Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.305

Best from Waste: Therapeutic Potential of Plant Waste (Seeds, Peels, Flowers)

Savan Donga* and Sumitra Chanda

Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Biosciences (UGC-CAS), Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Bio waste which includes fruit and vegetable peels, seeds, pomace, rind are generated in K e yw or ds enormous amounts and discarded into the environment adding to pollution. Flowers which are generally used for decoration and religious purpose are also thrown into nature as Seeds , Peels, unwanted material. They create lot of waste and are also hazardous. However, these parts Flowers , Bioactive of the plant are seeds, endowed with phytoconstituents and sometimes more than those compounds, present in other parts. The best was to minimize this hazard is making use of them in food, Medicinal plants, pharmaceutical and allied industries after proper extraction of bioactive compounds from Plant waste, them. To enumerate this idea, in this review, we have enlisted seeds, peels and flowers of

Nanoparticles, 60 different plants along with their biological activity and bioactive compounds present in Biological activity them. Some are used directly as crude extracts while some are used to synthesize nanoparticles which show promising biological activities. Thus, plant waste i.e. seeds, Article Info peels and flowers can be used profitably as a source of natural medicine or ingredients in Accepted: many industries. Some activities are reported but other activities can be tried out. Detailed 22 July 2020 structurally analysis also should be done which may give new lead molecules or new drugs Available Online: to be used as safe, natural and novel antimicrobics or antioxidants or anticancer or 10 August 2020 antiulcer agents. This review undeniably and definitely opens up the possibility for

utilization of these plant waste products for therapeutic and industrial purpose.

Introduction they are easily available and affordable by all the people. The diversity of medicinal plants Medicinal plants are important sources for is vast and there is cure for any and every discovering new drugs for many diseases and ailment in them. They may be directly used as disorders. From times immemorial, plants are drugs or they may act as lead molecules for being used to cure many ailments and recently the discovery of new drug candidates. Many the trend of use of this green medicine has of the drugs used for deadly diseases like increased. This is merely because medicinal cancer are of plant origin (Chanda and plants are free from many side effects that are Nagani, 2013). generally associated with synthetic drugs,

2670

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Plants show various biological activities viz. the plant may show very good antioxidant antioxidant (Punica granatum - Kaneria et al., activity but stem or seed may not show 2012), hepatoprotective (Abelmoschus similar activity. The phytoconstituents may moschatus - Singh et al., 2012), anticancer act individually or synergistically. Plant and antimicrobial and synergistic secondary metabolites are bioactive antimicrobial (Pterocarpus santalinus - molecules that are not essential for plant Donga et al., 2017a, 2017b), antioxidant and survival, but have important role in plant anti-inflammatory (Moringa oleifera - Xu et growth, development, reproduction and al., 2019), anti-ulcer (Nigella sativa - Paseban protection from predators and environmental et al., 2020), antiurolithiatic (Mangifera stresses. indica - Iman et al., 2020) etc. The therapeutic property is not isolated to any Fruits and vegetables generate lot of biowaste specific part of the plant. All plant parts show in the form of peels and seeds which are medicinal properties for eg. fruit and thrown into the environment. They increase vegetable peels showed antimicrobial activity pollution and their discard is a major problem. (Rakholiya et al., 2014), Emblica officinalis Flowers are another part of the plant which fruit showed anti-inflammatory activity are generally used for decoration or religious (Golechha et al., 2014), Mangifera indica purpose. They are also discarded into the stem bark showed anti-viral activity (Abdel- environment increasing biowaste. However, Mageed et al., 2014), Nephelium lappaceum these parts can be used as a source of natural peels showed antidiabetic activity (Ma et al., antioxidant, antimicrobial or antiulcer or 2017), aerial parts of Polygonum antidiabetic agent. They are also rich in equisetiforme showed hepatoprotective various phytoconstituents like any other part property (El-Toumy et al., 2019), Pouteria of the plants. The therapeutic use of these caimito peel showed antimicrobial and parts will reduce environmental pollution and antidiarrheal activity (Abreu et al., 2019), this is the best use of the waste. The discarded Opuntia ficus indica seed oil showed peels, seeds or flowers can be used as gelling protection against gastric ulcer (Khemiri and and thickening agents in the refined foods; Bitri, 2019); Lawsonia inermis and Murraya Polysaccharides from them can be a source of koenigii seed extract also showed antiulcer gum and can be used as thickeners, gelling activity (Eggadi et al., 2019). Lavendula agents, texture modifiers and stabilizers; as a bipinnata leaves showed antioxidant activity source of bio-pigments like carotenoids and (Pande and Chanda, 2020) while Annona colourants, as emulsifiers, essential oils, squamosa leaf showed anticancer effect (Al- organic acids and minerals, as substrate for Nemari et al., 2020), Carica papaya flowers microbial fermentation for enzymes showed antioxidant and antibacterial activity production, for bio-ethanol/methanol (Dwivedi et al., 2020), Beta vulgaris root production, for production of biodegradable showed antimicrobial and anticancer activities plastics, as bio fuels and biofertilizers, bio- (El-Mesallamy et al., 2020), etc. pesticides, bio-preservatives, mushroom cultivation, etc (Wadhwa et al., 2015). Plant parts are enriched with phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, There are many types of seeds. Some seeds phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, are used as spices (Cuminum cyminum, steroids, etc. But their concentration varies Trigonella foenum-graecum, Coriandrum from part to part and hence the therapeutic sativum, Nigella sativa, Foeniculum vulgare), efficacy of plant part also varies. The leaf of some seeds are eaten along with fruits and

2671

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

vegetables (Solanum lycopersicum, Pisum activity. Myrciaria dubia (Camu-camu) seed sativum, Cicer arietinum, Psidium guajava, coat showed antioxidant and antihypertensive Actinidia deliciosa) while some are thrown activity (Fidelisa et al., 2018). They were rich into the environment (Carica papaya, in phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aqueous Cucumis melo, Manilkara zapota, Citrus extract showed higher antioxidant activity; it limon, Momordica dioica). However, seeds contained total phenolics, non-tannin possess various phytoconstituents and can be phenolics, (−)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, therapeutically used. The seeds may have 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5- extractible high value-added components. dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid. On the Seeds showed various biological activities other hand the propanone extract showed like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, higher antihypertensive activity and Cu2+ antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, chelating ability; it had higher levels of wound healing, etc (Table 1). All these quercetin, quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin), t- properties are because of the resveratrol, ellagic, caffeic, rosmarinic, phytoconstituents present in them in different ferulic, and p-coumaric acids. The ethanolic concentrations which act individually or extract possessed only condensed tannins, synergistically. Mesua ferrea seed extract syringic acid, and (−)-epicatechin. The showed antimicrobial activity (Chanda et al., extracting solvent plays an important role in 2013). Mangifera indica seed kernel showed extracting the phytoconstituents or bioactive inhibition of Pseudomonas spp (Rakholiya et compounds from this biowaste and in al., 2015). Oil extracted from seeds of Citrus exhibiting a particular activity. Parkia sinensis (orange) showed antioxidant activity; speciosa seeds possessed phenols, flavonoids, they contained phenols, carotenoids, terpenoids and alkaloids and showed phytosterols and α-tocopherols (Jorge et al., antimicrobial and antioxidant activities 2016). Parikh and Patel (2017) reported (Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018). There was a antioxidant activity by Manilkara hexandra significant correlation between biological fruit and seeds; the fruits contained phenolics activity and flavonoid content followed by like gallic acid, quercetin and kaempferol, phenolic content. Durio zibethinus (durian) while seeds contained quercetin, gallic acid seeds showed antimicrobial, cytotoxic and and vanillic acid. 11 varieties of Phoenix photocatalytic activity (Sumitha et al., 2018). dactylifera (date palm) seeds were evaluated for phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content The pulp, peel and seed of four avocado and antibacterial and antioxidant properties by varieties (Persea americana) were Metoui et al., (2019) and reported a direct investigated for their antibacterial and correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activities (Amado et al., 2019). inhibitory activity. Cucumis melo (melon) The peels and seeds showed more antioxidant seeds and peels showed antioxidant and activity because they possessed more anticancer activities (Rolim et al., 2018). The antioxidant compounds, phenols and seeds and peels contained phenols, flavonoids flavonoids. Similar results were found in and tannins; they also reported was a direct peels and seeds of Hass and Fuerte avocado correlation between phytochemical content varieties (Rodriguez-Carpena et al., 2011). and antioxidant and anticancer activities. The antibacterial activity was more in peels Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) seed starch followed by seeds. Datura stramonium seed showed antioxidant activity (Barbi et al., showed anti-inflammatory activity in 2018). The seeds from unripe fruit had higher carrageenan induced paw edema model in polyphenol content and higher antioxidant Wistar albino rats (Agarwal et al., 2019).

2672

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds and roots pollution. However, they show many showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal properties. They can be utilized for activities (Xu et al., 2019); all the parts were the production of value added by - products. rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids. There Peels contain many important was a direct correlation between phytoconstituents which can be used for phytochemical content and observed pharmacological or pharmaceutical purposes. activities. Pouteria campechiana seed Researchers extracted numerous components polysaccharides ultrasonic-assisted extracted having antimicrobial, antioxidant, showed antioxidant activity (Ma et al., 2019). antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotetive, anti- Wound healing activity was shown by seeds obesity and anti- inflammatory activities from of Chrysophyllum Albidum (Babatunde et al., different peels (Table 1). Actinidia deliciosa 2019). Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) (Kiwi) peels showed antibacterial. anti- peel and seeds are waste products that can be helicobacter pylori and cytotoxic activity recycled into medical and pharmaceutical (Motohashi et al., 2001). Cucurbita moschata applications due to their structures and (pumpkin) fruit peel showed antioxidant, properties. They have antibiotic properties antibacterial and wound healing properties and hence are suitable as bio-fillers in natural (Bahramsoltani et al., 2017). Antioxidant and rubber products like medical gloves, rubber anti-salmonella activities of eggplant peel was transdermal patches, rubber toys, etc reported by Rochin-Medina et al., (2019). (Moopayak and Tangboriboon, 2020). Anticancer and antibacterial properties of Garcinia kola and Buchholzia coriacea seeds Citrus reticulate peels were reported by (Abubakar et al., 2020) showed antioxidant (Selim et al., 2019); they contained phenols, activity; G. kola and B. coriacea seeds flavonoids and coumarone compounds. contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, Mangifera indica peels showed antibacterial, saponins and tannins. anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant activities (Huang et al., 2018). Recently, various metal nanoparticles are The bioactive compounds in the peels were being synthesized from seed extracts which polyphenols which were responsible for the showed many biological activities. Silver observed activities. Combination of peel nanoparticles synthesized using seed extract extracts of Allium sativum and Allium cepa of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed showed antidiabetic effect (Lolok et al., anticancer activity (Varghese et al., 2019) 2019). while seed extract of Pedalium murex showed antimicrobial activity (Ishwarya et al., 2017). Punica granatum (pomegranate) peels Elettaria cardamomum seed extract mediated showed antibacterial activity against synthesized gold nanoparticles showed Cronobacter sakazakii (Yemis et al., 2019). antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant The peels were rich in polyphenolic activities (Rajan et al., 2017). Zinc compounds especially hydrolysable nanoparticles synthesized using Elettaria polyphenolics like elligitannins α- and β- cardamomum seed extract showed anticancer punicalagin followed by ellagic acid, ellagic activity (Abbasi et al., 2019) acid derivatives and punicalin. Antimicrobial activity of P. granatum fruit peels was also Fruit and vegetable peels are considered as reported by Al-Zoreky (2017). Anti- one of the most waste products of food inflammatory activity was reported from peels industry. They are generated in huge amounts of Citrus sinensis (Osarumwense, 2017), and discarded into the environment increasing Citrus grandis (Zhao et al., 2019), Punica

2673

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

granatum (Mastrogiovanni et al., 2019) and antimicrobial activity against a panel of Ziziphus jujuba (Wang et al., 2019). Citrus microorganisms (Saleem and Saeed, 2020). grandis peels were rich in coumarins; Punica The peels were rich in trace elements zinc, granatum peels were rich in high molecular magnesium and polyphenolic content. weight phenols like alpha and beta punicalagin and low molecular weight Metal nanoparticles of silver, gold and zinc phenols like gallic acid, ellagic acid and synthesized using peel extracts also showed granatin B; Ziziphus jujuba contained various biological activities. For e.g. Prunus phenolics like quercetin galangin and persica peel mediated synthesized silver flavonoids. All these secondary metabolites nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity were responsible for the observed anti- (Patra et al., 2016). Antibacterial and inflammatory activity. Nephelium lappaceum antioxidant activities were reported by gold (Rambutan) peel extract rich in polyphenolic and zinc nanoparticles synthesized using content showed antidiabetic activity (Ma et al. Citrullus lanatus and Punica granatum peel 2017); antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of respectively (Patra et al., 2015; Sukri et al., Aloe vera peel extract was reported by 2019) Christijanti et al., (2019); antimicrobial activity of fruit peel extract of Pouteria Flowers have cosmetic or phytotherapeutical caimito was reported by Abreu et al., (2019). use; essential oils from flowers like lavender, The genus Pouteria were rich in triterpenes orange blossom, jasminum and rose are used and flavonoids; Actinidia chinensis (Kiwi) in aromatherapy and perfumes due to their peels showed antioxidant, antimicrobial and soothing and calming effects. Flowers show a anticancer activity; they contained number of properties like antifungal, polyphenols (catachin, quercetin and antibacterial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti- epigallocatechin) and flavonoids (Alim et al., ulcer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, 2019). neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti- inflammatory, etc (Table 1). Woodfordia Banana peels showed antimicrobial and fruticoza flowers showed protective effect antioxidant activities (Mokbel and Hashinaga against acetaminophen induced hepatic 2005; Chueh et al., 2019) which may be due toxicity in rats (Baravalia and Chanda, 2011). to the bioactive compounds present in peels. Acacia saligna flowers showed antifungal, The peel had abundant phenolic content, antibacterial and antioxidant activity (Al- including flavan-3-ols and flavonols (Vu et Huqail et al., 2019). The flowers contained al., 2018) and dried peel powder had catechin, phenols and flavonoids like benzoic acid, epicatechin, gallocatechin and procyanidin caffeine and o-coumaric acid, naringenin, (Rebello et al., 2014). Antioxidant and quercetin and kaempferol. Agastache rugosa antitumor activities of Nendran banana peels flowers showed antioxidant and antimicrobial rich in phenol, flavonoid and caretonoid activities and these activities were attributed content was reported by Kumar et al., (2019). to bioactive molecules present in the flowers Litchi chinensis (Lychee) peel powder which include terpenoids, carotenoids, and showed hepatoprotetive and anti-obesity phenylpropanoids (Park et al., 2019). Oil property (Queiroz et al., 2018); peels extracted from Etlingera elatior flowers using contained polyphenols, flavonoids and subcritical carbon dioxide showed anthocyanins. Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus antibacterial activity (Anzian et al., 2020). limonia (yellow lemon) and Musa acuminate The major chemical compounds present were (banana) peels showed remarkable polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and

2674

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

tannins. Flower extracts of Vernonia antioxidants, isorhamnetin and luteolin, which amygdalina showed antibacterial and were responsible for the observed antioxidant antioxidant activity (Habtamu and Melaku, and antibacterial activities. 2018); the flowers had two natural

Graphical abstract

2675

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Table.1 List of plant waste i.e. seeds, peels and flowers, their family, solvent and assay used for different biological activities

SEED No. Plant/Family Solvent Assay Activity References 1 n-HE TTP, Antimicrobial, Babatunde et al., TTC, Antioxidant, 2019 AC, Wound healing TAC, DPPH, - Chrysophyllum albidum OH , G.Don./Sapotaceae MIC 2 - TC, Antioxidant Jorge et al., TPC, 2016 TCP

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck/Rutaceae 3 AQ, TPC, Antioxidant, Rolim et al., HME, TFC, Antiproliferative, 2018 HET TT, Cytotoxicity OH, RP, Cucumis melo L./ MTT Cucurbitaceae 4 80% ME TPC, Antioxidant Islam and DPPH, Sultanaet, 2020 LAS, RP, TEAC Cucumis melo L./ Cucurbitaceae 5 PE, - Anti- Agarwal et al., 70% ME inflammatory 2019

Datura stramonium L./ Solanaceae

2676

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

6 AQ SEM, Antimicrobial, Sumitha et al., SAED, Cytotoxic, 2018 EDX, Photocatalytic XRD, DLS, Durio zibethinus L./ Zeta, Malvaceae MIC, MBC, Agar disc diffusion, BSCA

7 AQ (AuNPs) Antibacterial, Rajan et al., DPPH, Anticancer, 2017 NO, Antioxidant OH, Agar well

Elettaria cardamomum diffusion, (L.) Maton/Zingiberaceae MTT 8 AQ SEM, Antioxidant Barbi et al., XRD, 2018 TG, DTG, DLS, Eriobotrya japonica L./ TPC, Rosaceae DPPH, FRAP, ABTS 9 AQ TPC, Antioxidant Abubakar et al., TFC, 2020 AC, SC, TC, Garcinia kola Heckel/ DPPH, Clusiaceae FRAP

Buchholzia coriacea/

2677

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Capparidaceae 10 - XRD, Antimicrobial, Moopayak and XRF, Cytotoxicity Tangboriboon, FTIR, 2020 SEM, FE-SEM, Garcinia mangostana L./ REMA Clusiaceae 11 80% AQ-ME TPC, Antioxidant Parikh and Patel, TFC, 2017 TAC, FRAP, DPPH, Manilkara hexandra ABTS, (Roxb.) Dubard/Sapotaceae NO, OH, RP 12 90% ET DPPH, Antioxidant, Xu et al., 2019 ABTS, Anti- FRAP, inflammatory TFC

Moringa oleifera Lam./ Moringaceae 13 AQ, TPC, Antioxidant, Fidelisa et al., EtOH , SPA, Antihypertensive 2018 PP PCA

Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh/Myrtaceae 14 Absolute ET TFC, Antioxidant, Ghasemzadeh et TPC, Antimicrobial al., 2018 PAC, DPPH, FRAP, Agar disc Parkia speciosa Hassk/ diffusion, Fabaceae MIC

2678

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

15 AQ (AgNPs) Antibiofilm, Ishwarya et al., FTIR, Antimicrobial 2017 XRD, HR-TEM, EDX, Pedalium murex L./ MIC, Pedaliaceae MTP, EPS, BVA, LDCA 16 ET DPPH, Antioxidant, Amado et al., ABTS, Antibacterial, 2019 FRAP, Toxicity testing TPC, TFC,

MIC, Persea americana Mill./ MBC, Lauraceae HA 17 80% ME, TPC, Antioxidant, Metoui et al., 85% ET, TFC, Antibacterial 2018 AQ, TAC, ME, DPPH, AC Agar disc Phoenix dactylifera L./ diffusion Arecaceae 18 PE, PSA, Antioxidant Ma et al., 2019 95% ET, FTIR, AQ SEM, NMR, DPPH, Pouteria campechiana SO, (Kunth) Baehni/Sapotaceae ABTS, OH 19 AQ (ZnONPs) Antibacterial, Abbasi et al., MTT, Antioxidant, 2019 Agar disc Cytotoxicity diffusion, TAC, Silybum marianum (L.) TRP, Gaernt./Asteraceae DPPH,

2679

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

αAI, BSL 20 AQ (AgNPs) Antibacterial, Varghese et al., SEM, Antifungal, 2019 XRD, Anticancer FTIR, EDAX, Trigonella foenum- MIC, graecum L./Fabaceae MTT 21 AQ DPPH, Antioxidant, Kanbargi et al., ABTS, Metal chelation 2016 RP activity

Ziziphus jujube Mill./ Rhamnaceae

PEEL

22 AQ (ZnONPs) Antibacterial Basri et al., 2020 FTIR, XRD, EDX, FESEM,

Ananas comosus (L.) TEM, Merr./Bromeliaceae Agar disc diffusion 23 ME TPC, Antioxidant, Alim et al., 2019 TFC, Antimicrobial, DPPH, Antiproliferative ABTS, OH, Actinidia chinensis Agar disc Planch./Actinidiaceae diffusion

24 HE, MTT, Antibacterial, Motohashi et al., AC, HIV, Anti-helicobacter 2001 - Pure ME, O2 pylori, 70% ME Cytotoxic

Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson/Actinidiaceae

2680

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

25 96% ET - Anti-diabetic Lolok et al., 2019

Allium sativum L./ Amaryllidaceae

Allium cepa L./ Amaryllidaceae 26 70% ET - Antioxidant, Christijanti et Antidiabetic al., 2019

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f./ Asphodelaceae 27 AQ (AuNPs) Antibacterial, Patra et al., 2015 FTIR, Antioxidant, TGA, Inhibitory SEM, EDX, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) XRD, Matsum. & Nakai/ Agar disc Cucurbitaceae diffusion, DPPH, ABTS

28 90% ME, AAIE, Anti- Zhao et al., 2019 Hot AQ, ASIE inflammatory EA

Citrus grandis Merr./ Rutaceae

2681

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

29 70% ET HEPG2, Anticancer, Selim et al., HCT, Antimicrobial 2019 MCF-7, HPLC

Citrus reticulata Blanco/ Rutaceae 30 ME, Agar well Antimicrobial Saleem and EA, diffusion, Saeed, 2020 ET, MIC, AQ GC-MS

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck/Rutaceae

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck/ Rutaceae

Musa acuminata Colla/ Musaceae 31 ET, - Anti- Osarumwense, ME inflammatory 2017

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck/Rutaceae

2682

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

32 70% ET DPPH, Antibacterial, Bahramsoltani et TAC, Antioxidant, al., 2017 TPC, Wound healing TMC, MIC

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir./ Cucurbitaceae 33 ME SLP, Hepatoprotective Queiroz et al., LP, 2018 HPA

Litchi chinensis Sonn/ Sapindaceae 34 95% ET, Agar disc Anti Huang et al., NPEE, diffusion, inflammatory, 2018 CPEE, PPC, Anti-cancer, NPWE, DPPH, Antioxidant, CPWE ABTS, Antibacterial

CLC, Mangifera indica L./ MTT Anacardiaceae

35 - TPC, Antioxidant Chueh et al., FCC, 2019 FRAP, TEAC, DPPH, Musa acuminata Colla/ SAEA, Musaceae MDA 36 - TPC, Antioxidant, Kumar et al., TFC, Antitumour 2019 DPPH, FRAP, MTT Musa acuminata Colla/ Musaceae

2683

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

37 AQ, TPC, Antioxidant, Siddique et al., Absolute, TFC, Antibacterial 2018 80% ET RP, DPPH, Agar disc Musa sapientum L./ diffusion Musaceae

Carica papaya L./ Caricaceae 38 - HPA, Antidiabetic Ma et al., 2017 IHCA

Nephelium lappaceum L./ Sapindaceae 39 ME, MIC, Antimicrobial, Abreu et al., n-HE, MBC Antidiarrheal 2019 CF, EA

Pouteria caimito Radlk./ Sapotaceae 40 AQ (AgNPs) Antibacterial, Patra et al., 2016 SEM, Anticandidal, EDX, Antioxidant XRD, TGA,

FTIR, Prunus persica L./ Agar disc Rosaceae diffusion, MIC,

2684

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

MBC, DPPH, ABTS, NO, RP 41 AQ Cytotoxicity Anti- Mastrogiovanni inflammatory et al., 2019

Punica granatum L./ Lythraceae 42 80% ME, TPC, Antibacterial Yemis et al., 0.01% HCl, HPLC, 2019 AQ MIC, MBC

Punica granatum L./ Lythraceae

43 CaSO4, TPC, Antioxidant, Rochín-Medina CaCO3, TFC, Anti-salmonella et al., 2019 CaCl2 DPPH, ABTS, UPLC-MS Solanum melongena L./ Solanaceae 44 ME, TPC, Anti- Wang et al., DMSO TFC, inflammatory 2019 MTT, NLA

Ziziphus jujuba Mill./ Rhamnaceae

2685

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Flower 45 AQ MIC, Antifungal, Al-Huqail et al., DPPH Antibacterial, 2019 Antioxidant

Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl./Fabaceae 46 ET, DPPH, Antioxidant, Park et al., 2019

HE, H2O2, Antimicrobial ME SO, Agar disc diffusion

Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze/ Lamiaceae 47 70% ET TPC, Antioxidant Debnath et al., TFC, 2018 DPPH, ABTS, RP, Aloe barbadensis (L.) NO, Burm.f./Asphodelaceae OH, SO 48 100% ME, TFC Hepato-protective, Kwon et al., 80% AQ Neuro-protective 2019

Begonia semperflorens Carl Ludwig Willdenow/ Begoniaceae 49 ET, Phytochemical Acute toxicity, Barakat et al., AQ Anti-ulcer 2019

Bombax ceiba L./ Malvaceae

2686

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

50 ME, TPC, Antioxidant, Dwivedi et al., CF, TFC, Antibacterial 2020 n-HE, DPPH, AQ Agar well diffusion Carica papaya L./ Caricaceae 51 - - Anti- Antonisamy et inflammatory al., 2019

Cassia fistula L./Fabaceae 52 ET AT Antiulcer Kumar et al., 2019

Ctenolepis garcini (L.) C.B.Clarke/Cucurbitaceae 53 ET Agar disc Antibacterial Anzian et al., diffusion, 2020 MIC, MBC

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm./Zingiberaceae 54 AQ (AgNPs) Antibacterial, Azarbani and DPPH, Anticancer, Shiravand, 2020 RSA, Antifungal FTIR, SEM, Ferulago macrocarpa EDX, (Fenzl) Boiss./Apiaceae XRF, XRD, Agar disc diffusion, Agar well

2687

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Diffusion, MTT 55 80% ME αAI, Anti-diabetic Anila and α IGE Hashim, 2019

Ixora coccinea L./ Rubiaceae 56 AQ (AuNPs) Photocatalytic Mapala and FESEM, Pattabi, 2017 TEM, DLS, Zeta,

XRD, Mimosa pudica L./ FTIR Fabaceae 57 AQ (ZnONPs) Antimicrobial, Khara et al., Zeta, Cytotoxicity 2018 TGA, FTIR, XRD,

SEM, Peltophorum pterocarpum Agar well (DC.) K.Heyne/Fabaceae diffusion, MTT 58 HE, DPPH, Antioxidant, Hiemori-Kondoa DCM, HPLC-DPPH DAD, and Nii, 2019 DMSO, ESI, ME, HPLC, AQ, MS Petasites japonicus AcOH UPLC, (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim./Asteraceae

2688

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

59 n-HE, MTT Anticancer Tejaputri et al., EA, 2020 ET

Ruellia britoniana C.Wright/Acanthaceae 60 HE, DPPH, Antibacterial, Habtamu and CF, FTM, Antioxidant Melaku, 2018 AC GC-MS

Vernonia amygdalina Delile/Asteraceae

Begonia semperflorens flowers showed antifungal activities (Moteriya and Chanda, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective 2014; Azarbani and Shiravand, 2020). properties (Kwon et al., 2019). Ixora coccinea Titanium oxide nanoparticles synthesized flowers were reported for antidiabetic using Hibiscus rosasinesis flower extract property (Anila and Hashim, 2019). The showed antibacterial activity (Kumar et al., presence of secondary metabolites like 2014). Mimosa pudica flower extract flavonoids, tannins and phenols in methanol mediated synthesized gold nanoparticles extract were attributed for its antidiabetic showed dye degradation or photocatalytic property. Bombax ceiba flowers showed anti- activity (Mapala and Pattabi, 2017). ulcer property (Barakat et al., 2019). They Peltophorum pterocarpum flower mediated contained phytoconstituents like flavonoids synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles showed (naringenin), phenols (rutin, quercetin and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities (Khara gallic acid), carbohydrates, tannins, sterols, et al., 2018) while those from Nyctanthes coumarins and other phytoconstituents like arbor-tristis showed antifungal activity caffeic acid, ferulic acid, syringeic, cinnamic (Jamdagni et al., 2018). Copper oxide acid and mangiferin. Antiulcer activity was nanoparticles synthesized using Magnolia reported by flower extract of Ctenolepis champaca floral extract showed antioxidant garcini (Kumar et al., 2019); anticancer activity (Santhoshkumar and Shanmugam, activity against HeLa cervical cancer cell line 2020). by Ruellia britoniana flowers (Tejaputri et al., 2020). In this review, we report the biological activity of some seeds, peels and flowers. The Like seeds and peels, flowers are also utilized Seeds belonged to 17 different families like for metal nanoparticle synthesis and they Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Capparidaceae, showed many biological activities. For e.g. Clusiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, silver nanoparticles synthesized using flower Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Moringaceae, extract of Cassia roxburghii and Ferulago Myrtaceae, Pedaliaceae, Rhamnaceae, macrocarpa showed antibacterial and Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae 2689

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

and Zingiberaceae. The peels belonged to 15 DMSO – Di-methyl-sulfoxide, AcOH – Acetic acid, families viz. Actinidiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, CaSO4 – Calcium sulfate, CaCO3 – Calcium carbonate, CaCl2 – Calcium chloride, HME – Hydro- Anacardiaceae, Asphodelaceae, methanolic solution, NHET – Hydro-ethanolic Bromeliaceae, Caricaceae, Cucurbitaceae, solution, PP – Propanone, TPC – Total phenolic, PAC Lythraceae, Musaceae, Rhamnaceae, – Phenolic acid content, TFC/FC – Total Flavonoids Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae content, AC – Alkaloids content, TTP – Triterpenes, and Solanaceae. The flowers belonged to 12 TT – Total tannins, TCP – Tocopherols phytosterols, TC – Total carotenoids, TTC – Tannins content, SC – families viz. Acanthaceae, Apiaceae, Saponins content, PPC – Polyphenol content, TMC – Asphodelaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Total mucilage content, DPPH – 2,2-diphenyl-1- Caricaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, picrylhydrazyl, SO – Superoxide anion radical Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae and scavenging activity, ABTS – 2,2'-azino-bis (3- Zingiberaceae. ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, FRAP – Ferric Reducing antioxidant Power, O2 – O2 scavenging activity, OH – Hydroxyl free radical scavenging In conclusion, this review summarizes the activity, H2O2 – Hydrogen peroxide activity, NO – therapeutic potential of biowaste of plants i.e. Nitric oxide-scavenging activity, TRP – Total reducing biological activities of seeds, peels and power, TAC – Total antioxidant capacity, RP – flowers. These parts which are generally Reducing power, RSA – Radical scavenging activity, TEAC – Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, thrown into the environment can be SAEA – Serum antioxidant enzyme activity, MIC – successfully exploited as a natural source for Minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC – Minimum activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, bactericidal concentration, MTP – Microtiter plate antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti- assay, MTT – 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- cancer, would healing, etc properties. These diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MCF-7 – Breast cancer cell line, HCT – Colon carcinoma cell line, BVA – are mostly crude extracts therefore detailed Bacterial viability assay, LDCA – Live and dead cell studies have to be done using various assay, HEPG2 – Liver carcinoma cell line, XRD – X- extraction techniques and their mechanism of Ray Diffraction, XRF – X-ray fluorescence, Zeta – action has to be worked out. Structural Zeta potential, FTIR – Fourier Transform Infrared characterization of the phytochemicals Spectroscopy, FESEM – Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM – Scanning electron involved also needs to be worked out. But microscope, HR-TEM – High-resolution transmission definitely they are not waste and can be electron microscopy, TEM – Transmission electron therapeutically useful. It has double microscopy, SAED – Selected area diffraction, DLS – advantage of decreasing pollution and Dynamic light scattering, EDX – Energy Dispersive X- increasing naturally occurring bioactive Ray analysis, NMR – NMR spectrometric analysis, TG – Thermogravimetric analysis, GC-MS – Gas compounds which can be therapeutically Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, HPLC – High useful. Performance Liquid Chromatography, UPLC-MS – Ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass Acknowledgements spectrometer, NLA – Nitrite and Luciferase assay, PCA – Correlation analysis by principal component analysis, PSA – Phenol-sulfuric acid method, RAT – The authors thank Department of Biosciences Rhein acute toxicity, SLP – Serum lipid parameters, (UGC-CAS) for providing excellent research SPA – Spectro-photometric assay, SICA – Starch- facilities. iodine colour assay, EPS – Exopolysaccharide quantification, FCC – Ferrous chelating capacity, Abbreviation FTM – Ferric tiocyanate method, αAI – α-Amylase inhibition, BSL – Brine shrimp lethality, AT – Acute toxicity, HA – Hemolytic activity, HPA – Histo- AQ – Aqueous, ET – Ethanol, HE – Hexane, ME – pathological analysis, HIV – Human Methanol, CF – Chloroform, n-HE – n-Hexane, EA – immunodeficiency virus, IHCA – Ethyl acetate, AC – Acetone, PE – Petroleum ether, Immunohistochemical analysis, α IGE – Inhibition of EtOH – Ethyl alcohol, DCM – Dichloro-methane, alpha-glucosidase enzyme, LAS – Linoleic acid

2690

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

system, LP – Lipid peroxidation, LTL – Liver total Molecules. 24:700. lipids, MDA – Serum malondialdehyde concentration, doi:10.3390/molecules24040700. AAIE – Anti-acute inflammation effect, ASIE – Anti- Alim A, Li T, Nisar T, Ren D, Zhai X, Pang Y, subacute inflammatory effect, CLC – Cell line culture, Yang X (2019). Antioxidant, antimicrobial BSCA – Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, REMA – and antiproliferative activity-based REMA assay, AgNPs - Silver nanoparticles, AuNPs - Gold nanoparticles, ZnONPs - Zinc oxide comparative study of peel and flesh nanoparticles. polyphenols from Actinidia chinensis. Food & Nutrition Research. 63:1577. http://dx.doi. References org/10. 29219/fnr.v63.1577. Al-Nemari R, Bacha AB, Al-Senaidy A, Arafah Abbasi BH, Shah M, Hashmi SS, Nazir M, Naz S, M, Al-Saran H, Abutaha N, Semlali A Ahmad W, Khan IU, Hano C (2019). Green (2020). Selective cytotoxic effects of bio-assisted synthesis, characterization and Annona squamosa leaves against breast biological evaluation of biocompatible cancer cells via apoptotic signaling proteins. ZnONPs synthesized from different tissues doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0212.v1. of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Al-Zoreky N (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Nanomaterials. 9(8):1171. pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit doi:10.3390/nano9081171. peels. International Journal of Food Abdel-Mageed WM, Bayoumi SAH, Chen C, Microbiology. 134:244–248. Vavricka CJ, Li L, Malik AM, Dai H, Song Amado DAV, Helmann GAB, Detoni AM, de F, Wang L, Zhang J, Gao GF, Lv Y, Liu L, Carvalho SLC, de Aguiar CM, Martin CA, Liu X, Sayad HM, Zhang L (2014). Tiuman TS, Cottica SM (2019). Antioxidant Benzophenone C-glucosides and and antibacterial activity and preliminary gallotannins from mango tree stem bark with toxicity analysis of four varieties of avocado broad-spectrum anti-viral activity. (Persea americana Mill.). Brazilian Journal Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. of Food Technology. 22: 22(7):2236-2243. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.04418. Abreu MM, Nobrega PD, Sales PF, FRDe O, Anila L and Hashim MS (2019). Evaluation of in Nascimento AA (2019). Antimicrobial and vitro anti-diabetic activity of methanolic antidiarrheal activities of methanolic fruit extract of Ixora coccinea flowers. Journal of peel extract of Pouteria caimito. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. Pharmacognosy Journal. 11(5): 944-950. 11(6):2367-2372. Abubakar A, Olorunkemi MR, Busari MB, Antonisamy P, Agastian P, Kang CW, Kim NS, Hamzah RU, Abdulrasheed-Adeleke T Kim JH (2019). Anti-inflammatory activity (2020). Comparative in vitro antioxidant of rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia activities of aqueous extracts of Garcinia fistula L. and possible underlying kola and Buchholzia coriacea seeds. mechanisms. Saudi Journal of Biological Tanzania Journal of Science. 46(2):498-507. Sciences. 26(1):96-104. Agarwal R, Gupta R, Yadav R, Asati V, Rathi JC Anzian A, Muhialdin BJ, Mohammed NK, (2019). Anti-inflammatory activity of seeds Kadum H, Marzlan AA, Sukor R, Meor extract of Datura stramonium against Hussin ASM (2020). Antibacterial activity carrageenan induced paw edema on albino and metabolomics profiling of torch ginger Wistar rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical and (Etlingera elatior Jack) flower oil extracted Biological Sciences. 7(1):41-46. using subcritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Al-Huqail AA, Behiry SI, Salem MZM, Ali HM, Evidence-Based Complementary and Siddiqui MH, Salem AZM (2019). Alternative Medicine. https://doi.org/ Antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant 10.1155/ 2020/4373401. activities of Acacia saligna (Labill.) HL Azarbani F and Shiravand S (2020). Green Wendl. flower extract: HPLC analysis of synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Ferulago phenolic and flavonoid compounds. macrocarpa flowers extract and their antibacterial, antifungal and toxic effects.

2691

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 281. 13(1):41-49. Christijanti W, Juniarto AZ, Suromo LB (2019). Babatunde O, Oladeji RD, Ajayi IA (2019). Aloe Vera peel extract administration Evaluation of wound healing potential of increased antioxidant enzyme levels of Chrysophyllum albidum hexane seed extract serum and seminal plasma in type 2 diabetic in Wistar rat. Journal of Biomedical rats. Pharmacognosy Journal. 11(5):962-967. Research and Clinical Practice. 2(1):82-90. Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Abdolghaffari AH, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT (2019). Rahimi R, Samadi N, Heidari M, Esfandyari Antioxidant capacity of banana peel and its M, Baeeri M, Hassanzadeh G, Abdollahi M, modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene Soltani S, Pourvaziri A, Amin G (2017). expression in broiler chickens. Italian Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant Journal of Animal Science. 18(1):1394- and burn wound healing activities of 1403. Cucurbita moschata Duchesne fruit peel. Debnath T, Ghosh M, Lee YM, Nath NCD, Lee Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. KG, Lim BO (2018). Identification of 20(7):798-805. phenolic constituents and antioxidant Barakat MMA, El-Boghdady NA, Farrag EKE, activity of Aloe barbadensis flower extracts. Said AA, Shaker SE (2019). Protective and Food and Agricultural Immunology. curative effects of Bombax ceiba flower and 29(1):27-38. Ziziphus spina Christi fruit extracts on Donga S, Pande J, Moteriya P, Chanda S (2017a). gastric ulcer. Journal of Biological Sciences. In vitro cytotoxicity study of leaf, stem and 19(2):161-172. bark of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. F. Baravalia Y and Chanda S (2011). Protective Journal of Pharmacognosy and effect of Woodfordia fruticoza Kurz. flowers Phytochemistry. 6(4):297-305. against acetaminophen induced hepatic Donga S, Moteriya P, Chanda S (2017b). toxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology. Evaluation of antimicrobial and synergistic 49(8):826-832. antimicrobial properties of Pterocarpus Barbi RC, Teixeira GL, Hornung PS, Avila S, santalinus. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Ribani RH (2018). Eriobotrya japonica seed and Clinical Research. 10(11):204-209. as a new source of starch: Assessment of Dwivedi MK, Sonter S, Mishra S, Patel DK, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, Singh PK (2020). Antioxidant, antibacterial thermal, rheological and morphological activity and phytochemical characterization properties. Food Hydrocolloids. 77:646-658. of Carica papaya flowers. Beni-Suef Basri HH, Talib RA, Sukor R, Othman SH, University Journal of Basic and Applied Ariffin H (2020). Effect of synthesis Sciences. 9(23): temperature on the size of ZnO nanoparticles https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-020-00048- derived from pineapple peel extract and w. antibacterial activity of ZnO–Starch Eggadi V, Lingampalli J, Kamma S, Bandaru nanocomposite films. Nanomaterials. SBS, Alavala RR, Kulandaivelu U (2019). 10(6):1061. doi:10.3390/nano10061061. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Lawsonia Chanda S and Nagani K (2013). In vitro and in inermis and Murraya koenigii seed extract in vivo methods for anticancer activity ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in evaluation and some Indian medicinal plants rats. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. possessing anticancer properties: An 12(4): 884-890. overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and El-Mesallamy AMD, El-Latif AESA, El-Azim Phytochemistry. 2(2): 140-152. MHA, Mahdi MGM, Hussein SAM (2020). Chanda S, Rakholiya K, Parekh J (2013). Indian Chemical composition and biological medicinal herb: Antimicrobial efficacy of activities of red beetroot (Beta Vulgaris Mesua ferrea L. seed extracted in different Linnaeus) roots. Egyptian Journal of solvents against infection causing pathogenic Chemistry. 63(1): 239-246. strains. Journal of Acute Diseases. 2(4): 277- El-Toumy SAH, Salib JY, Shafik NH, Elkarim

2692

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

ASA, Salama A, Omara EAA, Micky J 10.29261/pakvetj/2020.028. (2019). Evaluation of hepatoprotective Ishwarya R, Vaseeharan B, Anuradha R, Rekha R, activity of Polygonum equisetiforme Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan methanolic extract. Journal of Applied S, Khaled JM, Benelli G (2017). Eco- Pharmaceutical Science. 9(11):54-59. friendly fabrication of Ag nanostructures Fidelis M, Santos JS, Escher GB, do Carmo MV, using the seed extract of Pedalium murex, an Azevedo L, da Silva MC, Putnik P, Granato ancient Indian medicinal plant: D (2018). In vitro antioxidant and Histopathological effects on the Zika virus antihypertensive compounds from camu- vector Aedes aegypti and inhibition of camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria. Journal Myrtaceae) seed coat: A multivariate of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: structure-activity study. Food and Chemical Biology. 174:133-143. Toxicology. 120:479-490. Islam R and Sultana B (2020). Investigation of the Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Bukhori MF, Rahmat antioxidant activity in melon peel and seeds MH, Rahmat A (2018). Assessment and (Cucumis melo). Journal of Applied Sciences comparison of phytochemical constituents and Research. 1(1):1-6. and biological activities of bitter bean Jamdagni P, Khatri P, Rana JS (2018). Green (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) collected from synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different locations in Malaysia. Chemistry flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Central Journal. 12(12): and their antifungal activity. Journal of King https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0377-6. Saud University - Science. Golechha M, Sarangal V, Ojha S, Bhatia J, Arya doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2016.10.002. DS (2014). Anti-inflammatory effect of Jorge N, Silva AC, Aranha CP (2016). Emblica officinalis in rodent models of acute Antioxidant activity of oils extracted from and chronic inflammation: involvement of orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds. Anais da possible mechanisms. International Journal Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 88(2):951- of Inflammation. http://dx.doi.org/10. 958. 1155/2014/178408. Kanbargi KD, Sonawane SK, Arya SS (2016). Habtamu A and Melaku Y (2018). Antibacterial Functional and antioxidant activity of and antioxidant compounds from the flower Ziziphus jujube seed protein hydrolysates. extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Advances Journal of Food Measurement and in Pharmacological Sciences. Characterization. 10(2):226-235. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4083736. Kaneria MJ, Bapodara MB, Chanda SV (2012). Hiemori-Kondo M and Nii M (2019). In vitro and Effect of extraction techniques and solvents in vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity of on antioxidant activity of pomegranate Petasites japonicus Maxim. flower buds (Punica granatum L.) leaf and stem. Food extracts. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Analytical Methods. 5(3):396-404. Biochemistry. 84(3):621-632. Khara G, Padalia H, Moteriya P, Chanda S Huang CY, Kuo CH, Wu CH, Kuan AW, Guo (2018). Peltophorum pterocarpum flower- HR, Lin YH, Wang PK (2018). Free radical- mediated synthesis, characterization, scavenging, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Zno antibacterial activities of water and ethanol nanoparticles. Arabian Journal for Science extracts prepared from compressional- and Engineering. 43(7):3393-3401. puffing pretreated mango (Mangifera indica Khemiri I and Bitri L (2019). Effectiveness of L.) peels. Journal of Food Quality. Opuntia ficus indica L. inermis seed oil in https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1025387. the protection and the healing of Iman S, Saleem U, Ahmad B (2020). Preclinical experimentally induced gastric mucosa assessment of antiurolithiatic activity of ulcer. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Mangifera indica seeds on ethylene glycol Longevity. induced urolithiasis rat model. Pakistan https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1568720. Veterinary Journal. doi: Kumar CP, Prathap P, Kazmi MH, Darshanala A

2693

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

(2019). Evaluation of antiulcer activity by intestinal caco-2 cells and ex vivo porcine using flower extract of Ctenolepis garcini in colonic tissue explants. Nutrients. 11(3):548. aspirin induced rats. International Journal of doi:10.3390/nu11030548. Research and Review. 6(11):209-213. Metoui M, Essid A, Bouzoumita A, Ferchichi A Kumar PS, Durgadevi S, Saravanan A, Uma S (2019). Chemical composition, antioxidant (2019). Antioxidant potential and antitumour and antibacterial activity of Tunisian date activities of Nendran banana peels in breast palm seed. Polish Journal of Environmental cancer cell line. Indian Journal of Studies. 28(1):267-274. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 81(3):464-473. Mokbel MS and Hashinaga F (2005). Kumar PSM, Francis AP, Devasena T (2014). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Comparative studies on green synthesized banana (Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish) fruits and chemically synthesized titanium oxide peel. American Journal of Biochemistry and nanoparticles. A validation for green Biotechnology. 1(3):125-131. synthesis protocol using Hibiscus flower. Moopayak W and Tangboriboon N (2020). Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology. Mangosteen peel and seed as antimicrobial 3(4):78-85. and drug delivery in rubber products. Journal Kwon JH, Oh HJ, Lee DS, In SJ, Seo KH, Jung of Applied Polymer Science. https://doi.org/ JW, Cha BJ, Lee DY, Baek NI (2019). 10.1002/app.49119. Pharmacological activity and quantitative Moteriya P and Chanda S (2014). Biosynthesis of analysis of flavonoids isolated from the silver nanoparticles using flower extract of flowers of Begonia semperflorens Link et Cassia roxburghii DC. and its synergistic Otto. Applied Biological Chemistry. 62(1): antibacterial efficacy. Scientia Iranica. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0416-6. Transaction F: Nanotechnology. 21(6):2499- Lolok N, Mashar HM, Annah I, Saleh A, Yuliastri 2507. WO, Isrul M (2019). Antidiabetic effect of Motohashi N, Shirataki Y, Kawase M, Tani S, the combination of garlic peel extract Sakagami H, Satoh K, Kurihara T, (Allium sativum) and onion peel (Allium Nakashima H, Wolfard K, Miskolci C, cepa) in rats with oral-glucose tolerance Molnar J (2001). Biological activity of method. Research Journal of Pharmacy and kiwifruit peel extracts. Phytotherapy Technology. 12(5):2153-2156. Research. 15(4):337-343. Ma J-Shuang, Liu H, Han CR, Zeng SJ, Xu XJ, Osarumwense PO (2017). Anti-inflammatory Lu DJ, He HJ (2019). Extraction, activity of methanoilc and ethanolic extracts characterization and antioxidant activity of of Citrus sinensis peel (L.) Osbeck on polysaccharide from Pouteria campechiana carrageenan induced paw oedema in Wistar seeds. Carbohydrate Polymers. doi: rats. Journal of Applied Sciences and https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.carbpol. Environmental Management. 21(6):1223- 2019.115409. 1225. Ma Q, Guo Y, Sun L, Zhuang Y (2017). Anti- Pande J and Chanda S (2020). Determination of diabetic effects of phenolic extract from phytochemical profile and antioxidant rambutan peels (Nephelium lappaceum) in efficacy of Lavendula bipinnata leaves high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced collected during Magha Nakshatra days and diabetic mice. Nutrients. 9(8):801. Normal days using LC-QTOF-MS doi:10.3390/nu9080801. technique. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Mapala K and Pattabi M (2017). Mimosa pudica Biomedical Analysis. flower extract mediated green synthesis of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113347. gold nanoparticles. Nano World Journal. Parikh B and Patel VH (2017). Quantification of 3(2):44-50. phenolic compounds and antioxidant Mastrogiovanni F, Mukhopadhya A, Lacetera N, capacity of an underutilized Indian fruit: Ryan MT, Romani A, Bernini R, Sweeney T Rayan [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Dubard]. Food Science and Human pomegranate peel extracts on in vitro human Wellness. 6(1):10-19.

2694

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

Park CH, Yeo HJ, Baskar TB, Park YE, Park JS, as a source of antioxidant phenolic Lee SY, Park SU (2019). In vitro antioxidant compounds. Food Research International. and antimicrobial properties of flower, leaf, 55:397-403. and stem extracts of Korean mint. Rochin-Medina JJ, Sotelo-Castro JA, Salazar- Antioxidants. 8:75. Salas NY, Lopez-Valenzuela JA, Ramirez K doi:10.3390/antiox8030075. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-Salmonella Paseban M, Niazmand S, Soukhtanloo M, activities of eggplant peel compounds Meybodi NT (2020). The preventive effect obtained by solvent-free calcium-based of Nigella sativa seed on gastric ulcer extraction. CyTA-Journal of Food. induced by indomethacin in rat. Journal of 17(1):873-881. Herbmed Pharmacology. 9(1):12-19. Rodriguez-Carpena J, Morcuende D, Andrade MJ, Patra JK and Baek KH (2015). Novel green Kylli P, Estevez M (2011). Avocado (Persea synthesis of gold nanoparticles using americana Mill) phenolics, in vitro Citrullus lanatus rind and investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and proteasome inhibitory activity, antibacterial inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in and antioxidant potential. International porcine patties. Journal of Agricultural and Journal of Nanomedicine. 10:7253-7264. Food Chemistry. 59(10):5625-5635. Patra JK and Baek KH (2016). Green synthesis of Rolim PM, Fidelis GP, Padilha CE, Santos ES, silver chloride nanoparticles using Prunus Rocha HA, Macedo GR (2018). Phenolic persica L. outer peel extract and profile and antioxidant activity from peels investigation of antibacterial, anticandidal, and seeds of melon (Cucumis melo L. var. antioxidant potential. Green Chemistry reticulatus) and their antiproliferative effect Letters and Reviews. 9(2):132-142. in cancer cells. Brazilian Journal of Medical Queiroz ER, de Abreu CMP, Rocha DA, de Sousa and Biological Research. 51(4): RV, Fraguas RM, Braga MA, Cesar PHS doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20176069. (2018). Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) peel Saleem M and Saeed MT (2020). Potential flour: effects on hepatoprotection and application of waste fruit peels (orange, dyslipidemia induced by a yellow lemon and banana) as wide range hypercholesterolemic diet. Anais da natural antimicrobial agent. Journal of King Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 90(1):267- Saud University-Science. 32(1):805-810. 281. Santhoshkumar J and Shanmugam VK (2020). Rajan A, Rajan AR, Philip D (2017). Elettaria Green synthesis of copper oxide cardamomum seed mediated rapid synthesis nanoparticles from magnolia champaca of gold nanoparticles and its biological floral extract and its antioxidant & toxicity activities. Open Nano. 2:1-8. assay using danio rerio. International Journal Rakholiya K, Kaneria M, Chanda S (2014). of Recent Technology and Engineering. Inhibition of microbial pathogens using fruit 8(5):5444-5449. and vegetable peel extracts. International Selim YA, Mohamed H, Hussien SY (2019). Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. Efficacious anti-cancer property of liver 65(6): 733-739. from peels extract of Egyptian Citrus Rakholiya KD, Kaneria MJ, Chanda S (2015) In reticulate. Journal of Nutrition and Food vitro assessment of novel antimicrobial from Sciences. 7(3): id1118. methanol extracts of matured seed kernel Siddique S, Nawaz S, Muhammad F, Akhtar B, and leaf of Mangifera indica L. (Kesar Aslam B (2018). Phytochemical screening mango) for inhibition of Pseudomonas spp. and in-vitro evaluation of pharmacological and their synergistic potential. American activities of peels of Musa sapientum and Journal of Drug Discovery and Carica papaya fruit. Natural Product Development. 5(1):13-23. Research. 32(11):1333-1336. Rebello LPG, Ramos AM, Pertuzatti PB, Barcia Singh AK, Singh S, Chandel HS (2012). MT, Castillo-Munoz N, Hermosin-Gutierrez Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of I (2014). Flour of banana (Musa AAA) peel Abelmoschus moschatus seed in paracetamol

2695

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 2670-2696

induced hepatotoxicity on rat. IOSR Journal Vu HT, Scarlett CJ, Vuong QV (2018). Phenolic of Pharmacy. 2(5):43-50. compounds within banana peel and their Sukri SNAM, Shameli K, Wong MMT, Teow SY, potential uses: A review. Journal of Chew J, Ismail NA (2019). Cytotoxicity and Functional Foods. 40:238-248. antibacterial activities of plant-mediated Wadhwa M, Bakshi MPS, Makkar HPS (2015). synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles Wastes to worth: value added products from using Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit fruit and vegetable wastes. CAB Reviews. peels extract. Journal of Molecular Structure. 43: doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR201510043. 1189:57-65. Wang B, Hui Y, Liu L, Zhao A, Chiou YS, Zhang Samuggam S, Vasanthi S, Shalini S, Chinni SV, F, Pan MH (2019). Optimized extraction of Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Bahari MB, Harish phenolics from jujube peel and their anti- R, Kathiresan S, Ravichandran V (2018). inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated Phyto-mediated photo catalysed green murine macrophages. Journal of Agricultural synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Durio and Food Chemistry. 67(6):1666-1673. zibethinus seed extract: antimicrobial and Xu YB, Chen GL, Guo MQ (2019). Antioxidant cytotoxic activity and photocatalytic and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude applications. Molecules. 23(12):3311. extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and doi:10.3390/ molecules 23123311. their correlations with flavonoids. Tejaputri NA, Arsianti A, Qorina F, Fithrotunnisa Antioxidants. 8(8):296. Q, Azizah NN, Putrianingsih R (2020). doi:10.3390/antiox8080296. Anticancer activity of Ruellia britoniana Yemis GP, Bach S, Delaquis P (2019). flower on cervical HeLa cancer cells. Antibacterial activity of polyphenol-rich Pharmacognosy Journal. 12(1):29-34. pomegranate peel extract against Varghese R, Almalki MA, Ilavenil S, Rebecca J, Cronobacter sakazakii. International Journal Choi KC (2019). Silver nanopaticles of Food Properties. 22(1):985-993. synthesized using the seed extract of Zhao YL, Yang XW, Wu BF, Shang JH, Liu YP, Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and their Zhi-Dai, Luo XD (2019). Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial mechanism and anticancer effect of pomelo peel and its bioactive properties. Saudi Journal of Biological coumarins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Sciences. 26:148-154. Chemistry. 67(32):8810-8818.

How to cite this article:

Savan Donga and Sumitra Chanda. 2020. Best from Waste: Therapeutic Potential of Plant Waste (Seeds, Peels, Flowers). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(08): 2670-2696. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.305

2696