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Sõnastik, Nimeregister, Kirjandus SÕNASTIK A (ingl. adenine, A), adeniin. Puriinalus adenosiinnukleotiidis, DNA-s ja RNA-s. Vt. C, G ja T. Aafrikast-välja-hüpotees (ingl. Out-of-Af ica hypothesis). Arvatakse, et nüüdisinimene on tekkinud Aafrikas ja rännanud sealt teistele kontinentidele. aberrantne Ds-element (ingl. Abberant Ds element). Maisi transposoon Ds, mille pöördkordusjärjestuste vahel asub võõr-DNA. abifaag (ingl. Helper phage). Normaalne faag, mis täiendab defektset faagi, võimaldades selle paljunemist. abiplasmiid (ingl. Helper plasmid). Konjugatiivne plasmiid, mis täiendab defektse mit ekonjugatiivse plasmiidi tra-geenide toimet ja võimaldab selle ülekannet. ABI Solid-sekveneerimistehnoloogia (ingl. Sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection). Uue põlvkonna sekveneerimistehnoloogia, mis põhineb järjestusespetsiifilisel oligonukleotiidide ühendamisel ligaasiga ning andmete arvutitöötlusel. abi-T-rakk (ingl. Helper T cell). T-rakud, mis reageerides makrofaagide poolt eks- poneeritavale antigeenile, stimuleerivad B- ja T-lümfotsüüte, et neist areneksid vastavalt antikehasid moodustavad plasmarakud ja tapja-T-rakud. AB0-veregrupid (ingl. AB0 blood groups). Kõige tähtsamad veretüübid inimese vere- ülekandel. Selles süsteemis on põhilised A-, B-, AB- ja 0-grupp, mis on määratud ühe geeni kolme alleeliga. abortiivne transduktsioon (ingl. Abortive transduction). Kui transduktsioonil ülekandunud DNA ei läbi bakteri DNA-ga homoloogset rekombinatsiooni, on rakk osaliselt diploidne. Sissetunginud DNA ei ole integreerunud kromosoomi ega replitseeru. abortiivne transkriptsioon (ingl. Abortive transcription). Transkriptsiooni initsiatsioonil sünteesitakse lühikesi RNA-lõike (2–9 nukleotiidi), mis vabanevad ning lõpetavad transkriptsiooni. abstsiss (ingl. Abscissa). Graaf ku horisontaaltelg. adaptatsioon (ingl. Adaptation). Organismi kohanemine või populatsiooni kohastumine keskkonnatingimustega. Sõnastik 964 adaptiivne immuunsüsteem (ingl. Adaptive immune system). Annab tugevama immuunvastuse, antigeenispetsiif lisuse ja immuunmälu. Spetsiif line immuunsus tekib organismi eluajal, seega järglastele edasi ei kandu. adaptiivne mutatsioon (ingl. Adaptive mutation). Mutatsioon, mis annab muteerunud organismile selektiivse eelise keskkonnas, kust ta pärineb. ADA-SCID (adenosiinidesaminaasipuudulikkusest põhjustatud äge immuun- puudulikkuse haigus) (ingl. ADA-SCID (adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodef ciency disease)). Adenosiinidesaminaasi puudumisest tingitud inimese autosoomretsessiivne defekt. Desoksüadenosiini mittelagunemise tõttu kogunevad rakku nukleosiidi toksilised derivaadid, mis tapavad immuunsüsteemi rakud, mis on olulised organismi normaalse immuunvastuse väljakujunemisel. adeniin (ingl. Adenine), DNA ja RNA kooseisus olev puriinalus. adenoom (ingl. Adenoma). Seedetrakti epiteelis moodustuvad healoomulised kasvajad. adenülaadi tsüklaas (ingl. Adenylyl cyclase). Ensüüm, mille toimel tekib rakus ATP-st cAMP. Vt. cAMP. adhesiinid (ingl. Adhesins). Tüüpilised virulentsusfaktorid. Bakterite pinnakompo- nendid, mis soodustavad bakterite seondumist (adhesiooni) üksteisega ja muudele pindadele. adhesioon (ingl. Cell adhesion). Rakkude seostumine pinnaretseptorite kaudu teiste rakkude või maatriksiga. adhesioonilised rakuretseptorid (ingl. Cell adhesion receptors). Spetsiifiliste raku- pinnaretseptorite olemasolu soodustab adhesiooni. aditiivne geenitoime (ingl. Additive gene action). Geenide (või nende alleelide) sum- maarne toime. aditiivne geneetiline hajumus (ingl. Additive genetic variance). Kvantitatiivse tunnuse kogu fenoüübilise muutlikkuse dispersiooni e. hajumuse see osa, mis on tingitud geenide aditiivsest toimest. A-DNA (ingl. A-DNA). Paremkeermega DNA kaksikheeliks, mille täispööre moodustub 11 aluspaarist ja mis esineb DNA osalisel dehüdreerimisel. af insus (ingl. Af nity). Eri molekulide (nt. ensüümi ja substraadi, antikeha ja antigeeni) ning rakkude biokeemiline seostumisjõud. Vt. allosteeriline üleminek. af insusküpsemine (ingl. Af nity maturation). Protsess, kus küpsed B-rakud tunnevad ära spetsiifilise antigeeni, aktiveeruvad ning suunduvad abi-T-rakkude kaasabil järgmisesse faasi, s.t. antikehade moodustamisele (immuunvastuse käigus). agaroosgeelelektroforees (ingl. Agarose gel electrophoresis). Meetod DNA, RNA ja valkude eraldamiseks laengu ja massi alusel: negatiivse laenguga molekulid liiguvad elektriväljas läbi agaroosi maatriksi. aglutinatsioon (ingl. Agglutination). Rakuantigeeni ühinemisel (kokkuliimumine e. -kleepumine) antikehaga tekib reaktsioonikeskkonnas sade. agressiivsus (ingl. Aggressive). Oluline käitumuslik kõrvalekalle, ründevalmidus. Agrobacterium tumefaciens´i vahendatud transformatsioon (ingl. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation). DNA ülekande looduslik protsess bakterist A. tumefaciens taimerakku. Sõnastik 965 aguuti (ingl. Agouti). Karvavärvuse vöödilisust määrav dominantne aguutigeen, mille produktiks on aguuti signaalvalk. Geen põhjustab närilistel karvastiku kollakaspruunikat värvust (aguutivärvust). ahela terminaatorkoodon (ingl. Chain-termination codon). Koodon, mis määrab polüpeptiidahela sünteesi lõpetamise (terminatsiooni). Terminaatorkoodoneid on kolm (UAA, UAG ja UGA), mida tunnevad ära valgulised terminaatorfaktorid (vabastamisfaktorid), mit e aga tRNA-d. Vt. stoppkoodon. aheldus (ingl. Linkage). Geenide lineaarne asetus kromosoomis. Kaks geenilookust on aheldunud, kui nendevaheline rekombinatsioonisagedus on alla 50% (kaugus < 50 cM). aheldusfaas (ingl. Linkage phase). Kromosoomide vahele märgitav kaldkriips (/) tähistab geenide pärandumist erinevatelt vanematelt, näiteks A B / a b. Aheldusfaasiga eris- tatakse heterosügootide erinevate alleelide omavahelisi aheldusviise. Vt. tõukeasend; tõmbeasend. ahelduskaart (ingl. Linkage map). Lineaarne või ringjas diagramm, mis näitab geenide omavahelist suhtelist asetust kromosoomis (määratuna geneetilisel analüüsil). aheldustasakaal (ingl. Linkage equilibrium). Olek, kus aheldunud lookuste alleelid re kom bineeruvad üksteise suhtes (koos populatsiooni kromosoomidega) juhuslikult, vastavalt nende aheldusfaasile. aheldustasakaalutus (ingl. Linkage disequilibrium). Mingite alleelide või haplotüüpide esinemine aheldunud lookustes sagedamini, kui tõenäosuslikult saaks eeldada. AIDS (omandatud immuunpuudulikkuse sündroom) (ingl. AIDS (Acquired immuno- def ciency syndrome)). Inimese raske haigus, põhjuseks immuunsüsteemi TH-rakkude hävitamine inimese immuunpuudulikkuse viiruse (HIV) poolt. ajaline isolatsioon (ingl. Temporal isolation). Organismide ristumis- ja õitsemisajad on sesoonselt erinevad. aju glioom (ingl. Brainstem glioma). Aju närvikoekasvaja. Vt. glioom. akondroplaasia e. kondrodüstroof a e. kääbuskasv (ingl. Achondroplasia; Dwarf sm). Auto soomdominantne uudikmutatsioon, mis põhjustab toruluude kasvu häireid (suur pea, lühikesed jäsemed jms.). akridiinvärvid (ingl. Acridine dyes). Klass positiivselt laetud polütsüklilisi molekule (akridiinoranž, prof aviin jt.), mis interkaleeruvad DNA-sse ja põhjustavad valdavalt raaminihkemutatsioone. akrosoom (ingl. Acrosome). Spermi peas asetsev tipmine organell, mis sisaldab lüütilisi ensüüme. akrotsentriline kromosoom (ingl. Acrocentric chromosome). Kromosoom või kromatiid, mille tsentromeer on peaaegu kromosoomi otsas. Kromosoomi p-õlg (lühike õlg) on väga lühike. aktivaator (geeni ekspressioonil) (ingl. Activator (of gene exspression)). Regulaatorgeeni produkt, mis lülitab sisse e. aktiveerib geenide avaldumise. aktivaator (Ac) (ingl. Activator (Ac)). Maisi transposoon, mis kodeerib transaktiivse transposaasi sünteesi. Viimase abil toimub Ac ja teiste Ac/Ds perekonna elementide ümberpaiknemine DNA-s. Sõnastik 966 alalhoidjakromosoom (ingl. Balancer chromosome). Dominantse markeriga märgistatud inversiooniline kromosoom, mis pärsib homoloogidevahelise rekombinatsiooni (ristsiirde) toimumist. alamliik (ingl. Subspecies). Üks kahest või enamast sama liigi morfoloogiliselt ja geograa- f liselt eristatavast populatsioonist, mille isendid võivad üksteisega ristuda. alampopulatsioonid (ingl. Population subdivision). Suure populatsiooni alaosad, populatsiooni liigestatus. alarmoonid (ingl. Alarmones). Stressivastusel tekkivad rakusisesed regulaatormolekulid. Vt. signaalmolekul. albinism (ingl. Albinism). Pigmendi puudumine loomade nahas, karvades ja silmades või klorofülli puudumine taimedel. aleuroon (ingl. Aleurone). Seemne endospermi kõige välisem kiht. algkude (ingl. Meristem). Diferentseerumata, mitootiliselt aktiivne taimekoe tüüp, millest moodustuvad kõik muud koed (võrreldav loomade tüvirakkudega). alkaptonuuria (ingl. Alkaptonuria). Pärilik, retsessiivne metaboolne defekt, mille puhul alkaptonuuriahaiged väljastavad organismist koos uriiniga suuremates kogustes homogentisiinhapet (alkaptooni). alkoholism (ingl. Alcoholism). Alkoholisõltuvus, tugeva päritavusega haigus. alküülivad ühendid (ingl. Alkylating agents). Keemilised ühendid, mis kannavad spet- siif liste ensüümide vahendusel DNA N-alustele alküülrühmi (metüül-, etüül- jne.). alküülimine (ingl. Alkylating). Metüülgrupi (-CH3) spontaanne lisandumine tsütosiinile (C) koos järgneva desamiinimise ja tümiini (T) moodustumisega. allavoolujärjestus (ingl. Downstream sequence). Transkriptsiooniühiku järjestus, mis järgneb transkriptsiooni 3´-algussaidile. DNA nukleotiidipaar, mis vastab RNA- transkripti 5´-otsale, märgitakse kui +1. Järgnev nukleotiidipaar on +2. Kõik järgne- vad (+) nukleotiidid on parempoolsed e. allavoolujärjestused. Vt. ülesvoolujärjestus. alleel (allelomorf) (ingl. Allele (Allelomorph)). Kromosoomi
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