Notes 1 Introduction 1. Padraic Colum (1921) The Golden Fleece and the heroes who lived before Achilles (New York: Macmillan). 2 D. Gwenallt Jones: Plasau’r Brenin (1934) and ‘Dartmoor’ (1941) 1. Perhaps 2009. From: http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/a/v/ Huw-T-Davies/BOOK-0001/0001-0001.html 2. This is not to suggest that Gwenallt suffered, in a clinical sense, from disso- ciative personality, or identity, disorder (e.g., Haddock, 2001). 3. These poems were published in T. Gwynn Jones’ 1934 collection Caniadau, having been previously published in various outlets. 4. /nwyd/, meaning ‘passion’, is the word in T. Gwynn Jones 1934 version, / hoff/ means ‘fond’ or ‘dear’. 5. ‘Gwahoddiad’ is popularly referred to by the first line of its chorus ‘Arglwydd, dyma fi’ [Lord , here I am]. Also, it is popularly assumed to be an original Welsh language hymn but it is, in fact, a translation by the Rev. John Roberts (bardic name ‘Ieuan Gwyllt’ – John of the Wild) of the English hymn ‘I Hear Thy Welcome Voice’ by Lewis Hartsough (1872). 6. The sources of this history are mostly conscientious objectors who were guided by religious principle and pacifism, in contrast to Gwenallt. The work is very sympathetic towards them. 3 Saunders Lewis: Buchedd Garmon (1937) 1. Note that a common alternative spelling in English is ‘Lleyn’. 2. An English translation of the lecture ‘Tynged yr Iaith’ [The Fate of the Language] is reproduced in Jones and Thomas (1973: 127–141). 3. Elis-Thomas is quoted on the back cover of Everything Must Change. 4. This position is in complete contrast to the expressed views of Gwynfor Evans, who succeeded Lewis as President of Plaid Cymru in 1945. In a quota- tion from a speech he made in 1973 and reproduced in Williams (Williams, C. H., 1996: 368) he very much appears to argue that only [a] ‘legitimate authority in police action’ can justifiably employ ‘physical violence’. It is part of an argument that Williams seems to find ‘persuasive’ (Williams, C. H., 1996: 365). 202 Notes 203 5 Waldo Williams: Dail Pren (1956) 1. refer: http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/1698 [Last accessed 2 February 2012]. 2. see: http://www.britisharmedforces.org/ns/nat_history.htm 3. see: http://www.hermitary.com/solitude/quaker_silence.html 4. see: http://www.ntwords.com; http://www.concordances.org/greek/3144.htm 5. It also echoes the Biblical question posed in Hebrews (2: 6): ‘What is man, that thou art mindful of him? or the sone of man, that thou visitest him?’, and in Job (7: 17): ‘What is man, that thou shouldest magnify him? and that thou shouldest set thine heart upon him?’ and also in Psalms (144: 3): ‘Lord, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him! or the son of man, that thou makest account of him!’ 6. Welsh poets might either win a Chair or a Crown at the National Eisteddfod, the Chair is more prestigious. 7. see: http://www.logosapostolic.org/greek_word_studies/32_aggeloj_angelos_ angel.htm II Benyw – femininities 1. See The National Archives, National Register of Archives, GB/NNAF/ P227128, at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView. asp?ID=P54057 6 Meg Elis: I’r Gad (1975), Carcharr (1978) and Cyn Daw’r Gaeaff (1985) 1. see: http://owainowain.net/ [last accessed 15 January 2012] 2. see: http://www.bepj.org.uk/remember-helen-at-greenham-common Note that the host website ‘Cyfiawnder a Heddwch – Bro Emlyn – for Peace and Justice’ is maintained by Cen Llwyd, formerly a prominent Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg activist. 3. see: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=106-5gcw&cid =-1#-1 7 Menna Elfyn: Tro’r Haul Arno (1982) and Cell Angell (1996) 1. see: http://www.inizjamed.org/menna_in_malta.htm 2. see: http://literature.britishcouncil.org/menna-elfyn 3. HMP Pucklechurch is now known as HMP Ashfield and is a Young Offenders Institute. Stephen Fry spent three months there in 1975. 4. see: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/carolyn-forche 5. see: http://literature.britishcouncil.org/menna-elfyn 204 Notes 8 Angharad Tomos: Yma o Hyd (1985) 1. Hunter explains ‘awen’ as ‘the word for “poetic inspiration”. It can also be taken as referring to poetry’ (Hunter, 1997: 93). 2. For a very brief definition see: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/#PheSpi 3. The title is a line taken from a popular Welsh lullaby. 9 Conclusions 1. Emyr Llywelyn was prominent in both Adfer and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. Cledwyn Hughes was the Secretary of State for Wales between 1966 and 1968. He was succeeded by George Thomas, who held the post from 1968 until 1970. 2. see: http://www.dyfodol.net/ 3. The author is most grateful Dewi Prysor for providing him with a copy of the text of the unpublished drama. 4. see also the website of ‘Cymuned’ http://cymuned.net/blogsaesneg/?page _id=75 Bibliography Aaron, J. 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