun isiorel eget diwar hag o diforc'h diouzh ar Saozon pe ar gortoz e ve anzavet ez co a-drugarez d'e nerzh j ar sevenadur gouczelek. Hurpei eo evei just C'Hallaoued. Soul heverkoc h an diforc'hoü mar vez pieget da anavezout hör gwir en ur ' gant gwallegezh gouarnamant London e- all evel hini ar yezhoü. ha seul anatoc'h ur mod bennak. Ne gonizer ket gant kenver armerzh Bro-Skos ivez. M eus aon youl da zerc'hel bev ar gumuniezh-se. seul disrannourien. gant pennou 'trelatet". Met n'eus ket aze un diazez ken Start d'ar Ivui e e'hailer komz eus broadoü kelt. D'hor panevet ar vegenn galet ne vez ket toullct ar vroadelezh ha ma'z eus e Kemhrc. ’lcc'h ma I meno n'eus ket a vroadoü kelt hep yezhoü voger. Ma leu ar pobloü kelt dientren a-benn j c'hoari arc'hembraeg ur roll krenv en emsav | keltiek. Ha hep ar broud a zo anezho d'an da c ’honit un tamm frankiz e vo dre ma vo i broadel. I emskiant kevrede! ez afe war zisteraat. betek bet bountet-mat war ar genreizhad vougus. Ret eo koulskoude anavezoul ez eo skoret steuzian. keinem ster a e'hallfe bezan d'ar Estreget pedskridoü smet gant 10.(XX) den a | an emskiant vroadel gant un anaou-degezh meizad a bohl kelt. vo ezhomm. pizh eus an istor. Da gredin eo e vefe Kealiadurezh ar Stad C'Hall kouiz hag ar Ne lavaran ket ez eo didalvoud kaout I krenvoe'h an emskiant — se e Breizh. c vefe frankizouriezh a ren e BreizlvVeur. o harpan kevredigezhioü dibolitikel: a bep seurt aman estreget un trlvliad breizhat gant ar war araezioü ar e'hehenterezh hag ar i kefndioü a c hell ar seurt-.se sevenlr». Ne muianiver. ma vefe gouezet gant an dud e oam stummerezh-kedveno. a redi an emsaverien lavaran ket kennebeut dianaout an doareoü- dieub n'eus ket keit-all c'hoazh. ha gouest da da stourm dibaouez. Ar stourm-se eo a ro gwelout dishanval diwar-benn an ober traoü kaer gant o frankiz. Ar genreizhad bremaii buhcz vroadel d'hor pobloü. Ret eo darempredoü kevredi-gezltcl: dam a-du gant c'hall a oar mat an dra-se pa vir na ve kelennet I I avat e teufe muioc’h anezho da labourat er an embregerezh prevez. re all kendrec'het e hon istor er skolioü muioc’h c'hoazh eget I park, ha ganto binvioü mal. dezho da vezan tlecr lakaat ar sokialouriezh da bal. Me'gav kelenn brezhoneg. goucsi da luskaii ar yoe'h hör c ’henvroiz hag din evelkent ez eo gWäshoc'h enkadenn an Duou arvez eus an envor kcvrcdcl u zo eus a chom diseblant a-walc’h betek-hen pe teoget emsav politikel breizhat eget hini Kcmbre pe ar vezh hag an istor. Skiant-prenan zo gorroet gant ur bruderezh arallekaus. Bro-Skos en abcg ma n'eo ket gouest an enno. Diwarno e c'heller krouin hag en em Ar galloudoü politikel ne daolint evezh ebet emrenerien vreizhat da welout ez eo ezteurel a-nevez. Un arvez all a zo: an ouzh hon ezhommoü ma n'onip ket harpet- pouczusoc'h d'ar mare-man klask ar pezh a hengoun iniret er mojennoü, en danevelloü, mat gant un niver bras a-walc’h a dud, un zo boutin etrezo, an daehenn ma c'hallfent en henvoazioü. N'eus ket anv evel just da niver gouest da vihanan da zirenkan o kenlahourat. Ezhomm bras a zo e Breizh da zistrein d'an doare-bevan kozh. met daoust jedndennoü dilennadegel. Hör c ’hudennoü a zistreiii d'ar meizad a strollad broadel, unan ha ne e'hailer ket talvoudekaat an elfennoü- zo politikel, muioc'h-mui. ’M eus aon n'o gouest da unanin kleizourien ha dehouerien se eus hon herczh ivez? deus ket e-pad pell taolet hon emsavioü evezh kouiz ha kreizourien. betek an deiz ma vo Ar gwashan'zo eo eman an araezioü a a-walc'h da zezrannan an nerzhioü gounezet da vihanan ar frankiz da veran hon c'hellfemp tennan mad diouto evit diskouez kevredigezhcl, amierzhel ha politikel. evit aferioü hervez ma lazo deomp. N'eo ket dav talvoudegezh an herezh-se e dalc'h hon bezan gouest da harpan war ar re laiisus d'ur strollad broadel bezan en gortoz da enebourien. Ret eo tennan ar muian a c'honid dconip ha dizarbenn re hon enebourien. sachaii a-du gantan dregantadoü bras a ma c’hellomp eus an deknologiezh evit Fazian a ra ar re a gred e taolfe ar voterien war verr- pe zoken war skignan hör e'helennadur. gouarnamanioü gall pe saoz muioc’h a evezh grenndermen. Ar pezh a die bezan c bal co Ha pa e'hallfemp lakaat hör mouezh da ouzh hör gouleenoü ma ne vefe ket eus hon lakaat bee'h war ar strolladoü all. o redianda ziraez kemeni den en hör broioü, daoust ha emsavioü politikel broadel, ar re a gred e samman tamm-ha-tamm darn eus hon selaouet e vefemp evel ma karfemp? Krenv c'heller mont d'un tu bennak gant emsavioü amkanioü broadel. eveshaat ar pezh a reont e chom ar rakvarnoü. da skouer c vefe un CARN 6 dislavar bennak etre hör broadelouriezh- emzifenn hag ar c'hengred etrcvroadel, pe ur Bilingual Roadsigns would cost less gerentiezh etrezi hag ar faskouriezh pc ar ouennelouriezh. Ha doujan a ra an dud galloud ha fculstcr ar Stadoii pa glasker lemel darn eus o beli diganto. Evit d'ar pobloit kelt dreistbevan e rankont eta kadamaat o broadelezh. ha da gentan kaout youl da vevan evel kumuniezhoü a-ziforc'h. Marteze e c ’heller kontan war c'hoant pe ezhomm an den da vezan ezel eus ur gumuniezh ma c ’hall merzout an harzoü anezhi. Met n'eo ket war startaat ez a breman liammoü hör c'hevredigezhioü; ha tra ma c’hallont gonit kalz pa zeu tud eus broioü estren da vevan en o mctoii, keit ha ma toujar re-se d'o doareoü sevenadurel, diaesterioü nevez a c ’hell sevel ivez ma teu ar re-se a- dolpadoü. Gwelout a reer an dra-se en Enez Vanav, c Kcrncveur hag e Kembre — da skouer pa glask Gwynedd goprah kembraegerien evit ar servijoit foran. Ma c’houlennfed breman e ve miret un diriegezh dezhi hec'h unan da hep kumuniezh sevenadurel evel ma rae Jac L. Williams, e rankfed bezan prest da glevout a bep seurt kunujennoü. Koulskoude evidon ne welan ket Al the courthouse in Gwengamp. peseurt dazont a zo d'ar gelliegerien ma n'eus ket tu d’ober evel-se. Four members of Stoiirm ar Brezhoneg were to pay a heavy fine (20,000 Fr o f which N'em eus ket komzet kalz eus ar on trial in Gwengamp on May 15, accused in 15.000 Fr will be remitted if he behaves . . c'hendivizoü-diavacz, goude ma z int ken Connection with the S. ar B. road sign . ) PLUS 15, 000 Fr to the State and 18,300 pouezus. ha pouezusoe'h zoken. eget ar re campaign. In spite o f the strong Opposition of F f to ihe Department for dantages. The fine ziabarzh. Da ober hon eus ouzh daou the public prosecutor, Ihe delendants were was a ftvefoid of the amount claimed by the c'halloud ha n’o deus ket kroazet war o youl allowed to speak in Breton. Herve ar Beg prosecutor. da vestronian pobloü all. d’o lakaat e servij udmitted that he had bcen present at the lirst ln the pasl 12 months bilingual roadsigns ar mennadoit a feil dezho sevenin war an "painting” Operation in 1984 but ilenied ihat were put up in 53 more eommunes bringing daehenn vedel, dre virout outo da he had put a hand to it. He and Mikael Kode the total for Brittany to 150. Skol Unel ar Vro emskiantekaal ouzh o broadelezh wirion. were also accused o f having tuken part in the has issued a bixtklct to help the murricipalities Bez’z eus ivez nerzhioü all. dreistbroadcl. hag Montroulez demonstration at the end of 1984 which are willing to follow that example, a ra t'ae war an iraoii a brizomp. Ret eo d'ar when dozens uf road signs were broughx into indicating die right spelling ot the place nanies pobloü kelt derc'hel penn d'an nerzhoü-se. the town centre. but they were acquitted on and how to go about replacing the existing Bez'e e'hallont — int ha da gentan o emsavioü that count for tcchnical rcasons. Jack Mac- signs. So far about a quarter of the eommunes broadel — klask mignoned c-touez ar pobloü Arthur. President of the European Bureau for o f the traditionally Breton-speaking area have all. e-touez ar Saozon hag ar C'Hallaoued the Lesser Spoken Languages. spoke as a madc the change. Would it have happened if ivez. e doare ma vo gallet lakaat bec'h war witness for the defence. Ar Beg was sentenced S. ar B. had not actcd? hon enebourien gant harp un dud-sc. Mat co diskouez e vez roet frankiz da bobloii bihan against a plan to broadeast another programmc all hep-Stad hep mas rafe gaou da zen. da REMOVE THOSE during half of the hour at present reserved to skouer en Alamagn-Gornog, e Bro-Suis. en Chadenn ar Vro. Italia. zoken c Bro-Spagn. muioc’h a frankiz CHAINS! Commenting about the project of a private eget na roer deomp. Ret eo gwelout penaos Radio Television Bretagne, broadcasting for Numerous protests have taken place against krenvaat hag efedusaat ar skiant a gengred etre the 5 Breton departements. a project being the shifting o f the Breton language T.V. ar pobloü hep Stad: dleout a rafe hon mooted by "big" Breton Business. EMGANN Programme "Chadenn ar Vro" (which mcans emsavioü bezan perzhiek estreget er notes that it makes no mention o f Breton. If "the country’s channel” ) from the peak c'henobererezh etrekcltiek. en aozadurioü it is just going to he commercial trash. they viewing time of 1 to 2 p.m. on Sundays to evel ar C'Hevredad Europa! Dieub (A.L.E.) could “stuff it". pe CONSEO Abeg mat hon eus da zisfiziout Saturday evening when televiewers have a In this contcxt. we wish success for the much wider choice of programmes in French. diouzh ar "Gevredigezh Amierzhel Europa!" Breton radio project ALTERNANTES which met faziati a rcotnp ma ne glaskomp ket he The time allotted to Breton on TV. one hour was launched last November by the Comite for that programmc and 5 minutes of news on sturian war-du ur C’hevread hag a roio tu pour l'Union Administrative de la Bretagne weck days. and the squeletic staff allocation d'hor broadoü da vevan. (CUAB). with a view to provide a free (2) necessarily affects the quality of the Da c'honit hon eus ahendall o kenlabourat Community Service. They offer broadcasting service. Attention was drawn to this muzzling gant ar c'hevredigezhiou ekologel pe enep- time to groups which are prepared to of the Breton Speakers on April 25 when about nukleel. o tisteurel keinem stumm a contribute to the initial funding. One of the 100 members of Stourm ar Brezhoneg walked impalaerouriezh. aims is to counteract the intense campaign to from the Rennes railway Station to the FR3 accustom the population to the notice that TV Station pulling iron chains with which they A. HELSAFF Loire Atlantique is not pan o f Brittany. locked its gate. Their demand however weni (In rhis article. I have reproduced die last beyond the mere restoring o f "Chadenn ar BREMAN monthly newspaper. 20 pages in pari o f a talk given in An Oriant in August Vro" to the Sunday hour: they urged the Breton. Reports on the Breton language aboui the situaiton in die Celtic countries setting up of a Breton language TV Station, struggle (demonstrations, meetings. trials. today: I have tried in it to outline the covering all of Brittany. FR3 Rennes covers courses, publications. also on struggles for conditions for their survival as nations). also the Pays-de-Loire Region (which includcs freedom in other countries. Subscription Loire-Atlantique). 25 cultural associations of 120FF Brittany/France. I50FF other I the Nantes area recently wrote to the FR3 count ries to 8 Rue Hoche, 35000 Roazhon/Rennes. 7 CARN state that the great majority of thc Breton Coordination of Breton Interests (C.E.L.I.B.) DIWAN: people were behind DIWAN. Lavanant on June 26 urging the Regional Council regretted however that the Regional (Rennes) and the Breton Departements to take Councillors were not very noticeable in the Charge of the Diwan schools if the Ministry STATE HELP crowd. o f Edueation failed to do so? Answering the letters sent by several of our readers in answer to the call for support front the C. League ON CONDITION Breton Brauch, the Attache Linguistique of the French Embassy in London pretended that The President of DIWAN. Andrd Lavanani. his government was VERY KEEN to help and was informed on July 2 that thc French to develop ALL the regional languages and Minister of Edueation. who had wantcd the cultures! But DIWAN he said. “ seems to be Breton schools to give one-third of the a strictly regional matter: it would be up to teaching time to French. was prepared to sign the democratically elccted local authorities to simple contracts with thc association in respect deal with il rather than for the central of its classes up to the third year of primary government“ . Indeed that is what common edueation. As we write it is not clear how sense would dictate if it were not overrulcd many teachers will be taken in Charge by the by State doctrine. State. There is talk of only ten who would be If the government were keen it could besin paid directly by il and of Diwan continuing with acceeding to the demand for a Diplome to receive a 1!h million francs Subvention in d’Etudes Univcrsitaires Gdnerales support of its scheme. This is much less (D .E.U.G .) in Breton, create more CAPES satisfactory than the terms agTeed by the State posts (instead there is a rumour that there will in Februarv 1986. according to which 31 be no CAPES eompetition in 1988. only three teachers would have been on the public students got this diploma this year) and train payroll by 1988. enough teachers to satisfy the demand of all This reluctant concession was won alter the secondary school students who want to lour months of ceaseless efforts to save the learn Breton, it would also ensure the schools. International solidarity with and continuitv o f teaching where courses already clccted representatives' Support for DIWAN exist. The latest example o f its will to break were cvidcnecd on May 15th in Montroulez/ this continuitv is the decision to transfer Serge Moriaix when a numbcr of public llgures front Inspector's LETTER was ‘contpletely different", and that the indigenous native peoples in the Canadian "I shall be writing to the French Ambassador Bretons all thought of thcmsclves as French! Arctic. in the U.S. South-West. in Australia to Canada to express my concem about Of course he is a strong supporter o f the and New Zeaiand. to help them establish French government treatment of the Breton concept of an 'Ethnie Franqaise' whereas most successful small businesses). language schools. I am disgusted at the double of his supporters were and arc more moderate, Standards practised by French-language and believers in the Swiss System (which I TROF. JOHN R.G. JENKINS enthusiasts. To quote just one example. I admire greatly). reeently published a book called “ Jura As regards the Celtic League. the only area Separatist! in Switzerland" (Clarendon Press. in which 1 niight disagree siightly with thc EMGA.NN, monthly organ of the party of the Oxford). When writing thc book I interviewed young. more intpatient members is that I am same nante. 20 pages. Breton and French. Roland Beguelin, the Jurassian leader. who more centrist (rather than leftist) in my views. Sub. 100FF but I20FF Outside French State, complained bitterly about the Gcrman-Swiss I ant a strong believer in the intponance of BP7I. 22202 Gwengamp-Cedex. Its June issuc buying rural homes in the Frcnch-speaking entrepreneurship (and small businss in denounccs thc Celtiland leisure park project Jura. Later in the interview he revealed that general) in helping to provide employment in which outside financial interests want to build he himself owned a sumnter cottage in “ indigenous linguistic territories“ . in Order in Gwengump. using false promises of Brittany! When I suggested that perhaps there to prevent young people having to leave. thus emplqyment to Iure elccted representatives into was a parallel Situation there to his Claims of helping to preserve the culture o f a supporting it. 'arrogant German-Swiss efforts to germanize community. (I have written a paper on the Jura' he said that the Situation in Brittany industries in the Gaeltachtaf. and worked with CARN 8 the male Creative power and the female power BRETANGE TERRE expressions which bear no relation to our present communication needs but some of to transform being of the giam-sam druidic SACREE them could be brought back with modified philosophy. Further he shows that the land of meanings to help adapt our languages to these Brittany bears a number o f high landmarks, By Gwenc’hlan Le Scouezec, 220 pages. needs. A knowledge of our histories should dedicated today to St Michael but in his view Published by Editions de Beltan. 43 Straed Sl warn us against a repetition of mistakes. originally lo die Celtic god Belenos; diey form Mikael. 29190 Brasparzh. Brittany. ISBN 2 Similarly, we should be able to learn a cross (across the length and breadi of the 905 939 05 2. Price 125Ff. something usefui about our peoples- mental ity country). the long arm being directed towards The subtitle of this book may put off those from investigating that third form of our the points of the horizon where the sun rises who find in Christianity the satisfaction of collective memory, the störe of experience on May 1 (Lä Bealtaine. Belenos’ Day) and their religious needs as well as those who expressed in our myths. traditions and sets on November 1 (Samhain), they form also would maintain a sceptic attitude towards customs. a perfect lozenge in the central parts of every sort ofcult. whether labelled “ Celtic'' It is in that sense that I believe Bretagne Brittany. It appears then that the Bretons had orotherwise. Indeed there is good reason for Terre Sacree will interest many of the readers a cosmogony comparable to that which Alwyn distrust when we hear o f the niultiplication of o f CARN and not only in Brittany because Rees and Brynley Rees show in "‘Celtic supposedly religious sects and o f the there are numerous references to the common Heritage" to have existed in Ireland and manipulations associated with some of them. Celtic past and to the other Celtic count ries. Wales. In a third chapter. an interpretation is It is certamly advisable if one is not of If some among them are seeking a specifically given of the Breton folk tales which show adventurious mind. to keep close to the path Celtic religious philosophy or possibly some them to be very similar to old Celtic tales such of rational knowledge, or if one wanders far form of -'initiation--. they will perhaps find as the stories of Peredur/Parcival. Tristan and into the realms of intuition and imagination in Le Scouezec a persuasivc guide. One rhing Isolde, or to the originally Celtic Quest of the to leave. like Tom Thimble. landmarks for which he throws into relief and which links Grail. In them Le Scouezec recognises also a return trip. the cultural and ecological conccrns is the ftgures of an Other World, which offen Yet we should not forget that culiure is what constant evidence o f the close communion of intcrsects with this one. such as Fand, Niamh, we are concerned with. and every culiure is the Bretons and the Celts in general with their Morgana, Viviana. If nothing eise this book in its origin based on a System o f religious natural environment: in pages after pages he reveals what a rieh body o f traditions existed beliefs. We may even ask if it can subsist once shows how important a place water and st one. in Brittany until quite recently. How much of it has lost the underlying beliefs which plams and animal occupicd in their perccption it remains? Such songs as Gwerz Skolvan and distinguish it froin the cultures of other of life. such stories as Margodig an Dour Yen. peoples. It seems to me that in order to rebuild 1 found threc chapters particularly collected quite recently yet and shown to be our nations we ought to takc account not only instructive. It is often said that nobody knows linked to the tradition o f Merlin/Suibhne Gealt of our languages and of our histories but also why our aneestors (pre-Celtie ?) built menhirs ältest that it is not all lost. of our traditions and cuStonis. We are not and dolmens: Le Scouezec fairly convincingly going to use again a lot of words or cstablishes them as Symbols or expressions of A. HEUSAFF section and a 126 page Morphology. Whereas These errors or mistakes are isolated ones. A GRAMMAR OF MODERN only 28 pages are devoted to Syntax, which They should not detract from the fact that Tan is rather short. Sevcral appendices covering Press’ knowledge of the intricacies of Breton BRETON 175 pages provide additional guidance on is most impressive. and even after almost fifry pronunciation by means of selected texts and years of practice of Standard Breton 1 have By lan Press. 406 pp. Published 1986 by phonetic transcriptions as well as usefui much to learn from him. Mouton de Gruyter & C o., Genthinerstr. 13. Information: a bibliography of grammars. D-1000 (West-) Berlin 30. ISBN 3-11-010579-9. dictionaries, handbooks, literary works. a MARC’HARID GOLRLAOUEN who was Clothbound DM98. glossary of grammatical terms, a glimpse of from 1932 to 1972 in Charge o f the OBER This book was mentioned in Cam 56 as one the Breton literature, a section on word Breton corrcspondcnce school, died recently of die works which will help those interested formation. aged 84. Shc took over from Roparz Hemon in leaming Breton and who know English but In formulating the grammatical rules, I. soon after its foundation. leaving him free to not French. The author has been teaching our Press rares the risk of being hard to understand devote his spare time to the magazine languagc in London for some years now. He by the students who are not familiär with the GWALARN. around which a modern Breton deals with the Standard Breton used in the bulk vocabulary of linguistics. Generally the literature was growing. and to the writing of of present-day publications. He rightly leaves layman will know what he means by referring dictionaries, grammars and liand books which aside consideration of the dialectal variations to the examples given in illustration of these wrere needed to propagate the languagc at a which would complicate the task of the rules. It seems then that it is a book which time when the number o f the native Speakers, beginners. It will be hard enough for them and will profit above all the advanced students and having reached its all-time peak of about even for more advanced students to assimilate the scholars. One could put it on the level of 1.200.000. was beginning to fall before the the detailed knowledge presented in these F. Kervella’s Yezhadur Bras were it not for a onslaught of the State apparatus. Marc’harid. pages. This will enable them to communicate few täults. He appears uncertain regarding the an unassuming woman, carried out her task with today’s active hearers of the language. correctness of some phonetic or morphological with singulär pcrseverance, using the time shc those who like the members of Stourm ar forms — this could be due simpiy to the could spare from her family business to Brozlwneg and of DIWAN will ensurc its abscnce of agreed Standards in such cases, but correct the exercises o f her increasingly survival. Having secured that basis. they can the reader is left in doubt. There are also some numerous students. For many years she did proceed to acquaint themselves with the instances of quite incorrect forms in the this single-handed. This absolutely peaceful dialects which will give them access to the examples provided. This ’’daou eus he activity did not spare her, like thousands of passive, much too passive, "native” Speakers, moerebed” instead of div (p. 23); daou zor others. being imprisoned in 1944. As soon as too many of whom equate Breton with privacy (p. 140); ar tnenc’h vihan, ar plac’h mezv. Such she was released. she resumed her work. and “passeisme” in their acceptance of the errors are I am sure only due to inattention. SKOL OBER has today hundreds of francophoney imperialistic mottoes. I was also taken aback by some of the examples students and runs correspondence courses in Ian Press recognises how they have been illustrating the flexibility in the order of the Irish and Welsh as well as in Breton. Being brought to this by a state proclaiming a unique different elements of the Breton sentence. e.g. a former “ pupil of Marc’harid. 1 should like civilising mission. He langes himself on the “er gegin he boued fl e tebr Mona” . here to pay my tribute to her as one o f the side of those for whom Breton is not a relic "cman va breur für”, “me oa pesketaer Bretons who. quietly but determinedlv. will for acadcmic studies but a language to be ac’hanon”. I am not acquainted with all the carry Brittany into the 2 1 st Century . developed for everyday use in the 2lst Century. dialectal forms but I would not consider diese The book comprises a 42 page Phonology expressions to be Standard or correct. A. HELSAFF 9 CARN CYMRU yr oedd gwasanaethau Cymraeg mewn rhai swyddogoi. Fel dechreuad dylai fod 0 eglwysi gorllewin Sir Henffordd. Y pryd ymgeisydd mewn etholaeth Seneddol yn Sir Y TIROEDD hynny yr oedd y sir honno'n Gvmreiciach o Amwythig ac un arall yn Sir Henffordd. ran iaith nag y mac Gwent heddi. Cofia'r Ai dwli yw hyn oll? Nage. Dwedodd Bedyddwyr yn iawn taw Cwm Olchon vn Sir Niccolo Machiavelli fod rhaid i ddyn wneud Henffordd oedd crud yr achos Cymraeg yn rhywbeth mentrus ac anghyffredin er mwyn eu henwad. ennill edmygedd a chcfnogaeth ei Llyfr diddorol dros bcn a argraffwyd ym 1969 Siaredid Cymraeg yn Fforest y Ddena yn gydwladwyr. Nid twpsyn oedd Machiavelli ac sydd, hyd y gwn i, ar gael o hyd yw Welsh amser y Tuduriad ar orseddfainc Lloegr. o bell ffordd. Meddylier am y Administrative and Territorial Units gan Beth yw arwyddocäd y gwirioneddau hyn? cyhoeddusrwydd a darddai o ddilyn yr Melville Richards.. Ynddo y ccir rhestr o Bod ffin swyddogoi rhwng Cymru a Lloegr awgrymiadau i helacthu Cymreiciod a adennill enwau ilefydd yn Gymraeg ac yn Saesneg o'r yn y man anghywir. Yr oedd cyndeidiau'r ein tiroedd coli. Byddai sgrec'nfeydd yn Canolocsoedd ymlaen a daearlenni hefyd. bobi sy'n byw yn y parthau hynny’n Gymry Sefydliad Seisnig yn groch. Cäi Plaid Cymru Dengvs v rhestr ym mha siroedd y mae'r trefi. Cymraeg. Er nad yw'r allwedd gan lawer o'u sylw mawr yn y papurau newyddion a'r pentrefi a phlwyfi. hvnny yw'r siroedd cyn disgynyddion i'n trysor eenedlaethol pennaf. cyfryngau craill am fisoedd lawer a rhagor. ad-drefnu Uywodraeth leol yn y saith-degau. ein hiaith ni. eto i gyd. eydetifeddion yn nhw Onid un o brif achwyninn Plaid Cymru yw ’r Cydnabyddid bod tair sir ar ddeg yng iddi gyda phob un a gydnebydd ei di ffyg sylw iddi ar y cyfryngau? Dyna gvfle Nghymni y pryd hvnny, fei Sir Benfro. Sir G(Ch)ymreictod yn y diriogaeth dan iddi na chafodd hi erioed o'r blaen. Dilyned Gär, Sir Feirionnydd. Sir Fflint ac yn y blaen. awdurdod y Swyddfa Gymreif. hi gyngor Machiavelli yn hyn o beth. Ychydig iawn o son am Ddyfed, Gwynedd a Beth a ddylid ei wneud am diriogaethau ein Ailfeddianwn ein tiroedd coli! Lieder Phowys sydd yn y llyfr ond y mae cyfeiriadan eydetifeddion ochr draw'r ffin swyddogoi? Gymreictod! Dechreuwn yng ngorllewin Sir ddigon am siroedd ar wahän i'r tair ar ddeg. Mynd ati heb golli amser i ddechrau ymgyreh Amwythig a Sir Henfordd a helaethu'r sef siroedd Amwythig. Henffordd a 1 ailfeddiannu'r tiroedd coli ac adfer ein hiaith yntgyreh wedyn. Chaerloyw Ue v mae enwau Ilefydd Cvmraeg. genedlaethol vnddyn nhw unwaith eto. ’Na sbardun i wladgarwch a hunanhyder Yn Sir Amwythig a Sir Henffordd y mac Sefydlerysgolion meithrin Cymraeg ynddyn fyddai hyn oll yn ein gwiad! Safed y Cymry'n ugeiniau o lefydd nad oes ond enwau Cvmraeg nhw gan anelu at ysgolion cynradd Cymraeg syth. yn falch o wlad eu tadau fei na fuon nhw ganddyn nhw a hefyd ddigonnedd o drefi a ac ysgolion uwehradd Cymraeg nes ymlaen. ers canrifoedd! Byddwn yn feddiannol! phentrcfi a chanddyn nhwythau enwau yn ) Anodd fydd y gorchwyl ond gyda Adcniller ysbrvd a gweledigaeth Owain Gymraeg ac yn Saesneg fei Crocsoswallt. phenderfyniad a dyfal barhad ar ein rhan ni Glyndwr yma unwaith eto! Liwydiu. Lianllicni a Llanddewi Cdpcddcg. ni all neb ein ha Cinio Y mae ychydig o enwau Cymraeg yn Sir Cymraeg a changhennau o Ferched y Wawr MERFYN PHILLIPS Gaerloyw fei Llangewydd a Fforest y Ddcna yno a rhagor o gyrddau crefyddoi Cymraeg. yn Ystrad Hafren. Arddeler un o hoff cgwyddorion v diweddar (This article is about the lost lands of Wales, Faint o aelodau Cangen Cymry'r Undeb Jac L. Williams a ddwedai fod rhaid i'r at present in Shropshire, Herefnrdshire and Ceitaidd a wyr fod Cymry Cymraeg cynhenid Cymry fod yn feddiannol. Gloucestershire. and hou- to take Steps t<> yn byw yn Sir Amwythig yng nghyffiniau Yn y tnaes gwleidyddol nid oes rhaid i Blaid regain the territory uh ich is rightfidlv pan of Croesoswallt? Cymru ci chyfyngu ei hunan i'r deunaw sedd Wales). Hyd at drydydd ewarter y ganrif ddiwethaf Seneddol ar hugain a ganiateir t Gvmru'n 1 wrth banc T.S.B. yr Alban, gyda £5.000 Cydnabyddir cynnwys yr elfennau ieithyddol I ychwanegol ar gyfer costiau teithiol y cörau gan Fwrdd Addysg Ynys Manaw. Y BYD plant. Sahhad Mor Ostaig Ynys Skye Gwariant ar yr Aeieg 1987 Ar ol rhedeg cwrs H.N.B. ntewn CELTAIDD Gwerir £5.42 y pen ar gyntorth i'r iaith ym Astudtuethau Busncs a'r Gaidhcaltachd am 1987. yn cynnwys £58.000 i Gyngor Llv l'rau nifer o flynyddoedd. dechreuir cwrs newydd Athrawon yr Aeleq yn yr Aiban Gaeleg. Yng Nghvmru gweiir gwariant o yn yr unig coleg addysg pellach Gaeleg am Gyda'r cvnydd bychan ntewn dvsgu trwy'r £6.42 y pen. H.N.D. mewn Astudiaethau Busncs a Aclcg gyda 11 o athrawon mewn unedau Thechnoleg Gwvbodaeth — yn gyfangwbl Gacleg erbyn rwan yn Glasgow. Inverness. Llyfrau ' ‘Spot’’ trwy'r Aeieg. Yn ystod yr haf eleni. ’roedd Skye a'r Ynys Hir. mae Coniunn na Gaidhlig Erbyn hyn cyhoeddir Llyfrau Spot ar gyfer y cyrsiau ar gyfer dysgu'r Aeieg yn orlawn. wedi dechrau astudiaeth o'r anghenion ar plant mewn 47 o ieilhoedd. yn cynnwys gyda dros 100 o fyfyrwyr yn y Coleg unigry w gyfer y dyfodol trwy'r Alban, er mwyn ceisio Gaeleg. Gwvddeleg. Cymraeg, Manaweg. hwn yn Sleats yn Ne-Orllewin Ynys Skye. darganfod v galw yn y dyfodol. Dechreuir Cernyweg a LJydaweg. dysgu trwy’r iaith brodoroi mewn rhai pynciau mewn ysgolion uwcluadd yn Lienel Ysgolion Meithrin yr Alban Y VYyddeleg yng Ngorllewin Belfast a Shawbast ar Ynys Lewis, a dysgir o leiaf I Dechreuir ysgolion meithrin newydd yn ardal Gwnaethpwyd arolwg gan Glör na nGael yng ddau bwne trwy'r Aeieg mewn un ysgol Greenock/Gourock ac yn y Gairlock yn yr ngaeaf 1984/5. Holwyd 223 o ddysgwvr uwrchradd yn Glasgow ar öl derbyn plant o’r Hydref. ntewn 14 canolfan. Gweiir y twf ar y eyd gyda uned Gaeleg yn y ddinas. llvvyddiant y Bunscoil Gaelach ar Shaw's Manaweg ar y Cyfrifiadur Road ac agoriad dwy ysgol feithrin new'ydd Y Mod Trwy ddefnyddio'r "Times Network yn Ardoyne a Twinbrook. a chodir arwyddion Cynhelir y Mod eleni yn Stirling. Ym 1988 System”, rhoddwyd dwy adran o 14 ar ffyrdd Gwyddeleg yn yr ardal. ‘Roedd tri Ileolir y Mod yn Glasgow fei rhan o’r Wyl “ database" y cyfrifiaduron ynglyn a'r Aeieg chwarter y dysgwyr o dan 35 oed a dros y Gardd yna, gyda nawddogaeth o £50,000 oddi Manaweg a Llenyddiaeth Manaweg. spectrwm socio-cconontaidd. CARN 10 Cwmni Marchmata Gaeleg Sefydlir cwmni "Storas" i werthu nwyddau NEWS FROM WALES Gaeleg — llyfrau, offer cerddorol. tapiau, a.y.b. Cyfeiriad y cwmni yw 111 Straid an TEXTBOOKS: 120 sehool textbooks have RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: Aller Acadamaidh. Inbhimis, 1V1 1LX. been published in Welsh since 1978 — not Borough Council has been found guilty of Cvmdeithas Cymru/Breiz enough but a Step forward. Now the Welsh racial discriminalion under the Race Relations Yn ystod Eisteddfod Porthmadog eleni Office is to inject a further £95.000 for Act for refusing a non-Welsh speaking sefydlwyd cymdeithas newydd i greu gwell primary sehool books to bring the total to English woman a job in their housing gysylltiadau rhwng Cymru a Llydaw. Bwriad £1.700.000. department where the Council regarded Welsh y Gymdcithas yw helpu Cymry i ddysgu'r speaking an essential qualification because o f Llydaweg a Llydawyr i ddysgu’r Gvmraeg. YOllTH CAMP: Following the £250.000 contact with the public (three-quarters o f the Hefyd gobeithir y paratoir cyfres o daflenni upgrading o f the Urdd Gobaith Cymru camp council’s electors are Welsh Speakers). This gwybodaeih am y ddwy wlad. Gellir derbyn at Llangrannag in Ceredigion. £536,000 has is another reason for insisting on a new Welsh mwy o wvbodaeih oddi wrth Gareth now been spent at Glanllyn near Bala. Language Act. Matthews, Bronhaul, Bronwydd, Caerfyrddin, Dyfed SA33 6JA (Ffön: TEACHER TRAINING CUTS: Movcs are WELSH GAS: After banishing Welsh from 0267-235197). afoot to centralise teacher education in Wales their vans and signs 10 years ago British Gas in four centres. Two would be in the public Wales have asked their London headquarters CLIVE JAMES sector in Bangor and Cardiff and two in the for permission to use the word "NW Y" university Colleges at Aberystwyth and again! Swansea. This would involve ciosure of Wrexham College and university departments at Bangor and Cardiff! BUSINESS SKILLS: Mr. Merfyn Morgan at Coleg Percraig Llangefni is leading a RADIO FOR YOUTH: Is BBC Radio £100,000 investigation of the needs of Cymru a success for the youth of Wales? With employers in business. catcring and the caring A DOCUMENTATION the BBC's own figures showing 29% of young professions for Welsh speaking Staff This Welsh Speakers aged between 15 and 24 follows a survey of 300 employers in the three ON ETHNIC CONFLICT listening more than three times a week, the fields. AND NATION BUILDING Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gywreg say NO. In answer the BBC state that the compartable HEARING TEST By Dr. Yvo J. D. Peeters, director of the figure for the UK as a whole is 20% in the For the first time a test to assess the hearing Centre for the Study of Ethnie Group Rights momings. 18% afternoon and 6% after 6 p,m. Problems of Welsh Speakers has been devised. and Federalism. Brussels. This is a select It has been developed by lecturers in Cardiff. bibliography covering material published in LANG LAGE GRANTS Europe and North America during the period The Welsh Office is to spend £1.164 millinn 1960-1985. Dr. Peeters remarks that the to aid the Welsh language outside the fields CARE CURRICULUM: The Secretary of U.N.O. is not really concerned with the fate of education. This is an inorease of £85.000 State for Wales (West England ?) has declincd of ethnic minorities. Il is only thanks to the on last year. The beneficients include: to make the Welsh language an essential part activity of miiitants and the work of scholars Family Planning Association £3,000 of the proposed care curriculum for secondary that the international community has been Welsh Books Council £400,000 schools. As in England this is proposed to be forced to pay attention to them. Since 1960 National Eistedfod £260,000 English. Mathematics. Science and a series the volume of publications dealing with their Welsh Nursery Schools £265.000 of approved subjects. Situation has increased to such an extern that Nant Gwrtheyrn Language it is now impossible for a single scholar to Centre £47,740 aceount for them all. This bibliography will Community Newspapers £26,000 CLIVE JAMES help to make the public awarc of research in various linguistic areas (French. English. German, etc.). 1t lists 244 books and 15 periodicals of overall interest as well as twenty non-governmental organisations dealing with or working for ethnic, linguistic and cultural rights. So far. Dr. Peeters says. in spite of great devotion to their aims. the.se associations have not achieved a consensus on the kind of international instruments appropriate to the protection of those rights. A first attempt at coordination and Cooperation was made about a year ago by the F .U .E .N ., the AIDLCM and INTERREG when they held a joint congress in Geneva. From Dr. Peeters there is also a bibliography o f books. articles and studies (published mainly in French) by Prof. Guy Heraud, a specialist of linguistic minority rights, self-determination and regional autonomy and a federalist who advocates a European Federation based on ethnic identity. His work deals in particular with people’s Problems within the French. Spanish and Italian borders. These bibliographies are available from the author, Lenoirslr. 13, Brussels 1090. for 200 Belgian Frcs. each. DcU'jiuics ul the Collie Lecifiue A.G.M. neue hinein. Breizh in Autfuxt. 11 CARN EIRE obair sin ina geuid ama saor agus iad län de dhfogras. Tä fcachtas ar bun chomh maith CUAIRT AR GALIZA chun an ceatadän den am scoile a chaitear leis an teanga ins na scoilcanna a ardü go utf 50%. Tä cürsaf ar leith a reachtäil leis na müinteöin Aincoin go bhfuil ceist na Gaih'se a ple ag an gConradh Ceilteach le bliain anuas. a oiliüint le dul i mbun teagaisc trfn teanga dearfainn gur beag ball den eagras a fuair, nö a thög, an deis cuairt a thabhairt ar dhüchasach. Is cinnte nach bhfuil an dfogras an tfr sin ariamh. Bhf se d'ädh onnsa an deis sin a fhail i mi na Marta seo caite in easnamh. nf amhäin imeasc na muinteöirf, nuair a dheachaidh me ann ar cuairt staideir de chuid an Bhiurö Eorpach um ach imeasc mic leinn. scrfbhneöirf agus lucht Teangacha Neamhfhorleathana. an Biürö ata bunaithe faoi Chomisiün na hEorpa. Ollscoile. Nfl oideachas triü leibhöal faoi Ce nach maireann na cuairteanna staideir seo ach 5-6 lä go hionduil, de bharr cürsaf smaeht an rialtais reigiünda. faoin rialtas taistil agus eile, b’eigean dom fein fanacht ann deich !a. 1s gearr an tröimhse ö le lärnach atä na hOllscoilcanna. Mar sin haithnc a chur ar tfr ar bith, ach ag cur san aircamh gur chaith mc an tarn uilig i brathann se ar an ollamh nö ar an leachtöir aonarach cürsaf ollscoile a chur ar fäil trfn gcomhluadar mhuintir na Gailfse, ag ple. ag eisteacht agus ag bailiu eolais. d'eirigh teanga. liom leargas reasünta a fhail ar shaol na tfre. 1$ stäisiün a tögadh as an nua e an stäisiün teiliffse agus e an nuaaimseartha leis an An chead rud is feidir liom a rä se go caitheamh heile leis na daoine gnäiüla i treallamh is döanaf idir rfomhairf is eile. Le mbraitheann muintir na Gailfse nach ngluaiseacht na teanga. Is lease leo ein go dhä bhliain atä se bunaithe agus tä stäisiün Spainnigh iad. agus nach tfr Späinneach f an luath ar maidin, agus is annamh a cuireadh raidiö Gailfsise sa foirgneamh ceanna. tfr s ’acusan. Suite mar ata an Ghailfs sa tus le haon gnö roimh 10 a.m ., nf bhtonn aon Timpeall deich n-uair a chloig sa lä de chiiinne iarthuaisceartach de rfocht na deilir orthu dul a chodhladh chan oiread. Nfos chläracha teiliffse a chraoltar: tä meid reasünta Späinne. leis an Mhuir Atlantach 6 thuaidh minief nä a mhalairt nf bhtonn an heile de chläracha baile a geur amach. ach dar agus thiar. an Phortaingeii ö dheas agus träthnöna (hart roimh meanofehe. ach nf ndöigh bfonn na scannlin Meiriceänachu agus Asturies soir. is fada f ö Späinn na meänmara. bhfonn an ofehe ach ina tüs ag an am sin nuair Dallas agus Dynasty freisin. le fuaimrian sa Mar adeir siad fein nach leor i an aimsirchun a thosafonn an bogadh timpeall ö thäbhairne teanga Gailfseach curtha leo: tä aonad ar leith aithint nach bhfuil tu sa Späinn. Nfos costila go täbhairne. agus go hionduil bfonn se ina sa stäisiün ag dul don obair sin. Nil ach lc haimsir na hEireann go deimhin, bäisteach ofehe go maidin ina dhiaidh sin. timpeall cead seasca du ine san iomlän ag obair chuile lä nach mör: ba bheag teas a bhf ann Dar ndöigh ba le cürsaf na teanga is mö a go län-aimseartha sa stäisiün teiliffse ach an iräth sin. ach san iumlän bfonn teodhaciu bhf mi.se agus iu> daoine eile a bin ar an chuairt fostaftear roinnt daoine breise lasmuigh le nfos airde acu agus a rian sin le feiceäil ar an staideir ag ple. Camiint den Phortaingeilfs atä liaghaidh aistriüchäin agus scrioptanna a chur bhfäs agus an bläthü a bhf faoi crainn agus i dteanga na Gailfse agus labhrafonn ar fäil. B'oth le cuid againn sa ghrüpa staidfr plandaf. Ba hhreä an radharc na crainn 75%-80% den phobal an teanga. Ach ba chäil go raibh stäisiün näisiünta ag cur amach an Camelia faoi län bhläth ar shräideanna teanga a bhain le pobal bucht tuaithe a bhf gallüntraf Meiriceanach — cürsaf Santiago de Compostela. uirthi i gcönaf agus thuiil sf drochmheas dä eacnamafochta a düradh linn agus tä eileamh Ta go leor cosülachtaf eile idir an Ghailfs reir. air. Agus b'olc an mhaise düinne bheith a agus Eire. Daonra de 3 mhilliün — nfos lii Is cinnte go bhfuil dul ehun cinn suntasach lochtü. idir Eireannaigh. Briotänach agus nä daonra an Stäit seo, agus is pobal tuaithe i bhforbairt na teanga ö bunaiodh an rialtas Occiteanach ön bhFrainc möide leath-dosacn is mö atä ann. a bhfurmhör ina feimieöiri reigiünda cüig bliana ö shoin; tä stadas leath- cigin de mhionlaigh ön lodäil. agus gan oiread beaga, ce go bhfuil an iascaireacht ina lionscal oifigiüil bainte amach ag teanga na Gailfse. is leath stäisiüin eadruinn in är dteangacha täbhachtach i Corunha. i Vigo agus i mbailte ce nach bhfuil sf ar ehomheheim leis an düchasacha le mafomh as. Go deimhin bhf ead beaga eile ar an gcösta. Seachas i gcathair Caistilfs mar gur chuir Cortes na Späinne veto orainn le muintir na Gailfse bcalach teiliffse Vigo agus cüpla baile mör eile, ml an tfr ar an moladh sin ön rialtas reigiünda — tä a chomh breä sin a bheith acu. Nf tfr shaibhir forbartha ö thaobh na tionsclafochta de. Bhf leitheid de chumhacht ag an Coties Nil ach f an Ghailfs. ach a mhalairt: nf haon ionadh agus tä go föill, räta an ard eisimirce (Sn tfr. cumhacht teoranta ag an rialtas reigiünda a näire a bheith ar dhuine. ar Eireannach go Go Meiriceä Theas, go häirithe an Airgintfn, thugann smaeht do ar chürsat oideachais, häirithe toisc slät de chineül eicint a bheith a theann a bhfurmhör, ce go dteann go leor släintc. rialtas äitiüil agus eomhshaoil. Siad againn sa tfr. ar imirce go Londain agus fiu go dtf an an dä cheim is täbhachtaf atä tögtha ag an Nfor phleigh me na gneithe ceilteacha den Ghearmäin Thiar. Bean ög arnhdin a casadh rialtas reigiünda ö thaobh forbairt na teanga Ghailfs san alt seo, seachas na daoine fein, orm. is i Londain a ndeachaidh sf ar scoil agus CARN I4 inexcusable. Galway’s Head Postmaster recentlv scnt three letters to the noted broadcaster and Lear n Irish Journalist. Proinsias Mac Aonghusa. The through cartoons! letters were delivered to his house in Doire lorais. Ros Muc. in the heart ot'the Gacltacht. His name tliereon was altered and translated to read ‘Prionsais (sic) McGuinness'. His name is Proinsias Mac Aonghusa. it is the only name he uses and it is by that name alone that he is known. Conradh na Gaeilge strongly castigatcs "An Post" for so gratuitouslv insulting a member of Conradh's National Executive. To compound insult with injury place- names in English rathcr than the correct Gaeltacht place-names were tised on ihc letters sent to him. Not only that but the circulars regarding television licences and sent to Proinsias Mac Aonghusa by "An Post" were in English only. it is disgraccful for "An Post", u state spönsored body. to send circulars in English with addresses in English to their Customers in the Gaeltacht and to other people who wish IRISH IS FUN to conduct their business through Irish. It is At the end of June 2. a completely new type Andrews, another Belfast teacher who is absolutely scandalous for "An Post" to of Irish tutor was launched at Club Chonradh married to a Welsh girl from Swansea, from translate names of their customers into na Gaeilge. 6 Hareourt St.. Dublin 2. Called which town also eomes Heini Gruffudd. the English. Irish is Fun, it is based on a bestseiling Welsh original author! Conradh na Gaeilge States that "An Post" course, Welsh is Fun. This course. using The last twenty years in Wales has seen a will not be dealing justly with Irish Speakers cartoons as the mnin teaching medium, has language revival which has embraced all the until the forms and informationnl material sold over 100.000 copies in Wales, having populär media — the rccord industry. issued for the public by "An Post" are gone through two editions and thirteen television and Publishing. The publication of published hilinguallv. impressions since its initial publication in Welsh is Fun was a small part o f the revival. 1971. It does not pretend to be a self-sufficiem The publishers of both Welsh and Irish language course. but has proved very cffective books are Yr Lolfa. a Welsh printing and as an initial arouser of interest and enthusiasm. BRIT POLICY ON Publishing Company located at Talvbont. a This new book Irish is Fun will be of great small village near the centre of the Welsh interest to Irish people who wish to brush up IRELAND coastline. facing Ireland! on the Irish they still retain from their davs The new Irish course is the result o f C o at school. Tourists will of course find it British policy in Ireland was outlined during operation bctween this Company and severai fascinating. the course of a lecture given at the Merriman bodies. The initial impetus came from John The author. Aodan Mac Pöilin, has expertly Summer School by Seamus ÖTualhail (one- Dudley Davies. Marketing Director o f the graded the light-hearted lessons to Ict the time editor o f the United Irishman and active Welsh Books Council, who secured a firm reader grasp the basic rules of sentence in many agitations — Ground Rent, Order for the proposed book from his construction in Irish and to enable the reader Waterways Restoration. Irish Language — corresponding body in Ireland. AIS. the Irish to Start speaking the language right away. over the years. language book distribution agency. Conradh Succinct but wcll-devised notes on grammar Mr. Ö Tuathail said that throughout all the na Gaeilge has also bcen involved with tvping. have been inciuded in each lesson. The book political flux of the past 20 years. the British editing. proof-reading and Publicity. also contains a guide to pronunciation. Government's policy to remain on this island The translation of the book has bcen exercises at the end o f each lesson. a detailed had survived intact and virtually expertly done by a Belfast teacher. Aodan gram mal ical section. as well as English-Irish unchallenged. Mac Pöilin. His royalties will be used to and Irish-English vocabularies. The Anglo-lrish Agreement. Mr. O supporl OIDEAS LOCH LAOI. a charity This book prepared in a true Celtic spirit Tuathail said. reprcsented the triumph of the founded to assist Irish-Ianguuge education in o f co-operation certainly lives up to its title British policy objective in that the Cardinal the Six Counties. Mr. Mac Pöilin was and proves that IRISH IS FUN. premise of the Agreement was the recognition persuadcd to undertake the task by Liam of the respective sovereign positions of the British and Irish Governments on the island. "The success of the British policy objective in maintaining and further securing its position Alessandro Michelucci, Via Trieste 11. on the island. underlines Britain's real interest International 1-50139 Florence. in Ireland: as long as it remains in Ireland. it exercises significant direct influence over Colloquium Editor’s note: We would be interested in the poiitics of the whole island. a reality getting reports on this Conference from those scidom pcrceived and even less Irequenth The third international Colloquium organised members of C.L. who will attend. Let it be mentioned in the poiitics of the Republic." J by 10NA and THE SCORPION magazine specified that we are concemed with the Celtic Given this success Mr. Ö Tuathail said. it will be held in London on October 24. The nations fomiing as close an association as was impossible to reach any national theme: For the Europe o f a Hundred Flags possible. We have not defined any policy constilutional Settlement with a Unionist (cchoing the Breton Yann Fouere’s book title). concerning a wider European association. If population alienated by the Anglo-lrish The meeting will seek the way which eould a European federation were to come about. Agreement. "Is it any wonder that British lead to a Europe of the Regions. Speakers we would certainly want it to be based on Ministers o f late have bcen making open I from many European countrics will take pari. historic nations such as ours. and our aim demands for changes in the Irish Further details from the editor. The Scorpion. should then be for the Celtic nations to form Constitution?” BCM 5766, London WC IN 3XX or a subgioup within it. 15 CARN KERNOW outlining his editorial poiicy. Mr. Marquis THE SEVENTH PERRANPORTH said that he rejected the “ Isolationist" stance adopted by some Cornish people. and that he promoted Cornish economic development, CONFERENCE including tourism. Unfortunately. Max Hodnett — editor of the The seventh in the series of Conferences on Cornwall was held at the Ponsmere West Briton — was unable to be present but Hotel, Perranporth. on 30th and 3 Ist May 1987. Its aims were: he had submitted a paper. pari o f which was read out by the Conference Chairman (Paul (1) To examine the way in which Cornwall is served bv her Press, Radio and Smales), in which he outlincd the problems Television. o f running a weckly newspaper in Cornwall. The last Speaker in this section was Sarah (2) To discuss the current state of Cornish Sport. Foot, editor of the bi-monthly Cornish Scene. (3) To discuss the Situation in South-East Cornwall. She pointed to the great diversity of literature being produced in Cornwall and. taking issue In addition. the Conference was addressed by Dr. A. L. Rowse on the subject with John Marquis, attackcd the view that of “ Cornishness” . and Ann Trevenen Jenkin. presented a Statement on the pride in being Cornish was "isolationalist". forthcoming Celtic Congress in Cornwall in 1988. There were reports from working On the contrary. she argued. by undersianding partics, and the Conference was uscd as a platform for the formal launch of the our own nationality and cuJture we are better Cornish Office of Information. placed to respect and apprcciate other nationalities. Radio, Television & Film that television had become the dominant Again. the ensuing discussion periods Michael Hoskin, the Manager of BBC Radio medium (especially for young people) and that proved lively and construetive. The Cornish Cornwall, spoke o f the ways in which he Cornish groups ignored it at their peril. She Times was singled out for especiai praise. and attcmpted to serve Cornwall. He recognised accepted that TV did not always seem to John Marquis o f the Packet group admitied that there was a distinction to be drawn match Cornish interests or aspirations. a that he was prepared to reconsidcr his position betwcen “ Cornish people" and “ people in Problem exacerbated by the effects of London- on a number of issues in the light of opinions Cornwall", and considered that it w'as orientated iraining. bin argued that Cornish he had heard expressed in the discussions. important to devote time to specifically groups should iry to counier this bv becoming Cornish cultural issues. He hoped to inciude more closely involved with TV. She urged Dr. A. L. Rowse more items on the Cornish language in future greater suppoit for the SW Arts Film & Video The evening lecture delivered bv Dr. A. L.. and was anxious to look at the problems of Workshops, and noted that the high quality of Rowse. the noted Cornish historian. w'as a modern Cornwall, including where possible local Videos (notably the "Dalieth" film) had provocative but entertaining examinution of comparisons with Brittany. beeil instrumental in getting the Celtic Film the nature of "Cornishncss". Dr. Rowse Michael Read, the Regional Television Festival to Cornwall in 1990. pointed to the unique contribution made by Manager of BBC TV. explained that he was Cornish folk throughout the world and. in less able to meet Cornish aspirations than The Press pinpointing the various Strands of the Cornish either Radio Cornwall or TSW. for The Editor o f the Cornish Times, John identity. demonstrated how different the “ regional" television had been created Collings. was the first Speaker in the session Cornish were (and are) from their English centrally without much concem for the nature devoted to the Press. He emphasised that. neighbours. or needs of the regions themselves. However. since becoming editor of his newspaper in recent re-organisation had gone some way to 1978, he had tried to perpetuatc its Cornish Sport overeome the more deleterious aspects of this "community“ identity by developing close ln introducing this session, Michael Williams (for example. he could now work more links with the local population and by actively spoke o f the enormous pride feit by people closely with Radio Cornwall) and he feit that supporting Cornish campaigns - most in playing for Cornwall. This was echoed by of late some excelient Cornish material had notably the "Hands off Cornwall" campaign. J. M. Jenkin, lhe Chaimian o f Cornwall beeil pruduced (such as the documentary on designed to deler Plymouth expansionism. Rugby Selectors, who outlined the proud Geevor Tin Mines). Mark Humphreys. assistani editor o f Lhe liisiory of Cornish Rugby. However. Mr. Michael Reinhold, the Director of Western Moming News, stressed what he sau Jenkin admitied that Cornish Rugby was today Programmes for Television South West, as the “ West Country" orientation of his faced by a number of deep-seated socio- explained that he aimed to serve Cornwall in newspaper. although he recognised the economic problems — not the least o f which a nuntber of ways. TSW had emerged as a difficulties of maintaining this stance — for was that many of the best Cornish players left major Sponsor of the Cornish contribution to example. Cornish readers wished for greater Cornwall and ended up playing for English the Celtic Film Festival, and had produced a coverage o f Cornish events. whilst readers in clubs such as Wasps or Saracens. But he was variety o f Cornish documentaries — some of Exeter wanted more UK and international optimistic for the future. and argued that the w'hich had sold overseas. There w'ere plans. news. John Marquis, of the Packer group of way ahead might well be for local teams io he said. for a major series on Modern newspapers. emphasised that the existence of merge to produce "district" clubs (e.g. in Cornwall, for Cornish drama programmes. 10 distinct litles enabled his group to cater for Penwith). and for a “ post-PoIdark" series — all this the requirements of specific regional locations Tom Menccr. Secretary of the Cornwall being in addition to TSW’s principle task of within Cornwall. County Crickct Club, spoke on cricket in providing contprehensive local new's He strove to make the Packet accessible to Cornwall, noting that there had been a coverage. the local communities. a forum in which Cornish Cricket Club as early as 1813. with Judith Higginbottom. the Film and Cornish people could express their views and the present Cornish Leaguc dating from 1905. Television Officer for South West Arts. was also a platform from which the Parket could Graham Roaeh, Manager of the Cornwall the final Speaker in this section. Shc stressed deliver its own opinions on local affairs. In Association Football Team, spoke on Cornish CARN 16 soccer but admitted that all was not well with release more land in Saltash for building thc sport. He feit that a sense of pride in purposes. with land-hungry Plymouth once playing for Cornwall was sometimes lacking. again looking across the Tamar for potential THATCHER This was partly a result of the rules of expansion. At the samc time. Plymouth was qualification, which led to many non-Comish jealous of Exeter's dominant position within REBU FF FOR becoming involved. but also reflected Devon, and was anxious to revive the MINISTER IDEA financial problems, the low media coverage “ Tamarside" concept in which parts of the devoted to the sport. and die sometimes rigid South-East would be removed front Cornwall English Prime Minister Thatcher has told a attitudes of the Controlling bodv. and placed under the control of Plymouth. Mr. Cornish MP that she docs not believe that the However, he too was optimistic for the Hampton feit that Cornwall Council and appointment o f a Minister or Secretary of future, now that the problems had been people in other parts o f Cornwall were not State for Cornwall would be o f "advantage identified and were being addressed. sufficiently aware of the threat to Saltash. to the county or to the efficient government ln the following queslion-and-answer Harry Callender emphasised that the River of the United Kingdom". The idea had come Session, much discussion centred around the Tamar was an historic and sacrosanct border. front the Cornwall County Council's policy desirability of a Cornish Sports Council, but reminded the Conference that Plymouth's committee. promoting co-operalion between the various designs on the South-East could be traced back Although it seemed that the policy sporting groups. and there was considerable at least as far as the "Abererombie Report" committee had modified their initial idea of support for the idea o f a "Celtic Olympics" of 1943. He also argued that. should Saltash u special Minister for Cornwall and now only in which Cornish teams could compete against and Torpoint ever be taken over by Plymouth, wanted one of Comwall's present MPs to be teams front the other Celtic countries. then the Caradon District Council area would given some special Status in recognition o f its no longer be viable — and, in the longer term, special needs. their original Suggestion that The Cornish Office of Information the whole of Cornwall would come under Cornwall should have a Sccretary/Minister of The Conference was the occasion of the threat. State is the orte that has been brought to official launch o f the Cornish Office of The Conference feit that the Situation in Thatcher'* attention. Information (fomierlv the Cornish Resource South-East Cornwall was now so grave and The MP concerncd in passing the policy Centre). A full preseniution ofaim s, costings so urgent that the next Conference on committee’s views to Margaret Thatcher. and potential sources o f funds was ntade by Cornwall — to be held at ihc Ponsmere Hotel Tory David Mudd, was delighted at the Mr. Andrew George and Mr. Neil Kennedy. on I4th and 15th November 1987 — would support that his leader's reply seemed to give They explaincd thcir progress utwards be devoted in large measure to further to his own personal view on the Minister idea C'harilable and Company siatus. and outlincd consideration of the problem. and is quoted as saying: "I am glad the Prime the many likely roles of the Cornish Office Minister has spoken so bluntly on this issue. — front lorum for discussion and centre for PHILIP PAY TON It proves that she and her Cabinet team are resources and skills, to co-ordinator of United in try ing to achievc something praetical Cornish activities and focus for people for Cornw'ail's recovery, rather than jumping concerncd for the future of Cornwall. The CORNISH LANGUAGE at the offered chanee of buying time by setting Office is “non-aligned" but would bc EXAMS SUCCESSES up a useless departmenl and hiding behind a availabic for consultation by politicai parties. smokescrccn." along with other Cornish groups. The launch Although there has heen a fall in the number No doubt many in Scotland. Wales or the was greetcd enthusiastically by the of new enrolments this year. the tltird annual ft counties. who have praetical experience o f Conference, which wished ihc Office (Neil report on the work o f "Kernewek Dre the degree of usefulness o f appointments such Kennedy/Andrew George. Tregen/.a Vean. Lvther" the Cornish languagc correspondence as the one suggested for Cornwall mav agree Antron Hill. Mabe. Rennyni well in all its course marking its fourth year. has reported with David Mudd's commcnts if not the endeavours. success in getting its students through ali three Sentiments behind them. Mudd's reaction is grades of the Cornish Languagc Board exams. possibly to do with thc fact that the council The Celtic Congresses The report commcnts on the marked interest committee concerncd is dominated by his Ann Treyenen Jenkin reported cm the progress heing shown in the languagc hy the Cornish Alliance Opposition (and fellow travellers). the towards orgamsing the Celtic Congress in Australia. One of KDLs Australian students same Opposition that cut his eleetoral majoritv meeting in Cornwall in April 1988. The venue has just achicved a distinction in the 3rd grade so substantially as to put his parliamentary seat would be Ncwquay. and thc provisionally (final grade) and. as well as having written within easy eaeh of a SDP/Liberal candidate agreed theme was “The Celtic World and the a paper on Cornish forms of words like in a future election. Sca” . "Australia and Australian" etc., is acting as As for the motives of the policy committee KDL organiser in thai country and ean be itself in calling for such a radical policy: It Working Parties eontacted as follows: Ron Dawe, 1 Maidos is hard to believe that a majorily of the Repons of progress and current activities were Grove. Valley View. 5093 Adelaide. South individuals making up that body have their receivcd front the following working parties: Australia. "heart and soul” behind the move. It is more I) The Collie Film und TV Festival Of the 111 students that KDL has on its likely that the initiative has come from one Committee (SKESOW); 2) Groups engaged books 33 are based in Cornwall and 38 in or two Alliance meinbers with a “ Nationalist in Eurppean-related activities; 3) Cornish England. There are sixteen students of tcndency" who have. in a Thatchcritc era with Legal Group: 4) Cowethas Ylewydhyon Cornish in the other Celtic countries. Out of no end in sight. been able to coherse a Gemewek; 5) "Cornwall Comes to London": this total 10 have eompleted ihe course and majority into supporting any kind o f move. 6) Cornish-Brcton links: 7) "Think Cornish passed the third grade exam. Others have tn the present economic climate o f despair. Buy Cornish" campaign: 8) Cornish Flag passed the grade they enrolled for and many. which could be construed as being positive Fund. the KDL report States, have discontinucd however tenuous. without completing their course. South-East Cornwall The faci that Ray Edwards, thc KDL Significantly. Plymouth City Council had feit organiser originales front the English unable to send a delegate to the Conference ntidlands as well as being based there at EUROPA ETHNICA, a quarterly for to participaic in the debate on SW' Cornwall present has attracted the attention o f the problems of nationalities, in German and in but articulate and empassioned Statements of English media. BBC Radio 4 to the French. occasional articles in English Official the Cornish position were given by Mr. Birmingham Post have all run stories on KDL. news of the Federal Union of European Charlie Hanipton (until recently Mayor of its organiser and the fact of it having so manv Nationalities and of the International Institute Saltash)and Mr. Harry Callender of Torpoint students front such a large number of different of Ethnie Groups- Rights and Regionalism. (a Caradon Counciilor). Mr. Hampton countries. Subscription ATS 350. — Editor Wilhelm explained that Saltash was in an uneasy Information on K.D.L. front: 6 Halton Braumueller, Universitaetsvcrlag-Buchhand- Situation. Development of the A38 road would Road. Sutton Coldfield, England. lung. A.I092. Vienna. Servitengasse 5. 17 CARN DALLETH CAMP Dalleth. the Organisation that supports and encourages the Cornish language among lamilies and children. held its first annual camping weckend in August. One of the organisers and seeretary of Dalleth, Sue Smith, said that shc was very plcascd at the success of the camp which was attended by five families. at least four o f whom usc Cornish as one of their languages in the honte, and 11 school children who are stutlents of the language. The venue of the camp was at Cusgarne in country between Truro and Redruth near to An Gresen Gernewck (The Cornish Centre) run by Loveday Jenkin. Apart front activities to keep the children. whose ages ranged front 2-15 ycars. occupied and using Cornish. there was a barbecue and ceilidh which was well supported by thosc cantping and others who came along just for the evening. The relative success of this first camp will certainly encourage the organisers to prepare for a follow-up in 1988. Further information front Dalleth. Chv Crowshensy, Park Bottom. Redruth A Future Time (with an Earlier Life) hy E. T. Hunter-Blair In English 21 pages o f poctry and 28 pages of autobiography. The poents are in free verse, inspired by love of Scotland, love of wontan. biblical thentes. the present international tension. One is titled: "Scottish National Athem". Front the biography we learn about the author's aristocratic background. his time Peter Berresford El Hs. as a Student in Oxford and in France, his unsuccessfu! training as a cadet in World War CORNISH BARDSHIP chairman of Scrif-Celt. the Celtic Languages II. his activitv as a newspaper reporter and Book Fair, organised by the League. editor. We get his views on the East-West FOR CELTIC LEAGUE He has published over40 hooks. under his relations and the nuclear race: 1 find his MEMBER own name and his pseudonym (Peter scenario (on page 51) for World (Nuclear) War Tremayne). As well as works on Irish history. If most improhahle — a front line dividing such as 'A History of the Irish Working Class' Ireland front Britain. . . . Such a hypothesis Among the new Barels initiated in the Gorseth (first published bv Gollancz. 1972. and still in could only reinforce our determination. here Kernow (Cornish Gorsedd) ai Torpoinl on print front Pluto Press in an updated Version. in Ireland. to hold firmly to a neutrality which September 5 was the historian and novelist 1985) he has w ritten works on Celtic history enables this Siate to do sontething to help Peter Berresford Ellis. also a long time as well as polemic works such as The Celtic reducing international tensions and thus render memlier of the Cellic League. Petei Berricslbrd Revolution’ (V Lolla. 1985). the hypothesis irrelevant. I looked for passages Ellis was invited to become a Cornish Bard More recently. his 638 page epic historical indicating an intcrest in Scotland's own in rccognition of his work not only on the novel 'The Rising of the Moon' (Methuen UK. culture. in Scottish self-government which history of the Cornish language (The Cornish St Martins USA) sei against the Fenian rnight enablc the country to pursue a line of Languagc and its Litcrature. Routlcdgc & invasion of Canada in 1866 has been widely its own in international politics. but there is Kegan Paul. 1974. hus been a Standard acclaimed among critics on both sides of the no mention of that kind. let alone of Celtic textbook used by the Cornish Language Board Atlantic. The UK first printing was sold out matters. It is a bit disappointing on the pan in their examination eourses) but for his work within len davs. of a GARN reader of long Standing. in promoting the interests arid welfare of the In spite of a busy writing schedule Ellis still Celtic peoples generally. tries to find time to travel and lecture, A . H E U S A F F At the Suggestion of Richard Jenkin (Map specifically promoting the cause of the Celtic Dyvroeth). the Grand Bard of Cornwall. Ellis League. He will be in Canada in October as LUCENT APPEAL takes the Bardic name o f ‘Gwas an Geltyon' one of the ntain Speakers at the International We are looking for a regulär contribulor for (Servant of the Celts). Conference for Gaelic Languagc and Culture the Cornish language section. Anyone Ellis has been a mcinber of the Celtic hosted by the University College of Cape willing to write or collect articles should League's London Branch since 1966. ln Breton. Nova Seotia. He will be addressing contact the Cornish Brandt Seeretary lan 1969-70 he was chairman of the League's the Conference on 'Language. Politics and Williams. Publicity Committee and in 1985 and 1986 was Celtic SurvivaF. CARN 18 that they could not be seen to “ give in” to KERNEWEKHE THE POSTAL every countv who demanded their own stamps. as it would lose them ntoney and cause great confusion. The counter argument SERVICE must be that Kcrnow is not a countv. but a nation (and it would help if Nationalist stood in elcctions at EVERY level within the The issue of the Postal Service in Kemow was “ modified". Plymouth codes have the PL country to reinforce this). it wrnuld scem that again raised in Paul Smales report on the Sixth suffix replaeed by TR3, therefore the Code Kernow still has a long way to go before it Perranporth Conference in the Spring issue PL 12 6EL becomes TR312 6EL. Exeter codes is Internationally recognised as a nation. of CARN. Yet against the Post Office ean similarly have the EX suffix replaeed. but this Nevertheless it may be possible to lessen the promise little hope for relorni. so it scenis it time TR4 is substituted. thus EX23 4NP signiftcance by being able to show strong is time for the people o f Kemow to force these becomes TR423 4 NP. populär support. the prospect of high usagc. issues by bringing financial pressure to bear. Using this system, Kernow’s three eode and the prospect of a good profn for the P.O. In this "Thatcherite" economy were “ money , areas are thus transformed to: Populär support must be seen to come front talks" any actions that increase eosts or reduce all the political parties and cultural profits are corrccted quicklv, conversely any West Kcrnow' TRI to 27 — TRI to 27 organisations. and be backed up by a actions that cut costs or raisc profits are East Kcrnow PL 10 to 15 - TR310 to 315 authenticated Opinion Poll (to bc held-after eneouraged. So what better way to PL17 to 18 — TR3I7 to 318 a petition cantpaign throughout Kernow). An Kemewekhe the P.O. than with a two pronged PL22 to 35 — TR322 to 335 Opinion Poll could also show the populations attack on the issues o f postcodes and the North East Kernow commitment to using the stamps. The production o f a Regional Stamp, based on the EX 22 to 23 - TR422 to 423 profitability angle prohahly has the greatest probabilily tlial the P.O. will loose money if potential not only from the people and tourists thcy faii to respond to the measures proposed. Therefore the address of Wella Brown, the in Kernow. hui also from philaielists around The tw'o issues need different methods in General Secretary of Kesva an tavas the world. An organised boycott of the Postal Order to tackie thcm and show the P.O. that Kernewek becomes: Service duririg one o f the winter months may we will no longcr be ignored. A third issue. Chy an Gell. serve to remind the P.O. of its potential loss namcly the use of Kerncvvek in addresses 9 Früh Road. of profits. (without the need of English translations) can Essa. The emblem to be used. and its design. are be closely linked with the satisfactory Kernow. mueb easier problems to be solved, Jt seems conclusion o f that of the postcodes. TR3I2 (SEL. inconceivablc to exccpt anything other than the Chough as the emblem for Kernow. and 1. POSTCODES 2. KERNEWEK REGIONAL STAMPS a competition to provide a design is rclutivelv All postcodes in Great Britain and Northern At present the Post Office issues Regional easy to set up. Ireland are based on areas around major Stamps for three areas: The one trap that must never he fallen into. Cilies'Towns sorting Offices whcre ietters are Alba is to accept the promise of only a encoded and then electromcally sorted. These Cymru eommemorative issue. there must be definitive posteode areas have been running for many Northern Ireland stamps like the other three Regions. years now und it is unlikely that the P.O. will Thev can bc bought at all Philatelie change their coilections and deliveries in Counters, and are valid throughout Great What inimediately pcopie can do to support thcm. but thcy could be persuaded to change Britain and Northern Ireland (Mannin and the the campaign for Kernew ek Stamps, is to use the actual codes in certain areas, especialiy individual Channel Islands run separate postal other Regional Issues instcad of ordinary if their System was heing superseded In a Systems and issue their own stamps). definitives. They can bc purchased from local more populär one which also (at the same Before the P.O. issues any Kernewek Philatelie Counters or the British Philatelie time) disrupted theirs. Due to there heing no Stamps it is obvious that certain criteria must Office in Edinburgh and are availublc in a Country-'County codes. the use of KN for be fullilled. what these spccifically are is open ränge of values including Ist and 2nd dass. Kemow would be inconsistcnt and therefore to speculation. But it is possible to rnake a lew As Cymru is the closest neighbour. these mcantngless for electronic sorting. As the educated guesses. and rccommcnd measures would seem the stamps to use first, with P.O. already use TR lor the Truro sorting to ensure thcy are satisfied (it is obvious that Kemow printed underneath (overprinting the officc. it would seeni appmpriate to give all the P.O. were not satisfied w ith the elaim of | stamps could he illegal!). If this was to Kemewck addresses codes based on the TR Kernow. when u was last suggested that there happen, it would cause a noticeablc increase suffix. bv using this system all mail would be should bc a regional stamp issue). in the usage of these stamps. and posstbly even sent to Truro. unless the P.O. recoded thcm. Six major criteria cotnc to mind: shortages. or recognised the codes and sent them to 1. Is there a defined Regional Area Plymouth or F.xcter. Of eourse initially there tlustorical. cultural and political)? SUMMARY will be delays, but there ean be no excuscs 2. Is there populär support (by the people and The only way to ensure that the proposed for lost mail: as all items will eifher be poiitieians)? system of postcodes works is to trv it for recognised and “ translated“ . or sent on to 3. Will the stamps be used'.’ yourself. maybe by sending a lener explaining Truro for Rirther sorting. Eit her way it means 4. Will it be a profitable Operation for the the system to a friend. Once you are that mail w ill he guaranteed to end up in P.O.? convinced, use it ali the linte by Converting Kemow even if the fest o f the address is 5. What emblem will be used? the codes for mail in Kernow. and expiain it written total ly in Kemew'ek. 6. What will the design o f the emblem be? to others so that they may use it too. O f eourse The System suggested relies on Tmro the Regional Stamps issue is not as easy, but having postal districts only gomg up to TR27. The most diflicult criteria to fulfil would if enough pcopie use other Regional Stamps therefore any districts in the 300's or 400's be that o f heing an accepted Regional Area: and write Kernow underneath. maybe. just are not heing used. Thus all current Tmro as all the other areas have widespread maybe. the P.O. might Start laking notice: the postcodes do not change. only those parts of International recognition of their National answer is to keep plugging away until the aim Kemow with Plymouth and Exeter codes are Status. The P.O.'s main objective would he is achieved. MANNIN Transylvania. keayrt va ayrn jeh’n Ungaar. dy ynsaghey carryn. arraneyn as rinkaghyn YN SAASE KODÄLY SON voue. Va ooilley' shoh ayns yn rreiltys bunneydagh MANNiN Kodäly. V'eh g'eearree dy chooilley pheiagh ayns Ungaar ve ntoyrnagh jeh nyn giaull hene as dagh red bentyn da. Tammylt beg er-dy-henney va mee kionefenish ec coorse ayns Doolish son fir-ynsee. S’treisht Ihiam dy ghowee ny fir-ynsee Va shin er shen dy gynsaghey yn saase er-lheh v’er ny chroo ec Zoltan Kodäly son Vannin yn caa shoh dy chur er-y-hoshaight paitchyn aegey gynsaghey kiaulleeaght ayns e heer hene. V'eshyn jannoo ymmyd gleashaght oddagh cur erash dys paitchyn jeh carryn theayagh Ungaaragh, agh er-dyn e lhing-hene ta’n saase echey er Vannin nyn giaulleeaght. Ga dy bcen vishaghey, as ta shimmey cheer mygeayrt y theihll boayl t'ad geiyrt er as jannoo dooilleeidyn dy-liooar ayn bce eh lane feu ymmyd jeh nyn garryn hene. S’mian lesh yn stuireyder-kiaull ain, Alan Pickard. dooin cur cheb er. Ta'n saase-hene cur stiagh yn saase dys Ellan Vannin, currit er bun lesh carryn vannin. speedeilagh erskyn insh. Ta’n yeearree jerrinagh jeh'n saase Kodäly cur lettyraght Shegin dou soilshagey magh dy vel ny carryn dy liooar voish Bretyn as Nalbin kiaulleeaght as ennaghtyn co-vingysagh da ny carryn ymmyrchagh da’n saase shoh nyn ymmydoil da'n chooish as fodmayd cur ny paitchyn. Eer nagh vel agh shey carryn garrvn auieg-sheeanagh (pentatonic). as cha carryn shoh marish ny daanyn ta foasi ain Ta Manninagh queig-sheeanagh avn. nagh share ncl monney jeu ry-gheddyn mastey ny carryn ourys aym fodmayd jannoo ymmyd jeusyn daue eh gynsaghey kiaulleeaght Celtiagh daue vannin. T’eh orrin kiart ec y toshiaght feddyn ayns Gaelg. Bcc eh dooillee dy liooar cur er voish Bretyn as Nalbin leeideil ad. ec-y- car ennagh ta jannoo ymmyd jeh'n ny fir-ynscc goaill toshiaght er saase noa eer jerrey. dys carryn Manninagh. Ayns yn eddvrchiem Soh — Mi ny lomarcan. Cha nel ayns baarle. Dy beagh ny daanyn ayns Gaelg Ungaar ta'n sleih aeg er ny choyrt shaghey y lhied ayn, choud's ta fys aym. Tra ta'n er-lhiams dy jinnagh ad g'obbal ymmyd y yn kiaull noa emshiragh voish America, as eer eddvrchiem shen shickyr ayns king ny yannoo jeh’n saase noa er-chor-erbee. t'ad er n'ghoaill toshiaght er caghlaa yn aght phaitchyn t'ou g ’earree fer lesh Soh — lall - Aghterbee ta mee shieltyn dy beagh eh jantagh t’ad coamrit. as nyn oashyn fuilt. T'ad Soh — Mi. as tnyr shen derrey ta'n slane jannoo Ihiegganyn Gaelgagh dauesyn ta jeeaghyn dy ve smoo Ungaaragh. aarey quieg-sheeanagh troggit as shickyr ayns graihagh er'n Ghaelg. nyn ging. Lhisin imraa dy vel cowrey-luue son COLIN V JERREE dagh sheean ayns yn aarey as ec-y-jerrey Ta'n saase Kodäly er ve feer speedeilagh Ihisagh ny paitchyn cur cnney orroo as goatll ayns shimmey cheer hannah as cha nodmayd An attempt is bring made ro introduce arranc vouc. Maghcy shen t'ad gynsaghey dy agh goaill foays voish my ta shin goaill Munks teachers to rhe Kodäly method of aashagh Ihaih kiaull screeuit. toshiaght er ayns shoh. Cheayll mee claare teaching music to young children. h is hoped Ayns ny cheeraghvn elley boayl t'ad geiyrt er'n B.B.C. mychione sleih ayns yn Ungaar. dun a way may befound to adapt die System er'n choorsc shoh t’ad goaill toshiaght lesh yn cheer Kodäly-hene, boayl ta'n sleih aegey to give a Celtic dimension applicable to nyn garryn bunneydagh hene marish fockieyn mysh feed vlcin dy cash as ny smoo chaglym Männin. In Hungary. die use o f tlie method voish daanyn phaitchyn. Er-hoh dooilleeid cooidjagh ayns Tanz-hausen (thieyn-rinkey) hus led to die entergence ofthe ‘ 'Httrd Folk elley dooin. ga nagh row ooilley ny daanyn ayns ny ard-val jyn dy yannoo ny rinkaghyn movement, in wltich todtty 's young peopie are phaitchyn ain mychionc ny carryn va betyn dooie oc-hene. Ny smoo ny shen: ta expressing their country's andern musical daue. Cre erbee Ihisagh shin jannoo'.’ Ta kiaulleyderyn eur shilley er'n shenn sleih ayns heritage in a modern context. ennagh. ta Nerin er vailicii — myr ta Sostyn Ta'n sleih keoie shohreaghey feaillaghvn jeh CELTIAGHYS AYNS as ymmodee cheeraghvn er vailleil. scannaneyn Yernagh as screeuaght Yernagh, Bare dou gra nagh vel ny cheeraghvn shen Dy row keoieys myr shoh ry gheddyn ayns EEBYRTYS er vailleil er chor erbee. Dy firrinagh. channel paart dy valjyn ayns Nerin hene. Ta monney niart ec cheer erbee nish er ny reddyn feaillaghvn Yernagh stoamey er ve goll er Shimmey Celtiagh ta cliaghtit rish cheer ta goll er aynjec. Ta gagh red goll er stiurey ayns Lunnin rish paart dy vleeantyn nish. Er yoarree ennagh y vc sheiltyn ny smoo liorish ny bancyn as ny colughtyn eddyr- y hon shen. ta peeshyn jeh shenn ard-valley “ Celtiagh " na’n cheer echey ny eck hene. ashoonagh. Aghterbee. ta'n arraghey magh y noid sheiltyn ny smoo 'Yernagh' na Nerin T'eh jceaghyn dy vel eh myr shen ayns ass Nerin er ngoaill toshiaght reesht. hene! Lunnin ec y traa t'ayn son Yemee dy liooar Smooinee shin dy row y doghan shoh er ny Son shickyrys. ta ny cooinseilyn 'keoi' ayns ta cummal ayns shen. Goll rish dy chooillcy Iheihys. Sostyn er nyannoo reddyn keoi dy liooar. Agh heer. bunnys. ta Nerin surranse dy hagglagh Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny Yemee shoh ren son y chooid smoo. ta ny creeaghyn oc dooie. er y fa dy vel ny thousaneyn jeh'n phobble goll gys Sostyn er ngoll gy.s Lunnin. yn ard- Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n stoo ta goll er dou eck fegooish obbyr. Kyndagh rish shen. ta valiey jeh cheer fritlagagh y Thooder, ben- my nyn gione ayns pabyryn eughtee goll rish thousaneyn dy Yemee aegey er naagail Nerin jee ny Thoreeyn (jeeagh er y vun jeh'n 'ockle y ‘Sun’ lane dy voghlynid. dy hirrey obbyr ayns America as ayns Sostyn. 'thoree' ayns fockleyr Chregeen!). As ga dy Agh nagh vel eh agglagh dy nhegin da T'ad gra dy vel feedyn dy housaneyn jeu vel eh ny red beggan foalscy. ta'n cultoor whillin Yernee ayns Sostyn croghey er cummal dy hanleighaiagh ayns America. Ta Yernagh jannoo mie dy liooar ayns Lunnin cooinseilyn Sostnagh son yn obbyr as y ny Americanee goaill toshiaght dy phrowal dy ec y traa t'ayn. Ta ny Yernee geddyn ram cultoor oc? Ta rour gombeenyn Yernagh chcau paart jeu magh ass y cheer nish. cooney voish ny cooinseilyn ta sleih gra laccal geddyn rey rish pobble as cultoor nv Son shickyrys, cha nel ny Yernee shoh ta 'loony left' roo. Ta brastyllyn iy( gheddyn hErin syn ennym jeh eddyr-ashoonaghys (yn cummal ayns eebyrtys goll rish ny cretooryn ayns Yernish. daunsin Yernagh. kiaulleeaght ennym jeh cosncy argid. bare dou gra). treih va eginit läagail Nerin lurg yn Gortcy Yernagh as dy chooilley red Yernagh. Ta ny Irish exiles in London are benefitdng from Mooar mysh keead dy lieh blein er dy henney. cooinseilyn shoh. goll rish Brent as Haringey. the growth in Irisli culrural activities liiere, Agh ny yeih shen as ooilley. s'goan yn pointeil sieih-coyrlee as Yernish oc (er-nonney some ofwhieh is hack cd bv so called 'loony eebyrtagh ta dy firrinagh maynrey. Er aght t'ad 'arryltagh dy ynsughey yn chengey"). left' councils. BRIAN MAC STOYLL CARN 20 sort o f personal vendetta against dancers and TYNWALD DAY - musicians, by assuming powers he dos not. and in fact never did, possess. He was said DISTURBING to be very annoyed that dance and music had bene performed at the Fair and has sent a letter REST RI CT IO NS from the Clerk of Tynwald's Office, to a representative o f S.G .T ., who also happens The problem for dancers and musicians at to be a civil servant, requesting an answer to Tynwald Fair continues. . . . the Charge of deception by S.G.T. and also In February. Sleih Gyn Thie first heard that whether this sort of action is compatable with the Tynwald Arrangements Committee was that of an employee o f the civil Service. // is going to refuse to allocate plots, for the doubtfitl if he would have the right to issue purpose of playing music and dancing at St veiled threats ofthis nature even were he still John's Fair on the National Day. Since then. Clerk io Tynwald. much correspondence ensued in an attempt to It would not be unreasonable to suppose that discover the Committee's reason for wanting Mr. Quayle's vendetta against S.G.T.. derives to stop these harmless activities and to from a row over refusal to provide proper persuadc them to changc their minds. Had payment (agreed verbally) for entertaining there been complaints? If not. w'hy had the delegates of a Conference of the Committee made such a decision? None of the Photo: taken from current Tourist Board Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, questions was properly answered, and the Uterature! featuring dancing at Tynwald Fair. some three years ago. excuse trumped up, was that music and dance In many countries of the world, would imerfere with the Ceremony. out o f the way of die activities of the Fair. governtnents rccognisc the national asset of Despite assurances that all perfomiances Realising that this amounied to die same thing their traditional artists. and accord them high would stop as usual during the actual as being banished. S.G.T. applied for plots Status. A dangerous precedent will be sei if ceremony from Tynwald Hill (the Fair is in to seil music books and tapes, and a committee the Tynwald Arrangements Committee is any case cut off from the Ceremony and cach decision was taken by them. to perform allowed to succeed in preventing those who is oblivious to the othcr . . . see Carn 58); nearby. The place they had been given wish to contribute a cultural dimension to the there was no change of heart. Another permission to use proved total ly useless. due proceedings on our National Day from so supposed reason fordenying space was. that to interference from the P.A. System, doing. It should stop acting in this obsurdly it would deprive other traders. Observers on broadcasting Manx Radio's commentary of officiousand unreasonable way. Mr. Quayle the day clainted that not all plots were in use. the procccdings. is now no longer involved and should have Eventually. the Committee, not wishing to Mr. Robert Quayle, former Clerk of no influence on those responsible for back down in the face o f rcasoned argument Tynwald (he no longer has any official organising Tynwald Day. against their actions. gave permission for Sleih connection within government or with Boards Gyn Thie to use a piece o f ground completely of Tvnw'ald) seems to be carry ing out somc C.J.K. «. «-» ui—...... ~...... ~ ...... —... .—».«—...... LEABHAR-LORE KIAULL VANNIN FALSE A source book for Manx tunes. transcribed The Dublin based publisher Coisccim from the collections of Dr. J. Clague and LEGISLATION recently released Sneachta. a very fine others. By C.W.P. Jerry £5.00 plus 50p adaptatiun by Co. Down author, Maire Nie postage. Mhaoliiin. o f the Welsh advemure story for Quotation from a letter to the Secrctary of the This is the most complete Collection of teenagers Penwythnos i'w Chofio by Mair Welsh Branch o f the Celtic Lcaguc, signed traditional music collected in the Isle of Mann, Wynn Hughes. by R. B. M. Quayle. Clerk of Tynwald. both previously published and hitherto Padruig 6 Snodaigh of Coisccim and “ The most recent legislation on marriage unpublished. Over 400 tunes and variants sometime edilor of Carn gave a lecture on is containcd in the Marriage Act of 1984 . . . have been transcribed into a rcstricted number modern literaturc in Irish to branchcs of the and that Act provides that a marriage can be of simple keys to assist comparison. from the Connollv Association in Liverpool and solemnised in either of two ways. If it is Clague manuscripts and other collections. London as well as to the Birmingham branch solemnised according to the rites of the including Manx Ballads and Music published of Conradh na Gaeilge somc time ago. Thal Church of England it must be “ in the form by A.W. Moore, those published and has now been published as a pamphlet. prescribed in the Book of Common Praver. unpublished by Miss Mona Douglas and other Modem Litertdure in tri,dl: Survival. Revival, or in any other form for the time being isolated tunes. Arrival, at £1 by the Four Provinces Bookshop authorised by Canon under the Church of (Gray's Inn Road. London). CW P Jerry. 6 Clenfitha Road. Peel. Männin. England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure Ö Snodaigh and Liam Prüf have combined 1974 (a measure of the general Synod)". to give Irish versions ol Mairi Nie Gumaraid's Since there is no Manx translation of the Book Gaclic poem.s in a lorthcoming publicution of Common Prayer, this does mean that Eadar Mi 's a ' Blireug. by Coisccim with the Church weddings cannot be undertaken in assistance of An Cotnann Leabharaichean. Manx. . . ." The Mannin Branch has informed the LA VIE DE PATRICE PEARSE by the LAND Offices of the Clerk of Tynwald and the Breton writer Louis Le Roux is being Attorney General of their misinformation. It republished. It isa pity perhaps that it had not DEVELOPMENT is difficult to understand how Offices in Charge a critieal introduction such as could have been o f legal aspects of government appear to be Mr. Noel Cringle. former M.H.K. has gone written perhaps by Eamonn Ö Ctosdin of unable to find out the existence o f a translation to review after his applicalion to build on his Roauez Univcrsity who is compiling data on which was made over three hundred and fifty land at Baliadoole was refused. That area of Le Roux sometime editor of An PhoMacht. years ago, even though it was not in print until land is not due for development. Let us hope Le Roux alst» wrote a life ol' Thomas Clarke much later. I have yet to discover whether our that there is an innocent explanation for the — a much better book than his Pcarse study, legal systeni has in fact legislated against the J.C.B. which has appeared on the scene and it must he said. use of Manks in the Marriage Act 1984 or that it is not due to confidence that the whether this revelation to the Attorney’s P. PLUNKETT appltcation will go through on appeal. Office makes the 1984 Aet null and void. 21 CARN CELTICA Politically as well as financially the FUEN works under difficult conditions. After niore THE FEDERAL UNION OF than 30 years o f activity it still exists through the close Cooperation of its members, which is most cases have equal problems. Thus. the EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES mere fact that the members are prepared to provide both material and personal resources Between World Wars I and II the European national groups worked together in the to secure the existence o f the FUEN shows “ Congresses of Nationalities” , annual Congresses with lectures, Situation reports that there is still neeti for Cooperation between given by the minorities represented. etc. The Nationality Congresses, with the European national groups. headquarters in Geneva, advocated national group rights at the League of Nations. Ali members of the Presidium work for the As thcir organ. the journal “ Nation und Staat" was published by the editing house FUEN in an honorary capacity. The Statute rules that regional distribution and the various Braumüllcr in Vienna. It was also in Vienna that the manual “ Die Nationalitäten language groups shall be considered at the in den Staaten Europas" appeared in 1931, edited by the Secretary General of the election o f the Vice Presidents. And to Nationality Congresses, Dr. Ewald Atnmende. guarantee even more the wide influence oi’ali members it has also been decided that the This Cooperation continued — with (formerly Nation und Staat), where. President can only remain in office for four difficulties inevitable between so different among other things. the FUEN’s official years: then the President has to be provided groups — until 1938: World War 11 brought Communications are printed. by another national group. the Cooperation to an end. • Great success in political and scientific The FUEN has always regarded itself as the For political and geographica! reasons. the circles was also achie ved by the Handbuch successor o f the European Nationality minority Situation of Europe alter 1945 is der Europäischen Volksgruppen“ , Congresses 1925-1938. and in 1985 — front completely different and presents other published in 1969 by the FUEN's the !6th to the 18th — it revived the Problems than before the war. Secretary General at that time. Povl Nationality Congresses (after a break of nearly In 1949 a new association of European Skadegard, through the editing house 50 years) and arranged succcssfully the 15th national groups was founded in Paris: The Braumüller, Vienna, in Cooperation with Nationality Congress in Geneva in Federal Union o f European Nationalities Prof. Dr. Manfred Straka. Graz, as Chief cixiperation with the International Association (FUEN). According to its Statute it is in the Editor. for the Defence of Threatened Languages and Service ofthe European national groups. and Cuitures (A.I.D.L.C.M.) and the its purpose is "the preservat ion ofthe national • Annual Congresses. International Institute for Ethnie Gruup Rights charactcristics, languages. cuitures, and vital and Regionalism (INTEREG). The FUEN works on two leveis: On one rights o f the European national groups, and At this Congress the three organisations hand it tries to solve particular, present-day the Creation of an internalionally recognised presented the already mentioned common Problems of the different national groups, on Code of rights for the national groups“ . “ The Basic Principles of the European Rights of the other hand it endeavours to convince the Union Supports the work of the United National Groups, to replace the Basic European govemments and intergovemmental Nations and the Council o f Europe for the Principles of 1967. organisations that a correet pianning and securing of Human Rights and fundamental The address o f the FUEN Secretariat is: realisation of a fulure Europe is impossibie freedoms, based on a federal structure of the Norderstr. 74. D-2390 Flensburg. European community whieh will secure for without consideration o f national groups: but. the national groups their local autonomv and and this should be empliasised here. the particular eharacieristics.” FUEN does not pursue any kind of seeseesssesee The term “ national group" as an object of irredentism or take up positions to general the FUEN’s activities is delined by the Statute political or ideological matters. The criterion as follows: “ A national group in the sense of for the FUEN's activities is that the state in LETTER Art. I is a national community which question should always respect the rights o f manifests itself by criterions such as its own the national groups living within its borders. The FUEN's conceptions in this connection I would like to react on a letter to the language, cullure, or tradilions. ll does not editor by Vir. Alfred Jenkin on page 11 have its own state on its native soil or is pari were laid down for the first time in the “ Basic Principles of Rights of Nationalities". of CARN 57. I do not know when Mr. of a larger nation outside the state of its Jenkin visited the Soviet Union, nor who nationality.” stipulated by the Congress in 1967 in Aabenraa/Apenrade, with the purpose o f the led him around, and 1 must admit to have The activities of the FUEN lie in the never been there myself. But I do know following fields: acknowledgement o f those principles as pari of a general European cixle of international a lot of people in my direct surrounding. • Appeals, complaints, and petitions to iaw. The Basic Principles of 1967 have been all linguists working on (minority) govemments and other authorities in cases succeeded by the version mentioned below. languages in the area of the SU. and they where a national group asks for the elaborated in 1985 together with the teil me quite a different story. For FUEN's help. A.I.D.L.C.M. and the INTEREG. tnstance Lets and Lithuanians are rapidly In order to obtain a better position for beconting minorities in their own • Informatory activities. The FUEN countries, because the SU-governmcnt publishes its own bulletin. "INFORMA hringing its conceptions to bear, the FUEN f o r c e s so many (ethnic) Russians to move TION“ (started as “ Small Nations“ in aims at the cstablishment of a contact Committee between the European Parliament to those countries (as well as Lets and 1952). where present-day problems of the Lithuanians to move out of them). One national groups are treated. and itself, as existing in Bonn and Copenhagen between the Danish and German minorities may also mention recenl problems in • Since 1961 the editing house Braumüller and the respective Government. Equally. the Kazachstan. in Vienna publishes. in Cooperation with FUEN aims at obtaining consultative Status the FUEN. the journal “ Europa Ethnica" with the Council o f Europe. L.T. CARN 22 of this is what is missing for just one Celtic — race. He goes on at length about the blood country. (I might add that I can find no real groups in the Celtic lands being an indication CELTIC evidence of that superb collection of essays of the Mcsolithic origins of the lattcr day edited by Glasock and Buchanan in "Irish Celts. Now he does not get so far as actually LANDSCAPES Geographical Studics' having been used saying that thcre is a high incidcncc of O blood either). which tbc Celtic share with such peoples as Tltcse then are all points which one could the Basques. North Africans (yes Bob Quinn), critically assess this book on but spacc permits lcclanders and — would you bclieve — the Over the last half dozcn ycars Richard Muir me io dwell on just one — and one that I have Aroerinds, but I suspect that the reason hc has cstablished and Consolidated his position not yet mentioned. doesn't is because this would show the and reputation as a leading populariser of After establishing himsclf as a liberal stupidity of carrying blood group analysis too Iandscapc history. Books scem to roll from minded Englishman with such phrascs as: “ . far. That school of thought which has made his pen at the rate of onc cvcry six months. . . but how can understanding take root when much o f this blood group analysis omit to teil Latte rly hc has tumed his attention to the masses still bray like donkeys at the degrading us why Scandinavia, Anatolia and Spain landscapes o f Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Irish jokes. . . Muir then preccdes todig should all have such a high incidence of “ A" Cornwall — and has given us the Shell Guide at the national aspirauons of the Celts: “ What Blood — for there is no racial connection. ln to Reading the Celtic Landscapes. 1, for onc, hope is there for the world if the different short if the presence o f "O" blood points to must udmit to being very disappointed with communilics o f this tight and tiny group o f a common origin then surely "A ” blood does the offering. islands cannut live together in harmony?” the same? Given the closc historical The book could be criticised on various Hc goes on to teil us that the Celtic countries association of Spain and North Africa one grounds. Thcre arc small factual errors — as cannot exist in isolation. Of coursc they can’t would expect the two arcas to share the same for cxamplc when he informs his readers — but neither can England or France or any blood groups — but they don’t. Clearly there that the Belgae werc of panly Germanic stock other country in the world; yct who would must bc some other explaimtiou for blood where in actual fact they were wholly Celtic. advocate that these countries should give up group distribution other than racial connection He wrongly States the datc for the Anglo- their rights to sovereignty? and common origin Stability o f gcnetic stock Norman invasionof Ireland as 1167, when it This is all very lmeresting but is a book for might be one explanarion. I can only conclude was 1169. tourists really the place for the dehnte? What that it amazes me that in this ‘‘liberal" agc One could wonder at the appropriatcncss of about the landscape whose history Muir is even race is used to ‘‘dispTOve’’ that we arc a thematic approach (covering such topics as supposed to be explaining? Celts. Like every other nation in the world the honte, religion and the landscape or we Celts are racially mixed. Our Claims, our villages. hamlcts and country towns) in place My chicf criticism is of the following idcniity, do not rest on Claims to racial purity. of a regional or mixed regional/themalic sentiments “ I do not bclieve that tbesc I would also like to assurc Mr. Muir that we approach. A section on place names would countries are really Celtic . . they are all Irish at least among the Celtic peoples do not also seem to me to be essential, ln addition far more English nowadays. . . He informs have roots older and deeper than the Celts; one could ask why it is that his reading lisl his readers that there are far more Celtic genes elcments in a total cultural matrix yes. but it omits to mention Frank Mitchell’s superb in Essex and Yorkshirc than in Aberdeen or is the Gacl which gave Ireland its book on the Irish landscape. or A. Orme’s Shetland. Homework, or memory, have failed distinctivcness historically. . . . In the mean book on Ireland in the World's Landscapes him here. Shetland is Norsc anyway — and time could somcone offer us (rc)reading the scries, or any of E. E. Evan's books — all Aberdeen not necessarily an area panicularly Celtic Landscape? of which ore surely essential reading for representative of a Celtic "gene-pool". Mr anyonc intcrcsted in the Irish landscape. All Muir then runs up that cul-de-sac o f history KEVIN COLLINS Another cxample o f the TV clown ventunng Apart from the BBC’s coffec-tablc book out o f his depth was the BBC tclcvision scries issued in conjunction with the series Delaney STAGE "The Celts" Although experts in the various has published a book on Joycean topography fields rnade their contributions their efforts and one on John Betjeman. No doubt there CELTERY werc vitiated by the lack o f any coherent is or will bc postdoctoral thesis seeking to Interpretation. No doubl one o f those experts establish the Celtic provcnancc o f the Joycean would have been able to pruvide this. canon. Betjemun’s work is arguably «hc ln English literature the tradition of Stage- Aliemativcly a scckcr aftcr information. such quintcsscnce of middle dass England. But for Celtery Stretches at least as far back as as Frank Delaney. could have served to being too loquacious and having a slightly Shakespeare. A process of Celtic-stcreotyping providc a vicarious mtroduction for non-Celtk outlandish acccnt Delaney could readily pass is an undcrsumdablc aspcct o f the expansion viewers. Instcad of that the scries appeared for one o f thosc legendary creaturcs, a of English, initially at the expense o f her to be designed specificolly to providc an ego- Hampstcad thinker. Hc would certainly feel Celtic neighbours Any devil’s advocate could trip for Delaney. ill at ease in the more obviously Celtic dcnionstratc that thcre has been no shortagc Many bad programmes are chumcd out and environs of Andersonstown. According to of people ready to exemplify the rdlc of stage many programme-makers are egotisLs. What Delancy’s own terms o f rcferencc his failure Irushman, Scot or Wclshmun. The reward may was unforgivable was that poseur's to support the local Celtic language makes him bc as cphemeral as a free drink or as contcmptuous dismissal of any daint by decidedlv less "Celtic" than the Comish substantial as the alfluent lifc-stylc of die TV Cornwall to a Celtic idcniity. On an eariier people he gratuitously insultcd. Agus nach "pereonality". occasion when a spark o f "Celtic" fire from bhfuil locht ar an 16 a scriobh an aiste seo? There is a tendcncy to dismiss such him would have been apposite it was sadly Tä. gan amhras, ach bhi eagla air gurb fhada Personalities ns clowns, which of course tliey lacking. Onc o f his literary interviews was an lä 6 bhi cleachtadh ag an Dubhshläinneach are. They arc nevenheless in 3 position to do with the late Gwyn Thomas, while Thomas idir Ic cainnt agus le idarnh na Gaeilge. a great deal o f härm Düring the last quarter was a living stage Wclshman. Much of the Century the process of anglicisation in Ireland interview was a continuous diatribe against the PÄDRAIG Ö CONCHÜIR has bcen highly successful. Television has Welsh language and all those who spoke it. bcen the most important agency in that Making a virtue o f his own ignorance of process. Raidid Teleffs Eireann was set up on Welsh, hc professed lo bc a Socialist and the rccommcndaiion of a comminec under the Internationalist, but apparently equated chairmanship of one o f thosc teleclowns. intemationalism with the speaking of English. Eamonn Andrews. With such a godfather it Instcad o f querying somc of these blantant can hardly be a matter for surprise that RTE inconsistcncics, SuperCelt Delaney merely has bcen the abject failure that has proved to listened to the oracular windbag with open- bc the case. mouthed admiration 23 CARM Membership and A GROSS INSULT of the Ropublie of Ircland undor its sovereign Constitution! (And our eomrades in Catalan Subscriptions TO C ELTIA and Basque are ‘‘ineludcd out” too as the nid Hollywood song had it. us are translations io All those who agree with the Constitution (and others!) and from Sandinian, Occitan, Frisian and so and Aims of the Celtic League are cligiblc for on and on). membership. The membership fcc finduding The EEC has announced "The European The latent arrogancc in the ccnlripetal Cam) and subscription ratesare: IR£6. Stg£6. Prizc lor Translation of Poem " Worth4.ÜOQ nalurc o f the French state. West Gcmmny’s 60FF or US$15. Postagc outsidc Europc is EClIs it will he awarded during ihe 9th basic msecurity. and England'« residual by air mail. European Poetry Festival ai Lcuvcn in imperial way of thinking triumph agam over For Information about the Ccltic League. Belgium in November this year. Iheir begging bowl syndromed fcllow upplications for membership, subscriptions. Bul "Ille poents as well »is Ihe translations meinbcrs of the EEC it scems. etc. u rite to any of the followmg sccretarics: must be written in I of Ihe 0 official languages Works by Ö Direäin. Ö Snodaigh and o f the European Community” ! Talk of Caitlin Maude whieh have been translated ALBA culiural commissars! Talk (00 of che great (some by Euinon Ö Cfosain) in recent years Phil Mac Giolla Rhäln, 4tl Berriedale A ve.. suppon for Irish in the EEC promised tiy into Breton or Italian are not cligiblc. nor are Baillieston. Glusehu. G69 7BT. Traolach 6 Raiftcaraigh (laiierly Secretary of Ö Ctosäin’s versions o f Maude Ö Direäin et BREIZH the Department of Educaiioni in Ins pamphlet o i in French are. And while the Pnit/Ö Subscriptions: Youenn Craff, Talbodek. in suppon o f membership o f the EEC some Snodaigh translations of Nie Gumaraid are not Beilh/Bayc 29130 Kcmperlc/Quimpcrld. 15 ycars ago. At that time, as some reeall. and Sorley Mae I enn from Gaclic to English Brittany. Corrtspondence: Yann Bouessd Pidraiu Ö Srvxlargh. then a Professional eivil is out. 3 Con Ellis book, written in English I>u Bourg, Lai Haie d’Izd, Val d’Iz»5, 35450 servant in the same Department, wrote a and traaslated into Italian. is in. We wish Con. LivrtJ-sur-C’hangeon. Brittany. pamphlet on social and eultural aspects o f the a w-ritcr in Irish and in English. the best of CYMRU EEC. Hts head was sought by the then Merfyn Phillips, Parc y Ffricr, Llandudoch. Minister Padruig Eaulkner who however, did Dvfed. not succecd in having him sackcd for taking P. PI.UNKETT £ |R E pan in what was supposed to be a ‘National’ LATE NEWS •’ Tomäs Scott, 16 Päirc na Cabraf. Baile Atha debate Cliath 7. But this poctiy prizc. this European Prüfe Tlte Irish Language has. KERNOW from the EEC not only exducles Welsh and following aguation. n<>w appurcmly iKen lan Williams, 6 Rose Row. Rednith. Cornish and Gaelie and Man* and Breton, it aeccpted. MANNIN evenexeludes Irish, the Ist oflieial language Cristl Jerry. 6 Glenfaba Road, Peel. LONDON Sdamas Ö Coiltäin. G.42 Du Canc Court. London SW 17 7JR. U.S.A. Ili/ahcth A. Fitzpatrick, P O. B<'x 20153 Dag Hatnrnerskjold Postal Centre. New York, NY 10017. AL LIAMM, literary maga/inc in Breton, Illustration*, supplied by P. Huisman. INTERNATIONAL BRANCH published 6 times a year. 80 pages. Sub. 130 Alan Heusaff, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, FE;/annutn btit outside French State HOFF bv Dromchonrach, Ath Cliath 9. Eire. surlace inail, 180 FF by air mail, tu P Lc Whcn renewing plea.se send chcqucs to Bthan, 16 rue des Fours a Chaux. Si-Mala 35 L'AYENIR DE LA BRETAGNE, Journal same Brandt as prcviously. or nolify its 400. In Nr 241, there is a tribure to the late National Breton et Föderaliste Europ&n. secretary of any changc. Celtidst Leon Flcuriot (sce Cam 57). and two monthly 20 pp Subscription L30Ff Brittany' urticles hy him of whieh onc deals wjth some France, l40Ffothereountries. BP103. 22001 The General »Secretary o f tlte Ccltic League Old Ccltic woriLs and the rclationship between St-Brieuc-Cedex. CCP Rennes 1132-86 J Of is B. J. Moflätt, 24 St. Germain s Place. Brittonic and Gaulish. while in the otltcr he particulai mietest m the July issue. a 9-page Peel, Isle o f Man. reviews some of the questions raised hy the contribution "Les Mefaits de la France en Barza/ Brctz. the mo.st imponant work of the Bretagne" w ith subritles: La Bretagne mutildc. The Editor is Ms. P. Bridson, 33 Böthar Breton literalure “tf orte mcasurcs its Industrie ou Tourisme? Culnirc imposde. Une Bancroft. Tumhlacht. B Ä C. 24. Eire. itnportance by its influcnec on futurc agriculturc sous tutclle. Lc ddmdnagement du generations, their ideas. their dream.s. iheir lemioire. surveying tlte niost important aspects Our next deadline for CARN 58 will bc 6th emotions. their Itives and their works". of the Breton problcm. November, 1987. I would ask regulär or new eontributors to meet this duc date and would appeal espccially for more pholugraphs/ LOWENDER PERAN illustrations (not nccessarily accompaning artieles). Materials sent for publication in CARN FESTIVAL OF THE CELTS must relale to our aints. be clearly written; if in languages other than English artieles 14th-18th October 1987 should be marked to easc editing fbraeket scntences/paraeraphs whieh may be omitted PONSMERE HOTEL, PERRANPORTH in case of need to shorten). 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