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The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes International Journal of Evolutionary Biology The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes Guest Editors: Alberto Civetta, José M. Eirín-López, Rob Kulathinal, and Jeremy L. Marshall The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes International Journal of Evolutionary Biology The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes Guest Editors: Alberto Civetta, JoseM.Eir´ ´ın-Lopez,´ Rob Kulathinal, and Jeremy L. Marshall Copyright © 2011 SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in volume 2011 of “International Journal of Evolutionary Biology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Editorial Board Giacomo Bernardi, USA Kazuho Ikeo, Japan Hudson Kern Reeve, USA Terr y A. Burke, UK Yoh Iwasa, Japan Y. Satta, Japan Ignacio Doadrio, Spain Henrik J. Jensen, UK Koji Tamura, Japan Simon Easteal, Australia Amitabh Joshi, India Yoshio Tateno, Japan Santiago F. Elena, Spain Hirohisa Kishino, Japan E. N. Trifonov, Israel Renato Fani, Italy A. Moya, Spain Eske Willerslev, Denmark Dmitry A. Filatov, UK G. Pesole, Italy Shozo Yokoyama, USA F. Gonzalez-Candelas,´ Spain I. Popescu, USA D. Graur, USA David Posada, Spain A. Rus Hoelzel, UK Jeffrey R. Powell, USA Contents The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes, Alberto Civetta, JoseM.Eir´ ´ın-Lopez,´ Rob Kulathinal, and Jeremy L. Marshall Volume 2011, Article ID 807218, 2 pages The Molecular Evolution of Animal Reproductive Tract Proteins: What Have We Learned from Mating-System Comparisons?, Alex Wong Volume 2011, Article ID 908735, 9 pages Gene Duplication and the Genome Distribution of Sex-Biased Genes, Miguel Gallach, Susana Domingues, and Esther Betran´ Volume 2011, Article ID 989438, 20 pages Boule and the Evolutionary Origin of Metazoan Gametogenesis: A Grandpa’s Tale, JoseM.Eir´ ´ın-Lopez´ and Juan Ausio´ Volume 2011, Article ID 972457, 7 pages The Selfish Grandma Gene: The Roles of the X-Chromosome and Paternity Uncertainty in the Evolution of Grandmothering Behavior and Longevity, Molly Fox, Johannes Johow, and Leslie A. Knapp Volume 2011, Article ID 165919, 9 pages Persistent Copulation in Asexual Female Potamopyrgus antipodarum: Evidence for Male Control with Size-Based Preferences, Amanda E. Nelson and Maurine Neiman Volume 2011, Article ID 439046, 7 pages Male-Female Interactions and the Evolution of Postmating Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation among Species of the Virilis Subgroup, Nada Sagga and Alberto Civetta Volume 2011, Article ID 485460, 11 pages Associations between Variation in X Chromosome Male Reproductive Genes and Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila melanogaster, Leah Greenspan and Andrew G. Clark Volume 2011, Article ID 214280, 10 pages Is Speciation Accompanied by Rapid Evolution? Insights from Comparing Reproductive and Nonreproductive Transcriptomes in Drosophila, Santosh Jagadeeshan, Wilfried Haerty, and Rama S. Singh Volume 2011, Article ID 595121, 11 pages Elevated Evolutionary Rates among Functionally Diverged Reproductive Genes across Deep Vertebrate Lineages, Christopher J. Grassa and Rob J. Kulathinal Volume 2011, Article ID 274975, 9 pages A Macroevolutionary Perspective on Multiple Sexual Traits in the Phasianidae (Galliformes), Rebecca T. Kimball, Colette M. St. Mary, and Edward L. Braun Volume 2011, Article ID 423938, 16 pages SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Volume 2011, Article ID 807218, 2 pages doi:10.4061/2011/807218 Editorial The Evolution of Sex-Related Traits and Genes Alberto Civetta,1 JoseM.Eir´ ın-L´ opez,´ 2 Rob Kulathinal,3 and Jeremy L. Marshall4 1 Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coru˜na, E15071 Coru˜na, Spain 3 Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA 4 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Alberto Civetta, [email protected] Received 28 June 2011; Accepted 28 June 2011 Copyright © 2011 Alberto Civetta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A growing number of studies are drawing attention to a sexual selection and rates of evolution on male reproductive consistent pattern of rapid evolution of sex-related traits and genes. He highlights how only a few studies have been able to genes. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain establish significant associations. While this might cast some this rapid divergence. For traits and genes directly involved doubts on the role of sexual selection on the rapid evolution in reproduction, the pressures imposed by different sexes are of male reproductive genes, he brings up some of the likely to have driven rapid evolution, either by conflictive analytical problems linked to these prior studies and the need interactions, forms of female cryptic choice (female sex to incorporate multigene analysis and population genetics- drive), or male differential use of traits and behavioral tactics based approaches. In their review, M. Gallach and collab- (male sex drive). However, other factors such as subfunc- orators address the problem faced by sexually reproducing tionalization linked to gene duplications, birth and death species due to the need to generate two sexes with different processes, and pleiotropic effects, particularly those linked patterns of tissue-specific gene expression and physiologies. to immunity, can also drive fast change. The disruption They show that this conflict between sexes has led to a of reproductive traits and gene interactions are of interest nonrandom distribution of sex-biased genes in different to those studying speciation because they can impede gene species and that gene duplication can help avoid sex-related flow among diverging populations. Different studies have genomic clashes leading to dosage compensation or meiotic also shown that rapid changes and adaptive diversification sex chromosome inactivation as well as alleviate sexual between species can occur in reproductive developmental conflict within species. Lastly, J. M. Eirın-L´ opez´ and J. Ausio´ processes such as sex determination and gamete formation. provide an up-to-date insight into the evolutionary origins of Finally, high-throughput molecular technologies and bioin- the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual reproduction formatics approaches are allowing us to place patterns of in metazoan animals. By bringing attention into the recent gene evolution within the broad context of whole genome characterization of the DAZ family of reproductive proteins, dynamics. the authors suggest that the wide conservation of a core The ten papers published in this Issue tackle some of reproductive machinery encoded by premeiotically expressed these fundamental questions on the evolution of sex-related genes across Metazoa lends support to a common evolution- traits and genes. Three opening review articles address ary origin for gametogenesis, rejecting the hypothesis that problems relating to testing sexual selection at the molecular gametogenesis evolved multiple times in different lineages. level, gene duplications and the evolution of sex bias patterns Seven research articles also address a variety of questions of gene expression, and the evolutionary origin of game- related to the evolution of sex-related traits and genes. Fox togenesis. A. Wong reviews recent studies in rodents and et al. reanalyzed data from seven human populations to primates that have tested for associations between proxies of show preferential paternal grandmothering behavior towards 2 International Journal of Evolutionary Biology granddaughters. They conclude that such behavior is likely pheasants and partridges. Six out of the nine dimorphic driven by selection at selfish X-linked gene/s for alleles that characters are visual cues while the remaining three relate increase the survival of grandmothers, because grandmoth- to competitive ability. A variety of intersexual theories are ers who live longer provide longer care and benefits for described to explain the gains and losses of these sexually their granddaughters. Thus, this work demonstrates that dimorphic characters in this lineage. grandmaternal care accounts for the evolution of increased The evolution of sex-related traits and genes has clearly longevity in humans and is influenced by selection on the become a diverse and dynamic area of research and we hope X-chromosome rather than by paternity uncertainty. Nelson that the articles included in this Issue will inspire, motivate, and Neiman compared copulatory behavior in young and and challenge others to study the many questions that are old asexual lineages of a freshwater snail. Contrary to an emerging in this boundless field. expected vestigialization of costly mating behaviors, the ff author found no di erences in female copulation frequen- Acknowledgment cies based on lineage age. Their results provide a rather cautionary warning regarding broad assumptions about the We would like to express our gratitude to all the authors and evolution of sex-related traits that are commonly linked reviewers that contributed to the successful completion
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