Electronic Technology Catalogue of Res Transport Fuel Technologies 1
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Energy Sustainable and renewable transport policy formulation in Latvia (4muLATe), VPP-EM- 2018/AER-2-0003 ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CATALOGUE OF RES TRANSPORT FUEL TECHNOLOGIES 1 ENERGY This research is funded by the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia, project "Sustainable and renewable transport policy formulation in Latvia (4muLATe)”, project No. VPP-EM-2018/AER-2-0003. 2 Electronic technology catalogue of RES transport fuel technologies, 2020, 42 p. Developed by Riga Technical university, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment Authors: Elvis Berjoza, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, Dr. sc. ing., Aiga Barisa, Dr. sc. ing. 3 Content Lightweight cars ......................................................................................................................... 5 Hybrid electric vehicles .................................................................................................... 5 Charging Hybrid ............................................................................................................... 8 Battery charging ETL ..................................................................................................... 11 Fuel Cell Vehicle ............................................................................................................ 14 Biomethane .................................................................................................................... 16 Biodiesel ........................................................................................................................ 18 Bioethanol ...................................................................................................................... 20 Buses ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Electric buses ................................................................................................................ 23 Hydrogen ....................................................................................................................... 25 Biodiesel ........................................................................................................................ 28 Bioethanol ...................................................................................................................... 30 Trucks ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Power ............................................................................................................................. 31 Biomethane .................................................................................................................... 33 Available ETL models .............................................................................................................. 35 Available ETL in Latvia .................................................................................................. 35 2019 ETL models ........................................................................................................... 40 4 LIGHTWEIGHT CARS Hybrid electric vehicles Category Description Short Hybrid electric vehicles shall be powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor using the energy stored in the battery. technology They run on gasoline, and the battery can't be recharged by adding it to the grid. The battery is charged using an internal combustion description engine and a braking mechanism. In addition to the power provided by the electric motor, it is possible to install a smaller internal combustion engine that ensures fuel economy without losing performance. A light hybrid system is the easiest and most cost-effective way to connect electric powered components to a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE). The series Hybrid is known as a power division between two different and simultaneously interconnected technologies. The hybrid car uses a reduced ICE to provide power at higher speeds and higher load conditions, and a battery electric system to move the vehicle at low speeds and low load conditions. This allows ICE to work in a high-efficiency range, thereby providing a significant fuel economy, particularly in urban driving conditions.1 Benefits: Less weight compared to other electrified vehicles. High efficiency both in the city and outside the city. Simple system and low service costs. Comparably low costs. Petrol-powered ICE for longer trips. Providing a compromise between efficiency, use and total costs. Shortcomings Increase costs and complexity compared to internal combustion engines alone. No classic electric charging mode. Typically, higher costs than analogue vehicles operating on ICE alone. Increase efficiency sometimes caused by capacity reduction. 1 Green vehicles. State-of-the-Art and beyond. European Commission. 5 Current market In 2017, 262 million cars were registered in European Union (EU) Member States. About 2 million (0.8%) of them were classified as position electric vehicles or hybrid cars. The number of electric and hybrid electric vehicles has increased steadily across the EU in recent years. The number of hybrid cars in 2017 (1.5 million) was nearly seven times higher compared with 2013 (0.2 million).2, 3 Examples of Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 4 Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 5 Lexus RX 450h 6 technology in the market Engine type Petrol/Electrical Petrol/Electrical Benzīna/Elektrisks Engine power Petrol - 298 kW Petrol - 78 kW Petrol -115 kW Power -105+50 kW Power - 32,5 kW Power - 123+50 kW Maximum speed No data 185 km/h 200 km/h Single charging/filler Nav datu 48 km only with electricity 27 km only with electricity mileage: Fuel 6 l/100 km 3,4 l/100 km 6 l/100 km consumption: Information on environmental 115-118 g/km CO2 79 g/km CO2 122 g/km CO2 impacts 2 Number of the electric cars is on rise. [Online] Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20190507-1?fbclid=IwAR1Fq9Zn_D_ycVAzZ7HRb3JXtXEdDgjnJiLLJX8NVPElRrqGG6YxwT-qbqc [22.10.19] 3 German J. Hybrid Vehicles, Technology Development and Cost Reduction, July 2015. 4 Toyota RAV4 hybrid. [Online] Available: https://hevcars.com.ua/toyota/rav4-hybrid [22.10.19] 5 IONIQ Hybrid Hibrīds jau gaida. [Online] Available: https://www.hyundai.lv/modeli/ioniq-hybrid [22.10.19] 6 RX 450h 2018. [Online] Available: https://www.lexusrigakrasta.lv/lv/models/rx/rx-450h#specifications [22.10.19] 6 Existing market ~ 24 000 EUR ~ 20 000 EUR ~ 60 000 EUR price Benefits Extensive cab, safety functions, low fuel Smooth driving and response, dynamic Great reputation for credibility, plush and consumption. approach to aerodynamics. well equipped. Shortcomings High price A sophisticated hybrid system. High-price, small-volume luggage compartment. Use SOn climate issues, the European Parliament and the Council set targets for phasing out CO2 emissions from cars (from 130 g/km in 2015 to 95 g/km in 2020). These objectives also contribute to the development of hybrid electric vehicles, which can achieve targets and re-establish the EU car fleet. There are a few support programs for auto makers that focus on the development and production of environmentally friendly cars. One of the main strengths of hybrid electric vehicles is related to their extensive availability, thanks to a large range in many segments. One of the most challenging tasks identified by manufacturers of hybrid electric vehicles is to achieve CO2 emissions below 50 g/km.7 7 EU agrees deal on 2020 car emissions regulations. [Online] Available: https://ihsmarkit.com/country-industry-forecasting.html?id=1065980565 [22.10.19] 7 Charging Hybrid Category Description Short technology The Charging Hybrid (plug-in) is the next logical step in terms of hybrid electric vehicles. These vehicles provide flexibility in refueling description8 and charging using batteries to power an electric motor and other fuels (gasoline or diesel) to run an internal combustion engine. The batteries can be charged from an external Powers source, in addition using regenerative braking or an internal combustion engine. More batteries are installed in cars to build up more energy. Thanks to this, cars are able to drive more distances using electric power. At the same time, a battery with more capacity contributes to increasing car weight as well as price. The operation of electric vehicles periodically or at all times significantly reduces operating costs, the use of fossil fuels and emissions. Benefits: Increased mileage compared to classic battery ETL. Lower purchasing costs compared to classic battery ETL. lower operating costs compared to typical hybrids. Shortcomings: More expensive than hybrid electric vehicles. Greater batteries mean more weight. A more sophisticated system than hybrid electric vehicles. Current market In 2018, 651 000 plug-in hybrid-type machines were sold worldwide, 182 768 cars from all volume were purchased in Europe, 122 672 position cars sold in the USA.9, 10 8 Green vehicles. State-of-the-Art and beyond. European Commission. 9 Global EV Sales for the 1st Half of 2019 by Roland Irle. [Online] Available: http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/ [23.10.19] 10 2019 (Q1) Europe: [Online] Available: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Car Sales per EU and EFTA Country. https://www.best-selling-cars.com/electric/latest-europe-electric-and-plug-in-hybrid- car-sales-per-eu-and-efta-country/ [23.10.19] 8 Examples of Volvo V60 D6