Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of , Volume 136, 2002 17

FOLIAGE DIVERSITY IN DRY EUCALYPT FORESTS IN EASTERN TASMANIA

by H.J. Elliott, R. Bashford, S.J. Jarman and M.G. Neyland

(with four tables, one text-figure and two appendices)

ELLIOTT, H.]., BASHFORD, R., JARMAN,S.]' & NEYLAND, M.G., 2002 (3l:xii): Foliage insect diversity in dry eucalypt forests in eastern Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings ofthe Royal Society afTasmania 136: 17-34. ISSN 0080-4703. Forestry Tasmania, 79 Melville St., Hobart, Tasmania 7000, .

Species numbers and composition of the insect fauna occurring on and shrubs were studied in dry eucalypt forests in eastern Tasmania over nine years. In all, 1164 named and putative representing 17 orders and 157 families were collected. The bulk of the species belonged to the orders Coleoptera (28%), (25%), (18%), (14%) and Diptera (10%). Of the species collected, 388 -- about one-third -- were identified at least to or species level. These included 21 named species not previously listed in the Tasmanian insect fauna and 90 undescribed species. A list of 22 host for 171 insect species was compiled from records of 132 insect species observed feeding during the study and from previous records ofinsect/host associations for 39 insect species found on the study plots. Most were feeding on eucalypts (127 insect species) and acacias (38 species). The most widely distributed and commonly collected species were several well-known pests ofeucalypts: Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: N octuidae), Amorbus obscuricornis (Hemiptera: ), Chaetophyes compacta (Hemiptera: Machaerotidae) and Eriococcus coriaceous(Hemiptera: ). Host plants supporting the richest insect fauna were amygdalina (74 species), E. obliqua (64), E. viminalis (46), Acacia dealbata (35), E. dalrympleana (33), E. sieberi (31), E. delegatensis (30), E. pulchella (24) and E. globulus (19). The broad-striped ghost , latistria Walker (Lepidoptera: ), was collected during the study. This species is classified as 'rare' on the list of Tasmania's threatened fauna and the collection established a new locality record. Key Words: Insect diversity, host plants, eucalypt forests, Tasmania.

INTRODUCTION of the insect fauna in these forests apart from commercially important pests (Elliott & de Little 1984, Elliott et aL Prior to the late 1960s, dry eucalypt forests in eastern 1998) and some individual species or groups. Long-term Tasmania were selectively logged for sawlogs and small studies of the size and composition of the forest insect volumes of fence posts and firewood. Following the fauna at specific Tasmanian sites are rare although some development of an export woodchip industry, large areas of intensive short-term studies (1-2 years) in rainforest and these forests were harvested and regenerated by clearfelling wet eucalypt forests have provided valuable data on species all merchantable timber, burning the logging slash to prepare composition. Coy et aL (1993) collected 618 species of a seedbed and aerially sowing with eucalypt seed (Felton & insects from 20 orders in cool temperate rainforest, and Cunningham 1971). Hickman & Hill (1978) collected 105 named insect species The effects of forest operations associated with the and many more unidentified species from 17 orders, mainly woodchip industry on flora, fauna and other natural values from and leaf litter, in the Lower Gordon Scientific became the subject of considerable public concern in the Study in southwestern Tasmania. Several studies of 1970s (Senate Standing Committee on Science and the particular insect groups have been conducted in dry eucalypt Environment 1977) and research projects were initiated by forests in Tasmania. For example, in northeastern Tasmania, various agencies to provide quantitative data to assist rational McQuillan et al. (1998) reported on the seasonality of 126 debate on the issue. species of geometrid in eucalypt forests, including a The invertebrates are an obvious target group for such dry forest site, and Bashford (1993) recorded 81 species of studies because of their extraordinary species richness across from dry eucalypt forests over a five-year a wide range of habitats and their key role in essential period. ecological functions including soil conditioning, nutrient In 1978 we established a series of plots in several dry cycling, pollination and biological control. There have eucalypt forests scheduled for harvesting in eastern Tasmania been many investigations of individual forest insect species, as part of a study of the effects of clearfelling and burning particularly commercially important pests, in dry eucalypt on vegetation and its associated insect fauna over the long forests, but surprisingly few studies of the species term (i.e., at least 20 years). This paper records the species composition of the general insect fauna. diversity and host plant records of the insect fauna found Knowledge of the insect fauna of Tasmanian eucalypt on and shrub vegetation during the first nine years of forests has been limited by the pauciry of collections in the study. Other aspects of the study, including the effects some forest types and taxonomic deficiencies for many of harvesting and regeneration on the flora and insect insect groups. There is a scarcity of ecological data for most fauna, are being documented elsewhere. 18 H J Elliott, R. Bashford, S. J Jarman and M G. Neyland

METHODS

Plot Establishment 51 Mary; Three plots were established in each of five proposed logging coupes containing mature, unlogged, dry eucalypt forest in Fing~ eastern Tasmania. The location and basic descriptors of EL10. these forests are summarised in table 1 and figure 1. Plot size was 75 m x 50 m (0.375 hal, with the corners marked by wooden pegs and wire stakes. Within each coupe, the three plots were located to sample a range of dominant eucalypt Campbell Town ,. associations usually strongly related to aspect. Following harvesting and regeneration treatments, plots TO 54 were re-established in the same locations by replacing the MC33- - wooden stakes and wire pegs with permanent steel star pickets as corner markers. Due to rescheduling of harvesting operations, all plots in SW 51 and one plot in TO 54 were not harvested. Oatlands.

Vegetation SW51

Mature, unlogged, dry forests in the study areas had an SW48- overstorey of eucalypt associations comprising two or more of the following species: LabilL E. obliqua L' Herit., E. delegatensis R. Baker, E. pulchella Desf., E. globulus Labill., E. ovata Labill., E. sieberi L. Johnson, E. tenuiramis Miq. and E. viminalis Labill. (table 1). These were relatively open forests with the stocking of mature eucalypt stems ranging from 109 to 339 stems per hectare (Elliott et at. 1991). FIG. 1 - Coupe locations.

TABLE 1 Site descriptors for harvesting units (coupes) sampled for insect fauna

Coupe Location Altitude Mean annual Parent material Dominant eucalypt (1:100000) a.s.!. (m) rainfall (mm) species T asmap ref.) -_._----_ .. _._- SW48 Nugent 320 585 sandstone Eobliqua EN 543 940 Eamygdalina E viminalis

SW51 Nugent 380 585 Triassic sandstone Eobliqua EN 510 965 Eamygdalina E viminalis

MC33 LitdeSwanport 580 900 dolerite E delegatensis EP 668392 Eamygdalina

TO 54 LittleSwanport 460 849 Jurassic dolerite Eobliqua EP 762 473 E tenuiramis

EL 10 Break O'Day 300 686 Jurassic dolerite Esieberi FP 030837 Eobliqua

• Nearest meteorological station to coupe Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 19

TABLE 2 Plant species sampled for insects on each harvesting unit

Plant species Coupe SW48 SW51 TO 54 MC33 EL 10 ----_.. _--- Acacia dealbata * Link * * * Acacia genistifolia Link * Acacia mearnsii De Wild. * Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. * * Acacia myrtifolia (Smith)Willd. * Acacia terminalisn(Salisb.)Macbr. * * A.Cunn. * Acacia verticillata (L'HErit.)Willd. * * * Allocasuarina littoralis (Salisb.)L.]ohnson * Amperea xiphoclada (Sieb. ex Sprengel) Druce * Aotus ericoides (Vent.) G.Don * * * * Cay. * * * Bossiaea cinerea R.Br. * Bursaria spinosa Cay. * * * Cassinia aculeata (Labill.)R.Br. * * * Comesperma volubile Labill. * Cyathodes glauca Labill. * * * Daviesia ulicifolia Andrews * * * Dianella tasmanica Hook.f. * * Epacris impressa Labil!. * * * Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. * * * Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden * * R.Baker * * * * Labil!. * * * Eucalyptus obliqua L'HErit. * * * * * Eucalyptus ovata Labill. Eucalyptus pulchella Desf. * Eucalyptus sieberi L.] ohnson * Eucalyptus tenuiramis Miq. * * Labill. * * * * Labil!. * * * * * Gahnia grandis (Labill.)S.T.Blake * * Goodenia ovata Smith * * Lepidosperma elatius Labil!. * * scoparium Forst. & Forst.f. * * * Leucopogon ericoides (Smith) R.Br. * Labil!. * Lomatia tinctoria (Labill.) R.Br. * * * * * Monotoca glauca (Labill.) Druce * Olearia lirata (Sims.) Hutch. * * * Olearia viscosa (Labill.) Benth. * * Oxylobium ellipticum (Labill.) R.Br. * Polystichum proliferum (R.Br.) C.Presl Pomaderris apetala Labil!. * * Pteridium esculentum (Forst.f.) Cockayne * * * * * daphnoides ].Wendl. * * Pultenaea gunnii Benth. * * * * Pultenaea juniperina Labil!. * * * * * Senecio minimus Poiret * * * * Tetratheca labillardierei ] .Thompson *

* Bold type indicates plant species which were confirmed hosts for insects collected in the study. 20 H j. Elliott, R. Bashford, S. j. Jarman and M. C. Neyland

The understorey was characterised by short (up to 4 m), three perspex vanes. Light traps were charged with dichlorvos often prickly shrubs with a significant grassy/sedgy in the form of Shell Pest Strips®. component in some areas. Seventy-two species of dicotyledons, 24 and five species were recorded across all the study areas before logging Insect Identification commenced. The most common plant families and genera present were (Pultenaea), Mimosaceae (Acacia), Insects were initially identified to level and sent to Proteaceae (Banksia, Lomatia), Asteraceae (Olearia, Senecio), taxonomic specialists for further identification. For families Epacridaceae (Epacris), Xanthorrhoeaceae (Lomandra) and where taxonomic assistance was unavailable, lists of coded (, Danthonia). A detailed analysis of the putative species were assembled by the authors. An extensive from the study areas is in preparation. reference collection of named and coded insect species was Logging and regeneration burning removed most of the maintained to assist with identifications throughout the overstorey and severely damaged many of the understorey study. plants. The young forests established following logging have very high stockings of eucalypts (l000-5000 stems ha~l) compared with the forests present before logging Data Set (Elliott etal. 1991). The species composition of the post­ logging vegetation at all the study sites is similar to that Information collected from sampling the plots consisted of which existed prior to logging although there has been an occurrences of insect species on plant species for each plot overall increase in species richness, and the structure and and sampling date, noting any feeding activity. No abundance relative dominance of the variolls species has changed (M. data were collected. Data for the 522 sampling occasions Neyland, unpublished data). were stored in DECODA (Minchin 1991), a data-handling package which allows basic statistics on species numbers and composition of the fauna to be calculated easily. It also Insect Sampling presents the data in a format suitable for the input files llsed by several other programs which undertake multivariate Insect sampling was conducted on all plots at one-month analyses. intervals prior to the logging and regeneration treatment and at approximately three-month intervals (mid-spring, summer, autumn and winter) following treatment. The Nomenclature number of sampling occasions over the nine years ranged from 41-45 for plots within the coupes EL 10, MC 33 and Species nomenclature follows Naumann (1993) for insects TO 54. However, because of coupe rescheduling and other and Buchanan (1999) for plants. operational reasons, plots within coupes SW 48 and SW 51 were sampled only 16 and 26 times respectively. Insects occurring on vegetation greater than 30 cm in height were RESULTS sampled using sweeping, beating and hand-collecting techniques. On each sampling occasion, three to five Composition of the Insect Fauna individuals of each plant species on each plot were swept with a standard 30 cm-diameter collecting net and the In all, 1164 species (named and putative) representing 17 captured insects were stored in 70% ethyl alcohol or pinned orders and 157 families were collected from plants and in for later identification. Insects were also sampled by holding light traps on the plots during the study. The level to which a 1 m 2 canvas beating tray beneath the foliage of the plant these species could be identified varied greatly depending on and collecting (by hand or with an aspirator) all insects taxonomic problems in the groups and the availability of dislodged by beating branches with five blows from a stick. taxonomic expertise. One-third (388) of these species were Where sufficient plants ofeach species were available, beating identified at least to genus level. The total insect fauna was conducted on different individual plants to those sampled collected during the study is listed by order and family in by sweeping; otherwise, the same plants were sampled by appendix 1. both methods. Prior to logging in the mature forests, only The bulk of the insect fauna was contained in the orders the lower foliage of mature trees and small trees beneath the Coleoptera (322 species), Hymenoptera (294 species), canopy could be sampled, whereas in the newly regenerated Hemiptera (209 species), Lepidoptera (169 species) and forests all sections of the tree canopy could be accessed. The Diptera (112 species) (table 3). Over half the species of plant species sampled are listed in table 2. On each sampling Coleoptera collected were leaf-eating beetles occasion, all insect species collected from each plant species (Chrysomelidae) and stem-boring and leaf-feeding weevils were recorded and insect/host plant associations noted (Curculionidae). The most species-rich families among the where feeding was observed. sap-feeders (Hemiptera) were the (79 species) and Light trapping was conducted on suitable nights at all the Cicadellidae (40 species). Most of the Hymenoptera plots throughout the sampling period. Initially, the light collected were parasitoids and gall formers in the superfamily traps used were constructed from galvanised sheet metal Chalcidoidea (120 species) and the families Braconidae (50 and consisted of a rectangular killing box supporting a 15- species) and Ichneumonidae (28 species). Twenty-nine watt UV fluorescent tube covered with a perspex roof. In species of (Formicidae) were recorded during the study. the second year following logging, these traps were replaced Larvae of Lepidoptera were common defoliators of a wide by cylindrical plastic light traps supporting a vertically range of host plants, although most species recorded were mounted, IS-watt fluorescent UV tube surrounded by adult moths caught in light traps (table 4). Geometridae Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 21

TABLE 3 Summary of insect fauna by taxonomic group

Order Number of Number of Number of Total number Percentage of families named species putative species of species total insect fauna

Coleoptera 29 86 236 322 28 Hymenoptera 22 31 263 294 25 Hemiptera 25 113 96 209 18 Lepidoptera 25 128 41 169 14 Diptera 31 112 112 10 Orthoptera 2 6 4 10 <1 Collembola 8 6 3 9 <1 Thysanoptera 1 9 9 <1 Psocoptera 4 6 1 7 <1 Blattodea 1 1 5 6 <1 Neuroptera 3 5 5 <1 Plecoptera 2 2 4 6 <1 Odonata 2 2 <1 Trichoptera <1 Mecoptera <1 Mantodea 1 <1 Dermaptera 1 1 <1 TOTAL 159 387 777 1164

TABLE 4 Number of species in families of Lepidoptera recorded from light trap collections

Family Number of species

Anthelidae 7 Arctiidae 8 Cosmopterygidae Gelechiidae 1 Geometridae 59 2 2 Hepialidae 7 Lasiocampidae 5 2 Lymantriidae 2 24 Notodontidae 3 7 Oecophoridae 8 Pieridae 1 Psychidae 3 4 Saturniidae Sphingidae Thaumetopoeidae 2 T ortricidae 5 TOTAL 158 22 H. j. Elliott, R. Bashford, S. j. Jarman and M. C. Neyland

(66 species) and Noctuidae (24 species) were the dominant As expected, species richness varied markedly according families of Lepidoptera. to the season of collection when seasons were arbitrarily The 388 species named to at least genus level by specialist defIned as follows: September to November (spring), taxonomists included 21 named species which are not December to February (summer), March to May (autumn) included in the list of Tasmanian insect fauna (Semmens and June to August (winter). Analysis of the total collection et al. 1992) and a further 90 species yet to be formally on this basis showed that the numbers per collection (mean described (see appendix 1). Over half of these 'new' species ± s.e.) for spring, summer, autumn and winter were 12.9 (63) were psyllids (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) with the remainder ± 0.7 (n = 131), 13.7 ± 0.7 (n = 157), 10.5 ± 0.6 (n = 129) scattered among the other orders. Many more insects in and 5.5 ± 0.4 (n = 101) respectively. Seasonal occurrences the collection of 776 unidentified putative species are of many of the main plant-feeding insects, particularly expected to be previously untecorded in Tasmania. defoliators, were common to most plots. For example, in The broad-striped , Fraus latistria Walker early spring, young eucalypt leaves were often eaten by the (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), one of the named species adults of small melolonthine scarab beetles, mainly collected, is listed in Tasmania s Threatened Fauna Manual Heteronyx spp. Several species of Lepidoptera larvae were (Bryant & Jackson 1999) and has a status of 'rare' as collected during winter and spring and larvae of the fireblight defined by Tasmania's Threatened Species Protection Act beetle, Acacicola orphana, were common on Acacia dealbata 1995. This species was collected by light-trap sampling on and A. mearnsii in the same period where these tree species 21 March 1978 in coupe SW 51, a new locality record for were present on the plots. In late spring, summer and the species. autumn, leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) , larvae and adults The composition of the insect fauna showed only minor were present on several species of eucalypts together with variation across the study area. A variety of multivariate their common predators: adult soldier beetles analyses were undertaken on the data beginning with (Chauliognathus spp.) and larval and adult ladybird beetles detrended correspondence analysis using the program (Coccinellidae). DECORANA (Hill 1979a). Because oflimitations on the size of data sets with microcomputers, the more robust procedure for indirect gradient analysis, multidimensional Insect/Host Plant Associations scaling (see Minchin 1991), was used only on subsets of the data. It was performed with the program MDS (Minchin A total of 132 insects named to genus or species level were 1991), using global non-metric multidimensional scaling recorded actually feeding on 22 of the 50 plant species followed by non-metric multidimensional scaling sampled on the plots during the survey. An additional 39 as recommended by Kantvilas & Minchin (1989). The insect species had known hosts (Bashford 1990) on the plots classificatory program TWINSPAN (Hill 1979b) was also where they were collected but were not observed actually used to examine the data. None of the analyses showed any feeding at the time of collection. Most of these insects were separation of insect assemblages according to coupe of recorded feeding on eucalypts (127 insect species) and origin. The data do not appear to be well-suited to the acacias (38 species) with lower numbers recorded from techniques because of the low number of species in many Banksia (5 species), Allocasuarina (4), Exocarpos (4), samples and the high number of species recorded only a Leptospermum (3), Coodenia (2) and Pultenaea (1). Twenty­ few times (over three-quarters of the species were collected five insect families contained eucalypt feeders, with most on less than five sampling occasions). Many analyses were species recorded from Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) and re-run with rare species and sample outliers were removed Psyllidae (lerps). Four of the six eucalypt-feeding sawflies progressively but little improvement was achieved. (Pergidae) found in Tasmania (Elliott & Bashford 1996) were collected on the plots (appendix 1). A listing of these 171 species by their host plants is Species Richness shown in appendix 2. Eighty-five of these species were found feeding on only one host plant species during the The numbers ofspecies collected from each ofthe harvesting study but host specificity is not well documented and coupes were generally similar taking into account differences cannot be assumed. The most polyphagous and commonly in altitude, rainfall, geology and vegetation. Species numbers collected species were several well-known pests of eucalypts collected per coupe over the sampling period ranged from and acacias: eucalypt weevil Conipterus scutellatus 464 to 556 species, with the exception ofSW 48 where the (Gyllenhal) (ten eucalypt hosts); gumleaf skeletonizer Uraba numbers were much lower (286 species). lugens Walker (nine eucalypt hosts); gumtree bug Amorbus Differences in species richness were more marked at the obscuricornis (Westwood) and the chrysomelid beetle plot level. The total number of species per plot ranged Paropsis porosa Erichson (each with eight eucalypt hosts); from 180 to 308 except for SW 48. Again the total number gum tree scale Eriococcus coriaceous Maskell, the machaerotid of species was lower than in the other coupes, ranging from Chaetophyes compacta (Walker), the chrysomelid beetles 118 to 140 species over the three plots. The lower figures Trachymela rugosa (Chapuis) and Chrysophtharta nobilitata for SW 48 at both the coupe and plot level are attributed, (Erichson), and the psyllid Clycaspis sp. (each with seven at least in part, to the smaller number of sampling occasions eucalypt hosts). possible due to operational constraints. In all coupes and in Host plants in rank order supporting the richest insect all plots species numbers varied greatly on individual fauna were Eucalyptus amygdalina (74 species), E obliqua sampling occasions. Typical figures ranged from 5-20 (64), E viminalis (46), Acacia dealbata (35), E dalrympleana species, the highest number on any single sampling occasion (33), E sieberi (31), Edelegatensis (30), E pulchella (24) being 42 and the lowest being zero. and E globulus (19). Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 23

DISCUSSION Coccinellidae, Scarabaeidae, Mordellidae, Curculionidae, Melyridae and Anisotomidae. In two studies of the species The 1164 insect species collected during this study, together composition of the litter-inhabiting Coleoptera in Victorian with the host plant records for 171 insect species, represent dry eucalypt forests (E. obliqua-E.radiata-E. rubida), 109 a significant increase in our knowledge of the insect fauna in species from 30 families (Neumann et al. 1995) and 105 Tasmania's dry eucalypt forests. Among the 388 species species from 31 families (Collett & Neumann 1995) were identified at least to genus level, the collection of21 named collected. Undescribed species comprised 67% and 72% species not previously listed in the Tasmanian insect fauna respectively of the collections from these studies. In our (Semmens et aL 1992) and a further 90 yet to be described Tasmanian study, 322 named and putative species of but apparently new species emphasise the low level of Coleoptera from 29 families were collected on vegetation knowledge about the insect fauna in these forests. The high and the proportion of undescribed species (74%) was similar proportion ofPsyllidae in this previously unlisted collection to that recorded for the Victorian fauna. is in part due to the availability of specialist taxonomic Ohmart et aL (1983) in a study of leaf-chewing insects expertise for that particular group. Further taxonOluic in subalpine E. delegatensis-E. dives-E. pauciflora forest in investigation of other groups will undoubtedly result in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), reported that the many more previously unlisted species. The total number of major taxa (expressed as numbers of insects per kilogram of species (identified and putative) collected in the study foliage dry weight) were micro-Lepidoptera, Geometridae, represents nearly 8% of the estimated 15 000 non-marine Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae; , Cicadellidae insect species in Tasmania (Greenslade 1985). and Fulgoroidea were the major families of sap feeders. Although a large number of species was collected during Similarly, in the Tasmanian study, Chrysomelidae and the study reported here, total species numbers and Curculionidae were the most species-rich families of composition of collections were obviously influenced by Coleoptera, and Geometridae was the most species-rich the extent and frequency of sampling at the study sites, family of Lepidoptera even though the eucalypt forest climatic conditions at the time of sampling, stages of plant types sampled were quite different from the subalpine development present (e.g. flowering, new shoot extension) forests of the ACT. (Cicadellidae) and psyllids and many other factors. For much of the study, sampling (Psyllidae) were the predominant families of sap-feeders of each plot occurred at quarterly intervals and was collected in eastern Tasmania, but psyllids were rarely conducted regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, collected in the subalpine forests (Ohmart et aL 1983). some collections may be biased towards species which are Although there are some obvious similarities between the relatively sedentary feeders on their host plants and so less foliage-dwelling insect fauna of Tasmanian dry eucalypt affected by rain, wind and cool conditions. forests and some mainland forests, definitive comparisons Levels of endemism for the insects collected are not are difficult because of the different measures used (species known although Greenslade (1985) reported that the highest richness, number of specimens, insects per weight of foliage) endemicity in the Tasmanian insect fauna occurred in the and habitats sampled. rainforest and alpine environments, and dry forests probably As stated above, Geometridae was the most species-rich had low to medium levels, perhaps in the range 20-70%, family of Lepidoptera recorded in this study. The larvae of varying widely between insect groups. For example, many species are common defoliators in these dry forests, endemicity of 30% was reported for Coccinellidae (one of particularly of eucalypts and acacias. Nine of the geometrid the most species-rich groups collected in our study) in species collected were also recorded by McQuillan et at. eucalypt forests (Greenslade 1985). (1998) in dry eucalypt forest at Old Chum Dam in north­ The collection of the broad-striped ghost moth, Fraus eastern Tasmania. latistria, at the unlogged SW 51 coupe in eastern Tasmania In a recent invertebrate survey of rainforest in Tasmania, extends the distribution of this rare insect. This species has 618 insect species from 22 orders were collected by sweeping been previously recorded only from the Hobart and and beating vegetation (the sampling technique used in the Launceston areas and Scotts Peak Dam in southwestern present study) and the most frequently collected families Tasmania (Bryant & Jackson 1999). were Collembola and Diptera, with Coleoptera, Although no similar studies have been previously reported Hymenoptera, Psocoptera and Lepidoptera reasonably from these forests in Tasmania, other studies in different abundant. Again, undescribed species made up some 75% forest types or in different habitats in dry eucalypt forests of the total. Overall, using several sampling methods across on mainland Australia are available for comparison of the many rainforest habitats, Coleoptera was the most diverse size and composition of elements of the insect fauna. In a group containing 367 species from 44 families (Coy et at. study by Neumann (1978) using systematic malaise trap 1993), a similar result to that obtained from our sampling sampling of mature dry peppermint-gum eucalypt forest of Tasmanian dry eucalypt forests. (E. dives-E. radiata-E. macrorhyncha) in , the most The large number of insects feeding on eucalypts and abundant (in terms of number of specimens collected) acacias in the list of insect/host plant associations is not were (in rank order): Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, unexpected considering the domination of eucalypts, and Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. These orders were also the to a lesser extent acacias, in these forests. In particular, the most species-rich orders of insects recorded in our high number of eucalypt stems per hectare in the young Tasmanian study although Diptera ranked lowest rather regenerating forests (Elliott et al. 1991) in which the post­ than highest as in the Victorian study. logging sampling was conducted, their fast growth rate and In a study of beetle communities using periodic malaise larger tree size compared to other plants would contribute trapping in the same forests in Victoria, Neumann (1979) to the high capture rate among eucalypt feeders compared recorded 199 species of Coleoptera (beetles) from 47 to the general fauna. In addition to the dominance of families. The most frequently collected families in this eucalypts and acacias at the study sites, many of the insects study were Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Alleculidae, feeding on these host genera are widely distributed and 24 H. j. Elliott, R. Bashford, S. j. Jarman and M. C. Neyland polyphagous. They were therefore frequently collected on FELTON, K.c. & CUNNINGHAM, T.M., 1971: Woodchip exports all plots, together with their predators and parasites. These and pulpwood forestry in eastern Tasmania. Proceedings are important contributing factors to the lack of separation of the conference of the Institute of Foresters ofAustralia, of insect assemblages according to coupe of origin. Thredbo, NSW. GREENSLADE, P., 1985: Conservation priorities in Tasmanian non-marine invertebrates . Unpublished report. Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS HICKMAN, J.L. & HILL, L., 1978: Terrestrial Invertebrates. Lower Gordon Scientific Study. Unpublished Report, Hydro­ We gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and assistance Electric Commission, Hobart. of Keith Taylor (CSIRO) in establishing this study. The HILL, M.O., 1979a: DECORANA. A FORTRAN Program Jor following taxonomists provided species identifications in Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Reciprocal their respective groups: Drs E. Zimmerman (Curculionidae), Averaging. Ecology and Systematics, Cornell Universiry, R. Taylor (Formicidae), 1. Common (Lepidoptera), ]. Ithaca, New York. Lawrence (Coleoptera), 1'. New (Neuroptera, Psocoptera), HILL, M.O., 1979b: TWINSPAN A FORTRAN Program for ]. Ireson (Collembola), P. McQuillan (Scarabaeidae, arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordererd TUJo- Way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes. Acrididae), M. Fletcher (Cicadellidae), D. de Little Ecology and Systematics, Cornell Universiry, Ithaca, New (Chrysomelidae), and Mr L. Hill (Noctuidae). York. KANTVIl.AS, G. & MINCHIN, P.R., 1989: An analysis of epiphytic lichen communities in Tasmanian cool temperate REFERENCES rainforest. Vegetatio 84: 99-112. MCQUILLAN, P.B., TAYLOR, R.J., BRERETON, R.N.& CALE, P.G., BASHFORD, R., 1990: Tasmanian Forest Insects and their Host 1998: Seasonal patterns of activity in Geometrid moths Plants. Forestry Commission, Tasmania. (Lepidoptera: geometridae) from a lowland and highland BASHFORD, R., J 993: Macrolepidoptera of the Scamander Forest eucalypt forest in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Reserve in north east Tasmania. Australian Entomologist Entomology 37: 228-237. 20: 145-15l. MINCHIN, P.R., 1991: DECODA. Database for Ecological Data. BRYANT, S. & JACKSON, J., 1999: Tasmania's Threatened Fauna Notes on performing Multidimensional Scaling with Manual: what, where, and how to protect Tasmania's DECODA and MD5. Australian National University, threatened . Threatened Species Unit, Parks and Canberra. Wildlife Service. NAUMANN, LD., 1993: CSIRO Handbook of Australian Insect BUCHANAN, A.M. (Ed.), 1999: A Census ofthe Vascular Plants of Names. 6th edition. CSIRO, Australia. Tasmania and Index to 'The Students Flora ofTasmania~ NEUMANN, F.G., 1978: Insect populations in eucalypt and pine Tasmanian Herbarium Occassional Publication 6. forests in north-eastern Victoria. Australian Forest Research Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart. 8: 13-24. COLLETT, N.G. & NEUMANN, F.G., 1995: Effects of two spring NEUMANN, F.G., 1979: Beede communities in eucalypt and pine prescribed fires on epigeal Coleoptera in dry forests in north-eastern Victoria. Australian Forest Research eucalypt forests in Victoria, Australia. Forest Ecology and 9: 277-295. Management 76: 69-85. NEUMANN, F.G., COLLETT, N.G. & TOLHURST, K.G., 1995: COY, R., GREENSLADE P. & ROUNSEVELL, D., 1993: A Survey of Coleoptera in litter of dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and Invertebrates in Tasmanian Rainforest. Tasmanian the effects of/ow intensity prescribed fire on their activity National Rainforest Conservation Program Technical and composition in west-central Victoria. Australian Report 9. Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania, and Forestry 58: 83-98. Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment and OHMART, c.P., STEWART, L.G. & THOMAS, ].R., 1983: Territories, Canberra. Phytophagous insect communities in the canopies of ELLIOTT, H.J. & BASHFORD, R., 1996: Notes on the biology and three Eucalyptus forest types in south-eastern Australia. behaviour of eucalypt-defoliating sawflies (Hymenoptera: Australian Journal ofEcology 8: 395-403. Pergidae) in Tasmania. Tasforests 7: 27-36. SEMMENS, T.D., MCQUILLAN, P.B. & HAYHURST, G., 1992: ELLIOTT, H.J., BASHFORD, R. & GOODWIN, A., 1991: Species Catalogue of the Insects of Tasmania. Department of composition, stocking and growth of dry eucalypt forest Primary Industry, Hobart. before and after logging in eastern Tasmania. Tasforests SENATE STANDING COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 3: 76-84. 1977: Woodchips and the Environment. Report from the ELLIOTT, H.J. & DE LITTLE, D.W., 1984: Insect Pests of Trees and Senate Standing Committee on Science and the Timber in Tasmania. Forestry Commission, Hobart. Environment. Australian Government Publishing Service, ELLIOTT, H.]., OHMART, c.P. & WYLIE, F.R., 1998: Insect Pests Canberra. ofAustralian Forests - Ecology and Management. Inkata Press, . (accepted 29 July 2002) Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 25

APPENDIX 1 Total insect fauna collected from study plots

Order/Family/Species Cleridae Blackburniella hilaris (Westwood) Blattodea Eleale sp. Blattidae 4 unidentified species Platyzosteria melanaria (Erichson) Coccinellidae 5 unidentified species Cleobora mellyi Mulsant Coleoptera Coccinella repanda Thunberg* Alleculidae 2 J unidentified species 2 unidentified species Colyiidae Anobiidae 3 unidentified species 5 unidentified species Cucujoidea Bostrychidae 4 unidentified species Xylion collaris (Erichson) Curculionidae Buprestidae Acalonoma pusilla Blackburn * Cisseis acudata (Ki rby) Autetobius sp. # Castiarina wilsoni (Saunders) Belus bidentatus (Donovan) Ethon affine (Laporte & Glory) Belus bimaculatus Pascoe Germarica lilliputana (Thomson) Euthyphasis acuta Pascoe* Melobasis innocua (Thomson) Gonipterus gibberus Boisduval Melobasis sparsa (Levy) Gonipterus lepidotus Gyllenhal Nascioides parryi (Hope) Gonipterus scutellatus (Gyllenhal) Byrrhidae Gonipterus sp. 1 unidentified species Haplonyx sp. Cantharidae Merimnetes sp Chauliognathus lugubris (Fabricius) Pachyura australis Hope Chauliognathus nobilitatus (Erichson) Myllorhinus multidentatus (Chevrolet) 14 unidentified species Myllorhinus bicaudatus (Boisduval) Carabidae Rhadinosomus lacordairei Pascoe 5 unidentified species Scotasmus sp. Cerambycidae Syarbis alcyone Lea Ancita marginicollis (Boisduval) 65 unidentified species Bethelium signiforum (Newman) Elateridae Coptocercus rubripes (Boisduval) Agrypnus pictipennis (Candeze) Pytheus erosus (Macleay) 11 unidentified species Tessaromma sericans (Erichson) Lathridiidae Tessaromma undatum Newman 2 unidentified species Toxeutes arcuatus (Fabricius) Lucanidae Zoedia divisa (Pascoe) Syndesus cornutus Fabricius 2 unidentified species Lycidae Chrysomelidae Metriorrhynchus sp.a Acacicola bamadryas Stal Metriorrhynchus sp.b Acacicola orphana (Erichson) Melandryidae Altica pagana Blackburn 4 unidentified species Cadmus australis Boisduval Melyridae Cadmus crincicollis Boisduval * 5 unidentified species Cadmus sp.4# Mordellidae Cadmus strigillatus Chapuis 5 unidentified species Chrysophtharta aurea Blackburn Nitidulidae Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) 7 unidentified species Chrysophtharta crucata (Boisduval) * Oedemeridae Chrysophtharta decolorata (Chapuis) Dohrnia miranda Newman Chrysophtharta nobilitata (Erichson) 1 unidentified species Chrysophtharta philomela Blackburn Phalacridae Chrysophtharta sp.a' 1 unidentified species Chrysophtharta sp.b' Ptinidae Chrysophtharta sp.c' 1 unidentified species Chrysophtharta sp.f' Scarabaeidae Chrysophtharta sp.h' Diphucephala colaspidoides (Gyllenhal) Paropsides umbrosa Chapuis Heteronyx crinitus Blackburn Paropsis aegrota val. elliotti Selman* Heteronyx sp.a Paropsis deboeri Selman Heteronyx sp. b Paropsis dilatata Erichson Heteronyx sp.c Paropsis porosa Erichson Liparetus atratus Burmeister Paropsis sp.a# Liparetus convexus Boisduval Paropsis tasmanica Baly Phyllotocus erythropterus Blanchard nucea (Erichson) Xylonychus piliger Blanchard Platycolaspis australis Jacoby 4 unidentified species Trachymela papulosa (Chapuis)* Scraptiidae Trachymela rugosa (Chapuis) Scraptia sp. 58 unidentified species 1 unidentified species 26 HI Elliott, R. Bashford, S. J Jarman andM G. Neyland

APPENDIX 1 cont.

Staphylinidae Scatopsidae 8 unidentified species 1 unidentified species Tenebrionidae Scenopinidae Lepispilus sulcicollis (Boisduval) 1 unidentified species 2 unidentified species Sciaridae 8 unidentified species Collembola Stratiomyidae H ypogastruridae 3 unidentified species Hypogastrura purpurescens (Lubbock) Syrphidae Entomobryidae 4 unidentified species Australotomurus sp.' Tabanidae Lepidocyrtoides sp! 3 unidentified species Sminthuridae Tachinidae Rastriopes sp'. 5 unidentified species Polykatianna sp! Tipulidae Tomoceridae 6 unidentifed species Lepidophorella sp.' Paronellidae Hemiptera 3 unidentified species Anischys sp. Dermaptera F orficulidae 1 unidentified species 1 unidentified species 4 unidentified species Diptera Cicadellidae Agromyzidae Alocephalus ianthe (Kirkaldy)* 2 unidentified species Austrolopa brunensis Evans Anisopodidae Batracomorphus augustatus (Evans)* 1 unidentifed species Batracomorphus elegans (Evans) Asilidae Batracomorphus felegans 6 unidentifed species Batracomorphus sp. # Bibionidae Euleimonios sp.nov. # 3 unidentifed species Haplodelphax iuncicola (Kirkaldy)* Bombyliidae fpoella sp! 1 unidentified species Kahaono sp. Calliphoridae Neotartessus jlavipes (Spanberg) 3 unidentifed species Paralimnus smithtoniensis Evans Cecidomyiidae Rosapaella evansi Webb 3 unidentified species Rosopaella cuprea (Walker) Ceratopogonidae Rosopaella sp. 3 unidentifed species Rubria sp. Chironomidae Rubria sp a. 14 unidentified species Rubriasp b. Chloropidae Stenocotis depressa (Walker) 7 unidentified species Tenuitartessus blundellensis (Evans) Clusiidae Trocnada sp. # 1 unidentified species Vulturnus sp! Culicidae Zygina evansi (Ross) 1 unidentified species Zygina zealandica (Myers) Dolichopodidae 15 unidentified species 6 unidentified species Cicadidae Empididae Cicadetta torrida (Erichson) 8 unidentified species Fergusoninidae 4 unidentified species 1 unidentified species Heliomyzidae 7 unidentified species 2 unidentified species Coreidae Lauxaniidae Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) 3 unidentified species Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou) Muscidae Eniocephalidae 1 unidentified species 1 unidentified species Mycetophilidae Eriococcidae 5 unidentified species Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell Perissommatidae Eurymelidae 1 unidentified species Eurymeloides bicincta (Erichson) Phoridae 3 unidentified species 4 unidentified species Plarystomatidae Siphanta hebes (Walker) 2 unidentified species Rhagionidae Euander lacertosus (Erichson) 3 unidentified species 8 unidentified species Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 27

APPENDIX 1 cont.

Machaerotidae Phellopsylla n2# Chaetophyes compacta (Walker) Phellopsylla sp' 3 unidentified species Platylobria maddeni Taylor Membracidae Schedotrioza ?# Naunus tasmaniae (Fairmaire) * Schedotrioza a # 4 unidentified species Schedotrioza b# Schedotrioza c# 19 unidentified species Schedotrioza d# Schedotrioza sp.' Nabis sp. Schedotrioza sp.1 # Schedotrioza sp.2# Cermatulus nasalis (Westwood) Spondyliaspis? gen. et sp. nov. # Dictyotus caenosus (Westwood) Trioza ?sp# 16 unidentified species Trioza :'1,' Piesmidae Trioza ?c# I unidentified species Trioza a# Pseudococcidae Trioza b# 5 unidentified species Trioza d# Psyllidae Trioza e# Aacanthocnema sp. # Trioza nr.a# Aacanthocnema? dobsoni (Fr.)* Trioza nr.b# Acizzia ?sp # Acizzia sp. # 5 unidentified species Acizzia sp.a# Acizzia sp.b# Scutiphora pedicellata (Kirby) Acizzia sp.c# Thaumastocoridae Acizzia sp.d# Baclozygum depressum Bergroth Acizzia sp.e# Acizzia sp.f# Epimixia sp. Acizzia sp.g# Acizzia sp.h# Hymenoptera Acizzia sp.i# Apidae Acizzia sp.y Apis melliftra Linnaeus Acizzia sp.P Bethylidae Acizzia sp.!' 8 unidentified species Anoeconeossa copidiflrmis Taylor Braconidae Australopsylla ?{nt.)sp.a# Doryctes sp! Australopsylla ?marmorata Syngaster sp! Australopsylla marmorata (F roggatt) Trichiohelcon rufoniger (Turner) Australopsylla sp.a# 47 unidentified species Australopsylla sp.b# Chalcidoidea Australopsylla sp.c# 120 unidentified species Australopsylla sp.d# Chrysididae Cardiaspina ? sp! 3 unidentified species Cardiaspina ?spiniftra (Froggatt) Cleptidae Creiis ?sp! 3 unidentified species Creiis sp. "tas"# Colletidae Creiis sp.a# 5 unidentified species Ctenarytaina b I # Cynipidae Ctenarytaina 1# 6 unidentifed species Ctenarytaina k# Eumenidae Ctenarytaina sp! 2 unidentified species Ctenarytana a3' Formicidae Ctenarytana b# Anonychomyrma sp.a# Ctenarytana c# Anonychomyrma sp.b# Ctenarytana d# Anonychomyrma sp.c# Ctenarytana d2 # Anonychomyrma sp.d# Ctenarytana eucalypti (Maskell) Anonychomyrma sp.e# Glycaspis dobsoni Moore* Anonychomyrma sp.f# Glycaspis dreptodria Moore Anonychomyrma sp.g# Glycaspis planitecta Moore Anonychomyrma sp.h# Glycaspis sp' Camponotus sp.a Hyalinaspis ?rubra Campo notus sp. b Hyalinaspis rubra (Froggatt) Campo notus sp.c Hyalinaspis sp. # Camponotus sp.d Phellopsylla a# Meranoplus sp. Phellopsylla b # Myrmecia sp.a Phellopsylla c# Myrmecorhynchus sp.a Phellopsylla d # Myrmecorhynchus sp.b Phellopsylla e# Notoncus sp. Phellopsylla n # Prolasius sp.a 28 H J Elliott, R. Bashford, S. J Jarman and M G. Neyland

APPENDIX 1 cont.

Prolasius sp.b Eucyclodes buprestaria Guenee Rhytidoponera sp.a Euloxia meandraria (Guenee) Stigmacros sp.a Gastrinodes bitaeniaria (Le Guillou) Stigmacros sp.b# Heliomystis electrica Meyrick 7 unidentified species Hypobapta eugramma (Low.)* Ichneumonidae Hypobapta percomptaria (Guenee) 28 unidentified species Melanodes anthracitaria Guenee Megalyridae Microdes squamulata Guenee 1 unidentified species Mnesampela comarcha Meyrick Megastigmidae Mnesamplela privata (Guenee) 13 unidentified species Monoctenia falernaria Guenee Mutillidae Niceteria macrocosma (Low.)* Ephutomorpha dorsigera (Westwood) Paralaea beggaria Guenee Pergidae Plesanemma fucata (Felder & Rogenhofer) Lophyrotoma interrupta (Klug) Stathmorrhopa berberi (Turner) Perga affinis insularis Riek Thalaina inscripta Walker Pergagrapta bella (Newman) Thalaina selenaea Doubleday Pseudoperga lewisii (Westwood) 36 unidentified species Platygasteridae Gracillariidae 2 unidentified species laciniella (Meyrick) Pompilidae 1 unidentified species 2 unidentified species Heliozelidae Proctotrupidae Heliozela sp. 6 unidentified species 1 unidentified species Scoliidae Hepialidae 1 unidentified species latipennis Tindale Sphecidae Abantiades sp.a 1 unidentified species ligniveren (Lewin) T enthredinidae Fraus latistria Nielsen & Kristensen 1 unidentified species intricata Walker Tiphiidae sordidus Herrich-Schaffer 7 unidentified species T rictena argentata Herrich-Schaffer Hypertrophidae Lepidoptera Hypertropha tortriciformis (Guenee) Lasiocampidae Anthela acuta (Walker) Digglesia australasiae (Fabricius) Anthela nicothoe (Boisduval) Digglesia sp.a Anthela ocellata (Walker) Entometa fervens (Walker) Anthela sp.a Opsirhina albigutta (Walker) Anthela sp. b Pernattia exposita (Lewin) Pterolocera amplicornis Walker 1 unidentified species Pterolocera sp.a Limacodidae Arctiidae Doratifera pinguis (Walker) Castulo doubledayi (Newman) Lycaenidae Nyctemera amica (White) Neolucia hobartensis (Miskin) Palaeosia bicosta (Walker) auriftr (Blanchard) Phaeophlebosia furciftra Walker Lymantriidae Scoliacma bicolora Boisduval Acyphas leucomelas (Walker) Spilosoma glatignyi (Le Guillou) Teia anartoides Walker Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson Noctuidae Cossidae Agrotis infusa (Boisduval) Culama australis Walker Agrotis porphyricollis Guenee Cosmopterigidae Amphipyra sanguinipuncta Guenee Macrobathra sp. Dasygaster nephelistis Hampson Gelechiidae Dasygaster padockina (Le Guillou)* Protolechia sp. Diarsia intermixta (Guenee) Geometridae Euplexia sp. Boarmia lyciaria (Guenee) Eutrichopidia latinus (Donovan) Boarmiasp a Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) Boarmia sp.b Heliothis rubrescens (Walker) Capusa senilis Walker Neumichtis sepultrix (Guenee) Chlenias sp. Nola aulacota Meyrick Chlorocoma dichloraria (Guenee) Pantydia sparsa Guenee Chlorodes boisduvalaria (Le Guillou) Persectania ewingii (Westwood) Chrysolarentia vicissata (Guenee) Praxis edwardsii Guenee Cleora bitaeniaria (Le Guillou) Praxis sp. " Cidaria" subochraria Doubleday* Rhapsa suscitalis (Walker) Crypsiphona ocultaria (Donovan) Rictonis atra (Guenee) Dichromodes ainaria Guenee Rictonis gypsina* Ectropis excursaria (Guenee) Rictonis sp. nr.flexirena (Walker) Ectropis exsuperata (Walker) Rictonis sp. Foliage insect diversity in eastern Tasmania 29

APPENDIX 1 cont.

Sideridis costalis (Walker)* Odonata Uraba lugens Walker Corduliidae N otodontidae 1 unidentified species Danima banksiae (Lewin) Gomphidae Hylaeora inelyta (Walker) A ustrogomphus guerini (Rambur) Sorama bieolor Walker Nymphalidae Orthoptera Argynnina hobartia (Westwood) Acrididae Geitoneura klugi (Guerin-Meneville) Austroieetes sp. Heteronympha merope (Fabricius) Gastrimargus musieus (Fabricius) Heteronympha penelope Waterhouse Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjostedt) Junonia villida (Fabricius) Russalpia albertisi (Bolivar) Vanessa kershawi (McCoy) Tasmaniaais tasmaniensis (Bolivar) Oreixeniea lathoniella (Westwood) 3 unidentified species Oecophoridae T ettigoniidae Agriophara sp. Acripeza reticulata Guerin Artiastis sp. 1 unidentified species Cryptophasa albacosta Lewin Garrha callianassa (Meyrick) Plecoptera Maehimia parthenopa (Meyrick) Gripopterygidae Oenochroa sp. 3 unidentified species Stathmopoda cephalaea Meyrick Notonemouridae Wingia lambertella (Wing) Kimminosperla sp. Pieridae Spaniocerca sp. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) 1 unidentified species Psychidae Clania sp. Psocoptera Lepidoscia aretiella Walker Caeciliidae Narycia sp. Caecilius semifoscatus (Tillyard) Pyralidae Caecilius sp. Gauna aegusalis (Walker) Ectopsocidae Hednotasp. Eetopsoeus briggsi McLachlan Macalla sp. Peripsocidae Uresiphita ornithopteralis (Guenee) Peripsocus sp. Saturniidae Philotarsidae Opodiphthera helena (White) Haplophallus paraguttatus (Tillyard)* Sphingidae Haplophallus sp. Hippotion scrofo (Boisduval) 1 unidentified species Thaumetopoeidae Epieoma melanospila (Wallengren) Thysanoptera Trichioeereus mesomelas (Walker)* Phlaeothripidae T ortricidae 9 unidentified species Acropolitis ptyehosema Turner Epiphyas ashworthana (Newman) T richoptera Epiphyas plastiea (Meyrick) Hydropsychidae Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) 1 unidentified species Epiphyas sp. Palaeotoma styphelana Meyrick * Indicates species not listed in the Tasmanian insect fauna as I isted by 2 unidentified species Semmens et al. 1992. Zygaenidae # Indicates undescribed 'new' species. Pollanisus viridipulverulentus Guerin-Meneville

Mantodea Mantidae Orthodera ministralis (Fabricius)

Mecoptera Bittacidae Harpobittaeus australis Klug

Neuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysopa edwardsi Banks Hemerobiidae Drepanaera binoeula (Newman) Mantispidae Calomantispa venusta Lambkin Campion australasiae (Guerin) Campion callosus Lambkin I.I.l APPENDIX 2 o Insect/host plant associations*

~ ':-< ':! .;, 1:: ':! ~ .;, \::1 ~ .;, ~ ~ ·E ':! ....~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1:: .:.!:l ':! ~ l:l ~ ::!l ~ .!: J""> -Si ~ ~ ~ .!: ~ ~ .~ l:l ~ ':! ;:! .~ ~ .~ ~ ~ t ~ l:l " .~ ~ ?>;:l l:l ~ ':! '-':: ~ ..." ::§ ..." ~ l:l ~ .~" ~ ::!l .~ .t' ~ ;:! " ~ ~ ':! ~ .!:; ':! ~ ..." ~ .~ .~ 1:: ~ ~ ~ ':! ~ ~ ;:, ~ ;:! ;:! ~ ...::! 1:: :~ .!: ':! ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ...... , ~ ~ 1:: '" ...'" ... i:l ~ ;:, ':! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"'" ~ ;:! ~ IS .~'" ~ ~ ~ ""\1 "1:: ~ ~ " ;:! .!:! ~ ~ " ':! ':! ~ .~ .~ .~ .~ .~ § ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ --'< ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'" c3 "I ~ ~ ':-< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 I 20 21 22 ~ Acrididae Phaulacridium vittatum + +* Anthelidae Anthela sp. a + ~ Anthela sp. b + ;::,. Pterolocera sp. +* ~ Bostrychidae Xylion collaris +* +* +* ~ Cerambycidae Ancita marginicollis + o Bethelium sif[ni{erum +* ~ Coptocercus rubripes +* +* +* +* !f Epithora dorsalis +* +* +* +* ~ Pytheus erosus +* Toxeutes sp. +* +* Zoedia divisa +* Chrysomelidae Acacicola hamadryas + 0 Acacicola orphana + + Acacicola sp. b + + Cadmus australis + +* +* +* Cadmus crinicollis + +

Cadmus strigillatus 0 +* Cadmus sp.4 + + + + + Cadmus sp. a + Chrysophtharta aurea + +* + Chrysophtharta bimaculata + +* +* Chrysophtharta crucata + Chrysophtharta decolorata + + +* Chrysophtharta nobilitata + + + + + + + Chrysophtharta philomela + Chrysophtharta variicollis + + + + + + Chrysophtharta sp. a + APPENDIX 2 cont.

1 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Chrysophtharta sp. c + + Chrysophtharta sp. h + Haltica paf{ana + Nascio parryi +* Paropsides umbrosa + Paropsis aepota elliottii + + + + Paropsis deboeri + + + + Paropsis dilatata + +* +* Paropsis porosa + + + + +* + + + Paropsis tasmanica +* + + Paropsis sp. a + Paropsisterna nucea + +* + Trachymela papulosa +* +* + +* Trachymela ru~osa + + +* +* + + + Cicadidae Cicadetta torrida + +* + Cicadellidae Tenuitartessus blundellensis +* +* Coreidae Amorbus obscuricornis + + + + + + + + Gelonus tasmanicus + + + + + Curculionidae Acalonoma pusilla +* Belus bidentatus +* Belus bimaculatus +* Gonipterus f{ibberus + + Gonipterus lepidotus + ~ Gonipterus scutellatus + + + + + + + + + + t: Merimnetes sp. + + + ~ Rachiodes bicaudatus +* + ~. Rachiodes multidentatus + + + Rhadinosomus lacordairei + ;;;~ Syarbis alcyone + + ~ ~. Eriococcidae Eriococcus coriaceous + + + + + + + ;:;. Eurymelidae Eurymeloides bicincta +* Gelechiidae Protolechia sp. + + + ~ sp. ~ Geometridae Boarmia +* ~ Capusa senilis +* +* Chlenias sp. + + ~ + + ~ Chlorocoma dichloraria +* !:>. ;:.;:! Chlorodes boisduvalia + Cleora bitaeniaria + Crypsiphona occultaria + +* ~..... <..N APPENDIX 2 cont. N

I I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I 6 7 I 8 i 9 I lO I 11 I 12 13 14 I 15 ! 16 I 17 ! 18 ! 19 I 20 21 22 ~ Dichromodes ainaria , + * I 11--_1_ -t I '-=--_ ...... E..C!!.OJl.is excursaria : -- --!l ,.' -+=--- + * ~- , - ':-.. ___... §uloxia meandraria! I! I + * i _~_ I ~ H b . I I , ~ H... ._.'1po apta percomptarza + I tt=... '"' Microdes squamulata +* I I I I , '" ._.. . . ?;:l Mnesampela comarcha _._ ...... __ + * + * : + * I L- to Mnesartipelap.!ivata I + i + + i + I I ~ I------+M,-o-n-octenia folernaria i I I + * I -- ~"l A Stathm..o~rhop.a berberi I __ I ~ __ + * ___ : _ i ==- ... - Srl Thalaina inscripta + * I! I! I··· , ':-.. Thalaina selenaea I + * . : ' I ~ Gracillariici~e - Acrocercops sp. ! I + + + + + I + ~

Heliozelidae Heliozela-p;;d~j;·· H_ i '+ ' ;::: -r--+.--...... -r--+-...... ~---r--.-,-.-~- "" Hepialidae Aenetus liJ;lliveren I! I.. + * . ! ;::: ."..."" Lasiocampidae Pernattia exposita + ! --- ., i ~ Limacodidae. Dorati{era pinguis : + * + + : + * _~_ I o ~Yrn:lnEri;d~~- ... A~;phas leucomelas + + : I + r + ...... + * ' IT' Teia anartoides + + I + + i ---- ...... -1...... * ... -. * * -- ~~ 1:;- .____ Stegommata sufUratella I +! I ! _ '._ ;::: ."... Machaerotidae ! Chaetophyes compacta + + + + .. t I +_ ...... +--f--:"- . ___ J ----+-- _-r-- Membracidae Daunus tasmaniae ! + * I • I ,I

Noctuida~- Leucania eug!aphti__ !! I +* I : ..... I I ... ___+_---'----j---+---

.U"[J!tlbtllugens ... _- + + + + + -... + + + + ····1-[-- 1---+---

Notodonti~:l~_---Rtl~m... a..... b.. a.... n... k .. s.. ia.e ... _ ...... ;_ .'. +* ... I I. I Hylaeora inclyta I! : +*... -I -__+--t-.. ----c---+-- Sorama bicolor I Ii _ ...... _---'I_+_*_T+_- Trichocerus mesomelas ...... ---... --- + * + * .! ...... i-.-

Oecophoridae.. .: Garrha callianassa ...... ___.-:-'! _---1_+_+_--+----1--+_--+-~--+_--+----j--+---+--__+-.

1_ ..... _------+~~:;~~::;:~~~~iS ~ u... ' • +' ! + +* 1+' I +.

tOenochroa sp. I, I + i I. i 1 ... , ! 1- 1-

Pergidae _____ Lophyrotoma interrupta n __. + . : __:~_ . L... __ i. Perf:a ajJjnisJ.nsulz!is.__ i ' + * +. ---f----+--'----+----j-- .... Perf:af:'apta bella. ' + ! ···0·· . I ...... --- •••. -+_--+--

ip;~chidae ~~:~;e[;~k.UJi!ii 1---1 ': ·--1- : I ,-- I' .+_._-+-__ .. ,

1____ ... ______L..ep'~c!oscia arctiella + I + : ...... __+-_~_-+ __+-_

Narycia sp. ! + + fL_ ...... -f---

Psyllidae Acizzia acaciaedealbata I + ! 'I I L __ . I __ I I i APPENDIX 2 cont.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111 12 I 13 14 15 16 17 18 I 19 I 20 21 22 Acizzia sp. a + Acizzia sp. b + Acizzia sp. c + Acizzia sp. d + Acizzia sp. e + + Acizzia sp. g + Acizzia sp. i + Acizzia sp. j + Acizzia sp. k + Acizzia sp. L + Anoeconeossa copidi{ormis + + + + + Anoeconeossa sp. + + + + + + Australopsylla marmorata + + Australopsylla sp. B + Australopsylla sp. c + Australopsylla sp. d + Cardiaspina spini{era + Cardiaspina sp. nov. + Cardiaspina sp. nov. a + + Creiis 'Tas'sp. + + + + + Ctenarytaina eucalypti + + + Ctenarytaina sp. + + + + Ctenarytaina sp. b + + + + ~ Ctenarytaina sp. c + ~ Ctenarytaina sp. d + ~ Glycaspis dobsoni + ~. Glycaspis dreptodria + + + ~ Glycaspis planitecta + ~. Glycaspis sp. + + + + + + + ~ ~. Hyalinaspis rubra + + + + ~. Hyalinaspis sp. + + + + Hyalinaspis sp. a + g ~ Phellopsylla sp. + ;;! Phellopsylla sp. a + + Phellopsylla sp. b + + + + + + ~ Phellopsylla sp. c + + ~ ~. Phellopsylla sp. e + Phellopsylla sp. g + \J.l Schedotrioza sp. + + \J.l \jJ APPENDIX 2 cont. *" IIi 2 I 3 4 I 5 6 7 8 I 9 10 11 I 12 13 I 14 15 16 17 i 18 I 19 20! 21 i 1--~ ______-+I-cSc-ch"C_ed.otrioza sp. a! Iii + i ! ___+' ~ ______+--_ ;r:: i Schedotrioza sp. b I '+ I------r-:c-.--;- -"------+-----1------1---'--+----+---+---+------~ JSchedotrioza sp. c : I + + ~ ls-;:h~dotrioza sp. i ': + + ~ i Trioza sp. b ---+ ! 3i: 1------I ------~ : Trioza sp. c ! + 1 ------i Trioza sp. d I ---+--1---+1----j--+---+---t----t--t----+----t------j---+ + - ~ I-----:---:-----+---~------~ Pyralidae GaUfla ae;:usalis + * '__ I ~.., Macalla sp. I ! I i + : s:>-. 1------Saturniidae i Opodiphthera helena ! + + ! + * ,* : ~ ~ Scarabaeidae i Diphucr:Pll3Ja colaspidoides I ~___ I - I ! ,-1--- !_ ~ Heteronyx crinitus !: I ! + + i I ~ ------Heteronyx sp. a I + + + i + : +-- ;::'" Heteronyx sp. b: 1-: + -+---+----+---'--- ;:: Heteronyx sp. c --- '+ + -- + I '"~ i I . r-______-tI_L--LipiJ!I!tus atratus I : 1 ___ I + __ +___ 11_ ---t--t---+----j---- _ ~ ______Liparetus convexus __ 1--__ I i + * I + + _____ +-_____ j-_ ---1-- o !______+-P_hy~ll_lotq!1t!.f_ry!kopterus I ___ __ i + ~ 1____ -:- ______JSy}orlJchus piliter + * + ___ _! ____I--_ ~ I I I ;:: Stenomatidae Agriophara sp. ! f I + ~ T~a~metcpoe~4~e_~E.£iC(}ma melanosPila--j- f I __ .I + I + * ____+_+.:..*-+ _____1--_-'--_+:* __ --;: __+-_+-_-+ __ 1-- --- 1:111g~dae Epzmzxza sp. ---"1---+--1 : + + , + , Acropolitis ptychosemail + * + * + : !

1____ ==_-_~=~JlJ>jphyas ashworthana I + * I : t---+--+-*-+- _-__-_- __-_-+-_-+- ____ "i__ -+, __+--_+-_-+_-+ ----1---+---- Epiphyas ostvittana I I + * ! i I______-+--'--'--L~'______I ' ------Palaeoto11}t£.s!Y.P!!e.£qrJa I II i + * + I + * +, I I-T-O-T-AL-S----+--- 35 I 2 2 I 1 2 I 4 I 5 I 74 I 33 I 30 I 19 I 64 I 5 24 31 10 46 I 4 2 3 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

* Species with known hosts as indicated but not actually feeding when collected.