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Spatial Patterns of Lepidoptera in the Eucalypt Woodlands of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia

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Spatial Patterns of Lepidoptera in the Eucalypt Woodlands of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Year Spatial patterns of Lepidoptera in the eucalypt woodlands of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia Lachlan Ashby University of Wollongong Ashby, Lachlan, Spatial patterns of Lepidoptera in the eucalypt woodlands of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia, MSc-Res thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/93 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/93 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LEPIDOPTERA IN THE EUCALYPT WOODLANDS OF THE SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE - RESEARCH from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by LACHLAN ASHBY Department of Biological Sciences 2008 CERTIFICATION I, Lachlan Ashby, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Master of Science, in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Lachlan Ashby July 2008 Table of Contents List of Tables, Figures and Plates..............................................................vi ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................1 1.1 Community Ecology Of Invertebrates ..............................................1 1.1.1 Spatial Distribution of Invertebrates..........................................2 1.2 Community Ecology of Lepidoptera And Indicators Of Ecosystem Function ...........................................................................................7 1.2.1 Spatial Patterns of Lepidoptera................................................10 1.3 Aims of the Investigation ...............................................................15 CHAPTER 2: SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS ..........................17 2.1 Site Description..............................................................................17 2.2 Trap Design....................................................................................26 2.3 Sorting and Identification ...............................................................29 2.4 Methods of Analyses......................................................................29 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS.........................................................................33 iii 3.1 Community Composition ...............................................................34 3.1.1 Abundance and Species Richness............................................34 3.1.2 Family Richness......................................................................38 3.1.3 Distribution of Rarity ..............................................................40 3.1.4 The Relationship Between Species Distribution and Abundance. .............................................................................................42 3.1.5 The Relationship Between Family Distribution and Abundance.. .............................................................................................43 3.1.6 Turnover Between Assemblages .............................................44 3.1.7 Relationship Between Assemblage Turnover and Rarity.........47 3.2 Multivariate Analysis .....................................................................48 3.2.1 Ordinal Assemblage Structure.................................................48 3.2.2 National Parks.........................................................................52 3.2.3 Sites ........................................................................................53 3.2.4 Trap Locations ........................................................................55 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION...................................................................56 iv 4.1 Richness and Abundance Patterns of Lepidoptera ..........................56 4.2 Assemblage Structure Over a Hierarchy of Spatial Scales..............58 4.3 Ecology Of Moth Spatial Patterns ..................................................60 4.4 Patterns At Different Taxonomic Levels ........................................62 4.5 Rarity .............................................................................................64 4.6 Urbanisation and its Potential Effect on Moth Distributions...........65 4.7 Conclusion .....................................................................................67 4.8 Avenues for Future Study...............................................................68 REFERENCES.........................................................................................70 APPENDIX A – TAXA INDEX ..............................................................93 v List of Tables, Figures and Plates Figure 2.1: Average annual rainfall for Sydney and the surrounding environs (millimetres per year). From Benson and Howell (2000). .................................................... 19 Figure 2.2: Diagrammatic representation of the spatial hierarchy incorporated within the experimental design of the study. At the largest sampling scale is the national park, the intermediate scale is the site and smallest scale is the trap location.......................................................... 21 Table 2.1: Description for each of the nine sites used to collect Lepidoptera specimens outlining site name, grid reference, national park for each site and sample collection date......................................................................... 22 Plate 1: Typical eucalypt woodland vegetation structure of the Sydney Basin in which sample collection of Lepidoptera took place............................................................ 25 Figure 3.1: The total number of species of Lepidoptera which were identified within each family over all sampling occasions at all locations......................................................... 33 Figure 3.2: The accumulation of total number of species of Lepidoptera for all trap locations of the study. The plotted relationship suggests that the species richness within the dataset may not be entirely representative of the community as a whole. ..................................................... 34 Figure 3.3: The accumulation of species of Lepidoptera for trap locations within each of the national parks. The plotted relationship suggests that the species richness within the dataset may be representative of the community contained within the Blue Mountains National Park community, but not necessarily for the other two national parks.......................................................................... 35 Figure 3.4: Mean abundance of Lepidoptera caught at each of the sites (±S.D.). There were three sites within each vi national park. B = Blue Mountains National Park, R = Royal National Park, K = Ku-ring-gai National Park............. 36 Table 3.1: Summary of nested ANOVA for the mean abundance of Lepidoptera caught per trap at each site, with three sites nested within each of three national parks. df= degrees of freedom, SS = sum of squares, F ratio is the test statistic with its associated probability (P)........................ 36 Figure 3.5: Mean number of species of Lepidoptera caught at each of the sites (±S.D.). There were three sites within each national park. B = Blue Mountains National Park, R = Royal National Park, K = Ku-ring-gai National Park............. 37 Table 3.2: Summary of nested ANOVA for the mean number of species of Lepidoptera caught per trap at each sites, with three sites nested within each of three national parks. df= degrees of freedom, SS = sum of squares, F ratio = test statistic with its associated probability (P). ........... 37 Figure 3.6: The accumulation of families of Lepidoptera for all the trap locations across the landscape, with the plotted relationship suggesting that family richness within the dataset may be representative of the community as a whole....................................................................................... 38 Figure 3.7: The accumulation of families of Lepidoptera for trap locations within each of the national parks. The plotted relationship suggest that the family richness within the dataset may be representative of the communities sampled................................................................................... 39 Figure 3.8: Mean number of families of Lepidoptera caught at each of the sites (±S.D.) . There were three sites within each national park. B = Blue Mountains National Park, R = Royal National Park, K = Ku-ring- gai National Park..................................................................... 39 Table 3.3: Summary of nested ANOVA for the mean number of families of Lepidoptera caught per trap at each sites, with three sites nested within each of three national vii parks. df= degrees of freedom, SS = sum of squares, F ratio = test statistic with its associated probability (P). ........... 40 Figure 3.9: Species richness of Lepidoptera for three national parks in relation to the percentage of occupied traps............. 41 Table 3.4: Number of species trapped at the nine sites (meso- spatial scale) within 3 national parks (Blue Mts, Ku- ring-gai and Royal) as a function of the percentage
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