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From Empire to Independence, 1750–1776

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From Empire to Independence, 1750–1776 CHAPTER SIX FROM EMPIRE TO INDEPENDENCE, 1750–1776 CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter covers the development of hostility between Britain and its colonies. While Britain became the dominant European power in North America, its very success and subse- quent attempts to centralize power brought resistance from its colonists. Through many types of organization, the colonies developed an “American” identity. This new community of inter- est was often encouraged by inept British actions. Eventually thirteen colonies decided to leave the empire and declare themselves independent. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading the chapter and following the study methods recommended, students should be able to: 1. Explain how overwhelming British success in the Seven Years War or French and Indian War led to an imperial crisis in their North American holdings. 2. Describe the changes in British policy toward the colonies from 1750 to 1776. 3. Trace the development of the sentiment of “American” community, the political ideas supporting it, and the organizational machinery to act in common. 4. Outline the events from the Sugar Act to the Boston Massacre in encouraging communities. 5. Summarize the developments from the Tea Party to the Declaration of Independence in establishing an American national community. 6. Discuss what the first Continental Congress demonstrated in regard to a national commu- nity of leadership. 7. Making Connections: Explain how the ideals of Protestant culture, the Great Awakening, and the Enlightenment inspired the American community in its move to independence. CRITICAL THINKING/READING SKILLS AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The First Continental Congress Shapes A National Political Community. What was the Continental Congress and how did its members reflect a national political community? What divisions were there and how were they overcome? What were the accomplishments of the Congress? What ideas were reflected in their final declaration? How do the ideas and leadership of John Adams, Sam Adams, and Patrick Henry compare? (Follow this throughout the chapter.) THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR IN AMERICA: What were the causes of the Seven Years War? What empire was being fought over? What colonial attempt at cooperation occurred at that time? The Albany Conference of 1754: Who met at the Albany Conference and what was its purpose? Who convened it? What did it accomplish? What did it illustrate about possible intercolonial cooperation? What was Franklin’s Plan of Union? How did the Albany Conference react to his plan? The colonies? 72 Colonial Aims and Indian Interests: What was the Indian interest in French and British aims? What were the three areas of potential conflict between British and French? Why was the Ohio country their main focus of attention? What was the variety of Indian inter- est in this same area? How did they use the colonial stalemate between the British and the French? Frontier Warfare: How did the war begin and in what area of the frontier was it? What major war broke out the next year? What problem did the British have in colonial coopera- tion? What policy did the British enact against Acadia? The Conquest of Canada: Why did the British concentrate on Canada rather than the war in Europe? Who was William Pitt and what policies did he follow? What was the result? What happened to French positions at Louisburg, Ft. Duquesne, Quebec and Montreal? What was the settlement for Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763? Indians and Europeans Struggle over the West: What continued struggles did the British and Indians have over the West? Who was Amherst and why did his policies unite many Indians against him? What were the views and actions of Neolin, the Delaware Prophet, and Chief Pontiac? What long term pattern of Indian resistance is seen here? What happened to their efforts? What was the difference in view between British officials and the colonists on Indian relations? What areas did colonists expand into? THE IMPERIAL CRISIS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA: What policy of the British provoked a crisis? How did it encourage a sense of American nationalism? The Emergence of American Nationalism: How did colonial experiences in the Seven Years War lead to a sense of American identity? How did the war help build a sense of intercolonial identity? What systems of communication helped link the colonists? Politics, Republicanism and the Press: What was the political expression of republicanism in the press? What uniformity of opinion and political assumptions were expressed by colonial newspapers? What were the assumptions of radical Whigs in England that were reprinted by the American press? The Sugar and Stamp Acts: What were the provisions of each act and what were the British trying to do? How and why did the Americans react to each? What impact did the Great Awakening ideas have here? The Stamp Act Crisis: Why did the Stamp Act create a greater crisis than the Sugar Act did? How did various colonial areas react? What were the various forms of protest in different cities? What views were expressed at the Stamp Act Congress? Repeal of the Stamp Act: Why did the British repeal the Stamp Act? What did they assert in the Declaratory Act? “SAVE YOUR MONEY AND SAVE YOUR COUNTRY”: What was the origin of this phrase? What policies of the British was it aimed towards? Where was most of the early colonial resist- ance and where did it spread? The Townshend Revenue Acts: Who was Townshend and why did he propose these new acts? What did they cover? How did the colonies respond? What measures did Townshend take to reinforce his Revenue Acts? Nonimportation: An Early Political Boycott: What was the extent of the nonimportation associations? How was the boycott enforced? Why was nonimportation a popular step in rural communities and why was it significant to community? What step did the Virginia House of Burgesses take in May of 1769? What were the effects? 73 The Massachusetts Circular Letter: What was the role of Boston and Massachusetts in the agitation? What was the essence of their letter? What was the British response and how did it help the protesters? Why did the British send troops to Boston? The Politics of Revolt and The Boston Massacre: What was the Boston Massacre and what led up to the incident? What happened afterwards? FROM RESISTANCE TO REBELLION: What was the progression of events that led colonists from resistance to outright rebellion? Intercolonial Cooperation: What activities and policies of the British and the colonial governors led to the foundation of committees of correspondence? What was the function of these committees? What were the general elements of the conspiracy theory and how did the British seem to reinforce it? The Boston Tea Party: What was the Tea Act and what was its purpose? How did the Committees of Correspondence react? What was the “Tea Party” and how did the British react to it? The Intolerable Acts: What series of measures did the British pass and why did the colonies call them intolerable? Since most measures were aimed at Boston, what prompted other colonists to sympathize with them? What was Virginia’s response? The First Continental Congress: What was the general tone of the First Continental Congress? Who were the important leaders? What resolutions did Congress pass? What were the Committees of Observation and Safety and how significant were they? What was the general impact of committee activity? Lexington and Concord: What led up to the violence at Lexington and Concord? What warning did General Gage give to his superiors? What was the attitude of King George III? William Pitt? Edmund Burke? What was the response of Patrick Henry? What losses were incurred by both sides and what problem was forecast for the British? DECIDING FOR INDEPENDENCE: How did the sentiments for independence get mobilized? What actions did the colonists take? The Second Continental Congress: How was the second Congress selected compared to the first one and what effect did this have? Why did Georgia join the second Congress? Were other British possessions in the New World interested and if so, why did they not join? What level of sentiment was there for independence in the spring of 1775? What actions did the Congress take? Fighting in the North and South: What other military incidents took place before Congress could respond with a Continental Army? How did King George react? What military actions took place and how successful were they? No Turning Back: What events moved things quickly to independence? What was the essence of Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense? What effect did it have? What action did North Carolina take? The Declaration of Independence: From June 7 to July 2, what actions led to the Declaration of Independence? What was the vote on supporting it? What were the various ideas expressed in the Declaration? CONCLUSION: While Britain was the dominant power in North America, what resistance did it face? What may the British have underestimated? How did the colonists build a sentiment of nationalism? 74 KEY TERMS/VOCABULARY Identify the following terms: 1. Seven Years’ War 30. virtual representation 59. Benjamin Franklin 2. Albany Conference 31. James Otis 60. East India Co. 3. Trans-Appalachian 32. Stamp Act 61. Boston Tea Party Region 33. Daniel Dulaney 62. Intolerable Acts 4. Halifax 34. Virginia Stamp Act 63. Quebec Act 5. Colonel George Resolutions 64. First Continental Washington 35. Patrick Henry Congress 6. Fort Duquesne 36. Samuel Adams 65. Declaration and Resolves 7. General Edward Braddock 37. Andrew Oliver 66. Committee of 8. colonial militia 38. Thomas Hutchinson Observation and Safety 9. Acadia 39. Sons of Liberty 67. minutemen 10. William Pitt 40. Stamp Act Congress 68. Lexington 11. Iroquois Confederacy 41. Lord Rockingham 69.
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