INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN Al\l ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LIBRARY SCIENCE X882-~83 BY GULAM GHOUSE Roll No. 8 Enrolment No. R-2430 Under the supervision of Mr. S. MUSTAFA ZAIDI LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-20200\ (India) F«bruary 14, 1984 This ia to cartlfy that this disssrtation uias compiled undsr my •upcrvlslon and guidanca and the work la done to my aatiafaetion. ( S. PluatafaUaidi ) Lecturer tT F«d in ComDUtfe- DS1073 CHEC:rD-200 2 iO MX^KmxD&EmEm; Words seem to be Insufficient to express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected teacher Mr* Mustafa K.Q. £aidi« Lecturer* Department of Library science, for his patient* guidance* cooperation and invaluable suggestions during the formative stage of this work* I am also gratefully thankful to Professor M.H.Razvl* University Librarian and Chainoan* Department of Library science* Aligarh Muslim University* Aligarh* who* besides putting necessary facilities at my disposal and guiding me in my choice of courses and studies* also gave me personal help to make my stay in this institution a success. I am indebted specially to rir, Hasan Zaenarud, Lectucer* Department of Library science* for his Invaluable suggestions and worthy advice throughout my stay in the Department and for unsparing help and encourag€Knent. I owe a deep sense of indebtedness to Mr* Saiyid Haraid* Vice-^Chancelior* Aligarh Mu8^,lmNjniversity* Aligarh* for providing financial aid to complete my work. I must also thank Dr. Masood All Khao* Sr. Research Assistant* southern Regional Centre* Z.C.S.S.R.* Oamania University, Hyderabad* who provided necessary bibliographies and cooperation. My sincere thanks are also due to Mr. Mashhood Alam Raz who typed this manuscript. ALIGARH GULAM GHOUSE CONTiSMTS PART OME Chapter 1 ZIITRODUCTXON 1 Chapter 2 AIM, SCOPS AND METHODOLOGy 68 71 Chapter 3 AimAHGSr4S*JT AND MODE OP REFSRS'^CE Chapter 4 LIST OF PBRIODICALS AND NBWSPAPSRS DOCilMENTKD 73 PART Ti^O Chapter 1 AltJOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 PART TliREE Chapter 1 AiJTmM INDEX 169 Chapter 2 TITLE INDEK 174 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS After page 1 'Ladies not allowed* - Women kneeling at the shrine. • • • 2 2 Wanan reading the Quran • • * 8 3 Cooking at home. • • • 22 4 The bride. • • » 26 5 Crocheting at h<xne • • • 49 6 Women in street wearing the burqa. * • • 61 7 Putting henna on the hands. • • « 67 SOURCEI JEFFERY (Patricia), Frogs in a well:Indian women in purdah. 1979, Vikas# New Delhi. P187. PART ONE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1, Muslim Woai«n - General status -^ In tfie pre-Islaralc Arab world, th© status of women was very miserable as they were Just treated like chattle.Advent of Islari improved the status of women to a considerable extent compared to the then prevailli: ; conditions. Firstly, wome were given the right to claim a share in their fathar's property. Secondly, their consent was made necessary for ' niarriage. Thirdly, they got the right to divorce on certain jrounds. Fourthly, they were civen full free 1c«ti to remarry after divorce. Fifthly, it was made obligatory for the hustxinl to pay mehr to tno wife, an amount declared durlrq narriaqe, in case of a divorce. Sixthly, a limit of four was laid to th - number of wives a husband could take at ri time, and he was 'jot: allowed to VIAVQ more than one wife unless he was in a ooniti^x to treat tniri all eiuilly. Apart from all these Ic^al juarantees, waich elevatud the position of wo:r.Gr to a cor,?id,.— rable extent, they u^ere encourajed to study and acquire knovl s They had e«iual right with men to hold any public office or .over­ head an empire. Despite these guarantees, there were some inbuilt inequalities which did not help much in improving the stratus of Muslim women, h close look at the text of tho uuran reveals a bias in favour of roan. Though woman as a mother is held in high esteem# as a wife she can be subjected to beating, divorced easily; whereas a wooan cannot get a divorce without solid grounds. Hence, in practice, a man can take upto four wives anil still not divorce the first, to avoid the payment of mehr. Though the Quran specifies that all wives should be treated equally, it does not define equality. with regard to property, the Quran text grants the ri)ht to wcanen to claim only half of what her brothers get as share of property fron» the father. Further, sagregatic« was recocwrrended for woman. They were not allowed to go to a mosque to pray or go outside the house for other reascnns. Even within the house, their movements were restricted to a certain portion with a partition, to avoid being seen by male visitors to the household. This restrictior on the free movement resulted in curbing the opportunity of vom&r^ to avail of the rignt of education, iihen necessary, they were allowed to come out of the house but were required to cover tiiemselves with a veil. This was the social system among the Muslims which were accepted as general characteristics of the Islamic culture. The adherence of orthodox religious 1. 'Ladies not allowed* - Wcmen kneeling at a shrine heads to the caino iav;s eventually rasultod in retard!ti > tno prcjrera of Munlim women. However, parddh arnonvj sluslim!^ is obviously relatfi to th-j brod ilitHif. of the status of v/c»ifion In Islatin, but it is .ir illayioii to beliove tnat this ;?tataE car ue fully ox >1 aine i In tornts of the .mran and the ccHi-entaries. 'ih© yuranlc irescri: ti therasslvfJO form only the barest outline of the dofini'.ions jf thG st-zitiis of wcxnei; which have evolved withtr. Irian. Doppito tholr apryatent concrote specificity, the srescritior;s h ivn iyeen elaborate'':' -nid systaraatiKea in various ways in c1i£fere';t Muslim sociotic-i. 2, Muslim ;40inen in India ^^^^ t^hen lAitRli: cojj-.,ueirors catiso to India md built j*-' their ^nplre, the position of Mindu women was far fron. enviable, Hindu womer; after the Uharmashastra ^jorio J had. lost all ri :htE an J wera ouroly at the mercy ot tnan as father, husbar-c or son. They aad no ri ,^t to property or divorce, Tho ^-^r.jctice oc B-iti and child inartiavO v/aD •AISO prevalent, i-.oth tne Islasnic an'^ Hindu cuitur 3 in the comnon soil in In-.Ua, coEttol'-fonte-- eicn Other in furt^ei deterioratincj the »:»oriti^.>;; o.: wo-nv^o .a«; a ;v-hol<. At th.-it. tirpci, compared to Hinau tsfornen, Huslin wont?n woro f-^r TAMUS It N«l«->£4HRal.« ^tt^meitf in regard to ••l4M3t«d dMiographie oli«r«At«rl«tiec# India* 1971. 7J^. wmttlmamxm i^*LfS Rvural 949 Urten 858 Kiadu* 930 Muslins 922 Christians 9M Buddhists 962 Sikhs 859 Jaias 940 3. Aq^ QgQUPS 0- 4 969 S-> 9 935 10-14 887 15*i9 083 20«24 I«00e 25-29 X«027 30-34 990 35-39 916 40-44 882 45-49 839 50-54 847 55-59 867 60-64 923 70-*^ 960 (€:oBtd«) TABM I (Contd.) IXliterattt 1^342 X«itorat« and •«hie«t«d 474 Middle 371 Matriculation or HiglMir Seooodary 277 Non-oto^mical diploma imd eartificata taehnical 327 Diploma or oartificate 335 Graduate a»d above 246 5. Marital ytatua Total population 931 leaver narriod 762 Harriad 1«024 Widovod 2^772 Oivoreod or aaparatad 1#630 unapocifiod atatua 328 6. workara Total 210 Cultivators 135 Agricultural labourera 498 iLiiwatock^ foraatry# £ialiing« hiusting and plantatimia* orcharda* and alliod activity 232 Mining and quarrying 153 Manufaetwring* proeaaaingf aarvicing and rapaira (a) Houaatold industry 265 (b) Othor than Houaabold induatry 88 (Contd.) TABLS 1 (Cootd.) Construction 101 Tr^dB and C<3iMMurcMi 59 Transport* stonm* and cofORHUiicationa 34 Other sonrioefi 165 ;4on<*wor)cor8 1,726 7. !«on«work«rs aeoordiiia to •!i!!fIXI^-OIaaHBHHBili^^^^H FuXl'-tina stu^MHits 480 Housa)K>Id 6,745 £Nq;Mindantfl and Infants 1,064 retired* rentiors and persons with indapttndent maans 356 Boggars* vagrants* ate. 587 Xmaates of panaX* mantal and charitable institutions 254 Others 190 SCKiRCSi C«fi8us of India, 1971. better wit*, their eight to a share In property aroi rljht to divorce. Gradually th© noble families a^non j fli^sliws corsi ;ered it socially unacceptable for woner of «3oo;J far.ilies to divorce or remarry. Ihey were, like Hindus* expecte.; to enter t'lo house of hur.band in palartqiuins and leave it on biers. So tn^o, Hindus adopted purdan and veil. Ihouq ^ a certain dogree of purdah, i.e., restriction on free mobility of wofrten, was in practice even bvifora Islam made its impact on India, neverthelfjvjy, purdah systea was furtner strengthened vifith tho advent of I slam.Dowry ..hica was unknown to the Islaivdc world who only paid bride price, vjas accepted as a social custom aracv: t^ a rich Muslinis. However, the lower class women anior g bo en the communities were unaffected by the evils of dov^ry an 3 veil whicii did not suit their ;3oaial structure. v«ith the passage of time and since Inaepui3dence,Htnc3u women have surpassed (>^uslia; wometi by «Jettin^3 more le^al protectior: and also by pro ,ress in other ficlis. The mairs obstacle in tne way of procreos of Muslim womerjt ig their personal lavj. In lala^* reli jion an.s persorial law yo aanu in hand. Tne reli lion enccMTipassajs all fields of activities of an individual, wit's otiior individual r in person or society in general by set norcrf;, '.7hich ar as sacred to Muslims as their religion, \ny attempt on the P'irt of an individual to organiye hio activity otier.ise is considered to be a violation of religious principles of Isl .>.