Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2015 Ordinary Women: Female Perpetrators of the Nazi Final Solution Haley A. Wodenshek Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the European History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wodenshek, Haley A., "Ordinary Women: Female Perpetrators of the Nazi Final Solution". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2015. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/522 Ordinary Women: Female Perpetrators of the Nazi Final Solution Haley Wodenshek History Department Senior Thesis Advisor: Allison Rodriguez Class of 2015 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………..………………………………………………………... 1 “We believe in Adolf Hitler, our Eternal Führer”………………………………………... 2 An Introduction to the Role of Nazi Women Chapter 1: “Power would tame [Hitler’s] extremism, they said”………………………. 22 The Rise and Fall of the Weimar Republic Chapter 2: Hitler’s Girls………………………………………………………………… 43 Chapter 3: Hitler’s Girls Go East……………………………………………………….. 67 Chapter 4: The Case Studies of Herta Oberheuser, Irma Grese & Ilse Koch…………... 85 The Case of Herta Oberheuser ............................................................................. 87 The Case of Irma Ilse Ida Grese, #9 ………………………………………....... 108 The Case of Ilse Koch ........................................................................................ 127 Conclusion: Fleeing the East, The Final Retreat ……………………………………... 149 “My [sic] wife, sir, wouldn’t hurt a fly.” Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………… 158 3 Acknowledgements *** This work is dedicated to my mother Anne Wodenshek, who has always pushed me to become the strong and independent woman I am today, and who gave me the gift of education. *** I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my Thesis advisor, Professor Allison Rodriguez for helping me through this yearlong process. Your method of teaching in our Modern German History class my Sophomore year initially sparked my interest, and caused me to continually question the absence of women in the Historical discussion. I truly could not have completed this work without your continued support and guidance throughout. I would also like to thank my History Major advisor Professor Dario Euraque for always challenging me and pushing me to become a better writer and to think more critically. To my second reader Professor Samuel Kassow, thank you for your direction and your continued interest throughout. Furthermore, I would like to give my most sincere thanks to the parents of Colin Leroy. Without your generous donation, which allowed me to conduct research at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., this work would not have been successful. To my fellow Thesis writers congratulations on your hard work! To my family and my friends, especially those of you in Crescent 63, thank you for your support throughout this challenging process, and being understanding in times of great stress. Finally, a special thanks to Harrison Lawrence, Class of 2015 History and German double major, who while writing his own Thesis in the German language, took the time to translate a document that was critical to my case study of Irma Grese. *** In memory of those who’s lives were lost as a result of the Nazi Final Solution 4 “We believe in Adolf Hitler, our Eternal Führer” An Introduction to the Role of Nazi Women Late 1943 into early 1944 marked a turn of the tides in World War II. As it became evidently clear that Germany would soon lose the war, the Allied Powers were faced with deciding how to appropriately bring justice to an entire society that had been responsible for the annihilation of millions. In July 1944, an extremely important, yet largely forgotten, study commissioned by the United States government was published, entitled Women in Nazi German. This study, conducted by Ruth Kempner, in collaboration with her husband, Robert Kempner, was written to expose the roles women played in Nazi Germany and served as an informational resource for the de-Nazification of German women, for use by potential prosecutors. It outlined the various female Nazi organizations that paralleled those of men, and was essential in demonstrating that women were also fanatical supporters who had been incorporated into the many facets of the Nazi regime. It was used to prove that men were not solely responsible for the destruction society under the Nazi experiment. Kempner stressed the importance of her work, claiming, “This study has been included in our Administrative Series because of the future demographic and social consequences which will prevail in post-Nazi Germany.”1 Kempner delves into the variety of ways in which women were inculcated with Nazi ideology and tells readers that women should not be absolved of post-war guilt simply because they are women. The contents of Kempner’s work expertly outlines the variety of ways women were incorporated into Nazi German. Despite prevalent gender biases, they were not simply housewives, and the report demonstrates just how deeply rooted Nazi ideology was in German society at the time. Nazi women enthusiastically rallied to participate in the Nationalsozialistische Frauenschaft (NS), or the National Socialist Women’s League, which organized women in a range of activities, from finances to education to training in auxiliary 1 Ruth Kempner, Women in Nazi Germany, (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1944) Cover page. 5 services. From the young age of six, both boys and girls were put into Nazi training programs, the Hitler-Jugend (Hitler Youth, or HJ) and Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls, or BDM), and were trained as “the smallest assistants of Hitler.” 2 Though Kempner’s work is crucial for many reasons, probably the most important aspect was the extensive collection of data outlined in the section entitled, “Classification According to Public Danger.” This section ranked the extent by which Nazi women were seen as a public danger, threatening democratic life. 3 The first category of women, the most dangerous, consisted of a group of about 3,000 Nazi-trained career Party leaders. These were the women who served as heads of Departments in the Party headquarters, or top women in Eastern districts, who coordinated women’s organizations and “form[ed] the nucleus of the political bureaucracy and [held] full-time jobs in the central and district headquarters of the NS Frauenschaft, the Deutsche Frauenwerk (German Women’s Welfare Organization).”4 They were the most dangerous because only a small number of the identities of these Nazi career women were known, thus, if women were not held accountable, Kempner seeks to say that many of these unknown women would easily get away. The group which posed the second greatest threat to democratic life consisted of about 584,000 Nazi female leaders who participated voluntarily in the political work of the Nazi Party. Like the Nazi career women, this group, too, was trained in Nazi ideology and organizational work, making them no less dangerous than the Nazi career women. These Nazi Party activities included women in positions of power, as local political bosses or deputies of county and local units throughout the country. 5 Aside from the sheer difference in numbers of women in this second group, the only real difference between the 3,000 full-time Nazi Party workers and the 2 Kempner, Women in Nazi Germany, 46. 3 Ibid, 60. 4 Ibid, 60. 5 Ibid, 61. 6 work of the volunteer corps was that those in the former were paid for their service, while the latter were rewarded for their efforts with positions of “political leadership in their community, with all its privileges and financial advantages.”6 The next category of women included the approximately 1,600,000 ordinary members of the NS Frauenschaft , who joined the Nazi Party before 1936. Unlike the women in the two previous categories, who were trained as political leaders, promoters, and indoctrinators, these women were responsible for “keeping the rest of Germany’s female population in line with the Nazi State.”7 Another 1,000,000 younger women, serving the same important function as the NS, joined the Nazi party after 1936 as members of the Deutsche Frauenwerk. These women, differing only in terms of seniority within the Nazi Party, were “no less ardent in their determination to serve the Nazi Party efficiently than the members of the NS Frauenschaft .”8 Amongst the more than three million female participants described in the three former categories, still another four million girls, aged ten and up, were all highly indoctrinated members of the Bund Deutscher Mädel, an umbrella organization under the Hitler-Jugend that was dedicated to cultivating the growth of good Nazi girls. Of these four million, approximately 250,000 of them were BDM Leaders 9—20,000 of whom were career officers with a full-time salary. 10 Seven million girls and women were directly involved in the Nazi Party through the NS Frauenschaft, the Deutsche Frauenwerk, and BDM, but still eleven million more were indirectly organized as employees of the Nazi state. These women, controlled by the Nazi Party through their membership in the women’s sections of the Labor Front, the Peasant Organization, and other professional work organizations, would contribute to the total of approximately sixteen 6 Ibid, 61. 7 Ibid.,61. 8 Ibid, 62. 9 Ibid, 62. 10 Ibid, 31. 7 million organized Nazi women. 11 Through this informational survey, Kempner was able to conclude that of these women, almost one out of “every sixth woman between twenty and sixty years of age is a genuine Nazi.” 12 Despite Kempner’s impressive and thorough study, which advised for the immediate disbandment of the various programs created through the NS , for reasons of being “detrimental to any form of peaceful development… dangerous to public security in post-War Germany… and… for reasons of public safety,”13 only a small fraction of these genuine Nazi women were brought to trial for the crimes committed during the Holocaust.