Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 1

I recently returned from two week’s travel in India, conducted independently and as member of the Board of TICCIH Sweden. It resulted in a number of contacts and initiatives that I would like to explain. I believe the Opinion time is ripe for a collected effort to deepen and extend TICCIH’s contacts with Asia. This is especially urgent since the long-expected TICCIH conference in China had to be cancelled. In the spring of 2006, Divay Gupta, our representative in India who works at the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), proposed an Dr Jan af Geijerstam www.mnactec.com/ticcih intermediate TICCIH conference in his country, but nothing came of it. That proposal still stands, though as an NGO, INTACH’s economic resources are limited. I am quite convinced that an excellent conference can The need for be carried out in India. TICCIH to act in Two prime candidates are firstly Mumbai, which has a rich industrial heritage with several areas of Asia international importance including the textile mills and the port, today under extreme threat from change, and secondly the former Union Carbide factory site in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. In both cities there are active local actors and scholars engaged in preserving and developing former industrial sites, and are easily accessible by air. The conference could combine a workshop in Bhopal with a more general program in Mumbai. The opportunities – and challenges – in the area of industrial archaeology and heritage in Asia are immense. In the rapid growth of cities, heritage in general is subjected to irreversible damage, and so is industrial heritage. This is a joint concern for all us. The roots of industrial heritage in Asia have global connections on a political, economic, cultural and social level in all periods of time, but especially in Toronto Union Station, Canada, c.1930. East end pre-independence or colonial times. of train shed with Royal York Hotel in background. One possibility that should be considered is for collaboration with the Modern Asia Architecture Source: Archives of Ontario Network (mAAN). The organizational structure, agenda, and action plan of mAAN were adopted at its first international conference in Macau, 2001. Yearly conferences have been arranged since [http://www.m-aan.org]. Reviewing the results of previous mAAN workshops, not least the one in Shanghai in 2003, it is evident that mAAN has valuable experience in arranging this kind of work. One step in creating ties between TICCIH and mAAN could be to join forces for an intermediary TICCIH conference in India in 2010. Another great opportunity will be the 2011 mAAN conference in Seoul, to be dedicated to industrial heritage. Finally I would like to add to the call for TICCIH to contribute to the preservation of the former Union Carbide factory site in Bhopal.1 The disaster in 1984 shocked the world. Today the site of that disaster ought to be preserved. This calls for international attention. There are few industrial number 44 heritage sites anywhere which embody such wide and extensive immaterial values. Spring, 2009 In 2005 the State of Madhya Pradesh proposed to redevelop the factory land as a memorial, but the administration has lately threatened to pull it down. The Union Carbide works has recently been nominated to the 2010 World Monuments Watch List of the 100 most endangered cultural Inside: heritage sites. Having visited the factory in Bhopal in February and inspected the structures and the site and of iron discussed it with several of the involved parties I would like to strongly endorse preservation of the structures. This will involve a thorough on-site mapping and safeguarding of external archival material, and other tangible and intangible material relating to the site. Preservation and future use call for international cooperation and assistance in the practical fields of industrial This bulletin is archaeology, conservation and heritage studies. Expertise is needed to evaluate, document, produced and analyse, critique, clean, conserve, communicate, market and support this cause. It should be possible to have plans for both an Indian workshop/intermediary conference and the distributed with Seoul conference ready in advance of the XIV TICCIH Congress in Freiberg. Both initiatives would the support of the project TICCIH into a new territory and fill it with a new purpose. I would be pleased to help set mNACTEC up a working group as a first step.

1. See TICCIH Bulletin #43, Winter 2008, or ‘Bhopal disaster’ on Wikipedia

[email protected] Skype: janafgeijerstam Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 2 TICCIHnews

TICCIH elections conference tours, draft timetable and so on. these thematic divisions with typological The TICCIH General Assembly is held every The 'Third Announcement' with the full criteria: architecture, civil engineering and three years, and this year will be on the last day conference programme was sent out in early landscape. of the Freiberg Congress, Saturday, 5 April, and can be downloaded from the To set the project in motion, the database will September, at 2.00 pm. conference web site. be primed with the 80 TICCIH sites chosen in This is the occasion for the elections to choose 1994. To these we can add other who will be on the TICCIH Board for the next internationally-recognized industrial heritage three years as well as the new president and TICCIH on-line inventory of monuments: the fifty or so already treasurer. The following five Board members world industrial heritage acknowledged by UNESCO; sites mentioned in There have been discussions in TICCIH over are due to retire by rotation, though they can the TICCIH/ICOMOS thematic studies; sites the years around the issues of identifying the offer themselves for re-election: Maria Teresa from the Dinosaurs of Industry project of a few most important historic industrial places in the Maiullari Pontois, Patrick Martin, Gyorgyi years ago, and so on. A researcher at the world. Already TICCIH gives advice to UNESCO Nemeth, Miles Oglethorpe and David Worth. MNACTEC will continue adding sites until the - through its partnership with ICOMOS - to help There may be more vacancies, too, as not all decide which industrial sites, nominated by database has achieved a critical mass of sites, the Board members have confirmed with the their countries, should be included on the from which point it is hoped that it will take off Secretary if they want to continue or not. World Heritage List. To sustain this advice into self-sustained growth. The Internet Who can stand and who can vote? TICCIH encourages thematic studies of which address of the database will be published Any fully paid-up member of TICCIH is eligible there are so far five, which consider how to shortly. Meanwhile, suggestions to improve the to stand for election. Nominations need to be evaluate coal mines, company towns, canals, project will be most welcome supported by two members of TICCIH. If you bridges and railways. And the origin of these ([email protected]) as well as any other lists or are not sure whether you have paid for 2009, studies was a list prepared by TICCIH as long compilations of important sites that the project check the on-line Directory of Members on the ago as 1994 of the eighty best industrial team could include. index page of the TICCIH web site, which is heritage sites in the world. automatically updated when you either join or A new project to create a TICCIH inventory renew your membership. aims to advance knowledge of the global state New TICCIH representatives in Only paid-up National Representatives are of industrial heritage. It is an initiative of the Africa entitled to vote at the General Assembly. For out-going TICCIH president Eusebi Casanelles Two new correspondents will extend the reach any doubts concerning the elections, either who wants to develop the searchable, of TICCIH into North Africa. In Egypt, Dr Yasser read the TICCIH Statutes, sections E to I structured database of historic sites that has Aref is an associate professor in the (www.mnactec.cat/ticcih/ticcih_statutes.htm) been built for the Museu de la Ciència i de la Department of Architecture at Menofeya or write to the Secretary, Stuart B Smith Tècnica de Catalunya (MNACTEC), in . University and head of the Architecture Unit at ([email protected]) The TICCIH database will adapt the criteria for the Alexandria and Mediterranean Research selection and the information on each site, and Center in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina: recycle the digital architecture of the database. www.yasseraref.com. Our new contact in Congress news One innovation will be to make the project The Freiberg conference is only four months participative by including an on-line form Morocco is Professor Wartiti, a mining expert in away and from of the number of registrations it which anyone can complete, to send in details the Mohammed V University since 1978 looks as if it will be a great success. The of a site which they think ought to be included. ([email protected]). Her project can be seen at conference organisers are urging you to sort Once they have been suitably edited and http://clik.to/geolaprabat/ out your accommodation as soon as possible verified, new sites will go straight into the list. as this will be under great pressure. Details of The plan is to divide the list up into twelve the four conference hotels can be found on the industrial sectors, to help search for sites. Nine Thanks to all the contributors congress website or in the Second Call booklet, of them are familiar classifications used for Photographs are by the authors unless stated along with details of how to reach Freiberg, industrial heritage, while three more cross-cut otherwise. 2009

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TICCIH Officers TICCIH is the world organisation for in- The TICCIH Bulletin welcomes news, Opinions expressed in the Bulletin are dustrial archaeology, promoting conser- comment and (shortish) articles from the authors’, and do not necessarily number President: Eusebi Casanelles vation, research, recording and educa- anyone who has something they want reflect those of TICCIH. Museu de la Ciència i de la Tècnica de Catalunya tion in all aspects of industrial heritage. It to say related to our field. The Bulletin Editor: Articles and news of recent and Rambla d’Égara 270, holds a triennial conference and organi- is the only international newsletter future events should be send to the Edi- E-08221 Terrassa, Spain ses interim conferences on particular dedicated to industrial archaeology and tor, James Douet, Museu de la Ciència i themes. Individual membership is £20, the conservation of the heritage of de la Tècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Life presidents: corporate membership £40, and student industrialisation. The TICCIH Bulletin is d'Egara, 270, 08221 Terrassa, Spain, Sir Neil Cossons membership £10 published four times a year and is sent [email protected]. Professor Marie Nisser Payment to TICCIH, Lloyds TSB Bank to all members.If you have not received Professor Louis Bergeron plc, 27 Fore Street, Redruth, Cornwall an issue, please contact the editor for a Design: Xavier Solé/Disseny Visual, SL Secretary: Stuart B. Smith OBE, ‘Chygarth’, TR15 2BJ, UK; Account No: 1351659, replacement. Back issues can be Dipòsit Legal: B-23.114-1998 5 Beacon Terrace Camborne, Cornwall TR14 Bank Sort Code: 30 97 00. downloaded as a pdf file from the ISSN: 1605-6647 7BU, UK, t: +44 01209 612142, e: stuartbs- TICCIH web site. [email protected] There is an on-line membership form on Editor: James Douet, office of the President the web page. Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 3 report Bridges of iron

As in the Basque Country, Spain, A tail of two Spanish spanning 45 metres, the Seville was began to grow, its two bridges become part of a project presented in 1844 by French inadequate: the old bridge of San Antón and cast-iron bridges engineers Ferdinand Bernadet and Gustave the San Francisco chain by Steinacher, who started construction work in architect Antonio de Goicoechea (1827, the Joaquín Cárcamo Martínez December 1845 after winning the contract Surveyor second built in Spain). The process of building from the City Council. Building work ran into TICCIH Spain and the Basque Industrial Heritage & major difficulties in the following years, until a new bridge began with the presentation of a Public Works Association plan by the same architect at a city council the Ministry of Public Works took over, meeting on 20 May, 1844. Spain’s Ministry of appointing Spanish engineer Canuto Corroza to the Interior later imposed a series of technical the job in 1851. Corroza finished the bridge in conditions concerning abutments and piers. early 1852. Above all, the Ministry insisted that the central In 1918, the Seville bridge’s original deck was arch be raised. replaced after being damaged by the increased Construction work on what was originally loads it had to bear. The bridge held up until known as the Isabella II bridge began in The Isabel II bridge in Bilbao in 1876. 1958, when it was closed to lorry and bus mid-1845. It was under the provisional Photo: Museo Vasco de Bilbao traffic. A few years later, a lively debate broke direction of Goicoechea until Pedro Celestino out in the city when the possibility of Espinosa, appointed by the Corps of Civil demolishing the bridge was mooted. However, Engineers, arrived to take over. The bridge was in 1977 local engineer Juan Batanero not opened until January, 1848. The four superposed a self-supporting deck on the cast cast-iron arches, each spanning 11 m over the iron arches. Although destroying the structural essence of the bridge, the measure guaranteed river, and the mobile central section rested on it would remain in use, preserved the look of stone piers and abutments. Each arch the bridge and maintained the original comprised six heavily-braced ribs consisting of features. a lower arch (the arch is best suited for cast iron, which basically resists compression) In Europe (and in fact the world), cast-iron formed by five I-beam section segments bridges were a British monopoly from the assembled and jointed with transversal braces, construction of the original ‘Iron Bridge’ in an upper beam to support the deck and a Coalbrookdale until approximately 1850. After succession of three circular rings of varying diameters in each spandrel, tangential to both parts and mutually braced by tie rods. In subsequent years the condition of the bridge deteriorated, particularly in 1874 when Bilbao came under siege during the third Carlist civil war. Bombs and the work of the river left the bridge unusable and it was rapidly replaced. Construction work on the new stone bridge lasted from 1875 to 1878 and was the work of the liberal engineer Adolfo de Ibarreta. Until recently, all traces of the bridge were believed to have disappeared completely. The re-used spans of the Bilbao bridge over The Isabel II bridge in Seville today However, not long ago I had the opportunity of the river Udondo at Lejona examining a small road bridge with a single, 11-metre arch spanning the mouth of the Udondo, a tributary of the Bilbao river estuary. The Udondo flows into the estuary at Lejona, not far from the port of Bilbao and the famous at Portugalete. My examination led me to the conclusion that the with similar bridges, it is probably deeply this date they were also widely developed in 2009 arch was in fact one of the original arches of fissured, in which case it will need some , up until the end of the 19th century. the bridge in Bilbao. In 1876, an engineer intensive rehabilitation work. The Basque One final point. Although both bridges were called Pascual Landa, Head of Public Works, Industrial Heritage & Public Works Association cast in Spain, one by the Santa Ana de Bolueta asked the Bilbao City Council for permission to has asked the Basque regional government to foundry in Bilbao and the other by the Narciso 3 use one of the arches to reconstruct the small declare the bridge a monument, given its Bonaplata foundry in Seville, the technology bridge dynamited by the Carlist troops. For the historical importance, particularly as Bilbao did not catch on. The use of iron, which last 133 years, the arch has remained in use, lost virtually all its city bridges when they were gradually imposed itself from 1850 on, was “hidden” from public view. dynamited in 1937, during the Spanish Civil

popularized by foreign firms until towards the 44 Some decades ago, the road was widened and War. end of the century, largely because of the another, modern bridge of pre-stressed Until now, the only remaining bridge in Spain weakness of the national iron and steel

concrete beams was attached upstream to the with a cast-iron structure was assumed to the industry and despite the high technical level of number old one. The cast-iron bridge lacks the original Isabella II bridge (also known as the Triana Spanish civil engineers. deck, the present one being a reinforced bridge) in Seville. Indeed, the Seville bridge is concrete slab. Despite remaining in service on the best surviving example of a type begun by a road currently owned by the Port of Bilbao French engineer Polonceau in 1834 when he and with heavy daily traffic, the metal structure built the sadly long-since disappeared Contact: [email protected] appears to be in good condition. However, as Carrousel bridge in Paris. With three arches all Translation: Mark Gardner Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 4 report Bridges of iron

The Malleco is the highest railway The Malleco rail of the structure is 1,400 tons and construction bridge in South America. It was opened by of the foundations was technically very President José Manuel Balmaceda on October viaduct. complex for its time. Total length is 347.5 m 26, 1890 and stands 110 m above the river and the viaduct is divided into 5 equal sections Malleco, representing one of the great feats of Chilean design, of 69.5 m each. The first and the fourth pillars metal engineering. French construction are 43.7 m high, the second is 67.7 m high The state of Chile made the Chilean engineer and the third 75.7 m. The rail tracks are 102 Lastarria Victorino Aurelio, head of the Dr. Arq. Jaime Migone Rettig m above the bottom of the gorge. The gauge of President TICCIH-Chile Ferrocarriles de Arauco, responsible for the this railway is 1680 mm wide. design. After a public tender in which the In 1910, increases in the weight of the French companies Gustave Eiffel, the Societe locomotives to 20 tons per axle meant that the Anonyme des Anciens Establissements Cail bridge had to be strengthened to be able to and Schneider et Cie of Le Creusot all took part, the latter won the tender and production resist properly. The responsibility for the of the viaduct went ahead in France at a cost from 1886 to 1888. It was transported by sea solution was initially given to the engineer of 830,000 francs. Alexandre Eiffel’s proposal from France to Chile. Erection started in 1889 Francisco Mardones and was completed in was almost double, 1,500,000 francs. and finished before the inauguration 1923 by another Chilean engineer, Jorge Production of the pre-fabricated viaduct lasted ceremony the following year. The total weight Ewerbeck. These works were also by Le Creusot, started in 1923 and were completed in 1926. The magnificent viaduct was declared a Historical Monument in 1990 and was completely renovated in 2006.

See www.hauptbahnhof-stuttgart.eu and ‘Der Stuttgarter Hauptbahnhof – Vom Kulturdenkmal zum Abrisskandidaten’ by Matthias Roser, Schmetterling Verlag, Stuttgart (2008) (ISBN 3-89657-133-8)

Malleco Viaduct: construction of the structure Restoration of the viaduct during 2006 in 1889

When we talk about iron bridges, we The Ojuela The Ojuela bridge was built by the firm of John usually imagine big structures crossing rivers, A. Roebling Sons Company, New York and canyons and channels. With the arrival of the suspension bridge completed in 1898. It was constructed in steel railways in Mexico, the landscape was and wood in order to connect a railway that transformed and many bridges were in Mexico served to transport the mineral from the mines constructed across its vast territory, but to the smelting plant located in the other side Belem Oviedo Gámez. President of TICCIH México of the canyon, besides the town of Ojuela, so engineers and entrepreneurs also constructed Miguel Ángel Iwadare. Natl. Representative of that instead of ringing the mountains, the carts iron bridges on a small scale and in very TICCIH México filled with rocks crossed a canyon 180 m deep different forms in order to satisfy the needs of through this bridge 318 m long and 1.75 m their factories or mines. wide, with a suspended weight of more than It is the scale of these bridges that makes 112 tons. This bridge was supported by huge them particular and in a certain way, precious the Central Railways of Mexico, installed an steel towers and six steel cables. objects whose construction was supervised to electrical plant that served the mines and built Unfortunately, during the early 1990’s the the minimum detail. One of these is the Ojuela one of the most important engineering pieces steel towers were removed and replaced by 2009 suspension bridge, a rare example of fine of Mexico, now seen as an important industrial new concrete towers that were later covered engineering of the early industrial era of monument of the state of Durango: the Ojuela with wood panels. The original towers were Mexico. suspension bridge. taken to the city of Durango and placed at the Ojuela is located in Mapimi, Durango, in the main entrance of the Fairgrounds. It was in 4 northern part of Mexico, and was the site of this same period in which Ojuela, a ghost exploitation of mines of lead carbonate, gold town, and the bridge began to appear in tourist and silver by the Spaniards during the Colonial guides. Today, the suspension bridge is one of period, who later abandoned them at the the main tourist attractions of the region. The 44 conclusion of the Independence war in 1821. visitor can stroll through the streets of the The mines had different owners during the ghost town and cross the bridge towards the

number 19th century and at the end of the century the entrance of one of the mines. Peñoles Mining Company centralized the Despite the influence of tourists, there is a lack exploitation of the main mines of the region. of awareness of the need to protect these The mining company modernized the zone. important landmarks. The Ojuela suspension They built a 24 km. narrow gauge railway in bridge deserves a better future as it is one of order to connect the main mines with the the most important legacies of industrial Bermejillo Station, one of the many stations of activity in Mexico.

The Ojuela suspension bridge. Photo: Marco Hernández Badillo Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 5 report Bridges of iron

In March 2008, the Digital Design Studio The Linlathen East scaffolding were required. During an 8-hour at the School of Art, the Planning & period, 64, 451 and 161 individual 3D points Transportation Department at Dundee City Bridge digital were captured. Council and the Technical Conservation Group Without any user modification or at Historic Scotland began a collaborative scanning project post-processing to the data, the 3-D point-cloud models can be used directly as project to digitally document and represent Douglas Pritchard virtually the Linlathen East Bridge, east of dimensioning tools. The point-clouds can be Dundee. Scotland The bridge, which spans orthorectified and sectioned, and individual measurements can also be taken. the Dighty Burn, is the oldest cast-iron bridge in Scotland. Built in 1804, the A-listed The point-cloud data of the bridge was originally collected within the Leica Cyclone structure is to be restored as part of a planning software. To generate the 2D CAD drawings, it gain agreement with a housing developer, at a was accessed using Autocad 2007 with the cost of £390,000. Leica CloudWorkx software module. The The purpose of the project was to accurately digital camera and wide angle lens. The development process of the 3D model was document the bridge’s current physical ScanStation’s built-in digital camera was only less direct, the point-cloud was imported into condition, to show a disassembly process, and used for reference imagery. Considering the 3D Studio Max as a 3D mesh. The modelers propose virtual restoration options. Although stand-alone nature of this project, no then ‘snapped’ to the mesh to assemble the complete 2D CAD plans, sections and additional survey control or global coordinate 3D model. For this project, the bridge and elevations were required, the 3D model was system was used. stone textures were derived from the onsite the most effective way to represent the Both survey targets and feature registration photography. well-worn structure. were used to combine the scans into one The results that the Council was given From a technical standpoint, 3D laser master point-cloud database. Typically the included the 2D drawings, a series of scanning was immediately proposed to scan resolution for the bridge was 1 - 2 mm photorealistic 3D renderings and a 40-second properly capture the twisted metal, burnt with the surrounding terrain at 1 cm. Unlike a 3D animation depicting the current state of the timbers and irregular terrain. Informally, the traditional survey, no hand measurements or bridge dissolving to a proposed disassembly. project was a test between 3D terrestrial laser To provide the Council and contractors with a scanning vs. the traditional survey. A better understanding of how the bridge will be two-person scan team utilising a Leica Digital scan of the Linlathen bridge. © Digital repaired and modified, it is intended that the Design Studio / Glasgow School of Art ScanStation, captured 9 individual proposed restoration plans and alterations be ‘scan-worlds’. The scanning system has the incorporated into the 3D model. A final capability of capturing data up to 300 meters, animation will be developed showing the but for this project it was placed within 20 to before and after state of the bridge. 40 meters from the bridge. The bridge was scanned from various positions around, above This project was presented at a digital and under - completely surrounding the documentation conference in Glasgow in April, bridge. and the animation can be viewed on the For 3D texture purposes, the bridge was conference web site: extensively photographed using a Nikon D2X www.digitaldocumentation.co.uk/#linlathen

Publications

Bridges of the World – Central America, covering altogether more an illustrated history than 65 beautifully photographed examples. If the geographical coverage is rather uneven Tim and Anne Locke, 2009 introduction by Eric Delony - 13 from the UK, nine in the US, six from France, South and Central America have five, AA Publishing 2008. ISBN 978 0 7495 only two in Africa and Japan, none in Russia, 5911 3. 256 pp but four in China and one in India - this re- 5 flects the large scope of the book. The aut- hors are travel writers and archaeologists and are concerned about the significance of ar-

chitectural achievements. 43 The introduction was first published in the ICOMOS/TICCIH joint thematic study ‘Context number This lavish publication has fabulous photo- of World Heritage Bridges’ in 1996, and was graphs and starts with an illustrated history of used with the permission of the author, TIC- bridge building. There then follow separate CIH and ICOMOS. sections describing bridges in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South and Stuart B. Smith Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 6

worldwide

Norway process for producing fertiliser. memorials celebrating the industrial heritage, Over in Vemork not a great deal remains of the the creation of new museums and chemical plants in Rjukan, where there was a museumisation of memorable places. In some Mixed site on Norwegian well-known heavy water plant which the Allies universities, courses of lectures on the history Tentative World Heritage Site List attempted to destroy during the Second World of science and technology have been War. However the railway line, together with its organized. rolling stock, survives from Rjukan to Stuart B. Smith Carrying out of the scientific conferences on Notodden and the large inland lake at Tinnsjo industrial heritage has became an appreciable National Representative of the Russian still has two of the famous rail-carrying river phenomenon. It is traditional (since 1996) to Federation boats, the third one now being at the bottom of hold a conference on «Ural Industrial» in the fjord with its cargo of heavy water. Ekaterinburg. Problems of an industrial Delegates to the 2006 TICCIH Conference The two splendid settlements at Odda and heritage are seriously considered here along in Terni, Italy, could not help being enthused Rjukan have some fine buildings and could with other questions (the history of a science by a team from western Norway led by Randi quickly be designated as conservation areas. and technology, economic history). It is not a Bårtvedt, who came to the conference and This very large and exciting project could be coincidence that the National Representative told everyone about the splendours of the one of the very few mixed sites on the world of the Russian Federation in ТIССIН, Tyssedal power plant located at the heritage site list and will certainly be the first Professor V.V. Zapary, takes direct part in the Hardangerfjord. With its beautiful 90 megawatt power station and electrochemical plant to be organization and carrying out of this power plant constructed in 1906-1918 close inscribed. conference. to the holiday destination of Odda, it soon The National Museum of Waterpower at became the site of huge electrochemical The organization of a series of three scientific Tyssedal is acting as Secretariat for the TICCIH plants. conferences on the basis of the Mordovian Section on Electrochemicals and Hydropower state university of Ogaryov (Udmurtiya) by Just over the Hardangervidda mountain and we are assured that they will have a strong Professor N.M. Arsentev plateau, the largest in northern Europe and presence in Freiberg where they will bring the (member-correspondent of the Russian now a National Park, is the Vemork 132 story up to date. Academy of Sciences) is another important megawatt power plant built in Rjukan in the phenomenon. They were devoted to problems Telemark region in 1911. At that time they of economic history and to industrial heritage. These conferences were organized and held in a number of Russian cities: in 2005 in Saransk, in 2006 in the Goose Hrustalny and in 2007 in Vyks, under the aegis of the Russian Academy of Sciences and national representation of Russia in ТIССIН. The big interesting work done by the Moscow institute of steel and alloys, which regularly holds conferences devoted to problems of studying the history of metallurgy and questions of the museumisation of the monuments of metallurgy. The project head is P.I. Chernousov and they have close contacts with the mining academy in Freiburg were the largest generating plants in the world. Tyssedal power plant on the Hardangerfjord, (). Recently, controversy raged over which of the Norway One essential event is the creation in Nizhny two power stations was the most complete, but Tagil of the memorial estate on the basis of the ICOMOS Norway had the foresight to old Demidov factory. On its base the commission a survey and study in 2008 on considerable of regional studies and what should constitute a world heritage site of educational work is conducted. Monuments of hydropower and electrochemicals. The an industrial heritage of world value remain subsequent report was adopted by ICOMOS and are being restored. Norway and given to the Norwegian Russia Staff of the Russian scientific museums 2009 Government. It proposes a huge mixed site conduct research on the studying and stretching over hundreds of kilometres which propagation of the industrial heritage of will include the Hardangervidda Plateau itself The National Program for the Russia. These works seem to us interesting, – home to the largest reindeer herd in northern Preservation of the Industrial timely and perspective. So E.A. Kurlaev of the 6 Europe - and also the supplier of water to Heritage Institute of history and archeology of the Ural several hydroelectric plants including those at branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Tyssedal and Vemork. The site proposed in Professor V.V. Zapary Ekaterinburg has prepared a computer model the report will include the Hardangerfjord National Representative of the Russian of the Ural metallurgical works of a 18th 44 itself, which is also a natural site, all of which Federation century. This model, with added animation will be advised upon by the International and sound, creates a unique sensation,

number Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) In Russia as in the rest of the world, helping to present better the kind of factory of rather than by ICOMOS. interest in the problems of preservation and that time, and to understand the operation of The man-made aspect of the landscape is rehabilitation of the industrial heritage has metallurgical manufacture. With a computer reflected by the two power stations and their grown since the beginning of the new drawing it is possible to show how electrochemical plants, which survive to a very millennium. A reflection of this process has mechanisms of that time functioned. high degree at Odda with furnaces for the found in the growth of the number of Work of increasing scope is proceeding on production of carbide and the subsequent publications, of the variety of conferences, of new museums of objects of the industrial Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 7

heritage in many regions of the Russian taken place, for example, in the 2000 m2 industrial glamour» of the ancient Federation. The major work in this direction is basement water basins of the «Winery». In the constructions. being done in Vyks, the Nizhniy Novgorod middle of the 19th century, workshops and Similar projects exist in many big cities of the region, where works are being conducted at warehouses around Kursk station belonged to world. So the gallery «Tate Modern» is the Verhnevyksunsky blast furnace factory. the «Moscow Bavaria» brewery from the in a former power station, and a widely-known beginning of the 20th century- the Moscow There have remained a number of objects Paris museum of impressionists is located in a wine industrial complex. After the bankruptcy such as a fragment of an 18th century blast building of the former railway station, the of the winery at the beginning of 2000, seven furnace, most of the workshops of the same dilapidated buildings (more than 20,000 m2) «Musee d’Orsay». As to Moscow, the first steps time, factory shops from the mid-18th to early have been converted to the largest Russian in this direction are the rehabilitation of the 19th century and others objects. centre of the modern art "Winery". The group former «Red Rose» cotton-mill, where a centre World exhibitions of modern art in Moscow of designers led by A. Brodsky decided not to of design is now placed. The «Red October», a recently became an interesting realization of make profound changes to the architecture former confectionery factory is another new the use of industrial heritage. One of them has and as much as possible to underline «an cultural centre.

Toronto Union Station The trainshed ambiance became a problem Rehabilitation with the growth of commuters. Historically, Canadian practice was not to allowing passengers onto platforms until shortly before Dr Christopher Andreae the train left. Intercity passengers therefore waited in comfort in the waiting room and a Historica Research Limited conservation brief trot along a “dark” trainshed platform was a minor event. GO passengers are permitted to When finally completed in 1931, most of wait on the platform and experience the the traffic through Toronto's new Union Station trainshed for a relatively long period. consisted of intercity passenger travel; intercity passenger use. As built, each of the Building a new, light, airy trainshed was not commuter traffic was limited. This changed in ten tracks (later increased to 12) under the feasible because the shed is a listed National 1967 when a provincial rail authority – GO trainshed were flanked by a passenger Historic Site. The 1931 structure is the last, Transit – introduced a new commuter service. platform on one side and a service platform on and one of the few surviving, Bush trainsheds Today, on a typical day over 180 trains carry the other. The service platform contained in North America. The first was designed by 150,000 commuters through the station. It can freight elevators for car supplies, baggage, Lincoln Bush and completed at Hoboken, New no longer efficiently handle the volume of express and mail, and utility connections for Jersey in 1906 – and is still in service. In the traffic. In preparation for upgrading the water, electricity and steam. Since none of intervening years about twenty such sheds service, in 2000 the City purchased the these services are needed any more, the were built. Rather than an open, vaulted roof, building from the railway owners and GO platforms are being converted to passenger platform protection is provided by low canopies Transit purchased the approach tracks, use, doubling the available number of separated from each other by a smoke slot platforms, and trainshed. platforms in the trainshed. over the centre of the rail. The design was, and GO has focused on two broad areas for The trainshed roof has proved to be more still is, an efficient way to provide protection improvements; increasing the efficiency of challenging. It is an immense structure of against the weather even if Toronto commuters train operations into the station and improving about 30,000 m2 (three hectares) of steel disagree. the movement of passengers on and off the framing and timber decking. Initially the roof The compromise solution is to erect a raised, platforms. Improving train efficiency is the was simply going to be refurbished because it glass atrium across the centre third of the least controversial upgrade and has negligible was functionally adequate to protect travellers. trainshed. This will allow the brightness and impact on the historical integrity of the station. But then GO discovered in traveller surveys airy-ness requested by commuters while The approach tracks are being realigned and that commuters found being in the trainshed preserving a significant component of the the track signals modernized to provide for was the least pleasant part of their trip. All of

historic trainshed. 2009 simpler, faster train routings through the the upgrades at Union Station are anticipated Meanwhile the city, as owner of the station terminal. to cost in the vicinity of one billion dollars (Cdn) building proper, has taken a more “relaxed” However, the platforms have to be rebuilt and yet the most visceral part of the commuter approach to redevelopment. Most of the GO because they were designed primarily for experience was not going to change. Quite operations are now independent of the station quickly, improving the traveller’s platform 7 and not affected by its development. No one is environments was added to the work plan for yet sure of what will happen except that its the trainshed roof. architectural qualities will not be altered. 44

Cross-section through station and trainshed. Source: Canadian Railway and Marine World number Oct 1927 Bulletin 44:Butlletí 35 20/4/09 09:40 Página 8 events

The industrial heritage was addressed directly heritage. This article is too short to provide my Conference Report by two speakers, although it was alluded to by full thesis on this (which is, anyway, still many others. My own contribution, “The Role of developing – and any input would be welcome), Heritage care through active Volunteers in the Conservation of the Industrial but if anyone would like a copy of my paper, I citizenship heritage in Europe”, addressed the contrasts in would be happy to supply it. Mechelen, Belgium 23-24 March 2009 approach to practical volunteering. My The other speaker for the industrial heritage research had revealed that in the former was Adriaan Linters of the VVIA (Flemish Pam Moore communist countries of central and eastern Society for Industrial Archaeology). Adriaan [email protected] Europe it is very unusual for anyone to seek spoke about specific sites in passing, but his actively to preserve sites, certainly not in a principal aim was to put forward a proposal for “hands on“ way. It seems this ethos is the result This two day event funded through the a European Industrial and Technical Heritage of history – the notion of “the State will provide” European Union Europe for Citizens Year. This is to be promoted through E-Faith – and a reluctance to be seen to stand out from programme, with support for the Flemish the European Federation of Associations of the crowd, as in the past, this could place one Authorities, brought together almost 200 Industrial and Technical Heritage, of which under suspicion. participants from voluntary organisations in 30 Adriaan is a leader. If the campaign is However, practical work in industrial heritage countries. successful, the EITH Year would perform a conservation is also rare in much of western valuable service in raising the profile of concern Contributions varied from a moving account of Europe. Where it does take place, there are two for and interest in, the industrial heritage, and the problems of NGOs in Azerbaijan to the motivations. In Sweden, for example, many would be likely to attract European Funding. inspiring success story of the Transylvania communities have preserved monuments (e.g. If you or your organisation is interested in Trust’s community building heritage project at blast furnaces or mills) in their village, but these Banffy Castle, Romania, and an encouraging are seen as community assets (and often used joining this campaign, E-Faith would like you to account of change in attitu for local gatherings) rather than because of an sign their memorandum - see link des to volunteer effort in Hungarian Folk enthusiasm for the industrial past’s remains. In http://www.e-faith.org/MEMO_ENG.htm - and Culture. Organisations large and small took the UK and Flanders, however, a tradition has send it to them at the address given on the part, with papers from the English National grown up of groups, either geographic (such as form. There is information available on E-Faith’s Trust on their new approach to caring for the the county IA Societies in England) or thematic website in a number of languages. heritage through active citizenship to a small (for example, Levende Molens - Living Mills - in All in all, the Mechelen Conference was a most group from the who have been Flanders) who really “get their hands dirty” in useful gathering for the exchange of promoting cross border unity in an innovative preservation work. experience, the provision of a great deal of landscape project. Four members of my own I concluded that this is due to some extent to information about volunteer activity in Europe, organisation, ECOVAST (European Council for cultural factors, but also to a major extent to the and for networking. There is a hope of a further the Village and Small Town www.ecovast.org ) degree of financial provision offered by the conference next year – I for one, will wish to be spoke on a wide variety of topics. State for the conservation of sites of industrial there.

TICCIH Conferences World Conferences For all conference information consult www.mnactec.cat/ticcih/agenda.php

Spain Institute for History of Science and Germany Great Britain Technology, (IWTG) of the TICCIH Railway Section Technical University of Freiberg, IIIrd International Congress of 8th International Mining History Conference in cooperation with TICCIH-Czech Construction History, Congress Museu del Ferrocarril de Vilanova Republic and TICCIH-Poland. Cottbus. 20-24 May Redruth, Cornwall, 12-15 June i la Geltrú, 18-20 June 2009 Info: [email protected] or see the congress website: www.ticcih Info: www.ch2009.de/home/ Joint conference between Following the inaugural 2009.de for full conference index.html Exeter Univerisity and Geevor meeting last year in Mexico, this programme. Mining Museum. Info:

2009 conference will be at one of the Denmark huss.exeter.ac.uk/history/imhc two national rail museums in Spain. Info: Incredible Industry - Preserving Germany [email protected] II International meeting on the the Evidence of Industrial 8 www.mnactec.cat/museum/muse agro-industrial heritage, Society Archaeology of bridges u_del_ferrocarril_de_vilanova_i_la Córdoba, 4-7 November 2009. Copenhagen. 22-27 May Regensburg, 5-8 November _geltru.htm Call for papers Special issues arising from the Development of the

44 Germany This conference follows the conservation of industrial cultural construction of bridges, from first meeting in France last year. In heritage, industrial materials, prehistory to early 19th century. XIV TICCIH Congress: Spanish with simultaneous products and production Info: [email protected] number 'Industrial Heritage, Ecology and translation to English. Details on equipment. Economy' the TICCIH website. Info: The conference coincides with the Freiberg, 30 August – 5 [email protected]; opening of a new large exhibition September, 2009 [email protected] on Industrial Culture at the National Museum. TICCIH’s triennial international Info: www.kongres09.nkf-dk.dk; congress, organised by the [email protected]