Eia / Emp Report on Extraction of Sand from Gomati River, Tripura

EIA / EMP REPORT ON EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER, TRIPURA

(JANUARY – 2016 )

Prepared By:

TECHNO ENVIRON ENGINEERS Nilgunge, Barasat-Barrackpore Road Kolkata – 700 121

Submitted To : Submitted By : SEAC, Tripura Udaipur Cluster_01 Mines (South Tripura)

FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (As per EIA Notification, 2006) For UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01 SAND MINES

Production Lease Hold Sl. No. Name Resi. Address Capacity Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Tapan Das at Dag no- 1051/2147, Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub Division 1 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0161 1470 Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Tripura. M/s Anita Sarkar at Dag no- 185/463, East Gokulpur 2 Mauja- Gokulpur, Sub Division Udaipur, PO: Gokulpur 0.0240 2191 District- Gomati of the State Tripura. Dist: Gomati, South Tripura M/s Arabinda Nandi at Dag no- Village: Baishnabirchar 588/2051-52, Mauja- Tepania, Sub 3 PO: Jamjuri, Udaipur 0.1388 12673 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Dulal Chandra Saha at Dag no- Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 1051/2141, Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 4 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Ranjan Das at Dag no- 1162/2201, Giridharipally Mauja- Udaipur Town, Sub Division Vill. & PO: Radhakishorepur 5 0.0160 1470 Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Udaipur Tripura. Dist: Gomati, South Tripura M/s Sanjeeb Kr. Deb at Dag no- Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 1051/2147, Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 6 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District -Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Shibu Ranjan Nandi at Dag no- Village: Baishnabirchar 1412/2073, Mauja- Tepania, Sub 7 PO: Jamjuri, Udaipur 0.0991 9050 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Swapan Denbath at Dag no- East Gokulpur 309/403, Mauja- Gokulpur, Sub 8 PO: Gokulpur 0.0481 4395 Division Udaipur, District -Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Babul Marak at Dag no- 699/6087, Vill: Natin Tilla Mauja- Paschim Magpuskarini, Sub 9 PO: Gorjee, Udaipur 0.0092 840 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of Dist: Gomati, South Tripura the State Tripura. M/s Asish Kr. Saha at Dag no-2882/828, Giridharipally Mauja- Udaipur Town, Sub Division Vill. & PO: Radhakishorepur 10 0.0160 2191 Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Udaipur Tripura. Dist: Gomati, South Tripura

January-2016 Prepared by Techno Environ Engineers Nilgunge, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata – 700 121

TECHNO ENVIRON ENGINEER

Date: 24-01-2016

Declaration

Techno Environ Engineers is an ISO 9001 : 2008, ISO 14001 : 2004 certified company having its office at At: Nilgunge Bazar, Barasat – Barrackpore Road , Kolkata-700121, West Bengal. It is an Environment Consultancy Organization accredited by Quality Council of India (QCI), (an autonomous body duly recognized by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt of India)

CLUSTER -1 (owner consists of ten Gomati River bed sand MINES) having its at Sub Division Udaipur, District -Gomati of the State Tripura. For preparation of the application and subsequent procedures for obtaining Environmental Clearance, the aforesaid company has assigned the task to Techno Environ Engineers.

It is hereby declared that the data in the application is certified to be true and correct.

For Techno Environ Engineers

Amit Podder

(Partner & FAE)

TECHNO ENVIRON ENGINEER At: Nilgunge Bazar, Barasat – Barrackpore Road , Kolkata-700121, West Bengal, Consultancy for INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL SERVICES Mob: 09088919330 Email:[email protected]

FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Contents PAGE NO. CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 6 to 11 1.0 PREAMBLE 6 1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CLUSTER 6 1.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON MINING OF MINERALS 7 1.3 GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT 7 1.4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 8 1.5 PROJECT IMPORTANCE 11

CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 12 to 15 2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 13 2.2 LOCATION DETAILS 13 2.3 MINERAL RESERVES 14 2.4 METHOD OF MINING 16 2.5 PRODUCTION PARAMETERS 17 2.6 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL 17 2.7 EXCAVATION SCHEDULE 17

CHAPTER-3: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 18 to 62 3.0 GENERAL 19 3.1 STUDY AREA 19 3.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR GENERATING BASELINE DATA 19 3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT 20 3.4 SOIL ENVIRONMENT 20 3.5 SOIL QUALITY 21 3.6 HYDROLOGY 22 3.8 METEOROLOGY 23 3.9 PARAMETERS AND MONITORING METHODOLOGY 23 3.10 TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND RAINFALL. 23 3.11 WATER QUALITY 25 3.12 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 25 3.13 SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS 25 3.14 GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS 25 3.15 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 27 3.16 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING 28 3.17 SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS 28 3.19 THE LANDSCAPE & TOPOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA 32 3.20 STUDY METHODOLOGY 33 3.22 STUDY OF FLORA 33 3.23 STUDY OF FAUNA 37 3.24 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 49 3.25 QUALITATIVE STUDY OF AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA 49 3.26 FISH FAUNA 50

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3.27 QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVE STUDY 51 3.28 RARE AND ENDANGERED AQUATIC SPECIES 51 3.29 GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA 52 3.30 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY 55 3.31 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 55 3.32 APPROACH 56 3.33 METHODOLOGY 56 3.34 SAMPLING STRATEGY 56 3.35 SAMPLING UNIT 56 3.36 IMPACT OF UPCOMING PROJECT ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 57 3.37 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE CONDITION 57 3.38 HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE 57 3.41 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 57 3.42 SOCIAL STATUS AND CONDITION 58 3.43 ECONOMIC AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 58 3.44 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES 58 3.45 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 59 3.46 CONCLUSION 59

CHAPTER 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES 61 to 66 4.0 GENERAL 61 4.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT 61 4.2 SOIL ENVIRONMENT 62 4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT 62 4.4 AIR ENVIRONMENT 63 4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 63 4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 64 4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 65 4.8 SOLID WASTE 65 4.9 TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT 66

CHAPTER-5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 68 to 69 5.0 GENERAL 68 5.1 ALTERNATIVE FOR MINE LEASE 68 5.2 ALTERNATIVE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER PARAMETERS 68

CHAPTER-6: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 71 to 73 6.0 GENERAL 71 6.1 MONITORING OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS 71 6.2 REPORTING SCHEDULE OF MONITORING DATA 73

CHAPTER-7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES 75 to 77 7.0 GENERAL 75 7.1 ITEMS IDENTIFIED BY THE PROJECT PROPONENT 75 7.4 RISK ANALYSIS AND PREVENTIVE/CORRECTIVE MEASURES 75 7.5 NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION 76

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CHAPTER-8: PROJECT BENEFITS 79 8.0 GENERAL 79 CHAPTER-9: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 81 9.0 GENERAL 81 9.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 81

TABLES TABLE 1.0: UDAIPUR CLUSTERS_01 MINES 6 TABLE 1.2: GENERIC STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT 8 TABLE 1.3: MINES WITH THEIR PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND LEASEHOLD AREA 8 TABLE-1.4: LOCATION OF THE MINES OF UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01 9 TABLE 2.1: PERCENT COMPOSITION OF MINERAL RESERVES 15 TABLE 2.2: PROPOSED YEAR-WISE PRODUCTION (TON) 15 TABLE 3.1: LAND USE PATTERN OF THE STUDY AREA 20 TABLE 3.2: DETAILS OF SOIL MONITORING LOCATIONS 20 TABLE 3.3: SOIL QUALITY 21 TABLE 3.4: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 24 TABLE 3.5: SURFACE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE POST MONSOON SEASON, 2015 25 TABLE 3.6: GROUND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE POST MONSOON SEASON, 2015 26 TABLE 3.7: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS AT STATION- AQ1 28 TABLE 3.8: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS AT STATION AQ2 29 TABLE 3.9: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS AT STATION AQ3 30 TABLE 3.10: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS AT STATION AQ4 31 TABLE 3.11: FLORISTIC CHECKLIST OF THE STUDY AREA 39 TABLE 3.12: QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE STUDY AREA 43 TABLE 3.21: CHECKLIST OF WILD AND DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 47 TABLE 3.23: QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF BIRDS AT TWO LOCATIONS 48 TABLE 3.25: PLANKTONIC LOAD (No./Lit) OF WATER SAMPLES 54 TABLE 3.26: RESULTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE STUDY AREA 54 TABLE 3.28: VILLAGES & TOWNS LOCATED IN THE STUDY AREA 57 TABLE 3.29: DEMOGRAPIC PROFILE 57 TABLE 3.30: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 58 TABLE 3.31: INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES 58 TABLE 5.1: ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED DURING EIA STUDY 68

FIGURES FIG 1.1: LOCATION MAP OF MINE LEASE AREA 10 FIG 3.2: WINDROSE DIAGRAM 24 FIG 3.3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 59

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CHAPTER -1

5 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

1.0 PREAMBLE

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the management tool to ensure the sustainable development and it is a process, used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. It is a decision making tool, which guides the decision makers in taking appropriate decisions for any project. EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse consequences of the project and ensures that these impacts are taken into account during the project designing. It also reduces conflicts by promoting community participation, information, decision makers, and helps in developing the base for environmentally sound project.

1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CLUSTER

Udaipur Cluster_01 mines consists of ten sand mines, Tapan Das (0.0161 ha), Anita Sarkar (0.0240 ha), Arabinda Nandi (0.1388 ha), Dulal Chandra Saha (0.0160 ha), Ranjan Das (0.0160 ha), Sanjeeb Kr. Deb (0.0160 ha), Shibu Ranjan Nandi (0.0991 ha), Swapan Denbath (0.0481 ha), Babul Marak(0.0092 ha) & Asish Kr. Saha (0.0160 ha). This cluster is located in the Gomati River Bed under Udaipur Subdivision, District: Gomati of the state Tripura. Name of the mines in the Cluster, their production capacity, lease hold areas are given below:

Table: 1.0 Udaipur Cluster_01 mines

Production Sl. Lease Hold Name Resi. Address Capacity No. Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Tapan Das at Dag no- 1051/2147, Mauja- Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 1 Fulkumari, Sub Division Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0161 1470 Udaipur, District- Gomati Dist: Gomati, South Tripura of the State Tripura. M/s Anita Sarkar at Dag no- 185/463, Mauja- East Gokulpur 2 Gokulpur, Sub Division PO: Gokulpur 0.0240 2191 Udaipur, District- Gomati Dist: Gomati, South Tripura of the State Tripura. M/s Arabinda Nandi at Dag no- 588/2051-52, Village: Baishnabirchar Mauja- Tepania, Sub 3 PO: Jamjuri, Udaipur 0.1388 12673 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Dulal Chandra Saha at Dag no- 1051/2147, Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 4 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. 6 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Production Sl. Lease Hold Name Resi. Address Capacity No. Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Ranjan Das at Dag no- 1162/2201, Mauja- Giridharipally Udaipur Town, Sub Vill. & PO: Radhakishorepur 5 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Udaipur Gomati of the State Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Tripura. M/s Sanjeeb Kr. Deb at Dag no- 1051/2147 Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 6 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Shibu Ranjan Nandi at Dag no- 1412/2073, Village: Baishnabirchar Mauja- Tepania, Sub 7 PO: Jamjuri, Udaipur 0.0991 9050 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Swapan Denbath at Dag no- 309/403 Mauja- East Gokulpur 8 Gokulpur, Sub Division PO: Gokulpur 0.0481 4395 Udaipur, District- Gomati Dist: Gomati, South Tripura of the State Tripura. M/s Babul Marak at Dag no- 699/6087, Mauja- Vill: Natin Tilla Paschim Magpuskarini, 9 PO: Gorjee, Udaipur 0.0092 840 Sub Division Udaipur, Dist: Gomati, South Tripura District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Asish Kr. Saha at Dag no- 2882/828, Mauja- Giridharipally Udaipur Town, Sub Vill. & PO: Radhakishorepur 10 0.0160 2191 Division Udaipur, District- Udaipur Gomati of the State Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Tripura.

1.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON MINING OF MINERALS

Minerals are non-renewable natural resources essential for mankind and backbone of economic growth of any country. The progressive industrialization and infrastructural activities has led to increased demand and resulting in large scale production of minerals.

1.3 GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

In terms of EIA Notification of the MoEF, New Delhi dated 14th September 2006, and its subsequent amendments later, the generic structure of the EIA report is as under in Table-1. The EIA report has been prepared with compliance of Mining of Minerals guidance manual prescribed by MoEF, New Delhi.

7 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Table 1:2 Generic Structure of EIA Report Chapter No. Title 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 Description of Environment 4 Anticipated Environment Impact & Mitigation Measures 5 Analysis of Alternatives 6 Environment Monitoring Programme 7 Additional Studies 8 Project Benefits 9 Environment Management Plan

1.4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1.4.1 Project Nature, Size & Location

Nature : The mines lease area is part of the Gomati River bed which contains sand and mixed clay. The project has been proposed for extraction of Sand by opencast manual extraction method in Gomati River bed, under Udaipur subdivision, District- Gomati of the State Tripura.

Size: The Udaipur Cluster_01 consists of the following mines.

Table 1.3: Mines with their Production Capacity and Leasehold Area

Production Sl. Lease Hold Name Resi. Address Capacity No. Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Tapan Das at Dag no- 1051/2147, Mauja- Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 1 Fulkumari, Sub Division Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0161 1470 Udaipur, District- Gomati Dist: Gomati, South Tripura of the State Tripura. M/s Anita Sarkar at Dag no- 185/463, Mauja- East Gokulpur 2 Gokulpur, Sub Division PO: Gokulpur 0.0240 2191 Udaipur, District- Gomati Dist: Gomati, South Tripura of the State Tripura. M/s Arabinda Nandi at Dag no- 588/2051-52, Village: Baishnabirchar Mauja- Tepania, Sub 3 PO: Jamjuri, Udaipur 0.1388 12673 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Dulal Chandra Saha at Dag no- 1051/2147, Vill. & P.O: Fulkumari No. 2 Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 4 Udaipur, (Kunjaban) 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Dist: Gomati, South Tripura Gomati of the State Tripura. 8 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Location: The Udaipur Cluster_01 Mines site is located by the Gomati River, under Udaipur Sub Division, and District- Gomati of the State Tripura.

Table-1.4: Location of the mines of Udaipur Cluster_01

Sl. No. Name Lat/Long N:23 0 31.900” to 23 0 31.907” 1 Tapan Das E:091 0 30.423” to 091 0 30.429” N: 23 0 32’ 51.1”/50.9”/50.1”/ 50.7” 2 Anita Sarkar E: 091 0 29’54.4”/54.7”/55.6”/54.5” N: 23 0 31’ 28.2”/28.7”/29.5”/ 28.9” 3 Arabinda Nandi E: 091 0 27’27.4”/26.8”/27.7”/28.6” 9 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

N: 23 0 31’ 53.9”/54.2”/54.3”/53.9” 4 Dulal Chandra Saha E: 091 0 30’25.4”/25.4”/24.9”/24.8” N: 23 0 32’ 31.1”/31.0”/31.0”/30.7” 5 Ranjan Das E: 091 0 29’45.1”/44.8”/45.3”/45.1” N:23 0 31’ 57.9”/ 54.0” 6 Sanjeeb Kr. Deb E: 091 0 23’28.2”/24.4” N: 23 031’27.6”/27.1”/27.7”/28.1” 7 Shibu Ranjan Nandi E: 091 027’26.6”/26.2”/25.5”/25.0” N: 23 032’50.0”/49.3”/50.1”/50.3” 8 Swapan Denbath E: 091 028’56.4”/55.7”/55.0”/55.5” N: 23 026’34.5”/32.3” 9 Babul Marak E: 091 029’54”/52.8” N: 23 032’33.2”/31.6” 10 Asish Kr. Saha E:091 029’46.8”/45.1”

Fig: 1.1 Location Map of Mine Lease Area

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1.5 Project Importance

Due to heavy rainfall annually, a large amount of river bed material had been deposited at Gomati River which has widened the course of river and is also responsible for cutting of nearby agricultural and forest land causing heavy degradation and loss of soil and vegetation along the river course. Keeping in view the environmental consideration for the ecosystem of the river it is essential to remove this material from the river bed.

Therefore, in order to channelize the river course and land cutting from nearby agricultural fields and forests, it is necessary to remove river bed material from the proposed stretch in an area as given in Table: 1.1. Project will also benefit in meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine aggregate required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads/highway; elastic ballast material for rail tracks in the state of Tripura as the natural available materials of river bed quarry site has been found suitable from techno-economic consideration. The mining project will also provide direct employment and indirect employment to skilled, semi-skilled & unskilled labourers.

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CHAPTER -2

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CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The mine lease area is part of river body. As per revenue record of the area, the mine lease is Private land. The extracted material shall be sold in open market to cater to the demand of construction material. The stretches of the river, where the aggradations of bed load/ suspended load takes place, are well defined within the river section and such areas get replenished annually in variable quantum depending upon the flood events and the duration of rainy season. The project has been proposed for an annual production as stated in Table 1.1.

There is practically no soil cover as well as no overburden on top profile of river bed section proposed for mining. However, if some soil is available it will be removed and carefully stored for use in plantation purpose.

2.2 LOCATION DETAILS

The Udaipur Cluster_01 mines lease is Private land lying in the bed of Gomati River. It falls under Udaipur Sub Division, District- Gomati of the State Tripura.

Aerial Distance of Important Features from Mine Site with Direction

Features Name Aerial Distance (in km)

Airport Agartala 45.0

Railway Station Agartala 45.0

National Highway NH-44 1.0

State Highway SH 0.5

Village Road Village road Passes adjacent to the mine site

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2.3 MINERAL RESERVES

The average percentage of the various components of the sediments shall vary from year to year. The calculated percentage of different components is given as under in Table-2.1 but it shall not be available in the next year as the percentage of smaller sediment shall go on increasing in comparison to larger size material. The category of river borne material with their size and end- use is given below in Table-2.1

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Table 2.1: Percent Composition of Mineral Reserves

Sl.No Components Percentage 1 Bajri (Pebbles) 6% 2 Sand Mixed Silt/ Clay 4% 3 Sand 90%

4 Clay 0.5%

The mining lease area being part of the Gomati river bed is recharged every year during monsoon and some amount of sediments also brought during winter rain. The level of stream rises by one meter during monsoon. The whole of the worked out area shall provide conducive conditions for deposition and the dig out area is filled up with new born material. The working has been planned in the rotational manner by giving one half of the area, a chance for replenishment for complete one year, of one full monsoon time and one winter rains for recharging. Year-wise production details are given below in Table-2.2

Table-2.2: Proposed Year-Wise Production (Ton)

Production Lease Hold Sl. No. Name Capacity Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Tapan Das at Dag no-1051/2147, Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub Division 1 0.0161 1470 Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Anita Sarkar at Dag no- 185/463, 2 Mauja- Gokulpur, Sub Division Udaipur, 0.0240 2191 District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Arabinda Nandi at Dag no- 588/2051-52, Mauja- Tepania, Sub 3 0.1388 12673 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Dulal Chandra Saha at Dag no- 1051/2147, Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 4 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Ranjan Das at Dag no-1162/2201, Mauja- Udaipur Town, Sub Division 5 0.0160 1470 Udaipur, District-Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Sanjeeb Kr. Deb at Dag no- 1051/2147 Mauja- Fulkumari, Sub 6 0.0160 1470 Division Udaipur, District-Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Shibu Ranjan Nandi at Dag no- 1412/2073, Mauja- Tepania, Sub 7 0.0991 9050 Division Udaipur, District-Gomati of the State Tripura.

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Production Lease Hold Sl. No. Name Capacity Area (Ha) (Ton/Year) M/s Swapan Denbath at Dag no- 309/403 Mauja- Gokulpur, Sub Division 8 0.0481 4395 Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Babul Marak at Dag no- 699/6087, Mauja- Paschim Magpuskarini, Sub 9 0.0092 840 Division Udaipur, District- Gomati of the State Tripura. M/s Asish Kr. Saha at Dag no- 2882/828, Mauja- Udaipur Town, Sub 10 0.0160 2191 Division Udaipur, District-Gomati of the State Tripura.

2.4 METHOD OF MINING

As per Environmental Impact Assessment Guidance Manual for Mining of Minerals released by MoEF - the project is a type of surface mining. The typical operations involved in a surface mining is shown given below in the flowchart in the Figure-2.1.

The project will be accomplished by fully manual opencast method of mining and does not involve any processes such as drilling, blasting and beneficiation.

• The mining process involves collection of material by simple hand tool such as shovel, pans, spade, pick axe and sieves.

• This is followed by sorting and manual picking, stacking and loading into trucks/ tractor–trolley for transporting.

• The only waste is silt/clay which will added back to the pits for backfilling or can be used for plantation purpose.

• The material is transported through tipper (9.0 to 10.2 metric tonnes), tractor trolley small (3 metric tonnes), tractor trolley big (6 metric tonnes) to the storage points located outside the mining lease.

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Figure 2.1: Schematic Flowchart of Sand Mining

Excavating Pits Upto the Depth of 1.5 m BGL (by manual opencast method)

Extraction of Sand

Loading of Sand into Truck/Trolley

Transportation of Mineral to the Destined Places

2.5 Production Parameters

• Mining will be carried out only during the day time. Extraction of sand material will be completely stopped during the monsoon season.

• The pits from where the material will be picked should not go deeper than 1.5 meter and shall follow the normal channel direction of the river. These get replenished during monsoon every year.

• The equipments for mining will be arranged by project proponent who will also be responsible for administrative control of labours as well as for carrying out mining operations in the sanctioned/demarcated lease area within the ambit of the conditions set-forth in the order for execution of mine by the competent authority and also the instructions/guideline issued by the Tripura Govt.

2.6 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

About total 100 workers (Udaipur Cluster_01 Mines) including skilled, semi-skilled & unskilled labours shall be engaged through project proponent for extraction of sand and loading & handling of mineral in mining area, besides watch & ward and plantation activity with proper maintenance.

2.7 EXCAVATION SCHEDULE

Extraction of sand from the mine site will be done on annual basis with effect from 1st October to 31st May for 5 years. Working hours shift will be of 8 hours during day time only. Number of working days will be 245 in a year.

17 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

CHAPTER -3

18 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

CHAPTER-3: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.0 GENERAL

Collection of baseline environmental data of the project influenced area helps to predict the magnitude of impacts that are likely to be caused due to proposed activity of project. It also helps to identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored during and after the proposed improvements.

This chapter presents a regional background to the baseline data at the very onset, which will help in better appreciation of micro-level field data, generated on several environmental and ecological attributes of the study area. The baseline status of the project on environment is described section wise for better understanding of the broad spectrum conditions.

Field monitoring studies to evaluate the baseline status of the project site were carried out for one season covering October to December, 2015, with CPCB guidelines. Environmental data has been collected with reference to proposed mine for:- a) Land b) Soil c) Water d) Air e) Noise f) Biological g) Socio-economic Status

3.1 STUDY AREA

Study area for proposed mine’s baseline study covers the total area within 10km radius from the mine lease periphery. Further the study area has been divided into two zones namely, “Core Zone” and “Buffer Zone”. Core zone comprises of the mine lease area within the mine lease boundary while the area around the mine lease periphery covering 10km radius area constitutes the Buffer Zone.

3.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR GENERATING BASELINE DATA

The methodology for conducting the baseline environmental survey considered the guidelines given in the EIA Manual of the MoEF. Baseline information with respect to Land, Water, Air, Noise, Biological and Socio-economic quality status in the study area were collected by conducting primary sampling/ field studies during post-monsoon season October to December 2015. Secondary data has been obtained from published sources, and various government agencies. The characteristics of baseline status of study area with respect to the parameters are then discussed.

19 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01] 3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT

Since the mining is carried out by opencast mining method, studies on land environment of ecosystem play an imperative role in identifying susceptible issues and taking appropriate action to uphold ecological equilibrium in the region. The main objective of this section is to provide a baseline status of the study area covering 10km radius around the proposed mine site so that temporal changes due to the mining activities on the surroundings can be assessed for future.

3.3.1 Land Use/ Land Cover Pattern of the Study Area

The existing land use pattern of the study area based on the latest satellite imagery is given in Table-3.1

Table 3.1: Land Use Pattern of the Study Area

Sl.No. Land Use Class Area (Sq.km) Percent Area 1 Water Body 4.61 1.47 2 Open 36.17 11.52 3 Agriculture 7.39 2.35 4 Fallow Land 1.81 0.58 5 Degraded Vegetation 136.18 43.38 6 Vegetation Medium Density 49.33 15.71 7 Vegetation High Density 3.23 1.03 8 Forest Blanks 0.22 0.07 9 Scrub 43.09 13.73 10 Marshy Land 8.68 2.76 11 Settlement 21.76 6.93 12 Sand 1.32 0.42 13 Miscellaneous 0.15 0.05 Total 313.93 100.00

3.4 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

Soil is the largest pool of terrestrial organic carbon. Soil may be defined as a thin layer of earth’s crust, which serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants. It is the environmental sieve that controls the fate of contaminants, and directs water in the various pathways of the hydrologic cycle. The soil characteristics are mainly classified into three groups which include physical, chemical and electrical properties.

For studying soil quality of the region 5 samples were collected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the area. The study area has medium sandy loam.

Table 3.2: Details of Soil Monitoring Locations

S. No. Code Village Distance (km) Direction 1 S1 Raj Nagar 1.6 NE 2 S2 Radhakisorepur R.F 4.7 NW 3 S3 Palatana 7.0 SW 4 S4 Udaipur 2.8 W 5 S5 Matabari 3.4 S

20 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.5 SOIL QUALITY

The results of soil analysis for one season (October to December- 2015) collected from six different locations are given below in Table-3.3

Table 3.3: Soil Quality

SN Parameters SQ1 SQ2 SQ3 SQ4 SQ5 1 Gravel (%) 0 0 0 0 0 2 Sand (%) 35 14 27 35 42 3 Silt (%) 57 67 62 55 50 4 Clay (%) 8 19 11 10 8 5 pH (at 35 oC) 7.22 7.42 7.10 6.74 7.47 6 EC (umhos/cm) 65 112 143 189 162 7 Sodium (%) 0.246 0.177 0.098 0.324 0.122 8 Potassium (%) 0.094 0.0624 0.096 0.075 0.0835 9 Calcium (%) 0.4686 0.2337 0.1972 0.285 0.1651 10 Magnesium (%) 0.1022 0.0972 0.1224 0.0629 0.0842 11 Chloride (%) 0.0124 0.0097 0.0072 0.0043 0.0139 12 Sulphate (%) 0.0055 0.0065 0.0048 0.0117 0.0073 13 Nitrogen (%) 0.0036 0.0087 0.0175 0.079 0.0169 14 Organic Matter (%) 0.3242 0.6122 0.4428 0.634 0.5733 15 Moisture Content (%) 12.45 15.10 11.67 13.65 14.44 16 Available P (%) 0.0040 0.0025 0.0038 0.0019 0.0016 17 Available K (%) 0.0054 0.0072 0.0045 0.0053 0.0092 18 Carbonate (%) 0.011 ND 0.012 ND 0.014 19 Iron (%) 0.245 0.366 0.243 0.323 0.422 20 Boron (%) 0.073 0.077 0.062 0.058 0.064 21 Selenium (%) 0.0006 ND ND 0.0004 0.0043 22 Arsenic (%) ND ND ND ND ND 23 Mercury (%) ND ND ND ND ND 24 Lead (%) ND ND ND ND ND 25 Cadmium (%) ND ND ND ND ND 26 Chromium (%) ND ND ND ND ND 27 Copper (%) 0.0043 0.0022 ND 0.0025 ND 28 Zinc (%) 0.0015 0.0024 0.0014 0.0022 ND

Notes: ‘ND’ implies ‘Not Detected’ 21 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.6 HYDROLOGY

3.6.1 Surface Water Hydrology

The State of Tripura is well watered by rivers. There are as many as 10 major rivers draining the State and the total annual river flow generated within the State is approximately estimated at 793 million cubic metres.

The catchment of the Gomati river lies in the southern part of the Longtharai and Atharamura range. The river flows westwards past the subdivisional towns of Amarpur, Udaipur and Sonamura into Bangladesh. The river is meandering and is known to change its course. The river is about 133 km long. Gomati enjoys the maximum basin area of 2,378 sq.km, being 22.66% of the total geographical area of Tripura. The annual flow of the river Gomati is 249,399 thousand cubic metres. The mean flow characteristics of Gomati at Sonamura during the different months of the year are presented below :

Mean Flow Characteristics of river Gomati (cubic metres/second)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3.10 3.18 3.22 5.00 14.67 8.67 13.62 19.80 10.83 7.63 3.76 3.63

It would be observed that maximum flows (19.80 cumecs) occur during August and minimum flows (3.10 cumecs) occur in January.

Generally, the area is not prone to flooding, because of the steep gradients. However, heavy floods occurred in 1983 and 1986, caused by incessant heavy rains coupled with a large amount of water being released from the Damboor dam on the river Gomati, about 60 km away from Udaipur.

3.6.2 Groundwater Hydrology

In West Tripura, the Tipam sediments contain the main water-bearing zones. Groundwater occurs under both semi-confined and confined conditions and tubewells are generally successful within depth ranges of 200 m and yield 50-200 m 3 of water with drawdown of 30 m or more. Productive aquifers in the shallow zones in the central parts of the valley occur in the depth spans of 40 m to 50 m. Shallow tubewells constructed within these depths are successful yielding 15 to 20 m3/hr with maximum drawdown of 5 m. Water in these shallow tubewells are available throughout the year, even during the summer season. The shallow aquifers are characterized by transmissivity of about 400 m2/day. The shallow aquifers in the foot-hill zones are less productive because of their poor transmissivity. There are two valleys in the district namely, the Khowai and Agartala which are suitable for groundwater development.

22 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01] 3.8 METEOROLOGY

The meteorological conditions at the project site regulate the transport and diffusion of air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Therefore, meteorology is considered as an important tool for air pollution assessment. The principal meteorological variables are horizontal convective transport (average wind speed and direction), vertical convective transport (atmospheric stability, mixing height) and topography of the area.

3.9 Parameters and Monitoring Methodology A meteorological station was setup on the rooftop of the Near Project Site. Wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and general weather conditions were recorded throughout the study period.

3.10 Temperature, Relative Humidity and Rainfall. The maximum and minimum thermometer, Humidity and Rainfall ran recorded during the study period(October to December - 2015) were max 36.0° C and min 19° C respectively, while the average temperature was 26.3° C.

October November December

Max: 36.0° C Max:33.7 ° C Max:26.8 ° C Temperature Min: 19° C Min:16.1 ° C Min:9.9 ° C Ave: 26.3° C. Ave:24.1 ° C Ave:28.2 ° C

Max: 79.0 Max:76.0 Max:78.0 Humidity Min:47.0 Min:51.0 Min:44.0 Ave:65.0 Ave:66.1 Ave:60.1

Rainfall Ave:155.0 mm Ave: 34.0 mm Ave: 4.0 mm

Wind Rose The 24 hour wind rose was prepared using the data on wind direction and speed collected for study period.

October to December- 2015: The wind rose for the period are shown in Fig - 1, which shows the predominant wind directions are N & NE. The calm condition (below 1 kmph) is observed about 1.62 % of the time.

23 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Fig 3.2 WINDROSE DIAGRAM

Table 3.4 : Frequency Distribution

Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Dir. 0.5-2.1 2.1-3.6 3.6-5.7 5.7-8.8 8.8-11.1 >=11.1 Total 348-11 5.10 3.62 4.70 5.64 0.13 0.27 19.48 11-33 1.47 0.67 1.34 1.47 0.00 0.00 4.97 33-56 1.74 2.95 6.72 10.61 0.40 0.40 22.84 56-78 2.01 1.07 1.74 1.34 0.00 0.00 6.18 78-101 0.53 2.55 1.34 1.47 0.00 0.00 5.91 101-123 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 123-146 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 146-168 0.94 1.61 0.40 0.13 0.00 0.00 3.09 168-191 1.88 1.47 0.26 1.47 0.00 0.00 5.10 191-213 2.15 0.67 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 213-236 0.80 0.40 0.26 0.13 0.00 0.00 1.61 236-258 1.34 1.07 1.20 1.67 0.00 0.00 4.30 258-281 2.15 0.80 1.47 0.13 0.00 0.00 5.77 281-303 0.94 0.80 0.67 0.26 0.00 0.00 2.68 303-326 2.15 1.20 2.80 2.55 0.00 0.13 8.87 326-348 1.07 0.80 0.94 1.47 0.00 0.00 4.30 Total 24.32 19.75 24.32 28.62 0.53 0.80 98.38 Frequency of Calm winds: 1.62%

24 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.11 WATER QUALITY Selected water quality parameters of surface and ground water resources within 10 km radius of the study area have been considered for assessment of baseline water quality characteristics. The monitoring locations were selected based on: • Locations of major water bodies; and • Areas which can represent baseline conditions and likely to be impacted due to effluent discharges.

3.12 WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Overall six (6) sampling stations, three (3) for surface water and three (3) for ground water quality monitoring were selected. Samples of water were drawn from these six (6) stations on a monthly basis for a Post monsoon period (2015) and analysed for relevant parameters covering physical, chemical and bacteriological qualities including certain heavy metals, trace elements and toxic constituents. Samples were collected as grab samples and were analysed for various water quality parameters. The locations of the monitoring stations are depicted in Exhibit-3.1.

3.13 SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS The surface water sampling stations have been designated as SW1, SW2 and SW3. All the stations were located on the river Gomati. As such, SW1 has been located near Khilpara village, and SW2 has been located near Palatana village, 2 km downstream of SW1 on the river Gomati. SW3 was located near Kankraban village, 2 km downstream of SW2.

3.14 GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS The monitoring stations for determination of ground water quality have been designated as GW1, GW2 and GW3. As such, station GW1 was located at Phulkumari village near the project site, while GW2 and GW3 were stationed at villages Palatana and Khilpara, respectively, in order to derive an idea of the ground water characteristics in the study area.

Table 3.5: Surface Water Quality Analysis Results for the Post Monsoon season, 2015

Sl.No. Parameter & Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 1 Temperature ( oC) 27 27 27.5 2 Colour (Hazen Units) 5 4 5 3 Odour Odls Odls Odls 4 Taste Nrml Nrml Nrml 5 Turbidity (NTU) 13 12 14 6 PH 7.5 7.07 7.06 7 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 195 210 215 8 DO (mg/l) 8.0 7.5 7.4 9 BOD (5 days at 20 oC) (mg/l) 1.5 0.8 0.7 10 COD (mg/l) 9.0 7.0 8.2 11 Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) 160 140 180 12 TSS (mg/l) 43 38 40 13 TDS (mg/l) 118 122 124 25 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl.No. Parameter & Unit SW1 SW2 SW3 14 Oil and Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

15 Free Carbon Dioxide (mg/l CO 2) 30.2 33.5 31.7

16 Free Ammonia (mg/L as NH 3) BDL BDL BDL 17 Cyanide (mg/l as CN) BDL BDL BDL

18 Phenol (mg/l as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL

19 Total Hardness (mg/l as CaCO 3) 40.2 43.9 48.2

20 Total Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO 3) 80 80 84 21 Chloride (mg/l as Cl) 22.5 25 22.4

22 Sulphate (mg/l as SO 4) BDL 0.8 1.1

23 Nitrate (mg/l as NO 3) BDL BDL BDL 24 Fluoride (mg/l as F) BDL BDL BDL 25 Dissolved Phosphate (mg/L as P) BDL 0.03 0.03 26 Calcium (mg/l as Ca) 8 8 11.2 27 Magnesium (mg/l as Mg) 4.9 5.8 4.9 28 Sodium (mg/l as Na) 29 32 31 29 Potassium (mg/l as K) 3 4 3 30 Copper (mg/l as Cu) BDL BDL BDL 31 Iron (mg/l as Fe) 0.135 0.09 0.122 32 Zinc (mg/l as Zn) 0.05 0.04 0.04 33 Boron (mg/l as B) BDL BDL BDL 34 Arsenic (mg/l as As) BDL BDL BDL 35 Mercury (mg/l as Hg) BDL BDL BDL 36 Lead (mg/l as Pb) BDL BDL BDL 37 Cadmium (mg/l as Cd) BDL BDL BDL 38 Chromium (VI) (mg/l as Cr) BDL BDL BDL 39 Selenium (mg/l as Se) 0.02 BDL 0.01 40 Percent Sodium (%) 57.4 58.4 54.7 41 Sodium Absorption Ratio 2.07 2.05 1.72

Note Nrml: Normal Odls: Odourless

Table 3.6: Ground Water Quality Analysis Results for the Post Monsoon season, 2015

Sl.No. Parameter & Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 1 Temperature ( oC) 27.0 25 26 2 Colour (Hazen Units) BDL BDL BDL 3 Odour Odls Odls Odls 4 Taste Nrml Nrml Nrml 5 Turbidity (NTU) BDL BDL BDL 6 PH 7.1 6.95 7.5 7 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 335 375 365 8 BOD (5 days at 20 oC) (mg/l) 0.2 0.2 0.2 9 COD (mg/l) 2 2 2 10 Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) NIL NIL NIL

26 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl.No. Parameter & Unit GW1 GW2 GW3 11 TSS (mg/l) 6 5 4 12 TDS (mg/l) 218 247 238 13 Mineral Oil (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL 14 Free Residual Chlorine (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL 15 Cyanide (mg/l as CN) BDL BDL BDL

16 Phenol (mg/l as C 6H5OH) BDL BDL BDL

17 Total Hardness (mg/l as CaCO 3) 68.0 109 92.2

18 Total Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO 3) 132 162 82 19 Chloride (mg/l as Cl) 39 44 75

20 Sulphate (mg/l as SO 4) BDL 5.5 2

21 Nitrate (mg/l as NO 3) BDL BDL BDL 22 Fluoride (mg/l as F) BDL BDL BDL 23 Dissolved Phosphate (mg/L as P) BDL BDL BDL 24 Calcium (mg/l as Ca) 4.8 16 17.6 25 Magnesium (mg/l as Mg) 13.6 16.7 11.7 26 Sodium (mg/l as Na) 55 57 56 27 Potassium (mg/l as K) 3 2 2 28 Copper (mg/l as Cu) BDL BDL BDL 29 Iron (mg/l as Fe) BDL 0.066 BDL 30 Manganese ((mg/L as Mn) BDL BDL BDL 31 Zinc (mg/l as Zn) BDL BDL BDL 32 Boron (mg/l as B) 0.03 0.04 0.03 33 Arsenic (mg/l as As) BDL BDL BDL 34 Mercury (mg/l as Hg) BDL BDL BDL 35 Lead (mg/l as Pb) BDL BDL BDL 36 Cadmium (mg/l as Cd) BDL BDL BDL 37 Chromium (VI) (mg/l as Cr) BDL BDL BDL 38 Selenium (mg/l as Se) 0.02 0.02 0.02 39 Pathogenic Organisms or Virus Abnt Abnt Abnt

Note : Nrml: Normal, Odls: Odourless, Abnt: Absent, BDL: Below Detection Limit

3.15 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The objective of the ambient air quality monitoring is to establish the baseline conditions with respect to air quality in the study area within a 10 km radius around the project site. The area is generally rural in character. The sources of pollution are vehicular traffic, agricultural fields, unpaved roads and domestic fuel burning.

Monitoring Stations:

S. No. Code Village Distance (km) Direction 1 AQ1 Fulkumari 0.01 E 2 AQ2 Raj Nagar 1.6 NE 3 AQ3 Udaipur 2.8 W Matabari S 4 AQ4 3.4 27 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.16 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING

The monitoring was carried out during October to December- 2015 at a frequency of twice a week at each station adopting a continuous 24-hour schedule.

3.17 SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS

The Respirable Dust (PM 10) Sampler of Envirotech Model (APM 460 and 451) along-with Ecotech Fine-dust (PM 2.5) Samplers were placed at a height of 3 to 4.5 meters above ground level at each monitoring station, thus negating the effects of wind blown ground dust and free from vertical obstructions within a cone of 120 o from the actual position, to avoid any impedance to the pollutants.

The following parameters were monitored in the study area :

• Particulate Matter- 10 micron (PM 10 )

• Particulate Matter- 2.5 micron (PM 2.5 )

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2)

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x)

Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results at Station- AQ1

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 1 01-10-2015 55.0 28.0 8.6 17.0 2 07-10-2015 56.5 31.0 5.5 17.2 3 09-10-2015 56.0 29.0 7.0 11.0 4 14-10-2015 60.5 33.23 7.8 21.0 5 17-10-2015 59.6 35.14 7.7 22.0 6 21-10-2015 64.3 38.14 8.2 18.0 7 24-10-2015 61.2 32.68 7.2 12.0 8 28-11-2015 58.4 34.48 5.2 9.4 9 01-11-2015 50.8 32.3 6.7 16.0 10 07-11-2015 51.6 32.9 6.3 16.3 11 09-11-2015 42.3 28.5 7.2 17.0 12 14-11-2015 49.6 30.1 7.9 13.6 13 17-11-2015 56.0 33.1 8.3 15.6 14 21-11-2015 43.3 28.4 6.8 15.5 15 24-11-2015 52.3 29.4 7.4 12.4

28 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 16 28-11-2015 43.3 28.3 8.3 14.6 17 01-12-2015 45.0 27.7 7.7 12.5 18 07-12-2015 44.3 26.6 7.2 14.5 19 09-12-2015 46.0 29.0 7.3 13.6 20 14-12-2015 45.8 27.4 6.0 16.2 21 17-12-2015 48.5 30.5 5.0 21.2 22 21-12-2015 47.3 32.1 5.6 15.3 23 24-12-2015 42.8 28.5 5.8 12.0 24 28-12-2015 44.4 29.6 7.2 15.3

Note : Detection Limits : PM 10 : 0.50 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 : 0.50 µg/m 3 3 SO 2 : 5.00 µg/m 3 NO x : 5.00 µg/m BDL : Below Detection Limit.

Table 3.8: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results at Station- AQ2

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 1 01-10-2015 53.6 39.18 11.6 13.2 2 07-10-2015 53.1 37.66 12.3 13.4 3 09-10-2015 62.9 36.57 11.5 12.8 4 14-10-2015 61.2 32.68 12.4 13.3 5 17-10-2015 58.4 37.67 13.5 14.3 6 21-10-2015 61.3 34.26 13.0 13.9 7 24-10-2015 59.1 33.84 12.7 13.6 8 28-11-2015 55.6 37.77 12.5 13.7 9 01-11-2015 44.7 37.16 13.2 13.7 10 07-11-2015 55.7 34.20 12.7 13.3 11 09-11-2015 54.6 34.26 12.8 13.0 12 14-11-2015 53.5 31.65 12.2 13.1 13 17-11-2015 50.5 36.91 12.8 13.4 14 21-11-2015 49.6 33.07 12.5 12.8

29 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 15 24-11-2015 42.5 32.58 12.6 13.8 16 28-11-2015 44.6 35.65 12.8 13.0 17 01-12-2015 53.6 35.84 13.0 13.9 18 07-12-2015 54..5 31.01 12.7 13.6 19 09-12-2015 53.5 31.65 12.6 13.1 20 14-12-2015 47.6 29.05 12.3 13.8 21 17-12-2015 53.5 37.45 13.0 14.0 22 21-12-2015 52.9 38.06 13.2 13.3 23 24-12-2015 57.3 36.71 13.1 14.2 24 28-12-2015 55.4 37.59 13.4 14.0

Note : Detection Limits : PM 10 : 0.50 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 : 0.50 µg/m 3 3 SO 2 : 5.00 µg/m 3 NO x : 5.00 µg/m BDL : Below Detection Limit

Table 3.9: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results at Station- AQ3

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 1 01-10-2015 63.1 31.70 12.4 13.2 2 07-10-2015 62.1 33.82 13.0 13.5 3 09-10-2015 60.6 37.95 12.9 13.6 4 14-10-2015 61.2 32.68 12.4 13.3 5 17-10-2015 64.2 34.27 13.3 13.8 6 21-10-2015 61.4 34.26 12.8 13.5 7 24-10-2015 59.1 33.84 13.0 14.2 8 28-11-2015 54.6 38.46 13.5 14.0 9 01-11-2015 66.4 34.64 12.4 13.8 10 07-11-2015 60.3 34.83 12.7 13.5 11 09-11-2015 62.5 33.60 13.5 14.0 12 14-11-2015 62.5 32.00 13.3 13.5 13 17-11-2015 58.4 37.67 13.5 13.9

30 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

14 21-11-2015 62.3 33.71 12.2 13.4 15 24-11-2015 59.3 38.79 11.3 12.4 16 28-11-2015 61.2 34.31 12.8 13.3 17 01-12-2015 67.7 31.02 12.8 13.4 18 07-12-2015 63.3 36.33 13.1 13.8 19 09-12-2015 60.4 34.77 13.3 13.8 20 14-12-2015 55.6 34.17 12.5 13.6 21 17-12-2015 56.7 35.27 13.1 13.4 22 21-12-2015 58.1 37.87 12.3 13.6 23 24-12-2015 59.4 35.35 12.7 12.9 24 28-12-2015 58.1 34.42 12.6 13.4

Note : Detection Limits : PM 10 : 0.50 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 : 0.50 µg/m 3 3 SO 2 : 5.00 µg/m 3 NO x : 5.00 µg/m BDL : Below Detection Limit

Table 3.10: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results at Station- AQ4

Sl. No. Date PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO x DD/MM/Year µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 µµµg/m 3 1 01-10-2015 63.5 33.07 11.6 12.4 2 07-10-2015 65.8 33.43 12.3 12.7 3 09-10-2015 62.8 36.62 11.9 12.8 4 14-10-2015 61.2 32.68 12.8 13.7 5 17-10-2015 64.8 33.95 12.6 13.8 6 21-10-2015 63.4 33.12 12.8 13.7 7 24-10-2015 59.1 33.84 12.9 13.6 8 28-11-2015 63.4 33.12 13.4 14.2 9 01-11-2015 62.3 35.31 12.6 12.7 10 07-11-2015 59.4 35.35 12.6 12.8 11 09-11-2015 60.3 34.83 11.9 12.4 12 14-11-2015 62.3 32.10 12.0 12.6 13 17-11-2015 59.3 37.10 11.4 12.0 14 21-11-2015 62.4 33.65 12.2 12.6 15 24-11-2015 60.8 39.47 12.6 13.0 31 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

16 28-11-2015 61.4 34.20 12.3 12.8 17 01-12-2015 58.7 35.78 12.1 12.7 18 07-12-2015 63.3 36.33 11.2 11.8 19 09-12-2015 58.7 35.78 10.8 11.3 20 14-12-2015 60.5 31.40 11.4 12.3 21 17-12-2015 63.6 31.45 12.2 12.9 22 21-12-2015 60.2 36.54 11.9 12.6 23 24-12-2015 61.2 34.31 10.9 11.7 24 28-12-2015 59.1 33.84 11.8 12.8

Note : Detection Limits : SPM : 0.50 µg/m 3 RPM : 0.50 µg/m 3 3 SO 2 : 5.00 µg/m 3 NO x : 5.00 µg/m BDL : Below Detection Limit

3.18 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

3.19 THE LANDSCAPE & TOPOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA

The study area and its adjoining areas cover two districts of Tripura viz, South Tripura and West Tripura. It is situated at an approximate distance of 60 km from the capital city of Tripura, Agartala. The entire study area is primarily characterised by acres of cultivation land and fallow lands associated with dense forests. The north-east, south-east and southern parts of the study area are under Reserve Forest like Radhakishorepur, Chandrapur and Gorjee Reserve Forest respectively. Besides this, dense forest is sparsely distributed in some parts of the study area like Bagabasa, Jamjuri and Palatana area. The Gomati River passes through the study area and has divided the entire study area more or less in two equal halves. The topography of the study area is characterised mainly by plain lands associated with small hillocks or uplands.

The South Tripura district head quarter, i.e. Udaipur is within the study area and is located in the north-eastern side of the study area. Within the study area several human settlements and semi-towns are also present like Khilpara, Kakraban, Matabari, Bagma, Amtali, Dudhpushkarini, Fulkumari etc.

There are two important Wildlife Sanctuaries within 25 km from Fulkumari. They are Trishna Wild Life Sanctuary (in the South-West region) and Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary (in the North- West region). Gomati is another important Wildlife Sanctuary which is located about 33 kms away from Fulkumari towards the east.

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3.20 STUDY METHODOLOGY

All published literature, relevant records relating to bio-resources from the various agencies like Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India and Forest Department, Government of Tripura were procured for current status report preparation. Simultaneously, field investigation was done in the third week of October, 2015.

The main objectives of extensive survey was :

1. To describe the ecological conditions of the study area more vividly,

2. To prepare habitat wise vegetation profile,

3. To prepare the floristic checklist of the study area,

4. To prepare a checklist of the faunal composition of the study area, and

5. To estimate the primary and secondary productivity of the water bodies of that area.

3.21 STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 3.22 STUDY OF FLORA

Qualitative study The qualitative composition and structure of the plant communities were studied and described by visual observations only, without using any sampling or measuring technique.

Quantitative Study

For the quantitative study of the structure of a plant community, the quadrat study was conducted in randomised sample plots within selected zones of the study area. By performing species area curve study, the required size of quadrat sampling was determined in the flat and partially undulated vegetated terrain. The frequency, density and abundance of the plant species were made for each community separately.

Frequency This term refers to the degree of dispersion of individual species in an area and is usually expressed in terms of percentage of occurrence.

Number of quadrats/transects in Frequency (F) = which a species occurs X 100 Total number of quadrats/transects sampled

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Abundance This is the study of number of individual of different species in the community per unit area.

Total Number of individuals of a species in all quadrats/transects Abundance (A) = Total number of quadrats/transects in which the species occured

Density This is an expression of the numerical strength of a species where the total number of individuals of each species is divided by the total number of quadrats/transects studied.

Total Number of individuals of a species in all quadrats/transects Density (D) = Total number of quadrats/transects sampled

Qualitative Assessment of Vegetation Vegetation cover around 10km radius of the project site is more or less good and is represented by moist tropical forests. These forests may be grouped into three categories like: Open deciduous forests of the hill, moist mixed evergreen deciduous forests and Bamboo forests interrupted with grassland.

Sal is principal species which occurs over extensive areas mostly in pure but at places mixed with Garjan and also with miscellaneous species like Chamal, Kanak, Kumira etc. The proportion of mature trees has considerably come down due to heavy exploitation of such trees in the past. Some bamboo forests mixed with small patches of tree forests are also found in many parts of the study area.

The natural regeneration of Sal is good in areas where the land is flat or gently sloping. In case of Garjan and the other species natural regeneration is very poor.

The Sal forests cover flat to undulating low Tilla lands which are slightly higher than the adjoining paddy lands. The continuous encroachment in the form of extension of paddy lands by earth cutting and levelling of the low tilla lands supporting Sal forest has been noticed in many parts of the study area and is a major factor for gradual shrinkage of Sal forest in this region.

A detailed list of plants identified in the study area has been provided in Table-3.11

The Tripura Forest Department is managing these forests under Joint Forest Management (JFM) since 2003. There are 146 members engaged in protecting 280 hectares of forest area including the project area. This activity sustains 80 families of nearby areas. To date, Rs.2.05 lacs has been funded under JFM activities in this area.

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Quantitative Estimation of Vegetation The field investigations surrounding 10 km radius of the study area were performed with the objectives of producing a quantitative estimation of vegetation in the study area. For this purpose 13 (thirteen) selective locations were chosen within the 10 km radius of the study area where some natural vegetations are existing. In such locations plant communities were studied by quadrat method. Based on this study Frequency, Abundance and Density of each plant species were calculated for each location. The results of the quantitative assessment of plant communities in the study area have been given in Table.3.11 The observations noticed from the quantitative estimation of plants have been narrated location wise as follows :-

Name of the location: Fulkumari The terrain of this area is rugged, plain land associated with steep high land is noticed. Plant diversity of this area is great. About sixteen (16) different species were encountered in this area. Tectona grandis is the most dominant and very abundant species of this area followed by Holarrhena antidysenterica and Syzygium cumini . The former one is relatively frequent but the later one is considered rare or accidental species. The others are considered very rare species of that area.

Name of the location: Palatana The area is a degraded forest land. Sixteen (16) species of plants have been noticed in this area. From the Frequency distribution it can be said that Sorea robusta is well distributed in this area. According to Du Rietz’s (1926) classification, Sorea robusta is the very abundant or constant species of this area. Schima wallichi is the abundant species. Syzygium cumini, Holarrhena antidysenterica and Dalbergia sisso are considered as relatively frequent species. Artocarpus chaplasha, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis, Dioscorea alata and Ziziphus jujuba are rare or accidental species whereas Ficus religiosa, Careya arborea, Odina wodier, Albizzia procera, Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Ficus hispida are very rare species in this area.

Name of the location: Dudhpushkarini

It is adjacent to Fulkumari and represented by ten (10) species of plants. Like Palatana Sorea robusta is also the very abundant or constant species of this area. But Syzygium cumini is relatively frequent species. Gmelina arborea, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Schima wallichi are rare or accidental species of this area where as Tectona grandis, Ziziphus jujuba, Borassus flabellifer, Alstonia scholaris and Ficus hispida can be considered as very rare species.

Name of the location: Hurijala

Plant diversity of this area is very good. Fifteen (15) species of plants have been noticed in this area. In this area also Sorea robusta is the most dominant plant and very well distributed. Two species viz , Schima wallichi and Careya arborea are relatively frequent. Both Terminalia belerica and Dioscorea alata species are rare or accidental while others are considered very rare species of this area.

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Name of the location: Kamrangatali

It is situated by the side of Gomati river. Here also fifteen (15) species of plants have been encountered. But only Syzygium cumini can be called relatively frequent species. Instead of Sorea, Tectona grandis is noticed in this area but it is a rare or accidental species. Other species are very rare.

In some parts of this area rugged land has been observed where Ananas comosus is being cultured extensively.

Name of the location: Mohanbhug

This area is situated under the district West Tripura by the side of Gomati river. One side of the river bank is steeply high. Though the area is represented by fifteen (15) species but none are abundant. Sorea is completely absent in this area. Syzygium cumini and S chima wallichi both these two species are restricted to certain parts of this area and can be called as rare or accidental species. Though several species are present here but all are very rare.

Name of the location: Amtali

This area is situated on the eastern side of Gomati river opposite to Palatana where sixteen (16 ) different species of plants have been encountered. But like Kamrangatrli and Mohanbhug none of species is considered abundant. Only two species viz ., Syzygium cumini and Careya arborea may be considered relatively frequent species. Cassia fistuala and Tectona grandis are rare or accidental species while others are found in very few numbers.

Name of the location: Bagma

Twelve (12) species of plants have been encountered here. Good Sal forest is noticed in this region. It is the most dominant and very abundant species, and in few parts mixed with either Dillenia pentagyna or Acasia auriculiformis . Both the above species can be considered as rare or accidental species. Besides them other species are distributed very rarely.

Name of the location: Bagabasa

It is a large village. Inside the village cultivation land along with patches of dense vegetation was noticed. Here fifteen (15) species of plants were encountered. Among them Tectona grandis is the only relatively frequent species. Syzygium cumini, Schima wallichi and Ficus elastica are rare or accidental species. Other species are considered very rare in this area. Rubber plants are cultivated in large areas here.

Name of the location: Bara Bhaiya Ten species (10) of plants were encountered here but none were abundant. Only three species viz., Tectona grandis, Samania saman and Acasia auriculiformis may be considered as relatively frequent species. Terminalia belerica and Caesalpinia pulcherima both the species are considered rare or accidental species of this area whereas others are considered very rare.

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Name of the location: Jamjuri This area falls under Kakraban forest range. Only seven (7) species of plants were encountered. Sorea robusta was considered very abundant species of that area. Next to Sorea , Artocarpus chaplasha was considered relatively frequent species. Schima wallichi can be called rare or accidental species where as others are very rare.

Name of the location: Gorjee R.F.

It is a Reserve Forest area. The terrain of this area consists of high land. A beautiful forest is present in this area which is very abundantly inhabited by Sal trees ( Sorea robusta ) followed by Syzygium cumini which may be considered as abundant species of that area. Careya arborea was also found as rare or accidental species. Others were very rare.

Name of the location: Peratia

It is under Chandrapur Reserve Forest area. It is also a Sal ( Sorea robusta ) dominated forest. Careya arborea , Syzygium cumini and Terminalia belerica are found scatterdly distributed here and there and may be considered as rare or accidental species of that area. Other species are considered very rare species.

3.23 STUDY OF FAUNA Assessment of Terrestrial and Avifauna Though there exists a good forest within the 10 km radius of the Study area but they are facing serious problems of encroachments. Encroachments are too heavy in the plain forests. Once the area was populated by abundant wildlife but now there is appreciable depletion of wildlife resources. The reasons for the disappearance of wildlife are attributed to indiscriminate shooting in the past and also destruction of forests by shifting cultivation being practiced in the hills over extensive area year after year.

The entire area within 10 km radius is devoid of wild life. It was gathered from the local people that no such wild life is found at present in the study area except some Indian Squirrel ( Sciurus indicus). Occasionally the area is visited by Bengal Monkey (Macaca sp).

According to the Working (Management) Plan for the Udaipur Forest Division (South Tripura) 1987-88 to 1997-98 of the Forest Department, Govt of Tripura, the following are the principal animals inhabiting the various Reserve Forests, beyond the study area of 10 km radius. i) Panthers – Panthers are not found in abundance but they are met within the forests in Karchakhola R.F., Tulatalibari R.F. and Gorjee R.F. ii) Bison – Bisons are found in the forests of southern Division, Bagafa but herd of bison frequently visit forests in Gorjee R.F., Karchakhola R.F., Sonamura R.F. and Tulatalibari R.F.

37 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01] iii) Barking Deer – It is the commonest animal which is met in varying numbers in different Reserve Forests. iv) Wild boar – It is found throughout the tract. They are omnivorous, living on agricultural crops, roots, tubers, insects etc. and are quite destructive to the Sal seedlings and plantation crops. v) Barbed leaf monkey – They are quite common. vi) Large Indian Squirrel – They are found in plenty mostly in Chandrapur R.F. and Gorjee R.F. vii) The common birds which are found in this area are: a) Jungle Fowl, b) Bulbul, c) Racket tailed drongo, d) Baya weaver bird, e) Wood pecker, f) Common bee eaters etc.

A checklist of major vertebrate species is presented in Table-3.11.

Quantitative Assessment of Avifauna

The results of quantitative assessment of avifauna have been presented in Table-3.11

Rare and Endangered Plant and Animal Species As per terminology of rare and endangered species, none of the taxa in case of plants which are listed are “rare or endangered”, but on the whole the habitat is losing its biodiversity with respect to its species, germplasm storage and other associated factors.

None of the animal species present in the core area are endangered. However, in the reserve forest of the buffer zone some species of this category were reported. Forest Department, Government of Tripura has taken proper care to conserve these species particularly for Spectacle Langur, Hoolock Gibbon, Leopard Cats, Clouded Leopards etc.

According to the authority of Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, the number of migratory birds in this region is very few. Among them Lesser Whistling Teal is important.

General Summary of the Status of Terrestrial Ecology of the Study Area

Following conclusions can be made on the basis of study of terrestrial ecology of the study area:

1. The plant diversity of the study area is good.

2. The condition of the plant is better in the areas of Reserve Forest.

3. In the non-Reserved Forest areas the problem of encroachment is very much pronounced.

4. Deforestation and degradation of forest is noticed maximum in Palatana.

38 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01] 5. Almost all the Reserve Forests and some parts of the study area are dominated by Sal trees ( Sorea robusta ).

6 Some parts of the study area specially Kamrangatali, Mohanbhug, Amtali, Bagabasa, Barabhaiya, Fulkumari etc. are devoid of Sal trees where Segun tree ( Tectona grandis ) is observed profusely.

7. Some important plants which are commonly found throughout the study area are: Sorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus chaplasha, Careya arborea, Schima wallichi, Albizzia procera etc.

8. Due to severe human interference, the wild animals in the Reserve Forest areas of the buffer region are not seen frequently.

9. Invasion of human settlements within and periphery of Reserve Forest areas and indiscriminate deforestation has restricted the wildlife to certain parts of the Reserve Forest outside the study area.

10. The diversity of avifauna is high only in the dense forests.

Table-3.11 Floristic checklist of the Study Area

Sl. Growth Occurren Scientific name Common name Family No. Form ce 1 Alstonia scholaris Chatim Apocynaceae T F/R 2 Albizzia lebbek Siris Mimosaceae T R 3 Areca catechu Supari Palmae T R 4 Artocarpus chaplasha Chamal Moraceae T F 5 Ailanthus excelsa Mahaneem Simarubeaceae T F 6 Azadirachta indica Neem Meliaceae T F/R 7 Anthocephalus indicus Kadam Rubiaceae T R 8 Artocarpus lakoocha Dewachamal Moraceae T F/R 9 Albizzia stipulata Harish Mimosaceae T F 10 Anacardium occidentala Kajubadam Anacardiaceae T R 11 Aegle marmelos Bel Rutaceae T R 12 Albizzia procera Korai T R 13 Acacia auriculiformis Akashmoni Mimosaceae T F/R 14 Artocarpus heterophyllus Kathal Moraceae T R 15 Bursera serrata Neur Burseraceae T F 16 Bambusa sp. Bans Graminae T F 17 Barringtonia acutangula Hijal Lecythidaceae T F/R

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Sl. Growth Occurren Scientific name Common name Family No. Form ce 18 Bauhinia malabarica Kanchan Caesalpiniaceae T R 19 Borassus flabellifer Tal Arecaceae T R 20 Callicarpa arborea Banmala T R 21 Cassia fistula Indian Laburnam Caesalpiniaceae T R/F 22 Careya arborea Kumira Lecythidaceae T F 23 Cocos nucifera Coconut Arecaceae T R 24 Cassia siamea Minijiri Caesalpiniaceae T F/R 25 Caesalpinia pulcherima Radhachura Caesalpiniaceae T F/R 26 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Garjan Diptero carpaceae T F/R 27 Dillenia pentagyna Hargaza Dilleniaceae T F 28 Dalbergia sisso Sisso Fabaceae T R/F 29 Delonix regia Krishnachura Papilionaceae T R 30 Erythrina indica Indian Coral Tree Fabaceae T R 31 Emblica officinalis Amlaki Euphorbiaceae T F 32 Ficus benghalensis Bot Moraceae T R/F 33 Ficus religiosa Aswatha Moraceae T R/F 34 Ficus elastica Rubber Moraceae T F 35 Ficus recemosa Dumur Moraceae T R/F 36 Ficus retusa Dumur Moraceae T R/F 37 Ficus hispida Kak-dumur T F 38 Gmelina arborea Gamar Verbenaceae T F/R 39 Grewia microcos Pichla Tiliaceae T F 40 Holarrhena antidysenterica Kurcha - T F 41 Hymenodictyon excelsum Bankadam Rubiaceae T F 42 Legerstroemia parviflora Sidha Jarul Lythraceae T F 43 Lagerstroemia flosreginae Jural Lythraceae T R/F 44 Leucaena latisiliqua Lead tree Mimosaceae T F 45 Mangifera indica Am Anacardiaceae T R 46 Michelia champaka Champa Magnoliaceae T R 47 Musa sapientum Kala 48 Mitragyna parviflora Kelikadam Rubiaceae T F 49 Mesua ferrea Nageswar Clusiaceae T F 40 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl. Growth Occurren Scientific name Common name Family No. Form ce 50 Mallotus philippensis Kishul Euphorbiaceae T F 51 Melia azedarach Ghoraneem Meliaceae T F/R 52 Nerium indicum Karabi Apocynaceae T R 53 Nephelium litchi Litchi Sapindaceae T R 54 Odina wodier Kaimala Anacardiaceae T F 55 Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae T R 56 Plumeria rubra Kata champa Apocynaceae T R 57 Polyalthia longifolia Debdaru Annonaceae T R 58 Phoenix sylvestris Khejur Arecaceae T R 59 Sorea robusta Sal Dipterocarpaceae T F 60 Schima wallichi Kanak/Bija T F 61 Syzygium cumini Jam Myrtaceae T F/R 62 Samanea saman The rain tree Mimosaceae T R 63 Saraca indica Asoka Caesalpiniaceae T R 64 Sterculia alata Goraknarikel Sterculiaceae T F 65 Swietenia mahogoni Mahogini Meliaceae T R 66 Salmalia malabarica Simul Bombaceae T R/F 67 Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae T R/F 68 Terminalia belerica Bahera Combretaceae T R/F 69 Tectona grandis Segun Verbenaceae T R/F 70 Tamarindus indica Tetul Caesalpiniaceae T R 71 Vitex peduncularis Awal Verbenaceae T F 72 Ziziphus jujuba Kul Rhamnaceae T R 73 Ananas comosus Anaras Bromeliaceae H F/R 74 Adhatoda vasica Basak Acanthaceae S R 75 Ageratum conyzoides Goatweed Compositae H F 76 Amoora walichii Rata Araceae H F 77 Amaranthus spinosa Katanote Amaranthaceae H R 78 Bridelia retusa Kantakkui Euphorbiaceae 79 Caesalpinia decapetala Caesalpiniaceae C/H F 80 Calotropis gigantea Akanda Asclepiadaceae H R/F 81 Cassia sophera Caesalpiniaceae H R/F 41 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Sl. Growth Occurren Scientific name Common name Family No. Form ce 82 Cassia tora Foetid-cassia Caesalpiniaceae H R/F 83 Curcuma sp. Sunti Zingiberaceae H F 84 Cuscuta reflexa Swarnalata Solanaceae E,C R 85 Cynodon dactylon Durb grass Gramineae H R/F East India 86 Curcuma angustifolia H F Arraroot - 87 Dioscorea alata Banalu Dioscoriaceae C F 88 Denefrobium sp. Orchid Orchidaceae E F 89 Euphorbia antiquorum Sij Euphorbiaceae H F/R 90 Euphorbia neriifolia Mansa Siju Euphorbiaceae H R 91 Eupatorium odoratum Assam lota H F 92 Evolvulus sp. Shyama-Kranta Convolvulaceae H R/F 93 Hoya creeper Orchid Orchidaceae E F 94 Hiptage benghalensis Malpighiaceae C R/F 95 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae H R/F 96 Ipomoea carnosa Convolvulaceae S R 97 Jatropha gossypifolia Varanda Euphorbiaceae S R 98 Justicia gendarusa Acanthaceae S R 99 Lantana camara Lantana Verbinaceae S R/F 100 Melastoma malabathricum Futki Melastomataceae H F 101 Mimosa pudica Touchme not Compositae H R/F 102 Ocimum gratissimum Ramtulsi Lamiaceae H F/R 103 Phragmites karka Nal Gramineae H R/F 104 Piper nigrum Golmorich Piparaceae C F/R 105 Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium Compositae H R 106 Ricinus communis Castor oil Euphorbiaceae S R 107 Saccharum spontaneum Khagra Gramineae S F/F 108 Smilax roxburghiana Kumaria lata Liliaceae H F 109 Sida cordifolia Berella Malvaceae H R/F 110 Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae C F 111 Vanda Roxburghi Orchid Orchidaceae E F/R 112 Vanda teres Orchid Orchidaceae E

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Sl. Growth Occurren Scientific name Common name Family No. Form ce 113 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae S R

T = Tree, H = Herb, S = Shrub, C = Creeper, E = Epiphyte, F = Forest, R = Residential

Table-3.12 Quantitative Assessment of Plant Communities in the Study Area

Site Major Species Frequency Abundance Density 1 Fulkumari 1. Tectona grandis 100 6.9 6.9 2. Alstonia scholaris 70 1.4 1.0 3. Melia azedarach 50 1.2 0.6 4. Bambusa sp. 50 1.4 0.7 5. Holarrhena antidysenterica 50 2.4 1.2 6. Delonix regia 40 1.0 0.4 7. Lagerstroemia flosreginae 30 1.0 0.3 8. Artocarpus chaplasha 30 1.3 0.4 9. Syzygium cumini 30 1.3 0.4 10. Schima wallichi 30 3.7 1.1 11. Ziziphus jujuba 20 1.0 0.2 12. Azadirachta indica 20 1.0 0.2 13. Euphorbia sp. 20 1.0 0.2 14. Ficus recemosa 20 1.0 0.2 15. Albizzia procera 20 1.0 0.2 16. Gmelina arborea 10 1.0 0.1 2 Dudhpushkarini 1. Tectona grandis 10 11.0 1.1

2. Gmelina arborea 30 2.7 0.8 3. Sorea robusta 90 7.2 6.5 4. Ziziphus jujuba 20 1.0 0.2 5. Syzygium cumini 50 1.4 0.7 6. Borassus flabellifer 10 1.0 0.1 7. Alstonia scholaris 10 1.0 0.1 8. Dipterocarpus terbinatus 30 3.7 1.1 9. Ficus hispida 20 1.0 0.2 10. Schima wallichi 30 1.3 0.4 3 Hurijala 1. Sorea robusta 100 6.3 6.3 2. Schima wallichi 50 1.4 0.7 3. Careya arborea 60 2.0 1.2 4. Ziziphus jujuba 20 1.0 0.2

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Site Major Species Frequency Abundance Density 5. Syzygium cumiui 20 1.0 0.2 6. Terminalia belerica 30 1.0 0.3 7. Albizzia procera 20 1.0 0.2 8. Dioscorea alata 30 2.7 0.8 9. Ficus retusa 10 1.0 0.1 10. Bambusa sp. 10 1.0 0.1 11. Gmelina arborea 20 1.0 0.2 12. Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 1.0 0.1 13. Emblica officinalis 10 1.0 0.1 14. Sterculia alata 10 1.0 0.1 15. Artocarpus chaplasha 10 1.0 0.1 4 Kamrangatali 1. Syzygium cumini 50 2.2 1.1 2. Albizzia procera 30 1.0 0.3 3. Mangifera indica 20 1.5 0.3 4. Tectona grandis 40 4.3 1.7 5. Alstonia scholaris 10 1.0 0.1 6. Gmelina arborea 20 1.0 0.2 7. Borassus flabellifer 20 2.0 0.4 8. Phoenix sylvestris 10 1.0 0.1 9. Melia azedarach 10 1.0 0.1 10. Cassia fistula 20 1.0 0.2 11. Ailanthus excelsa 10 2.0 0.2 12. Erythrina indica 10 1.0 0.1 13. Ficus recemosa 10 1.0 0.1 14. Ziziphus jujuba 10 1.0 0.1 15. Bambusa sp. 10 1.0 0.1 5 Mohan Bhug 1. Syzygium cumini 30 1.0 0.3 2. Ficus recemosa 10 1.0 0.1 3. Delonix regia 10 1.0 0.1 4. Dillenia pentagyna 10 2.0 0.2 5. Gmelina arborea 20 1.5 0.3 6. Tectona grandis 10 1.0 0.1 7. Albizzia procera 10 1.0 0.1 8. Bambusa sp. 20 1.5 0.3 9. Schima wallichi 30 1.3 0.4 10. Artocarpus chaplasha 10 1.0 0.1 11. Terminalia belerica 20 1.0 0.2 12. Sterculia alata 10 1.0 0.1 13. Salmalia malabarica 10 1.0 0.1 14. Ailanthus excelsa 10 1.0 0.1 15. Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 2.0 0.2 6 Amtali 1. Syzygium cumini 50 1.4 0.7 2. Cassia fistula 30 1.0 0.3 3. Melia azedarach 20 1.0 0.2 4. Careya arborea 50 2.8 1.4 5. Alstonia scholaris 10 1.0 0.1 6. Ziziphus jujuba 20 1.0 0.2 7. Tectona grandis 30 1.3 0.4 8. Caesalpinia pulcherima 10 1.0 0.1 44 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Site Major Species Frequency Abundance Density 9. Erythrina indica 10 1.0 0.1 10. Gmelina arborea 10 2.0 0.2 11. Dillenia pentagyna 20 1.0 0.2 12. Sorea robusta 20 3.0 0.6 13. Emblica officinalis 20 1.0 0.2 14. Artocarpus lakoocha 10 1.0 0.1 15. Sterculia alata 10 1.0 0.1 16. Ficus recemosa 10 1.0 0.1 7 Bagma 1. Sorea robusta 100 4.7 4.7 2. Artocarpus chaplasha 20 1.0 0.2 3. Dillenia pentagyna 30 1.3 0.4 4. Leucaena latisiliqua 20 1.0 0.2 5. Albizzia procera 10 1.0 0.1 6. Emblica officinalis 10 1.0 0.1 7. Sygygium cumini 10 1.0 0.1 8. Ficus retusa 10 1.0 0.1 9. Acasia auriculiformis 30 1.0 0.3 10. Lagerstroemia parviflora 20 2.0 0.4 11. Caesalpinia pulcherima 10 1.0 0.1 12. Ficus hispida 10 1.0 0.1 8 Bagabasa 1. Careya arborea 10 1.0 0.1 2. Tectona grandis 50 3.6 1.8 3. Syzygium cumini 40 1.3 0.5 4. Terminalia belerica 10 1.0 0.1 5. Mangifera indica 20 1.5 0.3 6. Sorea robusta 20 1.0 0.2 7. Borassus flabellifer 10 2.0 0.2 8. Dillenia pentagyna 10 1.0 0.1 9. Bambusa sp. 20 1.0 0.2 10. Bursera serrata 10 1.0 0.1 11. Schima wallichi 30 4.0 1.2 12. Ficus elastica 30 12.0 3.6 13. Albizzia procera 10 2.0 0.2 14. Gmelina arborea 10 2.0 0.2 15. Holarrhana antidysenterica 10 2.0 0.2 9 Bara Bhaiya 1. Tectona grandis 60 3.7 2.2 2. Samania saman 50 1.6 0.8 3. Acasia auriculiformis 50 2.4 1.2 4. Terminalia belerica 30 1.7 0.5 5. Syzygium cumini 20 1.0 0.2 6. Caesalpinia pulcherima 30 1.3 0.4 7. Polyalthia longifolia 10 1.0 0.1 8. Mangifera indica 10 1.0 0.1 9. Cassia fistula 10 1.0 0.1 10. Cassia siamea 20 1.0 0.2 10 Jamjuri 1. Sorea robusta 100 6.7 6.7 2. Syzygium cumini 20 1.0 0.2 3. Artocarpus chaplasha 50 6.4 3.2 4. Mitragyna parviflora 20 1.0 0.1 5. Lagerstroemia flosreginae 10 1.0 0.1 6. Schima wallichi 30 1.0 0.3 45 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Site Major Species Frequency Abundance Density 7. Albizzia procera 10 1.0 0.1 11 Gorjee R.F. 1. Sorea robusta 100 7.2 7.2 2. Careya arborea 30 1.3 0.4 3. Albizzia procera 20 1.0 0.2 4. Syzygium cumini 70 2.0 1.4 5. Emblica officinalis 10 2.0 0.2 6. Artocarpus chaplasha 10 1.0 0.1 7. Schima wallichi 10 1.0 0.1 8. Terminalia belerica 10 1.0 0.1 9. Holarrhena antidysenterica 10 1.0 0.1 12 Peratia 1. Sorea robusta 90 4.0 3.6 2. Careya arborea 40 2.5 1.0 3. Syzygium cumini 40 1.5 0.6 4. Ficus religiosa 10 1.0 0.1 5. Terminalia belerica 40 1.3 0.5 6. Emblica officinalis 20 1.0 0.2 7. Holarrahena andidysenterica 10 2.0 0.2 8. Mesua ferrea 10 2.0 0.2 13 Palatana 1. Sorea robusta 90 6.4 5.8 2. Schima wallichi 10 1.0 0.1 3. Syzygium cumini 20 1.0 0.2 4. Dalbergia sisso 20 1.5 0.3 5. Holarrhena antidysenterica 50 1.8 0.9 6. Artocarpus chaplasha 10 1.0 0.1 7. Terminalia belerica 10 1.0 0.1 8. Emblica officinalis 20 1.0 0.2 9. Ziziphus jujuba 30 2.0 0.6 10. Dioscorea alata 10 1.0 0.1 11. Careya arborea 10 1.0 0.1 12. Odina wodier 10 1.0 0.1 13. Albizzia procera 10 1.0 0.1 14. Ficus hispida 10 1.0 0.1 15. Dipterocarpus turbinatus 10 1.0 0.1 16. Ficus religiosa 10 1.0 0.1

46 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Table-3.21 Checklist of Wild and Domesticated Animals

Categories of animals Common name Scientific name Mammals Jungle Cat Felis chans Jackal Canis aureus Fox Vulpes bengalensis Barking deer Cervus murtjac Spectacle langur Trachypithecus obscurus Otter Lutrinae Common Indian Mongoose Herpestes ednardsii Wild dog Cyon dukhunensis Hoolook Monkey Hylabates hooloock Bengal monkey Macaca sp. Hanuman Monkey Presbytis sp. Leopard Panthera pardus Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis Indian Squirrel Sciurus indicus Indian Bison Bos frontalis Indian Pangolin Manis pentadactyla Grey musk shrew Suncus murinus House mouse Mus nuscutus Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis Wild boar Sus cristatus Amphibians Tree frog Rhacophorus maculatus Common Indian toad Bufo melanostictus Common Bull frog Rana tigrina Reptiles House lizard Hemidactylus fuviviridis Garden lizard Calotes versicolor Common cobra Naja naja Rat snake Ptyas mucousus Python Python molurus Aves : (commonest forms) House sparrow Passer domesticus Myna Acredotheres tristis Brahmini Sturnus pagodarum Crow Corvus splendens Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis Common bee eater Merops orientalis Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Parakeet Psittacula krameri Pegion Columba livia Dove Streptopelia decaocto Pond heron Ardeola grayii Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Little egret Egretta garzetta Openbill stork Anastomus oscitans Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Wood pecker Dinopium benghalense

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Categories of animals Common name Scientific name Small blue king fisher Alcedo atthis White breasted king fisher Halcyon smyrnensis Tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda Magpie robin Copsychus saularis Weaver bird Ploceus benghalensis Jungle fowl Gallus gallus Munia Estrilda amandava Whistling teal Dendrocygna javanica Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Pariah kite Milvus migrans Vulture Gyps indicus Tailor bird Orthotomus sutorius Brown owl Strix flammea

Table-3.23 Quantitative Estimation of Birds at Two Locations

Sl.No. Common name of birds Nos. counted Frequency (%)

Station : Matabari 1 Drongo 4 9.52 2 Mayna 23 54.76 3 Pegion 4 9.52 4 House sparrow 4 9.52 5 Pond heron 2 4.76 6 Kingfisher 2 4.76 7 Dove 2 4.76 8 Crow 1 2.38

Station : Peratia 1 Mayna 10 52.63 2 Drongo 2 10.52 3 Sparrow 2 10.52 4 Pond heron 1 5.26 5 Dove 2 10.52 6 Crow 2 10.52

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3.24 AQUATIC ECOLOGY The aquatic habitat of the study area includes the principal river Gomati and several ponds and lakes distributed throughout the study area. River Gomati has divided the study area in more or less two equal halves and has flowed adjacent through the eastern side of the project area, i.e, FulkumarI. During the study period, water discharge in the river was very low and the water was highly turbid (Transparency value was 3-4 cm).

3.25 QUALITATIVE STUDY OF AQUATIC FLORA & FAUNA

a) Macrophytes:

Various macrophyte populations were noticed in different lentic water bodies. They were represented by floating, submerged and amphibian (emergent) forms etc. A detail list of macrophyte population has been presented as below :

Groups Scientific name

Floating forms 1. Eichhornia sp. 2. Pista sp. 3. Lemna sp. 4. Salvinia sp. Submerged forms 1. Hydrilla sp. 2. Vallisneria sp. 3. Potamogeton sp. Amphibian forms 1. Marsilea sp. 2. Nymphaea sp. 3. Ipomoea sp. 4. Phragmitis sp. 5. Typha sp. 6. Jussiae sp. 7. Sagittaria sp. 8. Scirpus sp. 9. Nelumbo sp. 10. Monocharia sp. 11. Cyperus sp. 12. Polygonum sp. 13. Aponogeton sp.

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b) Phytoplankton Following phytoplanktons were observed in the water bodies.

1. Eunotia sp. 8. Spirogyra sp. 2. Cymbella sp. 9. Microcystis sp. 3. Gomphonema sp. 10. Gloeocapsa sp. 4. Netrium sp. 11. Zygnema sp. 5. Scenedesmus sp. 12. Chlorella sp. 6. Nostoc sp. 13. Euglena sp. 7. Pandorina sp. 14. Pleurosigma sp.

c) Zooplankton Following were the zooplankton observed in different water bodies.

1. Brachionus sp. 2. Keratella sp. 3. Cyclops sp. 4. Mysis sp.

3.26 FISH FAUNA

As such River Gomati is not so much productive in terms of fisheries. Probably the changes in temperature regime, current velocities, shallow water depth, high turbidity of water (water transparency 3-4 cm only), spawning grounds and planktonic diversity have upset the biological rhythm of the lotic ichthyofauna. This has been reflected from the Primary Productivity Study of the Gomati river. The Net Primary Productivity of Gomati river is at its minimum and ranged from 56.25 to 57.00 mgC/m 3/day in comparison to the fish pond of the adjoining area where the Net Primary Productivity was about 832.5 mgC/m 3/day (about 150 times more than the Gomati river).

There are several large lakes and ponds throughout the study area where fish is cultivated by private entrepreneurs. Fish cultivation by making small entrepreneurial groups is a common practice throughout the study area.

Some cultivated and commonly found natural fish species are listed in the Table-3.24.

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3.27 QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY STUDY

a) The planktonic load was calculated after filtering of measured volume (50 litres) of surface water through plankton net (40mesh). The samples were then collected and preserved in plastic vials for storage and finally examined microscopically in the laboratory.

b) Macrophyte vegetation and associated fauna were also examined for species recognition.

c) Primary productivity study was done at three locations of River Gumati and one large lake by light and dark bottle method.

For estimation of both phyto and zooplankton water samples were collected both from river and pond. River water was collected from three locations- one at upstream area near Udaipur Bridge (st.1), second one at near Palatana (st. 2) and the third one at downstream area near Kamrangatali (st.3). Water from a pond located at Udaipur (st. 4) was also collected for the same purpose.

Primary productivity study has also been done at these stations. The objective of Primary Productivity study is to assess the biological productivity of the water bodies. The biological productivity of any ecosystem depends on primary production i.e. the amount of organic carbon produced by the green plants in a particular area at a particular time. The existence of higher trophic level organisms is dependent on this, as the solar energy trapped within the organic matter by the primary producers (i.e, the green plants) is passed to the higher trophic level organisms through the food chain. Thus, if the primary production is found less in any area, there is low probability of occurrence of higher trophic level organisms in large numbers in that area.

The results of the plankton estimation have been represented in the following Table- 3.24 and the results of Primary Productivity study have been given in Table-3.24.

3.28 RARE AND ENDANGERED AQUATIC SPECIES

Different species which were noticed during the survey do not fall in the rare and endangered category.

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3.29 GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE STATUS OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

Following conclusions can be made on the basis of study aquatic ecology of the study area :-

i) River, Streams, Streamlets, ponds and lakes have formed the water bodies of the study area. A good number of big tanks exist at Udaipur. The principal river is Gomati.

ii) The aquatic habitat of river Gomati was not suitable to become an ideal habitat for aquatic organisms particularly during Summer.

iii) The results of primary productivity study indicates that the water of Gomati river remains in Oligotrophic condition during the study period (i.e. Pre- monsoon period) which means that the amount of organic carbon production by the phytoplankton was very low. Primary productivity ranged from 56.25- 57.00 mgC/m 3/day covering three stations of river Gomati. This low primary productivity is not sufficient to sustain a large biomass of higher trophic level.

iv) Whereas the water of Station – 4 i.e. pond water remained in Mesotrophic condition which means the production of organic carbon by the phytoplankton is very good and can sustain very good secondary biomass.

v) From the study of aquatic ecology it can be concluded that the water of river Gomati was not biologically productive during the study period (i.e. in the premonsoon season). The primary productivity study clearly indicates that it cannot sustain a large biomass. The fish production of any aquatic body depends on primary and secondary production of that water body as both the primary and secondary producers are considered the chief food for fishes.

vi) The study of planktonic load of different water samples also corroborates the above fact. The planktonic load of Gomati river water is far less than that of pond water.

Table-3.24 List of Fish Fauna

Common name Scientific name Katla Catla catla Roi Labeo rohita Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala Kalbasu Labeo calbasu Bata Labeo bata Puti Puntius spp.

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Tangra Mystus spp. Bele Glossogobius sp. Koi Anabas testudineus Magur Clarias batrachus Singi Heteropneustes fossilis Shol Channa striatus Boal Wallago attu Arr Mystus aor Ban Anguilla sp. Pabda Ompok pabda Tilapia Oreochromis sp. Prawn Macrobrachium sp.

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Table-3.25 Planktonic Load (no./lit) of Water Samples

Plankton load Species St.1 St. 2 St.3 St.4 A Phytoplankton Eunotia sp. 20 20 30 - Cymbella sp. 30 20 20 - Gomphonema sp. 10 10 10 10 Netrium sp. - 10 - 20 Scenedesmus sp. 30 30 30 200 Nostoc sp. 10 10 10 - Pandorina sp. - - - 30 Spirogyra sp. - - - 30 Microcystis sp. - - - 100 Gloeocapsa sp 20 20 20 - Zygnema sp 10 10 10 30 Chlorella sp 20 30 30 - Euglena sp 10 10 10 - Pleurosigma sp. 20 20 20 - Total Phytoplankton 180 190 190 420 B Zooplankton Brachionus sp. 20 20 20 10 Keratella sp. 10 10 10 20 Cyclops sp. 20 15 15 - Mysis sp. - - - 30 Total Zooplankton 50 45 45 60 Grand Total 230 235 235 480

Table-3.26 Results of Primary Productivity of the Study Area (expressed in mgC/m 3/day)

Primary Productivity Station- 1 Station- 2 Station- 3 Station- 4 Gross Primary Productivity 101.25 101.45 102.75 1147.5 Net Primary Productivity 56.25 56.50 57.00 832.5

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3.30 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY

3.30.1 Basis of Analysis

The demographic profile of Tripura has undergone a substantial change over the years. After the partition of India, large-scale migration both from West Bengal and Bangladesh took place and as a result, the indigenous tribal population reduced to a mere minority of about 31%. The tribal society in Tripura was solely dependent on the natural resources for their livelihood. But the sudden large scale migration changed the social and economic condition of the tribal life. The new migrant settlers had better skills and a different attitude towards life and therefore tribals had little chance to compete and therefore lost economically to the immigrant population.

3.30.2 Background

Socio-economic study refers to the study of human behavior in relation to its surroundings. It is multidisciplinary, using theories and methods from Sociology, Economics, History, Psychology, Geography etc. Socio-economic impact assessment of the study area of a project is pre-requisite before the project is put into implementation. The study area consists of the core area where the proposed project is expected to come up and a buffer area encircling the project area with a radius of ten kilometers from the center of the project site. For every new and expansion project Socio-economic impact assessment is mandatory as per the laws of the country. The Socioeconomic impact assessment focuses the effect of the project on social and economic well- being of the community.

The above assessment is made through a socio-economic survey conducted by a team of experts that often consist of a demographer, statistician, econometrician, social scientist, health expert and gender specialist. The outcome of the study relies on both quantitative and qualitative measure of impacts. The impacts are evaluated in terms of changes in community demographics, housing, employment & income, market effects, public services, retail business, quality of life and artistic qualities of the community. Qualitative assessment of community perceptions about development is an important measure of development impacts. Assessing proposed developments in socio-economic context will help the community leaders and local people identify potential social equity issues, evaluate the adequacy of social services and determine whether the project has adverse effects on overall social well-being or not.

3.31 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Scope of socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed Udaipur Cluster_01 Sand Mine Project is as follows:

a) To collect baseline data of the study area b) To comprehend socio-economic status of the people living in the study area. c) To assess probable impact of the project on social and economic aspects in the study area. d) To measure the impact of the project on Quality of life of the people living in the study area. e) To ensure sustainability of positive impact. f) To suggest mitigation measures and agency responsible for taking action in case of adverse impact. 55 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.32 APPROACH

Research approach plays an important role to decide suitable methodology. It helps to develop effective research design. In the proposed Udaipur Cluster_01 Sand Mine inductive approach (also known as bottom top approach or Hill climbing approach) has been adopted. It is a scientific approach, contrary to deductive approach. The various stages of inductive approach are as follows:

Observations (Scrutiny of both primary and secondary data) → Pattern (preparation of a blue print) → Tentative Hypothesis (Development of a draft report based on observed values) → Theory (preparation Final report)

During the course of the study both qualitative and quantitative data was collected.

Various steps taken to prepare the report were as follows:

i. Literature review. ii. Visit to project site. iii. Collection of secondary data. iv. Finalization of variables/ parameters to measure the impact of the project. v. Planning and designing of the field survey for collection of primary data. vi. Formulation of Data collection tools (Schedule). vii. Field testing of Schedule through a pilot survey. viii. Recruitment of field staff. ix. Training of field staff. x. Conduct of field work in sample villages/towns and sample households. xi. Scrutiny of filled-in-schedules xii. Data processing and tabulation. xiii. Data analysis and preparation of report.

3.33 METHODOLOGY

For impact assessment both primary and secondary data was collected. While primary data was collected through a sample survey, the secondary data was collected from the administrative records, published reports and various websites.

3.34 SAMPLING STRATEGY

In the rural areas two stage sampling design was adopted. The first stage units are Census Villages and second stage units are Households in the selected villages. In the urban areas multi stage sampling design was adopted. The first stage units are towns, the second stage units are municipal wards in the selected towns and ultimate stage units are households in the selected municipal ward.

3.35 SAMPLING UNIT

The ultimate sampling unit both at rural and urban area is house hold.

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3.36 IMPACT OF UPCOMING PROJECT ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

The Study Area of the Udaipur Cluster_01 Sand Mine project is spread under Sub Division Udaipur, District -Gomati of the State Tripura. There are fourteen villages and one town in the study area. In the following Table 3.28, given are the list of villages and towns located in the study area, distance and direction with reference to project site.

Table 3.28: Villages & Towns located in the study area

Distance From Direction Sl. Village/ City/town Sub-Division the project site w.r.t project State No. (KM) site I. Rural 1 Fulkumari Udaipur 0 0 Tripura 2 Rajnagar 1.6 NE Tripura 3 Pitra 3.0 NE Tripura 4 Puba Rajejendrapurn 7.5 NE Tripura 5 Killa 7.2 N Tripura 6 Raibari 3.4 N Tripura 7 Radha kisorepur 4.7 NW Tripura 8 Dhwaj nagar 2.8 NW Tripura 9. Topania 4.8 W Tripura 10 Jamjuri 4.5 W Tripura 11. Palatana 7.0 SW Tripura 12 Rajar bag 0.8 SW Tripura 13 Matabari 3.4 S Tripura 14 Pascim magpushkarini 7.2 S Tripura II. Urban 15 Udaipur 2.6 W Tripura

3.37 Demographic Profile Condition As per the 2011 Census, the total population of the study area is around 42280. The demographic profile of the study area is mentioned in Table 3.29. 3.38 Household and Household size

TABLE 3.29: DEMOGRAPIC PROFILE From the given table it can be seen that number Parameters Values of households of villages in the Project Impact Household 8456 Zone within the 10 km radius is 8456.The Total population 42280 population of the area within 10 radius km is Male 21689.6 42280 which shows that average family size of Female 20590 the area is 5 persons. Population under 16125 6yrs of age. 3.41Population Characteristics Household size 5.0 The total distribution of population in the whole Proportion of Male 51.3% study area within 10 km radius area is Proportion of Female 48.7% mentioned earlier. The percentage of male population of the area is 51.3% and female population is 48.7%. 57 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

3.42 Social Status and Condition The social composition of the region indicates the status and the caste or communities composition of the area. This section also reveals the society composition of caste and communities highlighting the vulnerable groups and literacy condition which is the most prominent factor and indicator of development of the society, especially female literacy. Table 3.30 shows the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population, literacy condition and female literacy rate of the region

3.43 Economic and Occupational Structure The economic and occupational structure reflects the economic environment of the study area. The composition of the workers to total population TABLE 3.30: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE and the composition of the workers groups in the study area has been studied and described in this Parameters Population section and their numbers are listed in Table 3.7. Total Workers 21245 The Work Participation Rate of the area highlights Total Main Workers 20467 the economic status of the people in the study area, Total Marginal Workers 4535 which is 50.24% among total population of 42280. Total Non-Workers 21035 The Work participation rate is moderate where total Work Participation Rate 50.24% workers are 121245. The occupational structure of Proportion of Main Workers 48.40% the study area is studied with reference to Main Proportion of Marginal Workers 10.7% Workers and Marginal Workers and the Non- Proportion of Non-Workers 49.76% workers. The percentage of main workers is 48.40%, marginal workers are 10.7% and non-workers are 49.76%. About 25.0 % of people of the area are mainly involved in agriculture practices whereas other 19.74% population of work force works as agricultural labourers. Rest of the 11.0% of population constitute of other workers working as non-agricultural labours in local small-scale industrial units and other places whereas household industrial workers constitute about 5.5% only.

3.44 Infrastructure Facilities The area is also provided with infrastructure facilities such as schools, water supply, metallic roads, markets, banks, post offices and electrification. But in some areas these facilities are not available or are beyond 10 km.

TABLE 3.31: INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES Types of each facilities Status

Education Facilities Primary School 13 Middle School 11 Secondary School 9 Senior Secondary School 4 College 2 Medical Facilities Primary Health Center 4 Primary Health Sub Center 11 Hospitals 1 Community Health Center 17 Registered Private Medical Practitioners 8 Drinking Water Tap 3

Tank / Tube well 12 Hand pump 28 Post & Telegraph Facilities Post Office 6 58 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

Phone Connection 12 Post & Telegraph office 2 Banking Facilities Commercial Bank 3 Co-operative Bank 2 Credit Societies Agricultural Credit Societies 12 Non-Agricultural Credit Societies 0 Power Supply Domestic 10 Agriculture 2 Others 2

FIG: 3.3 Socio-Economic Survey

3.45 Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to responsibility of a company to ensure positive impact on environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of public sphere. Corporate involvement in local services is being increasingly encouraged for the expansion of occupational welfare. It would be appropriate for the project proponent to undertake few community development projects for the local residents. This will not only improve the socio-economic condition of the people but also enhance the reputation of the project proponent who has selected the place for industrial venture. However, the identification of such projects should be made through a need assessment survey conducted in the study area.

3.46 Conclusion

The proposed River bed Cluster X sand mines project will generate employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers living in the area. This will produce multiple effects on the life and economy of the local people. Not only will the income of the local residents increase but also their social status, which will improve to a great extent. Thus from socio-economic point of view the project is beneficial to the people and can be executed with no hesitation. The project will provide ample employment opportunities to local people to get employed. This will uplift the socioeconomic status of the people living in the area.

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CHAPTER -4

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CHAPTER 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.0 GENERAL Identification of all potential environmental impacts due to project is an essential step of Environmental Impact Assessment. In case of mining projects, impacts on biodiversity, air pollution, water pollution, waste management and social issues are significant. Both direct and indirect environmental impacts will be created on various environmental attributes due to proposed mining activity in the surrounding environment, during the operational phase. The occurrence of sand (minor mineral) deposits, being site specific, their exploitation often does not allow for any choice except adoption of eco-friendly operation. Positive impacts on socio- economic environment are expected due to creation of employment opportunities. Mining activities are normally carried out over a long period which also encourages development in the area such as roads, schools, hospitals etc. Several scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts of physical environment. Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe the cause and effect relationships between sources of pollution and different components of environment. In cases where it is not possible to identify and validate a model for a particular situation, predictions have been arrived at based on logical reasoning/consultation/extrapolation.

The following parameters are of significance in the Environmental Impact Assessment and are discussed in detail:

1. Land Environment 2. Soil Environment 3. Water Environment 4. Air Environment 5. Noise Environment 6. Biological Environment 7. Socio-Economic Environment 8. Solid Waste 9. Traffic Environment

4.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT Since mining is being carried out by opencast manual method, it is expected to affect the land environment essentially. Impact assessment study on land environment can be done by considering land use pattern/land cover, topography, drainage pattern and geological features of the mine site as well as the study area.

4.1.1 Anticipated Impact

Mining activity will impact river bed topography by formation of excavation voids. River bed mining may bring in some change in topography at the nearby area of the mine lease. Stacks of solid waste generated from mining activity may hinder the flow of water in the monsoon season.

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4.1.2 Mitigation Measures

Adopting suitable, site-specific mitigation measures can reduce the degree of impact of mining on land. Some of the land-related mitigation measures are as follows:

Excavated pits will get replenished annually in monsoon itself & will be restored to original. The mine working will remain confined to allotted river bed only, so it will not disturb any surface area outside the mine lease area which may affect topography or drainage. Solid waste will not be stacked on the bank side as it will hinder the flow of water in monsoon season.

4.2 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1 Anticipated Impacts

Operational activities like excavation and removal of sand invariably disturb the soil of the area. No major impact on soil of the study area is envisaged due to mining activities as there is no stack emission or any other activity involved in operational phase of mining activity. During operation of mine, the soil within or nearby mine lease area may undergo physic chemical changes due to deposition of SPM and washout of gases (SO2 and NOx) during the rains. However, the impacts of these are likely to be marginal.

4.2.2 Mitigation Measures

There is negligible amount of soil present in the river bed, therefore impact will be marginal. Fugitive dust emission shall remain confined locally within working area and emission at haul road will be controlled by water sprinkling and plantation. Mining will not be carried out during rainy season and during other seasons these fugitive emissions will not interact with soil as it is opencast mining so no harm to soil will occur.

4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

The impact of mining project on groundwater hydrology and surface water regime are site specific and depends upon the characteristics of the mineral, hydrogeology and requirement of groundwater for other uses.

4.3.1 Anticipated Impact

River recharges the groundwater; excessive mining will reduce the thickness of the natural filter materials (sediments), through which the groundwater is recharged. Mining activity may intersect groundwater level. Waste water generated from the mining activity will cause water pollution. Domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets may cause contamination in water.

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4.3.2 Mitigation Measures

Restriction in excavation depth will be made compulsory to avoid reduction in the thickness of the natural filter materials. Mining in the area will be done well above the water table as well as river bed water level therefore; much impact on water regime is not anticipated. No waste water will be generated from the mining activity of sand (minor minerals) as the project only involves their extraction from river bed. The domestic wastewater generated from temporary toilets used by the work force will be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit. Therefore, impact on water quality due to proposed unit would be insignificant.

4.4 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The air quality in the mining area depends upon the nature and concentration of emissions take place from mining activities and meteorological conditions.

4.4.1 Anticipated Impact

Mining operations carried out by opencast manual method generate dust particles due to extraction, loading and transportation of sand. The dust liberated in mining and other related operations is injurious to heath if inhaled in sufficient quantity. Gases, such as, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen etc. get emitted from vehicular exhaust.

4.4.2 Mitigation Measures

Proper mitigation measures like water sprinkling will be adopted to control dust emissions. Masks will be provided to workers. To control the fossil fuel gas emissions regular preventive maintenance of equipment will be carried out on contractual basis.

4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The area in general represents calm surroundings. There is no heavy traffic, industry or noisy habitation in the area nearby proposed mine. As the project is proposed for opencast manual mining method there will be no blasting or drilling activities involved in mining process.

4.5.1 Anticipated Impact

The source of Noise pollution will be the vehicular movements. Noise will be generated by the digging of mine area using shovels, crowbars etc.

4.5.2 Mitigation Measures

Proper maintenance of all transportation vehicles will be carried out which help in reducing noise during operations. No other equipments except the transportation vehicles will be allowed. Noise generated by hand equipments shall be intermittent and does not cause much adverse impact. 63 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The mining activity will have insignificant effect on the existing flora and fauna. Data have been collected from various Government Departments such as forests, agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry and various offices to establish the pre project biological environmental conditions. The purpose of the project itself is to save the flora around the project area from river widening, excessive erosion and floods. It was found that the proposed mining activity will not have any significant impact on the biological environment of the region. Since the river is mostly seasonal there shall be significant impact on the aquatic flora and fauna downstream of the mining site due to increase in suspended particulate matter, movement of vehicle, removal of sand shall disturb substratum.

4.6.1 Anticipated Impact

Flora

The proposed project of river bed sand mining shall be carried out on the Gomati River which does not have any trees. Hence, no tree cutting is involved. The project shall also not lead to any change in landuse and will be replenished every year after successive rain. The project seeks permission to carry out the mining activity, which though is an economically gainful activity, but also constitutes river training work. It allows for necessary dredging activity which otherwise leads to flooding of nearby banks. With the proposed riverbed mining activity, as the river bed deepens, the banks will eventually be available for secondary succession of vegetation. There shall be negligible air emissions or effluents from the project site. During loading the truck, dust generation will be likely. This shall be a temporary effect and not anticipated to affect the surrounding vegetation significantly.

Fauna

Animals are sensitive to noise and avoid human territory. The animals accessing the river at the project stretch are likely to shift upstream or downstream of the stretch during the mining activities.

There will be no impact on aquatic environment due to mining because the river dries up considerably and is reduced to no flow during lean season. Water flows only in rainy season through Gomati River Bed. No fishes are reported in the study stretch of the river. Hence, no significant impact on the fauna is anticipated from the proposed project.

4.6.2 Mitigation Measures

Flora

Although, the project will not lead to any tree cutting, it is proposed to improve the greenery of the locality by plantation services. To avoid dust emissions, the mined materials will be covered with tarpaulin during transportation.

Fauna

The workers shall be directed to not venture out of the leased area for collecting fuel wood, or hunting. They shall also be trained to not harm any wildlife, should it come near the project site. No work shall be carried out after 6.00 pm.

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4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The Socio–Economic Impact Assessment is the systematic analysis used during EIA to identify and evaluate the potential socio-economic and cultural impacts of a proposed development on the lives and circumstances of people, their families and their communities. It can identify and distinguish numerous measurable impacts of a proposed development but not every impact may be significant. The population who gets affected either directly or indirectly by the proposed project can tell whether the impacts caused by project are significant or not.

4.7.1 Anticipated Impact

As the project is proposed at government/Private land, no resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) is required. The local people’s only employment to depend on is agriculture, which is seasonal. In the absence of any high employment potential activities, the people are economically backward. There are some people who are engaged in trading of sand. Therefore due to mining of sand the per capita income of local people have been improved.

4.7.2 Mitigation Measures

Increased funding for nearby people to improve social infrastructure and cultural maintenance programs. Various direct and indirect employment opportunities will be generated by the proposed project. A better standard of living due to increased access to employment, business opportunities, training and education will be there. It is suggested that during mining, all safety provisions has to be ensured to negate any likely impacts on social environment due to associated hazards.

4.8 SOLID WASTE

4.8.1 Anticipated Impact

This RBM project does involve negligible quantity of waste generation in form of slit mixed sand and soil which gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile and is extracted during mining process. No municipal waste other than domestic sewage shall be generated, However, there will be about 100 workers on site. While cooking at site will not be allowed, some food wastes can be expected to be generated which if not disposed properly will render the site dirty.

4.8.2 Mitigation Measures

Silt mixed or soil generated during mining process will be either rod filling or can be used for plantation purpose. Domestic sewage shall be disposed into septic tank followed by soak pits. However, solid wastes generated from the personal habits of people such as used bidis, waste paper, food remains etc. cannot be ruled out. Dustbins shall be provided at the rest places. 65 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

4.9 TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

Mine site is well connected to SH by Village Road. Road is wide enough to facilitate easy and smooth movement of vehicles. At present the traffic load at village Road is 450 vehicles per day .

4.9.1 Anticipated Impact

Increase in traffic density will lead to air pollution. Movement of vehicles will cause noise pollution. Increased traffic may cause accidental incidences.

4.9.2 Mitigation Measures

Vehicles with PUC Certificate will be hired. Regular maintenance of vehicles will be done to ensure smooth running of vehicle. Un- necessary blowing of horn will be avoided. To avoid accidents the speed of vehicles will be low near habitation areas.

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CHAPTER -5

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CHAPTER-5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.0 GENERAL

Consideration of alternatives to a project proposal is a requirement of EIA process. During the scoping process, alternatives to a proposal can be considered or refined, either directly or by reference to the key issues identified. A comparison of alternatives help to determine the best method of achieving the project objectives with minimum environmental impacts or indicates the most environmentally friendly and cost effective options.

5.1 ALTERNATIVE FOR MINE LEASE

Points for consideration of suitability of alternate site for mining of sand, other than the proposed site are as follows:

During monsoon season, when rivers reach high stage, Gomati River also bears significant catchment area and it transports river bed material (sand) which gets accumulated at such stretch which widens river width and concave banks. Thus, it is evident that the proposed site shall be mined for the purpose of preventing land cutting during heavy rainfall and floods.

Sand (minor minerals) deposits are site specific and in Gomati River, mining of the material will be done by opencast manual method. No new technology is involved. The mining shall be done as per laid down procedures by IBM. Solid waste generated during mining will consist of silt mixed sand and soil which will be used for road filling or plantation purpose. The mined out area will get replenished annually after monsoon.

Therefore, no alternate site is suggested as existing land use of mine lease area belongs to government land which is further classified as “River body” and shall continue to be so even after the current mining project is over.

5.2 ALTERNATIVE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER PARAMETERS

Some alternatives considered during EIA study are discussed below in Table-5.1:

Table 5.1: Alternatives Considered During EIA Study

Alternative Alternative S. No Particular Remarks Option 1 Option 2 1. Technology Open-cast Open-cast Open-cast Manual Mining is preferred. Manual Mechanical Benefits mining mining No electrical power requirement. Minimal noise will be generated. Minimal air pollution will be generated. Overburden will not be generated 2 Employment Local Outsource Local Employment is preferred. Employment Employment Benefits

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Alternative Alternative S. No Particular Remarks Option 1 Option 2 Provides employment to local people along with Financial Benefits. No residential building/housing is required. 3 Laborer Public Private Local labours will be deployed so Transportation Transport Transport they will either reach mine site by bicycle or by foot. Benefits Cost of transportation of men will be negligible. 4 Material Public Private Material will be transported Transportation Transport Transport through truck/trolley on the contract basis Benefits It will give indirect employment. 5 Water Tanker Groundwater/ Tanker supply will be preferred. Requirement Supply Surface water Benefits supply No change in the surface water or ground water quality. It will provide indirect employment. 6 Road Haul Road Metallic Road Haul road will be considered for linking mine site from metallic road for transportation purpose. Minimum distance will be measured along with less number of trees for considering optimum haul road route. Benefits Less distance; less fuel used. Minimum or negligible number of trees will be cut in best opted haul road route.

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CHAPTER -6

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CHAPTER-6: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.0 GENERAL

Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the status of environment during project operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions, the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the project, which will enable to take suitable mitigatory steps in time to safeguard the environment.

Monitoring is important to measure the efficiency of control measures. An environmental impact assessment study is carried over for a specified period of time and the data generated for that specific period cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities.

Therefore, regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the environmental quality. The objectives of monitoring are to:-

Verify effectiveness of planning decisions; Measure effectiveness of operational procedures; Confirm statutory and corporate compliance; and Identify unexpected changes.

Monitoring will confirm that emissions are within the prescribed limits. This will take the form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as quantity and concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes for measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socioeconomic interaction, through local liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.

The preventive approach by management may also require monitoring of process inputs, for example, type and method used, resource consumption, equipment and pollution control performance etc. Monitoring will also be required to meet compliance with statutory and corporate requirements. Finally, monitoring results will provide the basis for auditing.

6.1 MONITORING OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS

Monitoring Methods

The Mine site is considered as core zone and the area lying within 10km radius from the mines site is considered as buffer zone.

6.1.1 Slope Failure

The proposed mining for sand from the Gomati River will be done by opencast manual method up-to the depth of 1m from the ground level. There will be no slope formation as the excavated pits will get replenished during monsoon. Hence there will be no slope failure. 71 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

6.1.2 Drainage

Local workers will be deployed for the project. Therefore no concrete based sewerage system will be constructed. Domestic sewage generated shall be disposed into the septic tanks followed by soak pits. No domestic waste water will be disposed into the river body or near area. Regular checking will be carried out to find any blockage due to silting or accumulation of loose materials. The drains will also be checked for any damage in lining/stone pitching etc.

6.1.3 Blasting Effects

The proposed project is for extraction of sand which will opt for an open cast manual method of mining. Hence blasting is not required.

6.1.4 Afforestation

Whole of the area is within the high flood level, therefore there is no possibility of any plantation within the lease area. As it is a government land, lease holder in consultation with gram panchayat shall make an arrangement for consenting to raise plantation in the adjoining land and raise plantation of local species. Yearly monitoring will be done to ensure the afforestation scheme implementation.

6.1.5 Air Quality Monitoring

Ambient air quality should be monitored both upwind & downwind directions along with adequate meteorological measurement for proper interpretation of data of PM 10 , SO 2 and NO X.

The number of monitoring stations, air pollutants and frequency of monitoring will be decided as per the CPCB guidelines in 2009. Meteorological stations will be monitored for wind direction and speed, rainfall, temperature & humidity and evaporation.

6.1.6 Water Quality Monitoring

Monitoring of surface run-off and ground infiltration will be done once in every season except monsoon. Quality of groundwater and surface water samples will be analyzed for all the parameters as per IS-10500 and IS-2296 respectively.

6.1.7 Noise Quality Monitoring

Noise level monitoring will be done at the work zone to assess the occupational noise exposure levels. Noise levels will also be monitored at the noise generating sources like mineral handling arrangements, vehicle movements and also nearby villages for studying the impact due to higher noise levels for taking necessary control measures at the source.

6.1.8 Occupational Health & Safety

Health check-up for the workers will be conducted at regular intervals of two months in a year. The health camps status will be monitored and the information will be furnished to the approving authority. Project proponent will also coordinate with general public, regulatory authorities, local administration to appraise environmental performance of the mine. 72 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01]

6.2 REPORTING SCHEDULE OF MONITORING DATA

The frequency of reporting of monitored data will be on six monthly bases to the State PCB and to Regional Office of MoEF, New Delhi. Compliance report will be submitted twice in a year for 6 months interval. The Environmental statement will be prepared for the entire year of operations and will be regularly submitted to regulatory authorities.

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CHAPTER -7

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CHAPTER-7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.0 GENERAL

Mining and allied activities are associated with several potential hazards to both the employees and the public at large. Therefore, it is necessary to consider specific issues as applicable to individual projects to take precautions against these issues. A worker in a mine should be able to work under condition, which are adequately safe and healthy. At the same time the environmental conditions should be such as not to impair his working efficiency. Therefore, the EIA report and EMP address such issues.

7.1 ITEMS IDENTIFIED BY THE PROJECT PROPONENT

The project proponent has identified some issues beyond those included in the ToR which are important from environmental point of view for the proposed project or site selected. Points of consideration are given below.

Mining unwanted material including mineral or spillage (if any) should not be stacked on the banks as it will hinder the flow of water in monsoon season. Mining of minerals/working shall be started from the centre from dip to rise and then laterally in ½ meter slice so that the river course could not get affected. The minerals will be mined out in a uniform way so that the river flow/course shall not get disturbed. River banks will not be excavated to from access ramps. Only excavated river gravel should be used to deposit against the river bank to form access ramps.

7.4 RISK ANALYSIS AND PREVENTIVE/CORRECTIVE MEASURES

Risk Analysis

Risk Assessment is all about prevention of accidents and to take necessary steps to prevent it from happening. The possible risks in the case of river bed mining project following natural/industrial problems which may be countered during the mining operation are given below:

Inundation at mine lease area due to excessive rains Possibility of earthquake as mine lease lies in Seismic Zone-V Accident due to excavated pits Accident due to movement of vehicles Occupational injuries Fires on large surface vehicles through ignition of fuel/hydraulic fluids Keeping the above points of high risk accidents like landslides, subsidence flood etc. In consideration, all the statutory precautions will be taken for quick evacuation. Hence, safety of the mine and employees will be taken care of by the mining rules & regulations, which are well defined with laid down procedure for safety.

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Preventive/Corrective Measures

Preventive Measures for Inundation

Mining will be done during the non-monsoon periods; therefore problem of flood is not likely to happen during operational phase i.e. round the year excluding June-August.

Preventive Measures for Earthquake

Proper training will be given to the labours for earthquake and the area will be evacuated as soon as there is any news or signal for earthquake.

Preventive and Corrective Measures for Accidents Due To Excavated Pits

Pits will be created of limited depth of 1m only. Excavated pits will be backfilled with the solid waste generated in the form of silt mixed sand during operational phase of mine. Thus, the chance of failure of pit slope does not exist.

Preventive and Corrective Measures for Accidents Due To Trucks & Dumpers

All transportation within mine lease should be carried out directly under the supervision and control of the management. The vehicles will be maintained in good condition and checked thoroughly at least once a month by the competent person authorized for the purpose by the management. Road signs will be provided at each and every turning point up to the main road. A statutory provision of the fences, constant education, training etc. will go a long way in reducing the incidents of such accidents.

Preventive and Corrective Measures for Occupational Injuries

Training will be given to the workers on how to use hand equipments. First aid will be provided on-site only if any accident occurs. In-case of poor condition of any equipment, it will be changed immediately .

Preventive and Corrective Measures for Fires on large surface vehicles through ignition of fuel/hydraulic fluids

Availability of fire extinguishers on-site throughout the operational phase of mine Maintenance of vehicles on monthly basis

7.5 NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION

The plan of action for conservation of natural resources and recycle of waste materials has been formulated and given as below:

Groundwater or surface water will not be abstracted as water requirement will be met by tanker supply. Groundwater will not get polluted as the mining depth is 1m bgl. Surface water will not get polluted as the river bed is a seasonal river and during 76 FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT OF EXTRACTION OF SAND FROM GOMATI RIVER [UDAIPUR CLUSTER_01] monsoon mining will not be carried out. Moreover there is no other surface water in the nearby area. Afforestation will be done in 0.31ha in 5 years at Udaipur district. Solid waste generated in form of silt mixed sand during mining will be utilized for road filling or plantation purpose. All the machineries and equipments shall be properly maintained so as to reduce the green house gas emissions and to conserve the fuel & energy.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Project Proponents will organize Medical Camps every year for the employees of the project and for the people in the nearby area of mine lease area. It will be done with coordination of the Government Hospital in the nearby area whose equipment facilities can be used for this purpose.

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CHAPTER -8

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CHAPTER-8: PROJECT BENEFITS

8.0 GENERAL

Various benefits are envisaged while planning for the mining of sand from Gomati River. Sand are very important minor mineral and is the principal raw material for meeting the huge demand of construction material required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway; elastic ballast material for rail tracks in the State of Tripura and nearby cities. The natural available materials in shoal deposits of Gomati River quarry site have been found suitable from techno-economic consideration.

Social Infrastructure

Project will help to channelize the river course. Extraction of sand will help in land cutting from nearby agricultural fields and forests.

Employment Potential

The proposed project will provide direct employment to skilled/unskilled and semiskilled laborers. The proposed project will also provide indirect employment to local people in different activities such as transportation, food points, plantation activities, water tanker supply, hand equipments etc. Besides labours managerial and administrative staff will also be employed.

Tangible Social Benefits

Proponent will undertake awareness program and community activities like health camps, medical aids, family welfare camps etc. A massive plantation will be done in Udaipur.

Direct/Indirect Benefits

It will generate revenue for the State of Tripura. It will cater the demand of raw material for construction purpose

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CHAPTER -9

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CHAPTER-9: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.0 GENERAL

The environmental management must be integrated into the process of mine planning so that ecological balance of the area is maintained and adverse effects are minimized. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) consists of a set of monitoring programme, mitigation measures, and management control strategies to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In order to minimize impacts of mining on different environmental parameters and to keep air and water quality within prescribed limits of CPCB, an EMP has been prepared which is to be implemented in the project and covers the following phases of the project:

Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Biological reclamation measures Land use planning and mine closure Occupational Safety and Health Socio-economic and cultural environment

9.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Project proponent shall conduct all its operations in a manner that is protective of the environment and health & safety of employees, customers and the community. In fulfillment of this commitment, they shall maintain continuing efforts to:

Comply with all applicable safety, health and environment laws and regulations Enhance Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) awareness among employees and through effective communication and training Investigate all workplace incidents and illness in order to promptly correct any unsafe conditions or practices

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