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Roots of Andalusian Islamic Medicine in the European Civilisation

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Roots of Andalusian Islamic Medicine in the European Civilisation Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist Med. Vol. XXII pp. 23 to 34 ROOTS OF ANDALUSIAN ISLAMIC MEDICINE IN THE EUROPEAN CIVILISATION SAMIR YAHIA El·GAMMAl'!: ABSTRACT In the 11th century B.C., the Phoenicians set foot on the Eastern coast of the Iberian peninsula and established several colonies such as Oadiz and Tar tusa, follcwed by Greeks in the 6th century B.C .• then by the Carthagenians in the 3rd century B.C , then by the Romans a century later. Thus a mixture of all these civilisations was Originated. In the 5th century A.D., Spain was invaded by the 1st Germanic wave. followed by the Eastern Goths who ruled till the Islamic conquest in 711 A.D. A new Islamic Caliphate was formed (when the Omayad Prince Abdul Rahman fled to Andalusia in 755 A.D.), with Cordova as its capital. The golden era of Islamic Andalusia be qan under the rule of Caliph Abdul Rahman III \912-961 A.D.), where rnanv cultural centres were established s peciallv in Granada, Cordova, Seville. Toledo etc., which attracted the attention of the European scientists, who came to learn more about t .,ese advanced sciences, and consequently translated all the Islamic sciences including medicine, pharmacy etc. int o Latin. The most famous pioneer in tr ans lation was Gerard of Cr emon a (of Italian origin), followed by many others, thus all the Is'amic sciences h "ped the Europeans to find their way out from the dark days of the Medieval ages towa.ds the Renaissance era. The Arabs of the 10th and 11th Europe heard about the Arabs' great centuries emancipated their scientific development in sciences specially in efforts from dependency on foreign medicine, pharmacy, geography, che- research. Their golden age of scien- mistry, mathematics ... etc.. along whole ces and literature found its way into of the Islamic Empire from the Indian Europe as early as the 11th century bordo to the Atlantic ocean. Many AD., mainly through Spain (Andalu- Europeans joined its scientific centres, sia), Palermo (Sicily), Salerno (Italy), so as tJ learn as much 6sp':Jssible and the Crusade wars. about these sciences, and hence The Latin-speaking people of became devoted disciples to the ~Phaima~:st. Researcher "1 the History of Madic.ne & Pb arrnacv , P.O. Box 136 Maadi, Cairo. EgYPt. 24 Bull. Ind. tnst . Hl st. Med. Vol. XXII famous Moslem professors in every localised renaissance movement in the field. 9th century A.D., when Alusen (735- 804 A.D.) and his pupil Mores (775- In Sicily, the effect of the Arab- 856 A.D.) tried to translate some of Islamic sciences was bigger and grea- the Greek books into Latin but were ter, but intermittent and distorted, not very successful. whereas in Salerno and Andalusia, the effect was stronger and most Also the Italian states tried during beneficial. the 10th century A.D. to send a num- ber of scientific expeditions to Cons- During the medieval ages in tantinople so as to obtain some of the Europe, the people felt great hunger Greek scientific manuscripts for the to knowledge and sciences, but were purpose of translating them into not satisfied with the books which Latin, but failed out. were in possession of the monks, and so were forced to direct their atten So, all the Arab-Islamic sciences tion to the Arab books and their trans- were destined to reach Europe only lations of the Greek scientific heritage. after few centuries through the Cru- sades, Salerno, Palermo and Anda Although these Greek books were lusia. All these channels were pou preserved in the European monasterial ring in the European cities of the nor- libraries, yet the monks were not thern west of the Rhine river, thus the aware of its value due to their igno- Renaissance schools were established rance of the Greek language, and also in Germany, Switzerland, France, due to the deserted location of some England, Holland ... etc. of these monasteries and difficulty to reach them by many scholars. An Concerning Andalusia, the Spa example of this difficulty, was the nish civilisation goes back far into the famous book on Astronomy "Magiste" stone age. Then the Phoenicians which was written by the famous Ale- arrived crossing the strait of Gibraltar xandrian astronomer Ptolemy (3rd cen- and establised many coastal colonies tury B.C.), and was known to the such as Qadiz and Tartus during the Arabs by the name "AI-Magiste". 11th century B. C. The ancient This valuable book was available in Greeks, also a famous sea-faring several copies in the Europian monas- nation like the Phoenicians formed teriallibraries, but was not recognised many colonies in Spain in the 6th cen- or identified except from its Arabic tury B.C., then the Carthagenians translation. settled later in the 4th century B.C. on the eastern coast of Spain and The German states witnessed a along the Balearic islands. Later on, Roots of Andetusien tstemic Medicine=-Semir Yahia £I-Gammal 25 most of the Iberian peninsula and the Andalusia (after his escape from the Balearic isles were occupied by Hamil- massacre of the Omayads by the car, king of the Carthaqenians in the Abbasids in Damascus), and founded 3rd century B.C. But after the defeat an independent Arab Caliphate in of their king Hanibal in the 3rd Punic Spain. Cordova was chosen as the War by the rising Roman Empire, the capital of the new Islamic Caliphate, Carthaqenians were driven out in 133 and its golden age was during the B.C. and so Spain became a Roman reign of Abdul Rahman III (912-· colony. 961 A.D.). Many Roman scientists, philoso- At the begining of the 11th cen- phers, historians were reported to have tury A.D., the Omayad dynasty in migrated to Spain, chief among them Andalusia broke up into 27 petty were Seneca and Quinelian. independent states. Due to the re-conquest of the Christians under In 409 A.D., the first wave of Ger- the leadership of king Alphonso IV, manic invasion took place followed the Islamic Andalusian kings dernan- by the first West Gothic wave. ded the help of the Morabitin kings of north Africa. but were defeated. Then the Arabs, who in 711 A.D., Again, in 1176 A.D., the Mowahhadin under the leadership of Tareq ibn came to help in the Andalusian wars, Zeyad crossed the strait of Gibraltar but were also defeated. King Alp- and defeated king Fredrick the last of honso VIII in 1212 A.D. could drive the western Goths and captured Cor- the Moslems out of most of Spain dova. The commandor Mousa ibn with the exception of the strong king- Nosaer joined Tareq in 712 A.D. and dom of Granada, but at last in 1492 both completed the occupation of A.D., it surrendered to the united Southern Spain. During the next few forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, and years, the whole of the Iberian penin- so Spain returned once more to the sula became under Islamic rule, with hands of the Christians. the exception of Austurias and Bas- ques where the Christians gathered In Andalusia, there occured the and kept preparing for the re-conquest biggest and most important centre for of Spain. The Arabs crossed the contacts between the Arab Islamic Pyrenees mountains but were defea- sciences and the European ideas, ted in the battle of Tour-Poitiers in covering a period of about eight 732 A.D. by Charles Martel. centuries (from711-1492A.D.). The most famous Islamic cities in which In 755 A.D., the Omayad prince Arabic sciences prospered greatly Abdul Rahman Al-Ornawv reached were Cordova, Seville and Granada, 25 Bull. Ind. tnst, Hist. Med. Vol. XXII and to a lesser extent Toledo and hardly a boy or a girl who could not Castille. There, the strongest inter- read or write. mingle between the Spanish and Islamic cultures was fortified by the Such civilisation could not fail to every-day life of both populations and produce famous physicians and philo- also due to the great efforts of the sophers comparable to those of the Ornavad Caliphs and the Tawaef Orient. Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna kings, which helped the Christians, ...etc. had compares in Abulcasis, Jews and Moslems to participate Avenzoar, Averroes ... etc. together in acqainting the Latins with the Arab- Uamic culture. Islamic medicine came to a stand still about 1250 A.D., when super- Andalusia during the Islamic rule, stitior.s crept in. fl aurished in agriculture, mineralogy, commerce, industry as well as in Of the leading Islamic physicians medicine, pharmacy ... etc. also the and philosophers of Andalusia were: cities of Cordova, Seville, Granada, 1. lbn Wafid (997-1074A.D.), known Toledo ... etc. became very prosperous to the Latins as Abenguefit. He was in economy as well as in culture, born in Toledo, wrote a treatise which learning, art ..etc. (one can still detect was translated into Latin entitled lslarnic culture in the present popula- "De Medicamentis Sirnplicibus." tion speciallv in Granada). 2. lbn Maimun (Mousa Ibn Imran) During the reign of the Andalu- (11351204 A.D.), known to the sian Caliphs Abdul Rahman III, AI- Latins as Maimonides. He was born Hakam and AI-Mansour (from 912- in southern Spain and spent most of 1002 A. D ), the city of Cordova (or his life in Cairo, serving the Egyptian Carta- Tuba as was called by the king Saladin and his sons. He was Phoenicians) contained not less than a physician and a philosopher and 200,000 houses, one million inhabi- had advanced ideas on hygiene. tants, 600 inns, 900 baths, 600 mos- ques with preparatory schools attached 3.
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