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Sous-Vêtements Masculinsmasculins L’HistoireL’Histoire desdes SOUS-VÊTEMENTSSOUS-VÊTEMENTS MASCULINSMASCULINS Shaun Cole Auteur : Shaun Cole Mise en page : Baseline Co. Ltd 61A-63A Vo Van Tan Street 4e étage District 3, Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville Vietnam © Confidential Concepts, worldwide, USA © Parkstone Press International, New York, USA © 1911 – Fotolia.com, p. 117 © aussieBum, p. 119, 120, 124, 134, 135, 198, 203, 204, 223 © Aertex, p. 72 © Athos Fashion/ Photograph, Patrick Mettraux (http://www.patrickmettraux.com), p. 126 © Andrew Christian, p. 108, 136, 137, 138, 139, 213, 222, 233 © Bexley (http://www.bexley.com), p. 185 © Bleu Forêt, p. 184 © Bruno Banani, p. 104, 110, 111, 122, 123 © Brynje Trikotasjefabrikk AS., p. 73 © Photographies de Klaus H. Carl, p. 38, 39, 46, 69, 95, 161, 164, 166, 172 © Jockey International, Inc., COOPERS and JOCKEY images provided courtesy of Jockey International, Inc. All, p. 65, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 114, 186, 191, 219 © Dim, p. 107, 118, 121, 129, 140, 142, 218 © Dreamstime.com © Fotolia © Ginch Gonch, p. 105, 116, 125, 132, 145, 210, 211, 231 © Gregg Homme, p.144, 202 © Hom, p. 96, 97, 130, 193 © Ernest Collins pour L’Homme Invisible®, p. 109, 201 © JIL, p. 147, 190, 192, 194, 197, 205, 217, 226, 229, 234 © Justus Clothing Company, p. 221 © Les3photo8 | Dreamstime, p. 6 © microimages – Fotolia.com, p. 115 © Musée de la Chemiserie d’Argenton, Argenton, p. 52 © Musées d’Art et d’Histoire de Troyes (France)/ Photographies: Jean-Marie Protte, p. 70, 71, 75, 168, 169 © Museum of London, London, p. 16, 17, 48, 68, 84, 90, 93 © Munsingwear, p. 64, 206 © QZ - Quadridgae Zeus, p. 127, 133, 207 © Shreddies Ltd., p. 208, 209 © Tomasz Trojanowski – Fotolia.com, p. 148 © Estate of Walter Wilkins, p. 92 © Wolsey, p. 61, 86, 89, 99, 177, 180, 225, 227, 230, 232 © Zimmerli, p. 103, 141 Tous droits d’adaptation et de reproduction réservés pour tous pays. Sauf mention contraire, le copyright des œuvres reproduites se trouve chez les photographes qui en sont les auteurs. En dépit de nos recherches, il nous a été impossible d’établir les droits d’auteur dans certains cas. En cas de réclamation, nous vous prions de bien vouloir vous adresser à la maison d’édition. ISBN: 978-1-78160-301-7 Shaun Cole L’Histoire des sous-vêtements MASCULINS À ma mère et mon père (qui ont été les premiers à m’initier aux sous-vêtements) Sommaire Introduction 7 I. Une Fondation solide 11 II. Les Dessous : 1800-1899 31 III. La Mode : 1900-1980 57 IV. Le Slip blanc et au-delà : 1980 à nos jours 101 V. Partir du bon pied : collants, bas et chaussettes 153 VI. La Grande Vente : la publicité pour les sous-vêtements 187 Conclusion 235 Glossaire 236 Notes 240 Bibliographie 250 Remerciements 255 6 Introduction D e nombreux livres sur l’histoire et la signification des sous-vêtements ont déjà été publiés. Certains se concentrent sur des aspects spécifiques de la lingerie tandis que d’autres proposent un panorama de son histoire. Cependant, les sous-vêtements masculins sont très souvent relégués au second plan. Lorsque ce sujet est traité, sont généralement abordés les évolutions techniques et sociales ainsi que les aspects de la lingerie féminine. L’histoire de la mode masculine et féminine tend à marginaliser, voire ignorer, l’évolution des sous-vêtements masculins. L’une des raisons principales est leur simplicité comparative, en regard des sous-vêtements féminins, mais également leur aspect presque utilitaire. Les publications exclusivement consacrées aux sous-vêtements masculins traitent souvent le sujet de manière humoristique, traduisant ainsi en image la façon dont la lingerie masculine est présentée dans la culture populaire. Un exemple de ces effets comiques est Rhys Ifans ouvrant la porte en slip ouvert en Y inversé, gris bouffant, dans la comédie romantique britannique Coup de foudre à Notting Hill (1999). Néanmoins, en 1961, Gaetano Savini-Brioni, de la maison de couture italienne Brioni, soulevait : « Pourquoi un homme devrait-il avoir l’air d’un guignol en sous-vêtements ? Un homme doit être vêtu avec autant d’élégance qu’une femme, de la veste au slip. »1 Les dessous masculins méritent, en effet, qu’on s’y intéresse de façon moins comique et qu’on considère leur importance dans l’histoire de la mode et l’histoire culturelle ainsi que le fait qu’ils sont un élément clé de la garde-robe masculine. Comme le soulignait la revue professionnelle Men’s Wear en avril 1933, « les sous-vêtements doivent avoir la grâce d’Apollon, le romantisme de Byron, la classe de Lord Chesterfield et l’aisance, l’impudence et le confort de Mahatma Gandhi ».2 L’histoire des dessous féminins a abordé le rôle de la lingerie dans la séduction des hommes ainsi que son rôle en tant qu’accessoire attirant le regard des hommes sur les femmes. Richard Martin, conservateur et historien de la mode, quant à lui, a déclaré que les vêtements masculins étaient un « signe et une marque de modernité ».3 En réfléchissant à ces deux points, nombre de questions concernant les sous-vêtements masculins nous viennent à l’esprit. Comment et pourquoi les hommes choisissent-ils leurs sous-vêtements ? Est-ce pour leur confort et leur côté pratique ou pour le moment où il sera dévoilé ou exposé ? Les hommes choisissent-ils et achètent-ils eux-mêmes leurs dessous ou est-ce leur mère, leur femme ou leur petite amie qui s’en charge ? (Selon l’historienne culturelle Jennifer Craik dans « set of denials » – « les femmes habillent les hommes et achètent les vêtements pour les hommes » et « les hommes s’habillent davantage pour le confort que pour le style ».) 4 Les sous-vêtements masculins reflètent-ils la modernité et les changements de la masculinité ? Les sous-vêtements sont-ils, de fait, personnels ? Les sous-vêtements masculins ont-ils un lien avec la séduction du sexe opposé (ou du même sexe ?) À une époque où le corps masculin est un objet de représentation sexuelle et sociale, la présentation des corps vêtus de sous-vêtements est-elle destinée aux femmes, est-elle homoérotique ou homosociale ? Les vêtements cachent le corps tout en attirant notre regard sur ce dernier. La partie du corps qui est généralement la première couverte (pour des raisons de protection et de pudeur) est la partie génitale ; cependant, comme l’ont démontré les anthropologues, les cache-sexes sont souvent utilisés pour attirer l’attention sur le corps dissimulé. Dans son étude sur le pagne, Otto Steinmayer explique que « généralement les gens ont le sentiment qu’ils doivent rendre leur appareil génital symboliquement inoffensif avec une couverture ou une décoration… pour l’orner, l’humaniser ou le socialiser »5 et l’historienne de mode, Valerie Steele, estime qu’un tel ornement « a primé – et prime – les aspects de la chaleur, de la protection et de la pudeur ».6 Les sous-vêtements englobent tous les vêtements portés qui sont complètement ou partiellement dissimulés par un autre vêtement : couvert comme est couvert le corps. Tout comme une personne portant un sous-vêtement est « à la fois habillée et déshabillée »7, les sous-vêtements peuvent être une Page 6. forme d’habillement privée et secrète ou publique. Jusqu’au XXe siècle, l’évolution de la lingerie masculine Sous-Vêtements gris. 7 — L’Histoire des sous-vêtements masculins — est essentiellement passée inaperçue et l’attitude prédominante était « loin des yeux, loin du cœur ». Comme l’a écrit Jennifer Craik, c’est comme si « garder les sous-vêtements masculins simples et fonctionnels permettait aux corps masculins de faire rempart à la sexualité débridée ».8 Cependant, cela fait mentir la dynamique des changements technologiques et stylistiques. Au cours de cette dernière décennie, la lingerie masculine s’est davantage affichée et est devenue plus publique, fait dont ne se réjouissent pas tous les hommes, comme l’a indiqué le journaliste Rodney Bennet-England en 1967 : « Ce qu’il porte – ou non – sous son pantalon ne regarde que lui. »9 Les dessous masculins (et féminins) ont diverses raisons d’être : la protection, l’hygiène, la pudeur et la moralité, s’adapter aux vêtements de dessus, être un indicateur du statut social et être érotique et sensuel. Les sous-vêtements offrent une protection du corps qu’ils couvrent de deux manières. La couche supplémentaire agit comme un modérateur de température, assurant une chaleur supplémentaire et protégeant le corps du froid ou en gardant le corps plus frais. Ils permettent aussi de réduire les irritations et la chauffe dues aux tissus rêches. En même temps, les sous-vêtements protègent les vêtements du dessus des saletés et odeurs corporelles en proposant une couche hygiénique et facilement lavable. Changer fréquemment de dessous était un moyen d’avoir une hygiène personnelle lorsque prendre un bain n’était pas toujours possible ni courant. Les concepts de « propre » et « sale », d’« intérieur » et d’« extérieur » ont été essentiels pour attribuer leur rôle aux sous-vêtements dans l’enseignement (notamment religieux) de la moralité et du corps. À la notion de moralité est associée celle de pudeur. Le corps nu a souvent été jugé inacceptable, par conséquent les sous-vêtements ont agi comme un moyen de couvrir certaines parties et d’empêcher que le porteur de dessous et les spectateurs ne soient gênés. Alors que les sous-vêtements féminins ont souvent joué un rôle primordial dans la forme des vêtements du dessus, les sous-vêtements masculins y ont accordé beaucoup moins d’importance. Avant la fin du XIXe siècle, le rembourrage et la corseterie étaient utilisés par les hommes pour créer une forme de corps à la mode et idéale sous les couches supérieures. Bien que les dessous masculins passent principalement inaperçus, certaines parties sont visibles, le tissu apparent ainsi que sa propreté étaient utilisés comme indicateur de classe sociale.
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