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Home , Emyr Humphreys, Emyr Rowlands, Ieuan Gwyllt, Penyberth, Saunders Lewis, Tynged yr iaith

Notes

1 Introduction

1. Padraic Colum (1921) The Golden Fleece and the heroes who lived before Achilles (New York: Macmillan).

2 D. Gwenallt Jones: Plasau’r Brenin (1934) and ‘Dartmoor’ (1941)

1. Perhaps 2009. From: http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/a/v/ Huw-T-Davies/BOOK-0001/0001-0001.html 2. This is not to suggest that Gwenallt suffered, in a clinical sense, from disso- ciative personality, or identity, disorder (e.g., Haddock, 2001). 3. These poems were published in T. Gwynn Jones’ 1934 collection Caniadau, having been previously published in various outlets. 4. /nwyd/, meaning ‘passion’, is the word in T. Gwynn Jones 1934 version, / hoff/ means ‘fond’ or ‘dear’. 5. ‘Gwahoddiad’ is popularly referred to by the first line of its chorus ‘Arglwydd, dyma fi’ [Lord , here I am]. Also, it is popularly assumed to be an original hymn but it is, in fact, a translation by the Rev. John Roberts (bardic name ‘Ieuan Gwyllt’ – John of the Wild) of the English hymn ‘I Hear Thy Welcome Voice’ by Lewis Hartsough (1872). 6. The sources of this history are mostly conscientious objectors who were guided by religious principle and , in contrast to Gwenallt. The work is very sympathetic towards them.

3 : Buchedd Garmon (1937)

1. Note that a common alternative spelling in English is ‘Lleyn’. 2. An English translation of the lecture ‘’ [The Fate of the Language] is reproduced in Jones and Thomas (1973: 127–141). 3. Elis-Thomas is quoted on the back cover of Everything Must Change. 4. This position is in complete contrast to the expressed views of , who succeeded Lewis as President of in 1945. In a quota- tion from a speech he made in 1973 and reproduced in Williams (Williams, C. H., 1996: 368) he very much appears to argue that only [a] ‘legitimate authority in police action’ can justifiably employ ‘physical violence’. It is part of an argument that Williams seems to find ‘persuasive’ (Williams, C. H., 1996: 365).

202 Notes 203

5 : Dail Pren (1956)

1. refer: http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/1698 [Last accessed 2 February 2012]. 2. see: http://www.britisharmedforces.org/ns/nat_history.htm 3. see: http://www.hermitary.com/solitude/quaker_silence.html 4. see: http://www.ntwords.com; http://www.concordances.org/greek/3144.htm 5. It also echoes the Biblical question posed in Hebrews (2: 6): ‘What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the sone of man, that thou visitest him?’, and in Job (7: 17): ‘What is man, that thou shouldest magnify him? and that thou shouldest set thine heart upon him?’ and also in Psalms (144: 3): ‘Lord, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him! or the son of man, that thou makest account of him!’ 6. Welsh poets might either win a Chair or a Crown at the National , the Chair is more prestigious. 7. see: http://www.logosapostolic.org/greek_word_studies/32_aggeloj_angelos_ angel.htm

II Benyw – femininities

1. See The National Archives, National Register of Archives, GB/NNAF/ P227128, at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView. asp?ID=P54057

6 Meg Elis: I’r Gad (1975), Carcharr (1978) and Cyn Daw’r Gaeaff (1985)

1. see: http://owainowain.net/ [last accessed 15 January 2012] 2. see: http://www.bepj.org.uk/remember-helen-at-greenham-common Note that the host website ‘Cyfiawnder a Heddwch – Bro Emlyn – for Peace and Justice’ is maintained by Cen Llwyd, formerly a prominent Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg activist. 3. see: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=106-5gcw&cid =-1#-1

7 Menna Elfyn: Tro’r Haul Arno (1982) and Cell Angell (1996)

1. see: http://www.inizjamed.org/menna_in_malta.htm 2. see: http://literature.britishcouncil.org/menna-elfyn 3. HMP Pucklechurch is now known as HMP Ashfield and is a Young Offenders Institute. Stephen Fry spent three months there in 1975. 4. see: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/carolyn-forche 5. see: http://literature.britishcouncil.org/menna-elfyn 204 Notes

8 Angharad Tomos: Yma o Hyd (1985)

1. Hunter explains ‘awen’ as ‘the word for “poetic inspiration”. It can also be taken as referring to poetry’ (Hunter, 1997: 93). 2. For a very brief definition see: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/#PheSpi 3. The title is a line taken from a popular Welsh lullaby.

9 Conclusions

1. Emyr Llywelyn was prominent in both Adfer and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. Cledwyn Hughes was the Secretary of State for between 1966 and 1968. He was succeeded by George Thomas, who held the post from 1968 until 1970. 2. see: http://www.dyfodol.net/ 3. The author is most grateful Dewi Prysor for providing him with a copy of the text of the unpublished drama. 4. see also the website of ‘Cymuned’ http://cymuned.net/blogsaesneg/?page _id=75 Bibliography

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activism, 7, 10–11, 57, 72, 84, 101–3, Christianity, 44, 149, 196 106, 108–10, 117–19, 121–2, Cold War, 9 124–5, 128–9, 132–3, 141–2, 146, communism, 167 149, 150, 152, 162, 166, 192 communist, 11, 21–2, 26, 58–9, 65, activist, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 33–4, 52, 59, 68–9, 71, 167 67–9, 74, 82–3, 85, 97, 102–3, community, 5, 22, 34, 48, 60, 78–9, 106–16, 118, 120–8, 135–6, 138, 81, 89, 91, 95, 99, 163, 170, 173, 141, 143–4, 147, 150, 153, 157, 175, 178, 201 159, 160, 178–9, 184, 187, 189, conscience, 24, 30, 46, 54, 80, 99, 190–1, 194, 199, 203 120, 139, 149, 160 activist sensibility, 102, 106, 109, conscientious objector, 10–11, 111–16, 118, 125–6, 141, 143, 13–17, 22, 30–4, 65, 76–7, 147, 160, 178 198, 202 Adfer, 83, 86–9, 157, 183–6, 195, 204 Conservative (political party), 53, atheist, 21, 46 56–7, 68, 188 atheistic, 10, 50, 102, 111 court, 15, 22, 37, 39, 40, 46, 50, 53, 55, 72, 78, 83, 84, 87–8, 96, 105, barbarism, 23, 121 108, 110, 113, 115–6, 123, 128, Bible, 26, 34, 41–2, 44, 88, 90 134, 158, 163, 178, 180, 199 Biblical, 42, 44, 47, 78, 203 crime, 21, 30, 37, 40, 51, 54–5, 109, bilingual, 111, 133, 144–6, 184, 117, 128, 134, 175 189–90 criminal, 30, 167 Branwen, 1–4, 7, 73, 147, 160, 163, Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, 51, 179, 201 69, 72, 83–4, 95, 102, 105–11, Britain, 2, 15, 41, 44, 58–9, 61, 113, 116, 121–4, 126, 128, 78, 96 132, 139, 152, 154, 156–8, 161, British, 7, 10, 16–17, 27, 31, 38, 41–2, 163–4, 174, 178, 180–7, 189, 59, 60–1, 66, 78, 96, 98, 102, 190–1, 203, 204 109, 127, 130, 132, 136, 139, 144, 147, 150, 197, 203 dead, 3, 19, 20, 53, 78, 174, 196 Britishness, 102, 147, 197 death, 1–2, 11, 20, 21, 24, 26–7, 33–4, 38, 51, 74, 84–5, 98, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 137–8, 155, 166, 169, 175–7, (CND), 72, 106, 120, 144 188–9, 194–5 Catholic (Roman), 10, 20, 38–9, 44, de-humanising, 130, 178 46–9, 82 devolution, (1997) 103, 124, 126, Catholicism (Roman), 38, 44, 48–9 176, 179, 180, 188–90 Celt, 3, 27, 201 Celtic, 2, 26, 39, 44–5 Eisteddfod, 31, 66, 69, 106, 118–9, Christ, 24, 76, 98, 194 138–9, 148, 152, 164, 203 Christian, 9–11, 19, 21, 23–4, 28–9, Elfyn, Menna (other than chapter 7), 34, 41, 47, 58, 64, 79, 80, 86, 94, 6, 25, 101, 103, 124, 153, 160, 102, 196 187, 190, 203

225 226 Index

Elis, Meg (Marged Elis / Meg Ellis / Heterosexual, 174 Marged Dafydd, other than HMP chapter 6), 6, 101, 128, 133, Ashwell Road (Oakham), 73; 136, 146, 149, 151–2, 177, 187, Brixton, 56, 59, 62; Caernarfon 190–1, 203 (County Gaol), 65; Crake Hall, England, 15, 38, 53–4, 77–8, 97–8, 148; Dartmoor, 13–17, 20, 105, 109, 118, 142 26, 28–32; Ely (Ely Gaol), 15, English, 4, 13, 22, 37–8, 40–2, 44, 53, 17 Holloway, 122, 148; Moor 63–4, 80–1, 84, 89, 109, 111, 118, Court (Oakamoor), 105, 111; 137, 144 –7, 156 –7, 162, 165, 170, Pucklechurch, 127–8, 137, 147, 189, 192, 196, 202 203; Risley, 148; Styal, 148; essentialism, 144, 197–8 Swansea, 16, 32, 56, 59, 62, 73, essentialist, 87–8, 196–7 75–6, 128, 135–6; Walton, Europe, 20, 39, 50, 94, 99, 101, 125 198; Wormwood Scrubs, 13–17, European, 23, 39, 44–5 20, 26, 29–32, 37, 40, 45, 49–51, existential, 49, 82, 137, 170, 175, 180, 54, 75 200–1 homosexual, 174 existentialism, 9, 10, 47, 50, 55, 80, humane, 139, 142 102, 111, 168, 196 humanity, 64, 67, 75, 81, 93, 114, 117 existentialist, 46–7, 50, 55, 79, 82, hunger strike, 34, 52–3, 177, 182, 133, 169, 171, 196 188–9 extremist, 6, 22, 57, 62, 69, 73–4, 198 hymn, 28, 69, 108, 202 hymnodist, 26, 36 fascism, 10–11, 91 fascist, 59, 60 Imperial, 3, 22, 27, 69 female, 5, 62, 88, 101–2, 106, 132, Imperialism, 31, 98 135, 141, 143, 151 inhumane, 78 feminism, 101–2, 116, 119, 140, investiture (1969), 74, 169 142–3, 187 Ireland, 1, 22, 26, 28–9, 94, 187, 199 feminist, 118, 135, 141 Irish, 1–3, 6, 22, 26–7, 38–9, 48, 58, France, 17, 32–3, 38–9, 55, 59, 60, 75, 146, 187, 189 89, 140 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 60, freedom, 34, 46, 56, 80, 87, 117, 153, 187, 199 156, 162 Italian, 11, 39, 66, 195 French, 39, 46–7, 89, 102, 106, 111, Italy, 195 133, 169 Korean War, 78, 93 German, 57, 61, 170, 196, 198 Germany, 11, 59, 71, 171, 197 Labour (political party), 11, 56, 65 god / goddess, 3, 27, 43, 48–9, 86, Lewis, Saunders (other than chapter 90, 93–4, 109, 137, 149, 156, 159, 3), 2, 6, 9, 20, 25, 33, 57, 62, 67, 167, 175, 194, 196 69–75, 82, 84, 89, 92, 95–98, 101, Greenham Common, 102, 106, 161, 166–7, 169, 171–2, 182–3, 118–23, 147, 203 188, 193, 195–6, 202 Gwenallt (D. Gwenallt Jones, other Liberal (political party), 57, 59, 107 than chapter 2), 6, 9–11, 37–8, lunatic, 25, 27 46, 54–5, 57–8, 62–3, 65, 67, 69–71, 74, 80, 82, 98–9, 101, 157, madness, 24–9, 158–9, 170–1 182, 202 male, 5, 9, 95, 101, 113, 121, 132,143 Index 227 martyr, 19, 64, 79, 114–5, 152 158–166, 174, 178, 180, 182, Marxism, 10 188–92, 194, 196, 199–201 Marxist, 10–11, 26, 34, 63 Protestant, 10, 41, 82, 137–8 Meibion Glyndŵr, 188, 198–9 Protestantism, 138 Methodism (Calvinist), 47 pure, 63, 83–5, 89, 90 Methodist (Calvinist), 28, 38–9, 83, 108 purity, 43, 89–90, 99, 121 Miners’ Strike (1984–5), 144, 156, 186 moral, 1, 4, 9–10, 22, 40, 42, 46, 53, Quaker, 78, 80, 99, 203 75, 79, 80, 85, 92, 96, 98, 133, Quakerism, 10, 78 138–9, 147, 178, 181, 183, 188, 192–4, 198–201 RAF Penrhos (Pen Llŷn / Penyberth / morality, 9, 23, 89, 121, 140, 180, 183, Tân yn Llŷn), 162 194, 199 referendum (1979, devolution, Wales), movement (social) (political), 9, 11, 163, 176, 188, 193 39, 50–2, 56, 68, 72, 83–4, 87, 99, referendum (1997, devolution, Wales), 101–3, 106–7, 109, 115, 118–19, 103, 176 124–6, 128, 130, 140, 142, 146 –8, republican, 27, 59, 60, 71, 75, 187 157–9, 161, 163–4, 178, 180–92, revolution, 16, 19, 21–3, 48, 58, 102, 195, 199, 200 158, 185 Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (MAC), revolutionary, 51–2, 57, 63, 112, 129 183, 186, 188 Russia, 19, 21, 26, 45, 134 Russian, 16, 19, 45–6, 58, 86 nationalism, 10, 11, 26, 28, 38–9, 45, 69–72, 92, 95, 197 saint, 3, 25, 36, 40–1, 48, 73, 82–5, nationalist ,10, 21, 24, 38, 41, 44, 48, 92, 95, 147, 161, 190 50–3, 70–2, 77, 83, 88, 98, 167, 191 schizophrenia, 77, 171, 173–4 Nazi, 56, 89, 197 schizophrenic, 96, 171–5, 178 Nazism, 10–11, 170–1 S4C (Welsh language television Nicholas, T. E. (Niclas y Glais, other channel), 53, 126, 149, than chapter 4), 6, 9–11, 33, 189–192 75–6, 98, 101, 187 sexual, 107, 118 Non-conformist, 10, 41, 58, 139 sexuality, 174 non-violence, 7 silence, 1, 3, 7, 13, 23, 26, 78–9, 99, non-violent, 52, 99, 187 118, 121, 141, 155, 203 silent, 27, 117, 120–1 pacifism, 31, 72, 76, 84, 183, 202 socialism, 58, 69, 72, 103, 139, pacifist, 10, 13, 31, 58, 60, 69, 76, 186, 191 95–6 socialist ,11, 19, 58, 68–9, 113, 140, Pen Llŷn (Penyberth / Tân yn Llŷn / 185, 187, 191 RAF Penrhos), 37, 39–40, 50–1, society, 3, 5, 9, 22, 24, 28, 34, 45, 50, 55, 69–70, 72, 95–8, 162 67, 78–80, 83, 89, 99, 102, 106, Plaid (Genedlaethol Cymru / Cymru), 115, 122, 130, 140, 150, 164, 167, 39–40, 49, 51–3, 70–1, 77, 86, 97, 169–70, 178, 183, 190, 192–3, 197, 116, 132, 152, 181, 186, 202 200–1 propaganda, 37, 45, 65, 75, 154 suicidal ideation, 177–8 protest, 1, 4–5, 7, 9, 14, 30, 33–5, 37, suicide, 169, 171, 175, 177–8, 188–9 50–2, 57, 67, 74 –9, 87, 95, 98–9, 102, 106, 108–11, 120–5, 128–33, Tân yn Llŷn (Pen Llŷn / Penyberth / 136–8, 140–4, 146, 150, 152, RAF Penrhos), 37, 46, 162, 193 228 Index theistic, 9, 46–7, 196 violence, 5, 7, 22, 32, 38, 53, 95–6, Thomistic, 9, 46–7, 49, 55 157, 167, 179, 182–3, 186–8, Tomos, Angharad (other than 198–9, 200, 202 chapter 8), 6, 101, 103, 124–5, violent, 5, 22, 52, 91–2, 94, 186–7, 189–91, 204 187–9, 199 translation, 1–2, 4, 13, 22, 25–6, 29–30, 45–6, 63–4, 86, 88–91, Waldo (Waldo Williams, other than 93, 129, 134–5, 137, 144–7, 153, chapter 5), 6, 9–11, 101, 121, 169, 192, 202 128, 139, 165, 176–7, 182–3, 186, trans-lingual, 146 193, 195, 197–8, 203 tribunal, 15–17, 22, 32, 77, 95 witness, 78–80, 85, 90, 103, 129–136, 140, 142, 144, 147, 166, 178, 201 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , 9–10, 14, 31, 38–9, (USSR, also Soviet Union / Soviet 58, 65 Russia), 45, 57–8, 134, 191 World War II, 46, 50, 56, 59, 68, Unionist (political party), 57 71–2, 76–8, 133, 198