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Dissertation Cover Page Dissertation Cover Page A dissertation submitted by Malgorzata Kolling [email protected] Student ID number: 100043584 Please note that throughout this dissertation I am using my academic (maiden) name Malgorzata Skorek Submitted: 5 May 2011 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED Effects of exposure to idealized body portrayals in an ethnically diverse sample of men and women A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Psychological Sciences by Malgorzata Skorek Committee in charge: Assistant Professor Yarrow Dunham, Chair Assistant Professor Anna V. Song Associate Professor Jack L. Vevea 2011 Copyright Malgorzata Skorek, 2011 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Malgorzata Skorek is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, Merced 2011 iii DEDICATION To my parents, Halina & Andrzej All that I am and ever hope to be, I owe to You. iv EPIGRAPH One never goes so far as when one doesn’t know where one is going. –Johann Wolfgang von Goethe v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page . iii Dedication . iv Epigraph . v Table of Contents . vi List of Figures . xi List of Tables . xiv Acknowledgements . xv Vita and Publications . xvi Abstract of the Dissertation . xix I Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Research motivation . 2 1.1 Theoretical foundation . 6 1.2 Current objectives . 8 1.3 Overview of the dissertation . 17 II Literature review 24 Chapter 2 Who is harmed by media portrayed thinness? A review of personal moderators . 25 2.1 Introduction . 25 2.1.1 Methodological and demographic moderators . 27 2.2 Method . 28 2.3 Personal moderators - categorization . 29 2.4 Personal moderators with strongest support . 37 2.4.1 Body image disturbance . 37 2.4.2 Attitudes towards a beauty ideal . 40 2.4.3 Self-objectification tendency . 43 2.5 Personal moderators with less support . 45 2.5.1 Eating behavior . 45 2.5.2 Self-perception cognitions . 48 vi 2.5.3 Objective body size . 49 2.5.4 Gender attitudes and stereotypes . 51 2.5.5 External factors . 52 2.6 Discussion and conclusion . 52 2.6.1 Study limitations . 55 2.6.2 Suggestions for further research . 56 III Effects of exposure on self-esteem, actual-ideal body discrepancy, and perception of health risks 60 Chapter 3 Advertising portrayal of thin and attractive models and its effects in a diverse sample of women . 63 3.1 Introduction . 63 3.1.1 Exposure and race/ethnicity . 64 3.1.2 Explicit versus implicit self-esteem . 66 3.2 Method . 68 3.2.1 Participants . 68 3.2.2 Procedure . 68 3.3 Materials . 69 3.3.1 Priming task . 69 3.3.2 Implicit measure of self-esteem . 70 3.3.3 Explicit measures . 72 3.4 Results . 74 3.4.1 Data reduction . 74 3.4.2 Creating indices . 74 3.4.3 Descriptive statistics . 75 3.4.4 Exposure effects and implicit measures . 77 3.4.5 Exposure effects across race/ethnicity . 78 3.5 Discussion . 78 3.6 Conclusion . 83 Chapter 4 Self-enhancement following exposure to idealized body por- trayals in ethnically diverse men: A fantasy effect of advertising 84 4.1 Introduction . 84 4.1.1 Advertising exposure and race/ethnicity . 87 4.1.2 Explicit versus implicit self-esteem . 88 4.2 Method . 90 4.2.1 Participants . 90 4.2.2 Procedure . 90 4.3 Materials . 91 4.3.1 Priming task . 91 4.3.2 Implicit measure of self-esteem . 92 vii 4.3.3 Explicit measures . 93 4.4 Results . 95 4.4.1 Data reduction . 95 4.4.2 Creating indices . 95 4.4.3 Descriptive statistics . 96 4.4.4 Main effects of media exposure . 98 4.4.5 Interactions between exposure and race/ethnicity 100 4.5 Discussion . 101 4.6 Conclusion . 104 IV Personality & self image 106 Chapter 5 Personality and self image: Setting the stage . 109 5.1 Introduction . 109 5.2 Method . 109 5.2.1 Participants . 109 5.2.2 Procedure . 110 5.3 Materials . 110 5.3.1 Explicit measures . 110 5.4 Results . 112 5.4.1 Factor analysis . 112 5.4.2 Descriptive statistics . 113 5.4.3 Correlations . 114 5.5 Discussion and conclusion . 119 Chapter 6 Personality traits and body image: Exploring the mediational relationships . 121 6.1 Introduction . 121 6.2 Method . 124 6.2.1 Participants . 124 6.2.2 Procedure . 125 6.3 Materials . 125 6.3.1 Personality traits . 125 6.3.2 Body dissatisfaction . 125 6.3.3 Self-esteem . 126 6.3.4 Internalization of sociocultural ideals . 126 6.4 Results . 127 6.4.1 Descriptive statistics . 127 6.4.2 Correlations . 128 6.4.3 Path model A . 128 6.4.4 Path model B . 130 6.4.5 Alternative path model A . 132 viii 6.5 Discussion and conclusion . 132 Chapter 7 Effects of exposure to TV advertisements on body esteem and body perception . 135 7.1 Introduction . 135 7.2 Method . 139 7.2.1 Participants . 139 7.2.2 Procedure . 139 7.3 Materials . 140 7.3.1 Priming task . 140 7.3.2 Implicit measure of body perception . 141 7.3.3 Explicit measures . 142 7.4 Results . 143 7.4.1 Data reduction . 143 7.4.2 Descriptive statistics . 143 7.4.3 Main effects of exposure . 144 7.4.4 Moderation analyses . 144 7.4.5 Race/ethnicity by exposure condition interactions 150 7.5 Discussion and conclusion . 150 V Exploring media exposure effects using a two-factor design 154 Chapter 8 Effects of exposure on women’s self-esteem, body esteem, and body perception . 155 8.1 Introduction . 155 8.1.1 Women’s race/ethnicity . 157 8.1.2 Personality . 158 8.1.3 Body weight . 158 8.1.4 Comparison tendency . 159 8.1.5 Internalization of sociocultural ideals . 159 8.1.6 Media exposure . 160 8.1.7 Socioeconomic status . 160 8.2 Method . 161 8.2.1 Participants . 161 8.2.2 Procedure . 162 8.3 Materials . 163 8.3.1 Priming task . 163 8.3.2 Implicit dependent measures . 163 8.3.3 Explicit dependent measures . 165 8.3.4 Explicit independent measures . 167 8.4 Results . 170 ix 8.4.1 Data reduction . 170 8.4.2 Creating indices . 170 8.4.3 Descriptive statistics . 171 8.4.4 Main effects of media exposure . 173 8.4.5 Moderation analyses . 174 8.5 Discussion and conclusion . 183 VI Conclusions 188 Chapter 9 General conclusion . 189 9.1 Limitations and future directions . 192 9.2 Final remarks . ..
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