47381-005: Mahaweli Water Security Investment Program

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Environmental Compliance Audit Report and Corrective Action Plan

Project Number: 47381-005 December 2019

SRI: Mahaweli Water Security Investment Program Upper Elahera Canal Project (Part 3 of 4)

Prepared by Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment for Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Asian Development Bank.

This environmental compliance audit report and corrective action plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Corrective Action Plan - December, 2019 KMTC Contract Package of UECP of MWSIP, Sri Lanka

Annexure 2

The “Ecological Assessment of Forest Land in Nawaneliya-Belgoda Reserve Forest, Naula, Matale-Final Report (June, 2019)” prepared by IUCN

Page 27 of 33

Ecological Assessment of a Forest Land in Nawaneliya - Beligoda Reserve Forest, Naula, Matale.

Final Report

June, 2019

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country Office

Technical Contributors

Mr. Sampath de A Goonatilake - Field Team Leader/ Fauna Ecologist

Prof. Devaka Weerakoon - Biodiversity Expert

Mr. Naalin Perera - Fauna Ecologist

Mr. Sarath Ekanayake - Plant Ecologist

Dr. Shamen Vidanage - Environment Economist

Mr. Rohana Jayasekara - Fauna Ecologist

Mr. Ananda Lal Peiris - Fauna and Flora Assistant

Ms. Gayani Hewawasan – Legal Expert

Technical Assistance

Mr. Tharanga Wijewickrama - Flora Expert

Ms. Padmi Meegoda

GIS Mapping

Ms. Darshani Wijesinghe

Front & back cover pictures – Cleared road left bank of the Kambarawa Oya (front cover); Disturbed stream bed at Kambarawa Oya (back cover) © Sampath de A Goonatilake @IUCN Sri Lanka

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ...... ii Abbreviations ...... v Acknowledgements ...... vi 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Objectives ...... 1 1.2 Methodological Approach ...... 2 1.2.1 Study Area ...... 2 1.2.2 Biodiversity assessment ...... 3 1.2.2a Flora ...... 4 Ecosystem and species diversity ...... 4 Assessment of canopy cover in 5mx50m transects (8 Nos.) ...... 4 Estimation of merchantable timber volume in 5mx50m transects (8 Nos.) ...... 4 Estimation of forest carbon ...... 5 1.2.2b Fauna ...... 5 1.2.2c Identification of taxa ...... 5 1.2.2d Critical species and Critical habitats ...... 6 1.2.3 Physical damage ...... 7 1.2.4 Biological damage ...... 8 1.2.5 Cost estimation/valuation ...... 10 1.2.6 Biodiversity offsets ...... 10 2. Results and Discussion ...... 11 2.1 Legality of clearing forest outside of the approved area ...... 11 2.1.1 Under the Forest Ordinance ...... 11 2.1.2 Under the National Environmental Act (NEA) ...... 12 2.2 Ecological profile of the affected area ...... 12 2.2.1 Ecosystem diversity ...... 12 2.3 Habitat diversity ...... 14 2.4 Species diversity ...... 15 2.4.1 Floral diversity ...... 15 2.4.2 Faunal diversity ...... 16 Freshwater crabs ...... 17 Land Snails ...... 18 Dragonflies ...... 18 Butterflies ...... 18 Freshwater fish ...... 18 Amphibians ...... 18

ii Reptiles ...... 19 Birds ...... 19 Mammals ...... 19 2.5 Critical habitats ...... 20 2.6 Environmental Impact due to the illegal road construction ...... 23 2.6.1 Physical impact ...... 23 2.6.2 Slope unsatbility ...... 26 2.7 Biological impact ...... 27 2.7.1 Loss of plant species ...... 27 2.7.2 Loss of canopy cover ...... 27 2.7.3 Loss of timber volume ...... 27 2.7.4 Loss of carbon storage ...... 27 2.8 Impact on faunal groups and habitats ...... 27 2.9 Cost estimation/valuation ...... 28 2.9.1 Estimates based on Benefit Transfer...... 28 2.9.2 Estimates based on Field data ...... 28 2.9.3 Value of lost forest organic matter ...... 28 2.9.4 Value of lost timber ...... 29 2.9.5 Value of soil ...... 29 2.9.6 Value of lost forest carbon ...... 29 2.10 Biodiversity Offset to compensate for the long term damage ...... 29 3. Recommendations ...... 30 3.1 Legal enforcement ...... 30 3.2 Damage & restoration ...... 30 4. Restoration plan ...... 31 4.1 Remove the abandoned truck from the island ...... 31 4.2 Restoration approaches (Soil stabilization and Runoff water control) ...... 32 4.3 Stabilization of damaged stream beds ...... 36 4.4 Stabilization of leaning trees ...... 38 4.5 Proposed vegetative restoration interventions ...... 39 4.6 General approach for field level planting operations (on-site & off-site)...... 40 Step 1: Site assessment and enlisting of potential plant species ...... 40 Step-2: Planting of nurse crops (applicable for sites allocated for ecological compensation forestry) ...... 42 Step 3: Plant procurement and temporary maintenance...... 43 Step 4: Field planting ...... 43 Step 5: Maintenance ...... 44 Step 6: Monitoring ...... 45 4.7 Cost for restoration plan ...... 46 iii 5. References ...... 49 Annexes ...... 51 Annex 1: List of plants recorded in and around cleared forest area ...... 51 Annex 2: Large trees (DBH 20cm or above) enumerated...... 56 Annex 3: List of fauna at the study area ...... 60 Annex 4: Species that were considered for the Critical Habitat assessment based in IFC gudeline ...... 73

iv ABBREVIATIONS

BrR - Breeding resident

CoS - Conservation Status

CR - Critically Endangered

CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility

DBH - Diameter at Breast Height

DD - Data Deficient

DOM - Domestic Species

EN - Endangered

END - Endemic

EXO - Exotic Species

GRL - Global Red List

IAS - Invasive Alien Species

IND - Indigenous

IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature

NK - Not Known

LC - Least Concern

MADP - Moragahakanda Agricultural Development Project

MWSIP - Mahaweli Water Security Investment Programme

NE - Not Evaluated

NRL - National Red List

NT - Near Threatened

VES - Visual Encounter Survey

TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

VU - Vulnerable

WV - Winter Visitor

v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Mahaweli Water Security Investment Programme (MWSIP), specially Eng. K.R. Neil Bandara, Program Director and Mr. Pathmasiri Moonamale, Environment Specialist for their logistical support to facilitate the study. We would like to express our gratitude to the Mr. Mahinda Seneviratne (Conservator of forests - Environment Management & Geo Resources) and Mr. Isuru Alawatta (Assitant Conservator) for their support during the preparation of report, DFO Matale Office, BFO of Pallegema Beat office and his field officers for their active participation during the field survey. We are also grateful to the Kalu Ganga Moragahakanda Transfer Canal Project Director, Project Engineer, and Environment Officers for their support during the fieldwork.

vi 1. INTRODUCTION

The Moragahakanda Agricultural Development Project (MADP) involves harvesting water from Amban Ganga, one of the main tributaries of the Mahaweli Ganga, which flows through the knuckles mountain range, by establishing a reservoir. Furthermore, this project resulted in the establishment of new settlements along the right and left banks and associated infrastructure. As part of the investment, Kaluganga reservoir is also being built by constructing a dam across Kalu Ganga to provide excess water to MADP. For this purpose, Kaluganga-Moragahakanda Transfer Canal (KMTC) is being built as a part of the Upper Elehera Canal Project under the Mahaweli Water Security Investment Program (MWSIP). The contractor commissioned for construction of the KMTC, Sinohydro has cleared a patch of forest outside of the approved area during the construction of the access road to the proposed outlet portal of the KMTC in the Nawaneliya-Beligoda Reserve Forest. The incident took place in an area outside the approved area for construction of “road section F” in the approved addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment (Sept. 2018) by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Central Environment Authority (CEA). A preliminary environment incident report has been compiled by the Program Management, Design and Supervision Consultant (PMDSC, 2019). It has addressed a) Environment safeguard Non- compliance status of the incident, b) Ecological significant of the area, c) Impact due to the contractor’s damage on sensitive ecosystem, and d) Immediate action taken by the engineer and recommendations to rectify the damage. Development projects, when failed to comply with environmental safeguards, as indicated by this incident, can result in degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity. The biodiversity loss presents significant economic challenges (Dasgupta, 2008). Therefore, valuation of the loss of ecosystem services play an integral part of the damage assessment and preparation of recovery plans based on applicable tools. As per the recommendations proposed in the Environment Incident Report, the MWSIP has requested (through letter “MMDE/MWSIP/PMU/ENV/UECP/Gen-Vol 2” dated 5th February 2019) IUCN to undertake an assessment of the ecological damage resulting due to the said unauthorized forest clearance, assess the cost of damage and provide a restoration plan for the affected area. Due to time and data limitaions this assessment this assessment used the principles of ‘benefit transfer’ to arrive at values for the damage using best available data. 1.1 Objectives Therefore, IUCN has conducted a preliminary visit followed by a detailed biodiversity/ecology survey at the cleared site to fulfil the following objectives.  To assess the present biodiversity around the cleared area.  To document the potential loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services due to the said forest clearance.  To calculate the cost of damage to the ecosystem.  To identify suite of short and long term measures that can be taken to ecologically improve the degraded area.  To prepare a restoration plan including above findings.

1 1.2 Methodological Approach 1.2.1 Study Area The study area included the area impacted by the illegally constructed road, specifically a 100 m strip on either side of the illegally constructed road. Study area lies at the upper reaches of Moragahakanda reservoir high flood level along the Kambarawa Oya near Beligoda village. The area falls within the Nawaneliya-Beligoda Reserve Forest on the northern slope of the Knuckles mountain range, which is contiguous with the Knuckles Conservation Forest (Highland World Heritage site) (see Map 01).

Map 01. Study Area (red line indicate the unauthorized forest clearance).

2 1.2.2 Biodiversity assessment The objective of this assessment is to characterize the biodiversity of the cleared area in order to assess the impact of the illegal road construction on the biodiversity. Both literature survey and field survey was done to gather the biodiversity data from the study site. It has referred two main EIA reports with several taxonomic papers to gather previous information (Anon 2015; Anon 2017; Bahir & Yeo, 2005).

Map 02. Study Area (red line indicate the unauthorized forest clearance).

3 For the field survey, eight 5x50m belt transects were established at 100m intervals along the cleared road, based on the assumption that the cleared area had similar vegetation. In the left bank, the sampling was carried out above the illegal road as road traversed closer to the Oya while in the right bank sampling plots were placed between the illegally cleared road and Oya where damage due to forest clearance was relatively less compared to the left bank. The study is can be divided into four key sections (see map 02); (i) Left bank of Kambarawa stream, where large scale vegetation clearance is done for the illegal road construction (ii) Right bank of Kambarawa stream, where relatively less amount of vegetation has been cleared for road construction, (iii) Two causeways constructed across Kambarawa Oya by placing boulders and (iv) Island section between the two causeways. 1.2.2a Flora Ecosystem and species diversity In this rapid assessment, Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was used to document general flora (flowering plants) in different ecosystems as well as 5mx50 transects (8 Nos.). Transects were laid adjacent to the high impact zone assuming plant life in such sites were similar to the area impacted by the illegal road. There are three standard sampling designs for visual encounter surveys: opportunistic or randomized walk, walking along a line transects, or the quadrat or plot sampling (Crump and Scott, 1994), and the present survey made use of the second technique, belt transects laid in different habitat patches to capture maximum diversity. Visual encounter surveys can determine species richness; be applied in long term monitoring projects; provide information for compilation of a species list; and provide data used to estimate proportion of area surveyed that is occupied by target species. Photographic records were made to identify less familiar species, and standard taxonomic keys and other scientific literature mentioned in the list of references were used in the process. During the analysis, medicinal plants were identified using the Ayurveda Medicinal Plant Database, University of Ruhuna (Anon, 2018). Assessment of canopy cover in 5mx50m transects (8 Nos.) Canopy radius (r) was visually estimated and converted to circular coverage using; Canopy cover = 2*(22/7)*r. Larger trees having diameter at breast height (DBH) of 20cm or above were enumerated. Actual vertical projection shape of canopy cover was given diagrammatically referring 5mx50m plots. Estimation of merchantable timber volume in 5mx50m transects (8 Nos.) Merchantable timber volume was calculated using Samalian's formula; Timber volume of a log = [(A+B)/2]*L (cited in Goulding, 1979). Larger trees having diameter at breast height (DBH) of 20cm or above were enumerated (Gouldling, 1979). A= Cross section area of log at large end (lower end) B= Cross section area of log at small end (upper end) L= Length of merchantable log Working definitions and assumptions: Diameter at breast height (DBH) was used to calculate value A. Merchantable length of the log height was assumed as 75% of total height of the tree, which was visually estimated. B was calculated based on the assumption that diameter of the cross section at small end is to be 2/3 of DBH.

4 Estimation of forest carbon The damaged forest can be categorized as Moist-mixed evergreen forest that comprise of dry zone forest species. However, it was difficult to find any forest carbon estimation studies in similar forest types in Sri Lanka or India. Therefore, forest carbon was calculated using the reference forest carbon value of 131.38 Mt/ha reported for a similar tropical dry deciduous forest (which has similar species) by Gandhi & Sundarapandian (2017). 1.2.2b Fauna All groups of vertebrates (freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) and selected invertebrate taxa (butterflies, dragonflies, land snails and aquatic snails) was sampled and documented. The same floral sampling belt transects (50x5m) was used to sample different groups of fauna in the project area (Table 1). Three night surveys were conducted along the cleared road using flashlights, to document the nocturnal species. All efforts were made to document the animals in a non-destructive manner. Other than the terrestrial fauna, aquatic fauna was sampled by using different techniques such as river bank observations using flash lights, snorkeling along the stretch of the river on either side of the makeshift causeway established during the construction of the road. Table 1. Summary of sampling techniques for fauna

Group/ taxa Method Technique

Fish Direct Bank counts; hand nets; snorkeling upstream and downstream near the causeway

Amphibians Direct Visual encounter survey within the 5x50m belt transect; night observation using flashlights

Reptiles Direct Visual encounter survey within the 5x50m belt transect; communication with project laborers

Birds Direct and 25m radius circular plot (visual and auditory observations) at the two indirect ends of the 5x50m belt transect

Mammals Direct and Within the 5x50m belt transects (including presence indicated by indirect tracks, fecal matter, feeding signs, carnivore scat analysis and calls); night sampling; communication with project laborers

Butterflies and Direct Visual encounter survey within the 5x50m transect dragonflies

Land and Direct Visual encounter survey within three (1x1m) quadrats established aquatic snails within each 5x50m belt transect

1.2.2c Identification of taxa The species of plants and animals were identified and classified using the latest standard published guides, peer reviewed journal papers and keys available in Sri Lanka. Some of the key references that were used to identify flora and fauna are given below in Tables 2 and 3. Threatened status of recorded species was obtained from the 2012 National Red List of Sri Lanka and IUCN global Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org/).

5 Table 2. Sources used for the identification and classification of flora

Subject Source

Taxonomic identification Ashton et al. (1997); Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980 - 1991); Dassanayake et al. (1994 - 1995); Dassanayake and Clayton (1996 - 1999); de Vlas & Jong (2008)

Invasive species BDS, MMD&E, (2016)

Ecosystem and Species MoMD&E (2016); MOE (2012); Global Red List (2019) Nomenclature and Conservation (https://www.iucnredlist.org/) status

Table 3. Sources used for the identification and classification of fauna

Purpose Group Source

Taxonomic Land snails Naggs and Raheem (2000) identification Aquatic snail Peiris et al., (2014)

Dragonflies Bedjanič et al, (2007) Butterflies van de Poorten and van der Poorten, (2018)

Freshwater Goonatilake (2007)

Amphibians Manamendra-arachchi & Pethiyagoda (2006)

Reptiles Somaweera (2006); Somaweera & Somaweera (2009)

Birds Grimmett et al. (2016) Mammals Kotagama & Goonatilake (2017)

Nomenclature and All of the MoE, (2012); Global Red List (2019) (https://www.iucnredlist.org/) Conservation above status

1.2.2d Critical species and Critical habitats The term ‘critical habitat’ has been defined in different ways by various sources. However, for the purpose of this report the definition given in the International Finance Corporation (IFC) guideline has been adopted. According to IFC guidance note 61, a ‘critical habitat’ is defined as an area of high biodiversity value that will satisfy at least one or more of the following five criteria (IFC, 2012ab). Criterion 1: habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered and/or Endangered species, endemic and/or restricted-range species, and globally significant concentrations of migratory species, and/or congregatory species Criterion 2: areas with regionally unique and/or highly threatened ecosystems

1 http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/c2815b0049800a9fab72fb336b93d75f/Phase2GN6Englishclean.pdf? MOD=AJPERES 6 Criterion 3: areas, which are associated with key evolutionary processes Criterion 4: Legally Protected Areas (particularly IUCN Categories I-IV) and Internationally Recognized Areas (e.g., KBAs and IBAs); and Criterion 5. Areas of high biodiversity value, such as areas of high scientific value or areas of old growth forest 1.2.3 Physical damage Physical damage was determined with respect to four different parameters a) damage to the forest litter layer (organic matter/compost) along the cleared road, b), damage to the top soil along the cleared road c) damage to the seasonal stream beds that passes through the cleared road, d) damage to banks of the main perennial stream (Kambarawa Oya). a) Damage to the forest litter layer (organic matter /compost) along the cleared road. The road has been constructed by levelling the sloppy terrain along the both banks of Kambarawa Oya. Therefore, the total surface area of the slope was calculated to find the volume of organic matter removed due to road construction. The slope width (sw) was calculated using Pythagorean theorem (see figure 01). Since the soil cut height varied in different sections of the cleared road, calculations were done according to the height classes. Accordingly, four different height classes were recognized.

Figure 01. Diagrammatic illustration of the measurements taken

Following equation was used for the calculation of total surface area that has been disturbed due to the road construction. According to Pythagorean theorem, sw2 = h2+w2 Slope width Sq Rt. sw2 = Sq Rt. h2+w2 From each 5x50m2 sampling plots litter samples were collected from two 1x1 m2 sub-plots. The total weight of the litter collected from the 16 sub-plots was weighed and the mean value was determined. Finally, the total weight of the cleared litter due to road construction was calculated by multiplying the mean value with the total surface area disturbed (in sq m) due to the road construction.

7 b) Damage to the topsoil along the cleared road The road has constructed by levelling the sloppy terrain along both banks of the Kambarawa Oya. Total depth to which the soil was excavated, road width, and the length were the variables used to calculate the soil removed from the site. The depth to which the soil was excavated varied in different sections of the cleared road, calculations were done according the height classes. Accordingly, 15 different height classes were recognized (see figure 02).

Figure 02. Diagrammatic illustration of the measurements taken

Following equation was used for the calculation of total volume of soil removed from the cleared road.

Total amount of soil removed from a section 1= {(l1 * h 1 * w1)/2}

Total amount of soil volume removed from the cleared area (T) = section 01 {(l1 * h1 * w1)/2} + section 2 {(l2 * h2 * w2)/2} + section 3 {(l3 * h3 * w3)/2} +….+ section 15 {(l15 * h15 * w15)/2} c) Damage to the seasonal stream beds which passes through the cleared road, There are number of seasonal streams that drain through the road that has been established. During the road construction, the stream bed/substrate (boulders and pebbles) of these streams has been disturbed. The width and length of each seasonal stream that passes through the newly cut road was measured with GPS location. Relevant restoration measures were also recorded for each of the streams affected. d) Damage to banks of main perennial stream (Kambarawa Oya). Left bank of the Kambarawa Oya at the point where the road cross though the stream has been largely damaged due to road construction. It will result in high level of soil erosion during the rainy season. Therefore, steps that should be taken to restore the stream bank before the onset of the rainy season was documented. 1.2.4 Biological damage Biological damage was evaluated with respect to impact caused to three aspects of biodiversity; ecosystems, species richness, habitats and population size of different taxonomic groups.

8 a) Damage to ecosystems Two main ecosystems, Moist-mixed evergreen forest and Riverine evergreen forest were identified in the area impacted by the road construction. Therefore, damage caused to these ecosystems was determined with respect to the impact on vertical stratification, canopy cover, herb and epiphytic diversity of each ecosystem. b) Damage to the species richness Overall impact on the species richness of the affected area as well as the status of the affected species such as indigenous, endemic, relict, point endemic, range restricted and both national and global conservation status such as Critically Endangered, Endangered, vulnerable. c) Damage to the habitats and population size of different taxonomic groups In addition to species diversity, the effect of the road construction on different faunal groups was recorded during the biodiversity assessment. This was done by assigning a score for each taxonomic group on a 1-6 points scale by the field team based on field observations as well as their prior knowledge on the habitat of the faunal group assessed. The parameters used in assigning a score is given in table 4. Table 4. Parameters used to assign a score for the impact on habitats and population size of different taxonomic groups due to the road construction.

Impact to Population Impact to Habitat

Parameters Population density within the area Extent of physical and structural changes considered to the habitats for scoring Ability to move away successfully from Impacts to nesting, feeding, roosting, the area impacted due to road hiding areas of a particular group of construction animals including feeding plants and micro habitats of the group

Impact to migration or movement of particular group of animals

Values given Definitions Definitions

1 - very low Few individual impacted Insignificant damage to habitat

2 - low 25% of individual impacted Minor damage

3 - Moderate 50% population impacted Half of the habitat destroyed

4 - High 75% population impacted 75% of the habitat destroyed

5 - very high More than 90% population destroyed More than 90% habitat destroyed

9 1.2.5 Cost estimation/valuation Given the limited time available for the assessment and allocation of resources, value of ecological damage of the unauthorized forest clearance was assessed using benefit transfer methods (Kotagama, Vidanage, Dahanayake and Batagoda, 2005), where previously conducted primary valuation studies elsewhere were used to derive values of the damage in the given situation. Application of benefit transfer can vary between simple and pragmatic applications to more technical and complex operations. This approach is the internationally accepted way of assessing value of environment when the baseline information, resources or time becomes a constraint while a decision is needed urgently (Pearce and Moran, 1995). In assessing the Ecosystem service values, we used mainly values given for tropical forests in Asia from the The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) valuation database (Van der Ploeg, and de Groot, 2010). Alternatively, we attempted to value selected forest ecosystem services such as soil value, timber value, carbon value, organic matter (compost) value based on direct valuation techniques with available information. However, due to limitations in these assessments (selected forest ecosystem service values) we do not recommend them to be used in decision-making. They are presented to provide a flavor of the associated costs in such damages. 1.2.6 Biodiversity offsets Habitat loss has been considered as the main cause of biodiversity loss. In planning, several countries require that developers first avoid biodiversity impacts, then minimize the impacts that cannot be avoided and, if there are any residual impacts, offset these through actions that generate an equivalent biodiversity gain, there or elsewhere. This hierarchy of avoiding > reducing > offsetting impacts is known as the mitigation hierarchy in mitigating environmental harm in planned development. As part of mitigation hierarchy, the biodiversity offsets have been used successfully in countries such as United States, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa (McKenney and Kiesecker, 2010). Biodiversity offsets seek to compensate for the residual environmental impacts of planned developments after appropriate steps have been taken to avoid, minimize or restore impacts on site (McKenney and Kiesecker, 2010). Offsets are emerging as an increasingly employed mechanism for achieving net environmental benefits in above- mentioned countries. However, offsets have not been recognized in many other places including in Sri Lanka as part of the mitigation hierarchy in development projects due to various limitation including weak governance in such countries. Though the offsets are not recognized in mitigation due to possible dangers of clearing mature forests by the name of creating new areas - offsetting, in this given situation in Beligoda damage is already done, hence offsetting is recommended in this context to compensate the ecological damage done in Beligoda. According to McKenney and Kiesecker (2010), six key issues are to be considered in implementing offsets: (1) equivalence of project impacts with offset gains; (2) location of the offset relative to the impact site; (3) ‘‘additionally’’ (a new contribution to conservation) and acceptable types of offsets; (4) timing of project impacts versus offset benefits; (5) offset duration and compliance; and (6) ‘‘currency’’ and mitigation replacement ratios. They further identified further policy guidance covering the: (1) ensure conformance with the mitigation hierarchy; (2) identify the most environmentally preferable offsets within a landscape context; and (3) determine appropriate mitigation replacement ratios.

10 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.1 Legality of clearing forest outside of the approved area The area subjected to the unlawful clearance comes within the Nawaneliya – Beligoda Reserved Forest with a total extent of 647,326 ha and declared as a Reserved Forest by Extraordinary Gazette No. 1628/30, under the Forest Ordinance as amended, on 18.11.2009. Therefore, any unauthorized activities within the Reserve Forest are a violation of the relevant legal bounds with the Forest Ordinance. 2.1.1 Under the Forest Ordinance Reserved Forests are one of the four categories of protected forests where the following acts are prohibited and carry a legal penalty if violated. Sections 7 (1) of the Forest Ordinance prescribe the prohibited acts within a Reserved Forest as, inter alia; (a) trespasses or causes trespass or remains therein; (c) fells a tree or cuts or drags timber, causes damage by negligence or intentionally strips off bark or leaves from any tree or girdles, lops, taps or burns a tree or does any act to damage or destroy any tree; (d) blocks any waterways within such forest or obtains water from such waterway by means of a pipe line or any other devices or pollutes or poisons water or pollutes the forest environment by dumping and disposing any garbage in the forest; (i) fells, cuts, saws, converts, alters, collects, removes or transports any tree or timber or collects, removes, transports or has in his possession, custody or control of any forest produce; (l) constructs any road, alters or damages any road already constructed, uses any road so constructed, damages, alters, disfigures or removes any wall, ditch, embankment, fence, hurdle, gutter, hedge, name board, sign board or any other boundary mark. The Ordinance provides that any person or persons within a declared forest reserve, carries out any of the prohibited acts, as mentioned above, is guilty of an offence under the law. And such person or persons shall be liable on conviction to  imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or  stipulated fine  or both In addition to the above, the Court may  Award compensation for any damage caused to the Reserved Forest. Such compensation shall be equivalent to the actual value of the damage caused to the Reserved Forest and shall be charged and recovered as a fine levied by Court. Also as per Section 7 (2) of the Forest ordinance - Any person who aids or abets in the commission of any offence specified in subsection (1), or causes any such offence to be committed shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to the same punishment as is specified for the commission of that offence.".

11 2.1.2 Under the National Environmental Act (NEA) The National Environmental Regulation Gazette 772/22 of 1993, under the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 as amended, also prescribes projects, set out in its Schedule, for which approvals shall be necessary under the provisions of the National Environmental Act (provided for in Part IVC – that the prescribed projects require approval under this provision). Such provisions, which are relevant to the damage caused in this incident, are as follows;  In Schedule Part I, subsections (3) “Extraction of timber covering land area exceeding 5 hectares” (4) “Conversion of forests covering an area exceeding 1 hectare into non- forest use” (5) clearing of land areas exceeding 50 hectares”  In Schedule Part III, subsection 1 o any project within 100m from any declared area under, inter alia, the Forest Ordinance Under the National Environment Act and National Environment Regulation the only repercussion would be the revocation of the permit but doesn’t prescribe a monetary penalty or compensation according to damages caused. This is covered under the Forest Ordinance in this instance. 2.2 Ecological profile of the affected area 2.2.1 Ecosystem diversity Moist-mixed evergreen forest- The Tropical semi-evergreen forest is the major natural vegetation type present in the affected area. These forests have many large trees that shed their leaves during the long dry, windy season, mainly from July-August, e.g., Albizia odoratissima (Kabal maara), Chloroxylon swietenia (Burutha), Chukrasia tabularis (Hulanhik), Haldina cordifolia (Kolon) and Premna tomentosa (Bu-sera). Hence they are referred to as semi-evergreen forests. Well-developed forests of this type are found in most of the Nawaneliya-Beligoda Reserved Forest. The forest consists of four strata: a canopy (20-30 m), sub-canopy (10-15 m), shrubs (3-5m) and ground vegetation. Common trees that can be seen in this forest type include: Cleistanthus pallidus (Galmaratu), Dimocarpus longan (Mora), Diospyros oocarpa, Drypetes sepiaria (Weera), Mesua ferrea (Naa) and Tetrameles nudiflora (Hema). Mature undisturbed forests have a continuous canopy. Hence, the forest interior is dark and ground vegetation is scanty. The vertical structure of these forests allows habitat partitioning for birds and many other small animals, enabling a higher animal diversity. Giant woody lianas (e.g. Derris parviflora and Ventilago maderaspatana) are also an important structural element of these forests. Thickets of lianas are found in more disturbed sites and apparently such disturbance have taken place many years ago. With the opening up of canopy, they have established themselves by clinging and raising themselves on the surrounding trees. The stratified forests are very effective in intercepting rain, with little or no soil erosion.

Figure 03. Moist-mixed evergreen forest at left bank.

Riverine evergreen forest- This vegetation type can generally be seen as a narrow strip of few meter width on steep stream banks and over a 10 m wide belt when the stream is flowing through flat areas. Vegetation height is about 25-35m with almost a closed canopy belt of forests. A sub-canopy (15 m) and a layer of shrubs/herbs (5-3 m) can also be distinguished. Woody flora is dominated by species such as Celtis philippensis (Medithala), Ficus racemosa (Attikka), Ficus virens, Garcinia morella (Gokatu), Hydnocarpus venenata (Makul), Margaritaria indica (Karau), Myristica ceylanica (Malaboda) and Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk). The general luxuriance compared to semi-evergreen forests make them more like rain forests. Lianas e.g. Entada pusaetha (Puswel) are an important constituent of the forest framework. There is hardly any deciduous species and Terminalia arjuna (Kumbuk) is the commonest species. The ever-luxuriant nature could be attributed to the unlimited availability of ground water throughout the year. Riverine forests form the inter phase between the stream and other terrestrial habitats. It is the frontline defense against stream bank erosion due to water currents. Thick root system of trees and shrubs act as a protective cushion covering the banks. Well-developed riverine forests associated with the stream provide convenient resting sites for birds, bats, reptiles, amphibians etc. The perennial streams flowing through this ecosystem support healthy populations of threatened herbs like Cryptocoryne beckettii, Cryptocoryne parva (Araceae) and Dalzellia ceylanica (Podostomaceae), which provides added conservation value to this ecosystem.

Figure 04. Riverine evergreen forest at the island.

2.3 Habitat diversity Two major habitat types (terrestrial forest habitat, and aquatic habitats) were identified respect to faunal groups present in the study area. These two types can be further divided in to four sub categories (see table 5). Table 5. Habitat types

Major habitat Sub categories Faunal groups types 1 Terrestrial Upland Forest Mammals, Forest birds, Terrestrial reptiles, frogs, habitats Land snails, Butterflies, and Dragonflies Seasonally inundated Mammals, Forest birds, Terrestrial reptiles, frogs, riverine forests and Land snails, Butterflies, and Dragonflies, island Semiaquatic mammals, Aquatic birds, Semiaquatic reptiles 2 Aquatic habitats Seasonal steams Aquatic snails, Aquatic reptiles, Amphibians, Freshwater fish, Freshwater crabs, Perennial streams Aquatic snails, Fresh water fish, Amphibians, Aquatic birds, semiaquatic mammals

Terrestrial Habitats: Terrestrial habitats represent upland forests. This unauthorized forest clearance directly has affected mainly terrestrial habitats. This habitat has provided food and shelter for majority of the terrestrial fauna such as mammals, forest birds, endemic terrestrial and fossorial reptiles (Otocryptis nigristigma, Cnemaspis podihuna, Eutropis madarazi, Lankascincus fallax), amphibians (Pseudophilautus spp.), Land snails (Allopeas marine,

14 Glessula pallens, Mirus panos, Aulopoma itieri, etc.) butterflies (Ariadne merione, Kallima philarchus, Libythea celtis) and other terrestrial fauna (see annex 03). The riverine forests present on either side of the Kambarawa Oya and the island located within the oya also support number of terrestrial as well as semiaquatic faunal species. The area becomes seasonally inundated during the rainy season. Therefore, it has relatively wet environment ompared to the upland forests. This wet area is used by number of butterflies as a source of minerals. Specially endangered Five bar swordtail (Graphium antiphates) was observed on several occasion while it was mud-puddling during sunny days. It is also a habitat preferred by the endemic Greenpit viper (Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) which generally occurs in wet zone forests and rarely in dry zone forests with predominantly wet conditions. The composition and structure of the vegetation present in the island was different from that of upland terrestrial forests. Aquatic habitats: The aquatic habitats can be divided in to two major categories, seasonal streams and perennial stream (Kambarawa Oya). This serves as a major habitat for range restricted and threatened freshwater fish (Dawkinsia srilankensis, Systomus martenstyni, Systomus ‘Richmondi', Labuca insularis, Tor khudree), endemic amphibians (Lankanectes corrugatus, Indosylvirana temporalis, Hydrophylax gracilis), endemic freshwater crabs (Mahatha adonis), endemic aquatic snails (Paludomus sp), endemic and threatened dragonflies (Orthetrum chrysis, Libellago greeni, Paragomphus campestris, Zygonyx iris, Euphaea splendens), aquatic birds and semiaquatic mammals (Lutra lutra) (see Annex 03). It also provides a habitat for number of aquatic/ semi aquatic, endemic and threatened plant species such as Dalzellia ceylanica and Cryptocorine beketii, Cryptocoryne parva and Memecylon angustifolium. 2.4 Species diversity 2.4.1 Floral diversity During the present investigation, 215 plant species belonging to 69 plant families (Annex 01) were documented. The vegetation comprised of diverse plant forms creating a very complex three-dimensional structure providing an array of niches, which explains the high faunal diversity observed in the area. The floral assemblage comprised of 82 tree species, 34 shrub species, 63 herb species, nine species of stragglers, 24 species of climbers and three species of epiphytes. The 216 plant species recorded, included 151 species listed as medicinal plants, 33 species listed as endemic plants, 40 species (represented by 12 Endangered, 28 vulnerable) listed as Nationally threatened plants (MOE, 2012) and eight species listed as Globally threatened plant species (Table 6). Further, 20 Nationally Near Threatened species were also recorded. Table 6. Globally Threatened floral species recorded from the site. Local Family Botanical name name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL 1 Anacardiaceae Mangifera zeylanica Etamba - END LC VU 2 Anacardiaceae Semecarpus nigro-viridis Badulla Medicinal END LC VU 3 Apocyanaceae Willughbeia cirrhifera - END VU VU 4 Celastraceae Euonymus walkeri - END LC VU 5 Cycadaceae Cycas nathorstii Madu Medicinal IND VU VU 6 Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenoides Habaraliya - END EN EN 7 Meliaceae Dysoxylum ficiforme - IND NT VU 8 Myristicaceae Myristica ceylanica - IND VU VU Abbreviations used: SpS - Species Status; NRL - National red List; GRL - Global Red List END - Endemic; IND - Indigenous; LC - Least concern; VU - Vulnerable; EN - Endangered; NT – Near Threatened 15 2.4.2 Faunal diversity Altogether 262 faunal species representing all five vertebrate groups (freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) and selected invertebrate groups (land snails, aquatic snails, butterflies, dragonflies, and freshwater crabs) were found within the study area. Out of the 262 faunal species recorded, 252 species are native to Sri Lanka, 78 (31%) species are listed as endemic species. A higher percentage of endemics were represented by the freshwater crabs (100%), Land snails (75%), Amphibians (62.5%), Freshwater fishes (58.33%) and reptiles (57.14%). This indicates that the area that has been damaged serves as a high quality habitat supporting a rich assemblage of endemic, range restricted and threatened faunal species. This is to be expected, as the Nawaneliya-Beligoda Reserved Forest reserve lies adjacent to the Knuckles Conservation Forest one of the high biodiversity sites in Sri Lanka. Further, six species of forest migrants and one species of introduced freshwater fish were also recorded (see Annex 03 and Table 07). Table 7. Species richness of the faunal groups recorded from the site.

Recorded from study site

Faunal Group Total Native Endemic % Endemics Migrant Exotic

Freshwater crab 4 4 4 100.00 0 0

Land snails 20 20 15 75.00 0 0

Dragonflies 23 23 6 26.09 0 0

Butterflies 57 57 4 7.02 0 0

Freshwater fishes 25 24 14 58.33 0 1

Amphibians 8 8 5 62.50 0 0

Reptiles 21 21 12 57.14 0 0

Birds 80 73 14 19.18 6 0

Mammals 24 24 4 16.67 0 0

Total 262 254 78 30.71 6 1

The 262 faunal species recorded included 51 (20.16%) species Listed as Nationally Threatened species (Critically Threatened (CR) - 8, Endangered (EN) - 21, and vulnerable (VU) – 22). Further, the faunal assemblage comprised of twelve species (Endangered (EN) - 8 and vulnerable (VU) - 4) listed as globally threatened in the IUCN Red List. Further, 29 nationally Near threatened (NT) and seven globally Near threatened (NT) species were recorded from the site. Another two species listed as nationally data deficient (DD) two species listed as globally Low Risk - Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) were also recorded from the site (see Table 08 & 09).

16 Table 8. Threatened status of the species within the recorded faunal groups.

National Threatened status Global Threatened status (MOE 2012) (IUCN 2019) Faunal Group CR EN VU NT DD CR EN VU NT DD LR/cd Freshwater crab 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Land snails 3 7 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonflies 0 3 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Butterflies 0 3 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Freshwater fishes 3 0 2 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 Amphibians 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Reptiles 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Birds 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Mammals 1 5 3 4 0 0 4 3 4 0 0 Total 8 21 22 29 2 0 8 4 7 0 2

Table 9. Globally Threatened faunal species recorded from the site.

No Family Scientific Name English Name SpS NRL GRL Freshwater Crabs 1 Gecarcinucidae Oziotelphusa stricta END EN VU Dragonflies 2 Gomphidae Gomphidia pearsoni Rivulte Tiger END EN EN Freshater fishes 3 Cyprinidae Systomus martenstyni Martenstyni's barb END CR EN 4 Cyprinidae Tor khudree Mahseer IND NT EN Amphibians Pseudophilautus Hollow snouted shrub 5 Rhacophoridae cavirostris frog END EN EN Mammals 6 Manidae Manis crassicaudata Pangolin IND NT EN Sri Lanka toque 7 Cercopithecidae Macaca sinica monkey END LC EN Purple-faced leaf 8 Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus vetulus monkey END EN EN 9 Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard IND EN VU 10 Felidae Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing cat IND EN VU 11 Elephantidae Elephas maximus Elephant IND EN EN 12 Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambur IND NT VU Abbreviations used: SpS - Species Status; NRL - National red List; GRL - Global Red List END - Endemic; IND - Indigenous; CR - Critically Endangered; LC - Least concern; VU - Vulnerable; EN - Endangered; NT - Near Threatened

Freshwater crabs Altogether, four freshwater crab species were recorded from the site. Out of these, three species have been recorded in previous studies from Kambarawa Oya (Bahir & Yeo, 2005; PMDSC, 2019). All four species are endemic to Sri Lanka while two species (Oziothelphusa minneriyaensis and Oziotelphusa stricta) are listed as nationally threatened (MOE, 2012). Therefore, Kambarawa Oya and its seasonal tributaries provide habitats necessary for the survival of freshwater crab species. 17 Land Snails During this study 19 species of snails were recorded in the study area including 18 land snail and one aquatic snail species. One species (Micraulax coeloconus), recorded in the area by a previous study was not recorded during this study (PMDSC, 2019). Out of the 18 land snail species recorded in this study, 15 are listed as threatened and endemic to Sri Lanka including three species (Allopeas marine, Glessula pallens and Micraulax coeloconus) that are listed as Nationally Critically Endangered. Dragonflies During this study, 23 dragonflies and damselflies were recorded in the study area. Two species (Libellago adami and Onychothemis tonkinensis), which was recorded by a previous study was not recorded during this survey (PMDSC, 2019). The dragonflies and damselflies recorded include five species that are listed as Nationally threatened (Endangered- Libellago greeni, Gomphidia pearsoni, Onychothemis tonkinensis; Vulnerable - Libellago adami, Orthetrum chrysis, Trithemis festiva, Zygonyx iris). Further one species (Gomphidia pearsoni) listed as Globally Endangered was also recorded at the study site. Butterflies Total number of 57 butterfly species was recorded during the present survey. This included four species that are endemic to Sri Lanka as well as seven species listed as nationally threatened (Critically Endangered - Graphium antiphates, Kallima philarchus, Libythea celtis; Endangered - Graphium nomius, Papilio crino, Eurema ormistoni, Ariadne merione). Freshwater fish Kambarawa Oya is a perennial stream comprising of substrate types such as bedrock, large boulders or pebbles creating a diverse array of microhabitats such as rapidly flowing, slow flowing sections as well as deep water pools. Therefore, Kambarawa Oya supports a rich assemblage of freshwater fish species. During the present survey, 24 freshwater fish species were recorded including 14 species that are endemic to Sri Lanka and four species listed as nationally threatened (Critically Endangered - Dawkinsia srilankensis, Labuka insularis and Systomus martenstyni; Vulnerable species - Garra ceylonensis, and Pethia melanomaculata) Only a single species (Osphronemus goramy) of exotic fish were recorded. Out of the 14 species of endemics, four (Dawkinsia srilankensis, Labuka insularis, Systomus martenstyni and Systomus ‘Richmondi') are considered as range restricted species as these species are only recorded in streams located in the Knuckles range. Another Critically Endangered species, Labeo fisheri has been recorded by previous researchers (NARA 2017; Sudasinghe et al. 2018) in the Kambarawa Oya near the Kambarawa village, which has been inundated by the Moragahakanda reservoir. This location is located about 2km downstream from the study site. Even though this species was not recorded during the present study the habitat conditions conducive for this fish has been recorded along the Kambarawa Oya from the high flood level to a point about 250m beyond the causeway established during the illegal road construction. Another noteworthy observation was the occurrence of number of fish species, which do not naturally inhabit rapidly flowing streams such as Channa striata, Etroplus suratensis and Osphronemus goramy. Amphibians Total of eight amphibian species were recorded during the present survey. Two species, which recorded by a previous study (PMDSC, 2019) was not recorded during this survey. The eight species recorded included five species that are endemic to Sri Lanka of which two (Endangered - Pseudophilautus cavirostris; Vulnerable - Lankanectes corrugatus) are listed as nationally threatened. The coomon toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus was the commonest species recorded as it was seen all along the newly constructed road. Rest of the species 18 weas recorded in streams or stream banks. Pseudophilautus cavirostris, considered as a canopy species descending to ground level during the rainy season for breeding. Therefore, removal of canopy or sub-canopy trees on the banks of the streams will result in loss of habitat of this endangered species. The amphibian diversity was found to be low as the survey was carried out during the peak dry period (mid-March) and most of the amphibians may have been restricted to wet areas or have gone in to burrows. Therefore, the actual amphibian diversity in this area is likely to be higher than what was recorded. Reptiles Total number of 16 species was recorded during the present survey. Five species recorded during a previous study (PMDSC, 2019) was not observed during this survey. Out of the 16 species recorded, 12 are endemic to the island while three species are listed as nationally threatened (Critically Endangered - Calliophis haematoetron; Vulnerable - Lankascincus gansi and Cnemaspis podihuna). The endemic species recorded are either arboreal (Calotes ceylonensis, Calotes liolepis, Cnemaspis podihuna, Hemidactylus depressus, Dasia halianus, and Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) or found on the forest floor among decaying leaf litter (Otocryptis nigristigma, Eutropis madarazi, Lankascincus fallax, Lankascincus gansi, and Calliophis haematoetron). These species are directly affected by the forest clearance for the illegal road construction. Further, Hemidactylus depressus was observed inside the engine section of the abandoned truck at the middle of the island. Birds Total of 80 bird species was recorded during the present survey. This included six species of forest migrants, 14 species listed as endemic species in Sri Lanka and one species listed as nationally threatened (Vulnerable - Geokichla spiloptera). It is noteworthy that 42 % of the endemic birds of Sri Lanka was observed at this site. Among the recorded bird species, Indian Pygmy Woodpecker (Picoides nanus); Lesser Sri Lanka Flameback (Dinopium psarodes), Brown-headed Barbet (Psilopogon zeylanicus), Sri Lanka Yellow-fronted Barbet (Psilopogon flavifrons), Sri Lanka Barbet (Psilopogon rubricapillus), Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus), Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros gingalensis), Sri Lanka Hanging-parrot (Loriculus beryllinus), Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) are primarily forest species and depend on the forest trees for their breeding (use tree-holes for nesting). Other than these species recorded kites and eagles (Haliastur spp., Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, Spilornis cheela, Ictinaetus malaiensis and Nisaetus cirrhatus) also build their nest on the trees that make up the forest canopy. Already the abandoned truck at the middle of the island is being used by animals and a nest of the Tickell’s Blue-flycatcher (Cyornis tickelliae) was observed on the footboard of the truck. Mammals Total of 24 mammal species including four species that are endemic to Sri Lanka was recorded in the study area. Even though Panthera pardus was not recorded during the present survey, a laborer has reported seeing pug marks of a leopard just after the road was construct (in the January 2019). Further, nine species of mammals listed as nationally threatened (Critically Endangered - Paradoxurus montanus; Endangered - Elephas maximus, Prionailurus rubiginosus, Prionailurus viverrinus, Panthera pardus, and Semnopithecus vetulus; Vulnerable - Hipposideros galeritus, Pipistrellus coromandra, and Lutra lutra) was recorded in the area. There were signs to indicate that elephants have started using the causeway constructed as part of the illegal road construction to cross the Kambarawa Oya.

19 2.5 Critical habitats Altogether 33 species of plants and 80 species of fauna that were recorded in the affected area can be considered as potential critical habitat triggers as per the Critical habitat criteria defined by the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 2012ab) (see Table 10 and Annex 04). Out of these 108 (32 floral species and 76 faunal species) species trigger critical habitat as they are endemic species and nine (one flora and eight fauna) species trigger critical habitat as they are listed as globally Endangered. The highest number of critical faunal species are represented by Land and aquatic snails (16 spp.), Freshwater fishes (15 spp.), birds (14 spp.) and reptiles (12 spp.) Table 10. Number of species triggering critical habitat criteria among the recorded faunal groups.

GRL Faunal group No of Critical species Endemic CR EN Crabs 4 4 0 0 Land & Aquatic snails 16 15 0 0 Dragonflies 5 4 0 1 Butterflies 6 4 0 0 Freshwater fish 15 14 0 2 Amphibians 5 5 0 1 Reptiles 12 12 0 0 Birds 20 14 0 0 Mammals 9 4 0 4 Total 92 76 0 8

Abbreviations used: GRL - Global Red List; CR - Critically Endangered; EN - Endangered The affected area comes under the Nawaneliya-Beligoda forest that has been declared (gazette has issued) by the Extraordinary Gazette No. 1628/30 a Reserve Forest (equivalent to IUCN protected area category IV), under the Forest Ordinance as amended, on 18.11.2009. Therefore, according to criteria 6, the area impacted can be classified as a critical habitat as the illegal road construction has taken place inside a protected area. Further the area qualifies as a critical habitat also under criteria 7, since the area supports high species diversity (215 floral species and 262 faunal species) of which a large proportion 22.64 % are made up of endemic species (108 endemics). However, it should be noted that the area affected by the illegal road construction comprise less than 1% of the natural extent of occurrence (EOO) of the recorded critical species even though these species meet the critical habitat criteria the site does not qualify as a critical habitat under the criteria 1. Even though the area does not comprise of a significant part of the EOO of critical species, field observations indicate that the illegal road construction has had a significant effect on the habitat of these critical species.

20 Begonia cordifolia Vulnerable Diospyros ebenoides, Endemic and Endangered

Cryptocoryne beckettii, Endemic and Vulnerable Gymnostachyum ceylanicum, Endemic and Endangered

Dichaetaria wightii, Vulnerable Dalzellia ceylanica, Vulnerable

Geophila repens var asiatica, Vulnerable Munronia pinnata, Endangered

Figure 05. Some of the recorded significant plant species.

21 Dawkinsia srilankensis, Endemic and Critically Systomus martenstyni, Endemic and Critically Endangered Endangered

Hydrophylax gracilis, Endemic Pseudophilautus cavirostris, Endemic and Endangered

Lankascincus fallax, Endemic Calotes ceylonensis, Endemic and Near Threatened

Otocryptis nigristigma, Endemic Manis crassicaudata, globally Endangered

Figure 06. Some of the significant faunal species.

22 2.6 Environmental Impact due to the illegal road construction 2.6.1 Physical impact Cuttings and embankments change the landscape topography, and often induce large-scale changes in hydrology. Cuttings may increase soil erosion and drain aquifers. Embankments may change the water regime producing either drier or wetter conditions. These changes will affect vegetation, e.g. in wetlands and riparian habitats. a) Damage to the forest litter layer (organic matter /composts) along the cleared road. From each of the eight 5x50m2 sampling plots litter samples were collected from two 1x1 m2 sub-plots. The total weight of the litter collected form the 16 sub-plots was 9kg. Therefore, the mean value per 1m2 was 0.56 kg. The total surface area of the forest ground cleared is 4990.723 m2. Therefore, the total weight of the litter that has been removed is 2807.28 kg (see table 11).

Table 11. Measurements taken to calculate total removal of litter weight.

Section Soil cut Width of Litter length h2 w2 Hypotenuse Total Section height (h) road (w) h2+w2 weight (l) in (m) (m) (sw) (m2) in meters in meters (kg) Stream meters Bank Left 0-150m* 1 5 150 1 25 26 5.10 764.85 430.23 Left 150-200m 1 5 50 1 25 26 5.10 254.95 143.41 Left 200-300m 1 5 100 1 25 26 5.10 509.90 286.82 Left 300-350m 0.5 5 50 0.25 25 25.25 5.10 251.25 141.33 Left 350-450m 0.5 5 100 0.25 25 25.25 5.10 502.49 282.65 Left 450-500m 1 5 50 1 25 26 5.10 254.95 143.41 500- 5.10 2 5 35 4 25 Left 535m** 29 188.48 106.02 Right 0-50m# 0 5 50 0 25 25 5 250.00 140.62 Right 50-100m 0 5 50 0 25 25 5 250.00 140.62 Right 100-130m 0 5 50 0 25 25 5 250.00 140.62 Right 130-150m 1.5 5 20 2.25 25 27.25 5.22 104.40 58.73 Right 150-200m 1.5 5 50 2.25 25 27.25 5.22 261.01 146.85 Right 200-300m 1.5 5 100 2.25 25 27.25 5.22 522.01 293.63 Right 300-350m 1.5 5 50 2.25 25 27.25 5.22 261.01 146.82 350- 1.5 5 70 2.25 25 Right 435m## 27.25 5.22 365.41 205.54 4,990. 2,807. total 975 72 28 * starting point -near proposed bridge ** end point - near Kambarawa Oya left bank near causeway # starting point - from Kambarawa Oya right bank near causeway ## end point - near right bank edge of proposed bridge

b) Damage to the top soil along the cleared road Due to the illegal construction of the road a total of 2,325 cubic meter (m3) soil has been removed from the site (see Table 12).

23 Table 12. Measurements taken to calculate total removal of soil volume. Stream Section Soil cut Width of road Section length Soil Volume (m3) Bank height (h) in (w) in meters (l) in meters meter Left 0-150m* 1 5 150 375 Left 150-200m 1 5 50 125 Left 200-300m 1 5 100 250 Left 300-350m 0.5 5 50 62.5 Left 350-450m 0.5 5 100 125 Left 450-500m 1 5 50 125 Left 500-535m** 2 5 35 175 Right 0-50m# 0 5 50 0 Right 50-100m 0 5 50 0 Right 100-130m 0 5 50 0 Right 130-150m 1.5 5 20 75 Right 150-200m 1.5 5 50 187.5 Right 200-300m 1.5 5 100 375 Right 300-350m 1.5 5 50 187.5 Right 350-435m## 1.5 5 70 262.5

Total 975 2,325

* starting point -near proposed bridge ** end point - near Kambarawa Oya left bank near causeway # starting point - from Kambarawa Oya right bank near causeway ## end point - near right bank edge of proposed bridge

c) Damage to the seasonal stream beds that passes through the cleared road. Altogether three seasonal and two perennial streams have been damaged due to the illegal road construction (see table 13 and Figure 07).

Table 13. Measurements of the damaged streams. Bank Stream Steam Damaged no width stream GPS coordinates length Left 1 07° 36' 50.43"N; 80°46'26.25"E 3m 6m Left 2 07° 36' 47.4" NL; 80° 46' 23.2" EL 4m 10m Left 3 07° 36' 46.6" NL; 80° 46' 23.1" EL 3m 4m Left 4 07° 36' 41.6"NL; 80° 46' 22.9" EL 10m 6m Right 5 07° 36' 47.2" NL; 80° 46' 29.3" EL 10m 12m

24 Stream no 01 Stream no 02

Stream no 03 Stream no 04

Kambarawa Oya left bank Stream no 05 Figure 07. Disturbed steams and Kambarawa river bank.

d) Damage to banks of main perennial stream (Kambarawa Oya). The final 35 m of the illegally constructed road has caused considerable damage to the left bank of Kambarawa Oya. Therefore, 210m2 of the surface area of Kambarawa Oya has been damaged and the left bank of the stream has been excavated deeply facilitate the vehicles to move though the Kambarawa Oya. The present angle of the stream bank exceeds a 45° angle and during the rainy season this part will become heavily eroded due to water flow along the newly built road as well as heavy flow of the Kambarawa Oya during rainy season. During the road construction bank vegetation as well as rock boulders which strengthen the bank has been removed, which will further aggravate this situation. Therefore, immediate action needs to be taken for restore this stream bank (Figure 08). 25 2.6.2 Slope unsatbility Number of unstable slopes are created due along the illegally constructed road that will result in heavy erosion during the rainy season (figure 08).

Left bank road erosion Cleared and disturbed area between road and Kambarawa left bank

Cleared area at the left bank road side. Boulder and pebbles aggregation to build causeway

River flow change due to boulder and pebbles Soil erosion at the steep area on the right bank aggregation road Figure 08. Disturbed habitats

26 2.7 Biological impact The road construction fragments the natural habitats into two patches as well as act as a barrier to species with low mobility and therefore disrupts the connectivity between the two sides. This can have two primary effects on species; firstly, it can reduce the carrying capacity of the habitat and therefore result in a population reduction of critical species. Second, it can prevent free movement of less mobile species within the affected area. 2.7.1 Loss of plant species Since the area affected by the illegal road construction has been cleared of vegetation totally plant species present in the area adjacent to the cleared area was used as a proxy to estimate the damage to the vegetation. The present investigation documented 212 plant species belonging to 69 plant families (Annex 01) in the plots laid adjacent to area affected by road construction. Important plant categories among them included; 150 medicinal plants, 31 endemic plants, 59 nationally threatened plants and 8 globally threatened plants. With respect to trees having a large dimeter and merchantable timber value, 87 trees were found in the 2,000 sq. m area sampled (5mx50m plots 8 nos.). Based on this value the loss of an estimated number of 217 trees would have resulted due to the clearing of 4990 sq. m for road construction (Annex 02). 2.7.2 Loss of canopy cover Canopy cover of larger trees is an important structural element of the forest environment. Sustainability of biodiversity, shading, protection of soil, wind cover, maintenance of hydrological characteristics and temperature are some of the important attributes that depend on canopy cover. Estimation of loss of canopy cover indicated that 5,744 sq. m of canopy cover has been lost within sampling area alone (Annexes) and therefore, the total loss of canopy covers due to the illegal road construction has been estimated to be around 14334 sq. m. 2.7.3 Loss of timber volume Estimation of merchantable timber volume of reference plots show that 154 cubic meters of wood has been lost due to the forest clearance and the loss of timber in the entire damaged area of 4990 sq. m is estimated to be around 356 cubic meters of wood (see Table 11 and Annex 02). 2.7.4 Loss of carbon storage According to the published values, the mean value of total carbon accumulated in woody vegetation in tropical dry deciduous forest is 131.38 Mg/ha and therefore the removal of vegetation in an area of 4990 sq. m (Table 11) for road construction would have resulted in the loss of 65.6 Mt of forest carbon. 2.8 Impact on faunal groups and habitats The direct impact of road construction on fauna is the physical change in land cover along the route as natural habitats are replaced or altered by transport infrastructure. The impact of this net loss of natural habitat is made worse by disturbance and isolation effects that lead to an inevitable change in the distribution of species in the landscape. The barrier effect created by the road is probably the greatest negative ecological impact. The dispersal ability of individual organisms is one of the key factors in species survival. The ability to move around a landscape in search of food, shelter or to mate, are negatively impacted by barriers that cause habitat isolation. Impacts on individuals affect population dynamics and often threaten species survival.

27 As mentioned in the methodology, impact on faunal groups was documented. The high impact was caused to aquatic and land snail population as well as their habitats. Also a high impact has been made on habitats of amphibians and reptiles (see table 14).

Table 14. Impact Matrix for assessed Animal groups in cleared areas in due to road construction in Nawaneliya-Beligoda reserve forest (1- very low; 2- low; 3- Moderate; 4- High; 5- very high). Impact Group Total Impact area (m2) To population To habitat Gastropod (Freshwater) 525 m2 4 4 Gastropod (Terrestrial) 5135 m2 5 4 Dragonflies 5660 m2 1 3 Butterflies 5660 m2 1 2 Fishes 525 m2 2 3 Amphibians* 5660 m2 3 4 Reptiles 5135 m2 3 4 Birds 5660 m2 1 3 Mammals 5135 m2 1 3 * both frogs and toads

2.9 Cost estimation/valuation 2.9.1 Estimates based on Benefit Transfer As presented in the methods section, due to time and financial constraints we relied on the benefit transfer method in this valuation as against the use of primary valuation techniques. We have used 20 studies of ecosystem service values of tropical forests of Asia from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) database (Van der Ploeg, and de Groot, 2010). This suggests the Ecosystem Services of tropical forest patch in Asia can be estimated as $ 7,667 per hectare per year, which would translate to $ 8,919 in 2019 value when 2010 figures are adjusted for inflation. This will be approximately LKR 1,570,000.00 per hectare of forest per year. It is suggested that the contractor pay Forest Department the twenty times of the annual damage that they have done taking continuity of ecosystem services at least for 20 more years in a protected forest. This will come to LKR 31,400,000.00. In addition, the contractor is expected to undertake biodiversity offsetting as described in the section below. 2.9.2 Estimates based on Field data With available data the team attempted ‘back of the envelope’ type calculations with available information to derive some of the values specific to the Beligoda site. Results are presented below. Out of these estimated values, most are expected to cover in the above LKR 1.57 million/ha/yr derived through benefit transfer methods. However, it captures only sustainable harvesting of timber, not the clear felled timber. Therefore, taking note of the estimated timer value is needed. Furthermore, as the clear fell timber provides only a onetime ‘benefit’, which hinder continuous accrual of ecosystem services by the forest. Hence, use of these values has to be done with caution. 2.9.3 Value of lost forest organic matter It is estimated that 2,807.28 kg of organic matter has been lost based on the field sampling. Assuming it as value equivalent to that of compost; A 20kg bag of 'Mihisaru' compost is sold at LKR. 450.00. Therefore, lost organic matter can be valued as LKR 63,159.00.

28 2.9.4 Value of lost timber According to our estimate 356 cu.m of merchantable timber has been lost due to the road construction. Therefore, the loss has been calculated based on general price of merchantable timber in Sri Lanka (medium grade timber) LKR. 32,000.00 per cubic meter (highly variable). Thus the loss of merchantable timber has been valued at LKR 11,392,000.00. 2.9.5 Value of soil The site has good engineering quality soil and an estimated 2,325 cu.m has been lost due to road construction. Usual price of one cube of soil is LKR. 4,000.00, which is about 2.83 cubic meters. Hence value of the soil lost has been estimated to be around LKR. 3,284,000.00. 2.9.6 Value of lost forest carbon Estimated lost carbon 65.6 MT. carbon price in 2016 to be 28.7 pound per ton. Hence 1,863 pounds (LKR 413,586.00). https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_present_price_of_carbon_credit_in_ forestry _sector) 2.10 Biodiversity Offset to compensate for the long term damage Ecological compensation implies that specified natural habitats and their qualities, such as riparian or old-growth forests, should be developed elsewhere when they are impacted by the destructions. When compensation is implemented, the measures should balance the ecological damage, aiming for a 'no net loss' situation that benefits both habitats and their associated species. Ecological compensation may be defined as creating, restoring or enhancing nature qualities in order to counterbalance ecological damage caused by infrastructure developments. We considered biodiversity offset as the way to compensate for the damage done by this illegal clearance of high value forest as a migratory measure. We recommend establishing and maintaining an area that is ten times in extent compared to the area damaged, at a site designated by the Forest Department ideally in the same watershed. As the direct and immediate damage done to the Beligoda forest is around 1 ha, it is recommended that the contractor shall undertake 10 ha of ecological restoration of degraded forest. The appropriate cost for such restoration can be taken from the ongoing restoration effort by IUCN and Biodiversity Sri Lanka together with the Forest Department in Kanneliya forest reserve which is approximately LKR 30 million to restore 10 ha for a 5-year period.

29 3. RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Legal enforcement  Prevention of further damage to the Nawaneliya-Beligoda Reserve Forest by strictly imposing adherence of the developers to the provisions of the Forest Ordinance (as amended) as well as regular monitoring by relevant authorities. Failure to do so should result in immediate cancellation of all permits to operate within protected areas.  Imposition of fines (as defined by the Forest Ordinance) in lieu of the damage already caused to the Reserve Forest by the actions of the developers in violation of forest protection laws. 3.2 Damage & restoration  Contractor pay LKR 31,400,000.00 as part of damage made as a cash payment on top of all the recommendation that they have to comply.  As directed by the Forest Department, the Contractor shall undertake ecological restoration of 10 ha of degraded forest in the same or a neighbouring watershed and maintain them for a period of five years. The appropriate cost for such restoration is estimated at LKR 30,000,000.00.  In addition, the estimated cost for rehabilitation of damage area due to road construction SLR 12,500,000.00 has to be payed by contractor (See Table 17). Some of the activates related with rehabilitation also need to be carried out by contractor (See Table 17).  Therefore, the total damage cost payable by the contactor to the Government of Sri Lanka comes to SLR 73,900,000.00.

30 4. RESTORATION PLAN

4.1 Remove the abandoned truck from the island Forest birds and other faunal species are already using the truck that has been abandoned in the island as a breeding place and hiding place. Further, weeds have started establishing inside the trailer (Figure 09 to 11). It is strongly recommended that the contractor should remove this truck before the restoration work is initiated. This could be done by using the illegally constructed road, which was used to bring the truck to the point where it has been abandoned. It should also be stressed that no attempt should be made to evacuate the truck using the stream as this would result in great deal of damage to this sensitive stream ecosystem. However, it should be noted that the left bank of the Kambarawa Oya where a steep slope has been cleared during the road construction has eroded considerably due to the rain and this section needs to be renovated before evacuating the truck. Removal of the truck has to be done with minimum disturbance to the environment. Once the truck has been removed the physical restoration work can be started.

Figure 09. Abandoned truck in the island

Figure 10. Bird nest on the footboard Figure 11. Weeds grown in the truck bucket.

31 4.2 Restoration approaches (Soil stabilization and Runoff water control) The disturbed forest area is about 1km in length, 4m in width and vegetation has been disturbed in 3m-5m wide buffer strip on either side of the road during land preparation for the road. This has resulted in accumulation of wooden debris, removed soil and dislodged rocks on the right side of the road facing the Kambarawa Oya. Land preparation for the road has resulted in soil erosion and gully formation in the exposed areas, which is serious issue that needs to be addressed immediately during the land restoration process. Stabilization of slopes and restoration of the topsoil layer are essential steps towards facilitation of forest recovery. Therefore, following interventions are strongly recommended when restoring the damaged environment. A. Diversion of runoff water using brushwood barriers. Applicable sections of the road: This should be carried out in 10m segments continuously from the beginning to the end of the illegally constructed road on both sides of the road where applicable except in places where the slope exceeds 30-degrees. Method of implementation: Diversion of runoff can be achieved by laying fascine (rough bundle of brushwood or other wood material packed to achieve a radius of 15cm-20cm using sticks that are approximately 5m in length) blocks to intercept the surface runoff. Brushwood material is locally available. Such brushwood piles can be used to arrest soil erosion significantly in the damaged slopes with a slope angle less than 30 degrees. The suggested layout of such brushwood barriers along the road cut surface is shown in Figure 12 to 14.

Figure 12: Proposed arrangement of Figure 13: An example field situation where brushwood barriers along the road. brushwood runoff barriers have used for erosion control (source: www.salixrw.com).

Figure 14: Typical sloppy areas (right bank), suitable for application of the above stabilization methodology.

B. Establishment of stone/boulder walls to Stabilize damaged riverbanks. Applicable sections of the road: Steep sections on the right hand side of the cleared road where the slope angles exceed 30-degrees and a length of less than 20m. Method of implementation: This method should be applied to slopes having a slope angle in excess of 30 degrees where. A stone wall about 50 cm deep and extending about 50 cm above the soil surface is established at 1 m intervals and the space between the rock wall is filled with soil and covered with stone layer so that the soil is not exposed to water flowing along the slope which will stabilize the slope as well as prevent erosion of soil that would eventually flow in to the Kambarawa Oya and reduce its water quality. Finally, the bank of the Kambarawa Oya, in such sections should be stabilized using a gabion wall (refer figure 17 for an illustration of such a slope stabilization. This type of semi-permanent structures are necessary to stabilize steep slopes covered by loose soil in order to control gully erosion when exposed to heavy rains. This structure is ideal for the steep sections between the road and the Kambarawa Oya (Figure 15-17).

Figure 15: Cross section of proposed stone/boulder walls.

Figure 16: Suggested structural features of stone/boulder walls.

34 Figure 17. Cross section of proposed stone/boulder walls for Kamabarawa river left bank restoration.

Figure 18: The steep road meeting the Kambarawa stream-left bank (The place proposed to above river bank stabilization). 4.1

35 4.3 Stabilization of damaged stream beds Number of natural drainage paths in the area has been damaged due to the construction of the road (Table 13). During the next rainy season, the area where the streambed has been damaged will be subjected to heavy soil erosion. Therefore, these stream beds must be restored immediately to facilitate the water flow in these streams. Before the restoration is undertaken, a cross section of the stream should be surveyed to elucidate the original shape and path of the stream. Then the streambed should be stabilized using compacted earth followed by rubble pitching to restore the former cross section of the natural stream as depicted in the illustrative sketch in Figure 19 & 20. Rubble pitching could be carried out using 6"-9" random rubble masonry with rubble interspersing. For those streams having a deep cross section (stream number 4 and 5 in Table 13) and when the stream bank is approximately vertical the banks should be stabilized using gabion blocks or rock filled wall instead of rubble pitching. See Figure 21 for an illustrative sketch of the cross section for streams with deep sections.

Figure 19. Cross section of compacted earth and carry out rubble/pebbles pitching to carve out (streams 1 to 3).

Figure 20. Demonstration of steam bed restoration at road crossing sites (compacted earth and carry out rubble/pebbles pitching to carve out)

Figure 21. Diagrammatic cross section to illustrate the restoration of streams with deep sections (stream 4 and 5).

37 4.4 Stabilization of leaning trees Several leaning and unstable trees have been observed along the cleared road. This has resulted due to damage to their root system during land preparation for road construction. Therefore, these trees are not in upright position. Often, 50% of the structural roots are damaged and exposed in road cut vertical surface. Mature trees are unlikely to develop the root structure needed to keep the tree erect, but several trees which are at early growing stages can develop structural roots if a supportive soil substrate is made available. Further, these actions are essential for several reasons. First, the trees with damaged root system are unstable and therefore topple over creating a safety risk. Second, this would affect the slope stability, possibly leading to erosion and even minor slope failures. Finally, damaged roots, cracks, and exposed wood serves as an entry point for insects and disease causing pathogens. The larger the damage to the root, likelihood of regeneration is less, posing a greater risk to the tree. As the degree of leaning of the tree increase the probability of toppling increases as the tree grows larger. However, following interventions are proposed for several selected trees to minimize the risk of these trees from toppling over. a. Reduction of crown weight and improve the structural balance of leaning trees; Prune hanging branches, damaged or dead wood. Reduce weight of the crown on the side towards the tree is leaning. This is proposed for trees b, d, f, g, and h (see Figure 22). b. Re-establish soil cover around the root system of those selected leaning trees. Make sure that at least 2m radius from the root base is re-filled with compacted soil in the road cut area. Further, a boulder wall can be erected as a supportive structure in those soil filled sections to prevent the soil form getting washed out. This action is recommended for trees a to h (see Figure 22).

a. Gleniea unijuga b. Mesua ferrea c. Mesua ferrea 07˚ 36’ 50.7” NL; 07˚ 36’ 49.9” NL; 07˚ 36’ 49.5” NL; 80˚ 46’ 25.8” EL 80˚ 46’ 25.3” EL 80˚ 46’ 24.8” EL

38 d. Mytragyna parvifolia e. Dimocarpus longan f. Dimocarpus longan 07˚ 36’ 48.3” NL; 07˚ 36’ 48.1” NL; 07˚ 36’ 44.1” NL; 80˚ 46’ 24.0” EL 80˚ 46’ 23.9” EL 80˚ 46’ 22.4” EL

g. Drypetes gardneri h. Mesua ferrea Proposed interventions for 07˚ 36’ 44.6” NL; 07˚ 36’ 48.2”NL; restoring leaning trees. 80˚ 46’ 24.8” EL 80˚ 46’ 29.0” EL

Figure 22. Leaning trees along the illegally constructed road

4.5 Proposed vegetative restoration interventions Vegetative restoration is proposed under two components. a. On-site planting of trees (road cut area and buffer strip) b. Off-site planting of trees as environmental damage compensation mechanism. A whole range of services can be affected when ecosystems become degraded; decline of water quality and quantity, siltation of the stream, loss of biodiversity and loss of soil fertility. The deterioration of such services will be felt most acutely at local level, but it might also have implications in a wider area including the Moragahakanda reservoir. The proposed vegetative restoration activity will be a complementary activity for the proposed structural rehabilitation efforts. Further, this activity is developed based on the ecosystem approach and landscape restoration concepts, which are usually applied where forest or agro forests are depleted and the quality of ecosystem services affected. It doesn’t aim to re-establish historical vegetation of the area, but rather, it aims to strengthen the resilience of landscape 39 in the affected area. Restoration of the vegetation cover of the area affected by road construction will facilitate the colonization of these areas by indigenous trees species, soil conservation and effective drainage. a. Rehabilitation strategy - On-site planting of trees in the area damaged by illegal road construction. Since the area damaged due to the road construction has a relatively good canopy shade in most places direct planting of forest trees is possible. Considering a 3m-4m gap between planted trees in an area of approximately 6000sq.m, about 500 plants (a random mix from the species mentioned table 16) will be needed. Run off control by brushwood and accumulation of forest compost will support growth of these plants. b. Rehabilitation strategy - Off-site planting of trees as a means of ecological compensation for the damage caused by construction of an illegal road This measure has been proposed as means of compensatng (off-site establishment of near natural forests in 10ha area) for the habitat loss and degradation that have resulted due to the illegal construction of the road. Ecological compensation implies that specific natural habitats and their qualities in an area impacted by a project is developed elsewhere. When compensation is implemented, the measures should balance the ecological damage and benefit both habitats and their associated species. Ecological compensation aims to integrate nature conservation aspects into project planning and decision-making, and to pursue a 'no net loss' solution once development is approved. Further, it should be noted that ecological compensation is a 'last resort' solution and should be considered only considered when planning and mitigation measures are not able to avoid/ prevent damage. Ecological compensation should not be considered as an enabling activity to allow developers to damage the environment by buying-off environmental objections (https:// handbookwildlifetraffic.info/ch-8-ecological-compensation/8-1-the-concept-of-ecological- compensation/accessed 04/05/2019). Considering the present scenario, it is proposed to establish 10ha of near natural forest consisting ~625 trees planted at 4m gap. Ideally, a degraded land can be selected in upper Kambarawa area and pay for restoring and maintaining the same for at least for five years under the Forest Department oversight. 4.6 General approach for field level planting operations (on-site & off-site) The following is an account of proposed general steps to be followed for planting and after care operations for both on-site planting and off-site planting. Step 1: Site assessment and enlisting of potential plant species The purpose of the site assessment is to identify the basic bio-physical features of the land plots and constraints posed by a site with respect to successfully establishing the target plant species. The site assessment is focused on several key characteristics such as landscape type/extent, soil suitability, hydrology, access and current human dimensions. One of the key activities of this event is selection of plants appropriate to each site(s) individual physical characteristics. The selection of appropriate plants for a site is based on: a careful assessment of the site’s physical characteristics that will influence the establishment and growth of the plants, plant species that maximize soil conservation and watershed performance. Rule of thumb in estimating the quantities of planting materials a. Different species will be planted approximately at recommended planting gaps and plants will be a random mixture roughly following the planting gaps.

40 b. The existing scattered trees in habitats like secondary forests, degraded forests and scrublands need to be taken into account in quantifying new planting material. Also, suitable planting gap also need to be assessed with respect to species/life forms; for large trees a gap of 5-6m and for small trees a gap of 3-4m is used generally. Hence the available ‘empty’ spaces for planting, and required quantity of plants need to be matched as per field circumstances. Open areas can be identified for planting trees at regular distance. Habitat features like soil moisture levels and shading also should be considered. c. No plants need to be selected for planting in private lands since that might lead to disputes with the local community In selecting plants, it is suggested to consider the following positive features. 1. Drought resistance and climatic fitness. 2. Value as a feeding material to sustain indigenous macro fauna. 3. Ability to attract seed dispersal agents (birds and bats) bringing seeds from nearby natural forests. This will promote ‘bird mediated’ regeneration and also boost the biodiversity of the site, in time to come. 4. Ability to fixe Nitrogen and improve soil fertility. 5. Ability to serve as a key stone species providing opportunities for many animal species to rest, breed, feed and hide. 6. Ability to survive under the prevailing situation based on performance in on-site trials or in natural regeneration. 7. Disease resistance. 8. Ability to produce a dense canopy. 9. Not palatable to browsing animals. 10. Already thriving in nearby habitats. 11. Requires little maintenance 12. High level of natural regeneration. 13. Life span of over 20 years. 14. Resistance to strong dry winds. 15. Fast rate of growth. Following is a selection suitable trees for the cleared area where there is adequate shade.

*R- species for riverine areas.

41 Table 16. Plant list for restoration work.

Species Common name For forest For riverine area forest area 1 Mangifera zeylanica Etamba + - 2 Mesua ferrea Naa + + 3 Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk - + 4 Diospyros ebenum Karuwala + - 5 Diospyros ovalifolia Kunumella 6 Pongamia pinnata Karanda + - 7 Neolitsea cassia Kududaula + - 8 Haldina cordifolia Kolon + - 9 Chloroxylon swietenia Burutha + - 10 Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya + - 11 Schleichera oleosa Kon + - 12 Madhuca longifolia Mee + + 13 Hydnocarpus venenata Maku + - 14 Albizia odoratissima Kabalmaara + - 15 Vitex altissima Milla + - 16 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Wewarana + - 17 Grewia helicterifolia Boradamani + - 18 Pterospermum suberifolium Welan + - 19 Chukrasia tabularis Hulanhik + - 20 Ficus racemosa Attikka + - 21 Myristica ceylanica Malaboda - + 22 Syzygium cumini Dan + - 23 Syzygium zeylanicum Yakadamaran - + 24 Bridelia retusa Ketakela + - 25 Margaritaria indicus Karau - + 26 Nauclea orientalis Bakmee - + The same species can be used for off-site planting works if the site selected has similar habitat characteristics to that of the affected area. Step-2: Planting of nurse crops (applicable for sites allocated for ecological compensation forestry) In sites where there is no adequate canopy shade, it is necessary to introduce temporary shade crops. Once the site is selected, initially it is very important to weed out the invasive plants and protect the land from re-invasion. This has to be continued throughout the restoration process until adequate shade is developed. Under brushing of vegetation is enough, without land clearance exposing topsoil risking further soil erosion. Practically, total eradication of invasive plants may not be possible but can be managed until canopy cover is developed with nurse crops. Gliricidia, Kududaula (Neolitsea cassia), Kenda (Macaranga peltata) and Gedumba (Trema orientalis) are the best nurse crops for this climatic zone. Gliricidia can be planted using 1.5m long sticks (4cm-5cm diameter), which are locally available in plenty; suggested planting gap is 3mx3m but may vary depending on topographic conditions of the site. More than 50% canopy cover of the land can be achieved in two years’ time with Gliricidia. However, it is recommended that plants species that attract birds and pioneer species can be introduced to the site a year after planting of Gliricidia sticks to grow under Gliricidia shade. Inter planting among Gliricidia (midpoint within 3mx3m Gliricidia sticks) can be done with Kududaula (Neolitsea cassia), Kenda (Macaranga peltata) and

42 Gedumba (Trema orientalis) which are also locally available and grows easily on degraded lands. Such species can be deployed randomly. In 3-5 years’ time, native plant species will appear in partly restored sites with adequate shade. Fruit eating birds will bring in various kinds of seeds of forest plants and such sources are within their range. It is not at all necessary to introduce forest plants if native forest plants are naturally colonising the spaces between shade trees. Usually establishment of inviting conditions for bird life will add more forest plants. In case forest tree species are not appearing in those gaps, planting has to be done using species listed in table 16. It should be noted that in some sites where land has steep slopes and already highly eroded needs to be treated with contour planting approach. Here Gliricidia needs to be planted in rows at 50cm distances and the gap between two contour planting lines should be around 4m. Pioneer plants can be planted in between those lines once adequate shaded is developed. The general direction of forest development is that once the native forest plants get established over the years, pioneer plants and Gliricidia gradually disappear from the area paving way for near natural forests. Step 3: Plant procurement and temporary maintenance After selection of plant species as appropriate for each site, a source of planting material should be identified and plants should be ordered with adequate lead-time to collect and grow plant material. It is ideal to have well-seasoned poly bag potted plants in conformity with the standards maintained by relevant government institutions (Department of Agriculture and Forest Department). Plants need to be healthy and in case of poly bag potted plants, the plant height needs to be minimum 1m. The procured plants have to be well maintained by watering and giving physical protection until transferred to the field for planting. Some of the factors to be considered in selecting the site for temporary maintenance of planting material include the following: a) There should be a reliable supply of quality water, ideally the site should be located near a stream or well, or at a site where pumped water is available. b) The site should be accessible even during rainy season, so that workers can manage plants and transport planting material without any problem. c) The plants should be protected from diseases, strong winds and from livestock, and should receive sunlight, approx. 40%-50%, and should be on a gentle slope to allow drainage. Alternatively, plants can be raised in a local plant nursery and community member who are experienced in raising plants can act as service providers who collect seeds and carry out nursery planting works. Step 4: Field planting It is important to note that healthy seedlings cannot grow well or survive if not planted properly. Always remember to plant as soon as possible after transporting to the planting site. Do not plant trees too close to buildings, irrigation structures and power lines. Water the plants just before transporting from the maintenance location to the planting site; this water is to protect seedlings from drying up during the transportation. In this regard, it is better to field plant seedlings when it has rained for at least 2-3 days or when the soil is moderately soaked with water. Plants grow well if the soil is soaked before planting or if the rain continues two weeks after planting. Therefore, end of October is the best period to start planting. Poly bag potted plants can be planted spaced as appropriate depending on respective species.

43 Planting holes should be dug before rainy season commences, if possible, since water collects in it and makes the survival easy even under low rainfall conditions. Dig a hole having dimensions of 30 cm x 30 cm for each poly bag potted plant. However, the size of the hole will also depend on the size of the seedling. Then fill ¼th of hole with soil, and soil amendments can also be added to improve site conditions. However, it is generally desirable to plant into native soils. Organic matter can also be blended into existing soil to improve soil fertility and drainage. Ideally, a mixture of 50% topsoil, 25% sand and 25% manure will provide better growing conditions. When installing the poly bag potted seedling, it is necessary to remove the polythene bag by tearing it while holding the seedling up-right. Then put the seedling in the hole and cover it with the soil or soil mixture. Remember to place the seedlings in the hole without removing the pot soil or bending roots, and then press down the soil nicely. Use the hands to firm the soil carefully around the roots and make sure the seedlings are placed in the ground at the same level. When the hole is filled, tread gently with feet to firm the soil. Firm it into the shape of a well or basin so that it catches rainwater and holds the water added to it. It is necessary to water the seedlings immediately after planting. If there any herbivores in the area, build a fence of sticks or thorns around the seedling to protect the plant from being damaged by such animals. Some tree species will need support. If a tree seems too weak or not very straight, place a strong stick in the ground close to the seedling and tie it. After planting, the soil surface of the planting holes needs to be covered with some organic materials (dry grass/leaves/twigs) to avoid evaporation or to help the plant retain water. When planting stems/cuttings: a) Cut a stem from the mature branches of a tree/shrub b) Put a mark to show the upper side. c) Store the cuttings in the shade and water a little to quicken sprouting. d) Plant the cuttings with the upper mark showing, without delay. Suggested rule of thumb for field planting works a. Planting needs to be done at the on-set of the rainy period. b. Planting gaps should be maintained as appropriate and it is necessary to consider the existing nearby plants and maintain the gaps accordingly. Traditional knowledge of local community can help much in this regard and the views of local community need to be accommodated. c. Before starting the planting activity pay attention to ensure resources required for planting works. The basic tools needed for planting works include Mammoty, Crowbar, Knives (large), Spade, Baskets, Rake, empty tins with small holes in the bottom (to substitute for a watering can), and kitchen knives for root pruning. If sufficient funds are available proper watering cans and wheelbarrows should be procured. Step 5: Maintenance Once planting work is done, the restoration site should be maintained on a regular basis to ensure the success of the site for at least 5 years. The frequency of maintenance activities required depends on the specific circumstance of each site - location, the type of plants installed, the complexity of the site, the invasive species present, and other factors. In general, maintenance will be required once a month for at least the first 5 years following planting. Maintenance activities should include replacing dead plants, possibly irrigating some plants, maintaining the tree shelters in an upright position, action against anti-social

44 behavior of local people, wild animal/cattle damage to the plants, and removal of invasive/ weedy plants. Care should be taken to avoid damaging naturally regenerating native tree and shrub seedlings during maintenance. Fostering natural recruitment will aid in rapid habitat development. Step 6: Monitoring Monitoring of the re-vegetation site is a useful tool to evaluate restoration progress. Specific activities/observations that can be included in monitoring work are; a) Percentage survival of installed plants b) Percentage cover c) Tree height d) Natural recruitment of native and non-native, woody vegetation e) Plant health parameters f) Photo-documentation of time line g) Re-establishment of invasive plants However, prior to the start of site monitoring, a monitoring plan should be developed that may include a monitoring timeline, a monitoring protocol, and specific target activities for monitoring each habitat component.

45 4.7 Cost for restoration plan

Main activity Sub activity Description Time frame Implementation Monitoring Estimated Responsibility responsibility budget (LKR) 1 Preparing for 1.Etsablishment of the Committee First two weeks MMDE PMU 0.5 m the restoration RM committee comprising of and monitoring MMDE/ UECP/ of the site PMU/ FD/ DWC/ impacted by CEA is established the illegal road construction 2.Establishment of RMT comprising of First month Restoration Monitoring independent team (RMT) and technical experts defining the scope of established and heir work ToR agreed with

Meeting convened 3.Assignment of specific for all actors First month restoration activities to involved in the the parties identified foe restoration work and carrying out restoration their tasks are work defined and agreed

2 Removal of the Strengthening the road This should be done Within a week before Contactor RMT Direct abandoned section up to the island in with minimum restoration work contractors truck from the order to facilitate this damage to the commences cost island environment. 3 Restoration of A. Diversion of runoff water First three months Contactor or hired RMT Contractors the physical using brushwood barriers. party cost or 0.5 environment m if done (Soil through a stabilization and hired party Runoff water B. Establishment of First three months Contactor or hired RMT Contractors control) stone/boulder walls to party cost or 0.5 m if done

46 Main activity Sub activity Description Time frame Implementation Monitoring Estimated Responsibility responsibility budget (LKR) stabilize steep slopes and through a stream bank hired party

4 Stabilization of First three month Contactor RMT Contractors damaged cost or 1 m stream beds if done through a hired party 5 Stabilization of First three month Contactor RMT Contractors leaning trees cost or 1 m if done through a hired party 5 Restoration of Identifying planning First three month Contactor RMT 0.5 m the vegetation locations and number of in the area trees and type of trees damaged by required road Acquiring planting material First three month FD RMT 0.5 m construction and establishment of a nursery Field planting First three month RMT 1 m Maintenance with gap Two Years FD RMT 2 m filling 6 Monitoring Refer column 5 for Two Years 5 m the activities that will be monitored by the RMT Reporting twice a year to the restoration monitoring committee

47 Main activity Sub activity Description Time frame Implementation Monitoring Estimated Responsibility responsibility budget (LKR) 7 Restoring 10 Site selection Five years FD RMT 30 m ha of degraded Preparing a restoration forest as plan compensation Acquiring planting material Field planting Gap Filling Monitoring

48 5. REFERENCES

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Dassanayake, M.D., Fosberg, F.R., & Clayton, W.D. (1994-1995). A revised hand book to the Flora of Ceylon, VIII- IX, Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi. 11. Gandhi, D.S. & Sundarapandian, S., (2017), Large-scale carbon stock assessment of woody vegetation in tropical dry deciduous forest of Sathanur reserve forest, Eastern Ghats, India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189: 187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5899-1. 12. Gouldling, C.J., (1979), Cubic spline curves and calculation of volume of sectionally measured trees, New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, Vol.9(1): 89-99. 13. Goonatilake, S. de A. (2007) Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. Biodiversity Secretary of Ministry of Environment and Natural Recourses. (Sinhala book). 133pp. 14. Grimmet t R, Inskipp C. and Inskipp T. (2016) Birds of the Indian subcontinent. New Delhi: Oxford University Press 15. Inflation calculation https://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount =60000&year=2010 accessed 13th May 2019 at 7.30am 16. International Finance Corporation (2012a) Performance Standard 6 – Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources, Washington, D.C 49 17. International Finance Corporation (2012b) Guidance Note 6 – Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources, Washington, D.C 18. Kotagama, H. B, Vidanage, S. P. and Batagoda B. M. S. (2005). A field Manual for Environmental Valuation in Sri Lanka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 19. Kotagama, S. and S de A Goonatilake (2017) Pictorial Pocket Guide to the Mammals of Sri Lanka (3rd revised & expanded). Field ornithology Group of Sri Lanka. 154pp. 20. McKenney, B.A and Kiesecker, J.M. (2010) Policy Development for Biodiversity Offsets: A Review of Offset, Frameworks, Environmental Management 45:165–176. DOI 10.1007/s00267-009-9396-3. 21. 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50 ANNEXES Annex 1: List of plants recorded in and around cleared forest area

Family Botanical name Local name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL (M) 1. Acanthaceae Crossandra IND LC infundibuliformis 2. Acanthaceae Strobilanthes IND LC sexennis 3. Acanthaceae Gymnostachyum END EN ceylanicum 4. Achariaceae Hydnocarpus Makul M END LC venenata 5. Anacardiaceae Mangifera zeylanica Etamba END LC VU 6. Anacardiaceae Nothopegia Balal M IND LC beddomei 7. Anacardiaceae Semecarpus nigro- Badulla M END LC VU viridis 8. Annonaceae Artabotrys zeylanicus M IND LC 9. Annonaceae Miliusa indica Kikilimessa IND LC 10. Annonaceae Mitrephora heyneana IND NT 11. Annonaceae Polyalthia korinti M IND LC 12. Annonaceae Uvaria sphenocarpa END LC 13. Annonaceae Xylopia nigricans M END NT 14. Apiaceae Centella asiatica Gotukola M IND LC 15. Apocyanaceae Alstonia scholaris Ginikuru M IND LC LCi 16. Apocyanaceae Anodendron M IND VU paniculatum 17. Apocyanaceae Carissa spinarum Karamba M IND LC 18. Apocyanaceae Hemidesmus indicus Heen-iramusu M IND LC 19. Apocyanaceae Willughbeia END VU VU cirrhifera 20. Araceae Colocasia esculenta Gahala M IND LC LC 21. Araceae Cryptocoryne Athiudayan M END VU beckettii 22. Araceae Cryptocoryne parva Athiudayan M END EN 23. Arecaceae Calamus thwaitesii Wewel IND VU 24. Asteraceae Chromolaena Podi singno M IND odorata maran 25. Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber Eth adi M IND LC 26. Asteraceae Mikania cordata Gampalu M EXO NE 27. Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Monarakudumbiya M IND LC 28. Begoniaceae Begonia cordifolia Embala M IND VU 29. Bignoniaceae Stereospermum M IND LC colais 30. Calophyllaceae Calophyllum M END VU tomentosum 31. Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa M IND LC 32. Cannabaceae Celtis philippensis Medithala M IND LC 33. Cannabaceae Trema orientalis Gedumba M IND LC 34. Capparaceae Capparis rotundifolia Balalpahuru IND LC 35. Celastraceae Euonymus walkeri END LC VU 36. Celastraceae Salacia oblonga IND EN 37. Celastraceae Salacia reticulata M IND EN 38. Cleomaceae Cleome monophylla IND LC 39. Clusiaceae Garcinia morella Gokatu M IND NT 40. Clusiaceae Garcinia quaesita Goraka M END LC 41. Clusiaceae Garcinia spicata IND NT 42. Clusiaceae Garcinia END EN terpnophylla

51 Family Botanical name Local name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL (M) 43. Combretaceae Combretum albidum M IND NT 44. Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk M IND LC 45. Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Gira-pala M IND LC LC 46. Connaraceae Rourea minor Radaliya M IND LC 47. Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia Girithilla M END LC 48. Cornaceae Alangium salviifolium M IND NT 49. Cycadaceae Cycas nathorstii Madu M IND VU VU 50. Cyperaceae Carex leucantha IND VU 51. Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis IND LC LC 52. Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus IND LC 53. Cyperaceae Cyperus iria Wel-hiri M IND LC 54. Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus Kaladuru M IND LC LC 55. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis IND LC cinnamometorum 56. Cyperaceae Fimbristylis miliacea Mudu-hal-pan M IND LC 57. Cyperaceae Fuirena capitata IND LC 58. Cyperaceae Fuirena ciliaris IND LC LC 59. Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum IND LC gelonioides 60. Dioscoreacea Dioscorea trimeni Katuala M END EN 61. Dioscoreacea Trichopus zeylanicus binpol M IND VU 62. Ebenaceae Diospyros affinis M IND NT 63. Ebenaceae Diospyros Habaraliya END EN EN ebenoides 64. Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum Karuwala IND EN DD 65. Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Elathimbiri M IND NT 66. Ebenaceae Diospyros ovalifolia Kunumella M IND LC 67. Ebenaceae Diospyros sylvatica M IND VU 68. Elaeagnaceae Elaegnus latifolia Wel-Embilla M IND LC 69. Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum END LC zeylanicum 70. Euphorbiaceae Agrostistachys indica IND LC 71. Euphorbiaceae Croton laccifer Keppetiya M IND LC 72. Euphorbiaceae Dimorphocalyx Weliwenna M IND LC glabellus 73. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Bu-dada-kiriya M IND LC 74. Euphorbiaceae Homonoia riparia IND NT 75. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda M IND LC 76. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis Nolabe M IND LC 77. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus resinosus END LC 78. Euphorbiaceae Mallotus rhamnifolius M IND LC 79. Fabaceae Acacia caesia M IND LC 80. Fabaceae Acacia pennata Rathkihiri M IND LC 81. Fabaceae Albizia odoratissima Kabalmaara M IND LC 82. Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea Katarodu M IND LC 83. Fabaceae Dalbergia pseudo- M IND LC sissoo 84. Fabaceae Derris parviflora Kala M END LC 85. Fabaceae Desmodium Maha- M IND LC heterophyllum undupiyaliya 86. Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum Heen- M IND LC undupiyaliya 87. Fabaceae Entada pusaetha Pus M IND LC 88. Fabaceae Mimosa pudica Nidi-kumba M EXO NE 89. Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda M IND LC 90. Hypoxidaceae Molineria trichocarpa M IND VU 91. Lamiaceae Callicarpa tomentosa M IND LC 92. Lamiaceae Clerodendrum M IND LC infortunatum 52 Family Botanical name Local name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL (M) 93. Lamiaceae Leucas zeylanica Geta-Thumba M IND LC 94. Lamiaceae Ocimum americanum Heen-tala M IND LC 95. Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum Gas-tala M IND LC 96. Lamiaceae Premna tomentosa IND LC 97. Lamiaceae Scutellaria violacea IND LC 98. Lamiaceae Vitex altissima Milla M IND NT 99. Lauraceae Alseodaphne Wewarana M IND VU semecarpifolia 100. Lauraceae Neolitsea cassia Kududaula M IND LC 101. Loganiaceae Strychnos END VU trichocalyx 102. Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis Puwak-Gediya- M IND LC wel 103. Malvaceae Abutilon indicum Walanoda M IND LC 104. Malvaceae Grewia carpinifolia M IND LC 105. Malvaceae Grewia helicterifolia Boradamani M IND LC 106. Malvaceae Grewia orientalis IND LC 107. Malvaceae Helicteres isora M IND NT 108. Malvaceae Pterospermum Welan M IND LC suberifolium 109. Malvaceae Pterygota thwaitesii Nava M END VU 110. Malvaceae Sida acuta Bvila M IND LC 111. Malvaceae Urena lobata Patta-epala M IND LC 112. Melastomataceae Memecylon IND EN angustifolium 113. Melastomataceae Memecylon M END LC capitellatum 114. Meliaceae Chukrasia tabularis Hiri-kita M IND NT LC 115. Meliaceae Dysoxylum ficiforme IND NT VU 116. Meliaceae Munronia pinnata Binkohomba M IND EN 117. Menspermaceae Cissampelos pareira Diya-Mitta M IND LC 118. Menspermaceae Hypserpa nitida M IND EN 119. Menspermaceae Pachygone ovata Niliwel IND VU 120. Menspermaceae Stephania japonica IND VU 121. Moraceae Artocarpus M IND NT gomezianus 122. Moraceae Ficus hispida M IND LC 123. Moraceae Ficus nervosa M IND LC 124. Moraceae Ficus racemosa Attikka M IND LC 125. Moraceae Ficus virens M IND LC 126. Moraceae Plecospermum M IND VU spinosum 127. Moraceae Streblus asper Gongotu M IND LC 128. Moraceae Streblus taxoides M IND LC 129. Myristicaceae Myristica ceylanica IND VU VU 130. Myrtaceae Eugena willdenowii END LC 131. Myrtaceae Syzygium Waljambu M END NT amphoraecarpus 132. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini Dan M IND LC 133. Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum Yakadamaran M IND LC 134. Ochnaceae Gomphia serrata M IND LC 135. Oleaceae Chionanthus M IND LC zeylanica 136. Oleaceae Jasminum M IND LC angustifolium 137. Onagraceae Ludwigia perennis Piduruwella IND LC LC 138. Orchidaceae Cymbidium aloifolium IND LC 139. Orchidaceae Dendrobium Balunaguta IND LC aphyllum

53 Family Botanical name Local name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL (M) 140. Pandanaceae Pandanus Wetake M END VU ceylanicus 141. Phyllanthaceae Antidesma alexiteria M IND LC 142. Phyllanthaceae Aporusa acuminata IND LC 143. Phyllanthaceae Blachia umbellata M IND LC 144. Phyllanthaceae Bridelia retusa Ketakela M IND LC 145. Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu M END LC pallidus 146. Phyllanthaceae Margaritaria indicus Karau M IND VU 147. Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus amarus Pitawakka M IND LC 148. Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus Gangawerella END VU myrtifolius 149. Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus Kuratiya M IND LC polyphyllus 150. Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus urinaria Rat-pitawakka M IND LC 151. Phyllanthaceae Suregada lanceolata IND LC 152. Picrodendraceae Mischodon Thammenna M IND LC zeylanicus 153. Piperaceae Piper sylvestre Mala-Miris-wel M IND LC 154. Poaceae Alloteropsis cimicina BundEN-tana IND LC 155. Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa IND LC 156. Poaceae Chrysopogon Tuttiri M IND LC aciculatus 157. Poaceae Cyrtococcum IND LC trigonum 158. Poaceae Dichaetaria wightii IND VU 159. Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris Guru-tana M IND LC 160. Poaceae Digitaria longiflora IND LC 161. Poaceae Echinochloa colona Giri-tana M IND LC 162. Poaceae Echinochloa crusgalli Maratu M IND LC 163. Poaceae Eleusine indica Bela-tana M IND LC 164. Poaceae Eragrostis atrovirens IND LC 165. Poaceae Eragrostis unioloides IND LC 166. Poaceae Isachne globosa Bata-della M IND LC 167. Poaceae Ischaemum rugosum Kudu-kedu M IND LC 168. Poaceae Oplismenus IND LC compositus 169. Poaceae Panicum gardneri IND LC 170. Poaceae Panicum maximum Ginithana M EXO NE 171. Poaceae Panicum repens Etora M IND LC 172. Poaceae Paspalidium flavidum Ha-tana M IND LC 173. Podostemaceae Dalzellia ceylanica IND VU 174. Polypodiaceae Drynaria quercifolia Beduru M IND LC 175. Primulaceae Ardisia pauciflora Baludan IND NT 176. Pteridaceae Pteris ensiformis IND LC 177. Putranjivaceae Drypetes gardneri Etaweera M END NT 178. Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Weera M IND LC 179. Putranjivaceae Putranjiva roxburghii IND LC 180. Rhamnaceae Ventilago Wembadanga M IND LC madraspatana 181. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia M IND LC 182. Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata Davata M IND NT 183. Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea M IND LC ceylanica 184. Rubiaceae Aidia gardneri END VU 185. Rubiaceae Benkara malabarica IND LC 186. Rubiaceae Canthium Kara M IND LC coromandelicum 187. Rubiaceae Discospermum IND LC sphaerocarpum 54 Family Botanical name Local name Medicinal SpS NRL GRL (M) 188. Rubiaceae Geophila repens var M IND VU asiatica 189. Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia Kolon M IND LC 190. Rubiaceae Ixora coccinea Rathmal M IND LC 191. Rubiaceae Ixora pavetta M IND LC 192. Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis Bakmee M IND LC 193. Rubiaceae Wendlandia Wanaidala M END LC bicuspidata 194. Rutaceae Atalantia ceylanica Yakdehi M IND LC 195. Rutaceae Chloroxylon swietena Burutha M IND VU 196. Rutaceae Glycosmis mauritiana Dodampana IND LC 197. Rutaceae Micromelum M END LC minutum 198. Rubiaceae Mitragyna parvifolia Hekolon M IND LC var parvifolia 199. Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rhesta M IND EN 200. Salicaceae Casearia zeylanica M IND LC 201. Salicaceae Flacourtia indica M IND LC 202. Salicaceae Scolopia pusilla M END LC 203. Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe Kobbe M IND LC 204. Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Mora M IND LC 205. Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya M IND LC 206. Sapindaceae Lepisanthes erecta IND VU 207. Sapindaceae Gleniea unijuga Wal-Mora END LC 208. Sapindaceae Lepisanthes M IND LC senegalensis 209. Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Kon M IND LC 210. Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mee M IND NT 211. Tetramelaceae Tetrameles nudiflora Hema M IND LC LR/cd

212. Ulmaceae Holoptelea integrifolia M IND NT 213. Verbanaceae Lantana camara Hinguru M EXO NE 214. Violaceae Rinorea virgata IND VU 215. Vitaceae Leea indica Burulla M IND LC

55 Annex 2: Large trees (DBH 20cm or above) enumerated. Transect Tree Family Botanical name Local name SpS NRL GRL DBH DBH Tree Canopy Crown Merchantable Small Log Log Merchantable no. cm m end cross cross section section Height Radius Cover Stem Radius Area Area Wood (m) (m) sq.m height(m) (m) large end small end volume cu.m 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum Karuwala IND EN DD 47 0.24 20.00 6.00 113.14 15.00 0.16 0.17 0.08 1.88 1 2 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 25 0.13 17.00 6.00 113.14 12.75 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.45 pallidus 1 3 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 23 0.12 12.00 4.00 50.29 9.00 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.27 pallidus 1 4 Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum Karuwala IND EN DD 22 0.11 24.00 3.00 28.29 18.00 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.49 1 5 Picrodendraceae Mischodon Thammenna IND LC 27 0.14 23.00 3.00 28.29 17.25 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.71 zeylanicus 1 6 Anacardiaceae Mangifera Etamba END LC VU 77 0.39 32.00 5.00 78.57 24.00 0.26 0.47 0.21 8.07 zeylanica 1 7 Meliaceae Chukrasia Hulan-hik IND NT LC 30 0.15 22.00 2.50 19.64 16.50 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.84 tabularis 1 8 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Weera IND LC 41 0.21 21.00 3.50 38.50 15.75 0.14 0.13 0.06 1.50 2 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Kalukudumberia IND NT 42 0.21 28.00 3.50 38.50 21.00 0.14 0.14 0.06 2.10 2 2 Rutaceae Chloroxylon Burutha IND VU 43 0.22 20.00 4.00 50.29 15.00 0.14 0.15 0.06 1.57 swietenia 2 3 Lauraceae Alseodaphne Wewarana IND VU 28 0.14 20.00 4.00 50.29 15.00 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.67 semecarpifolia 2 4 Ebenaceae Diospyros IND LC 25 0.13 14.00 2.00 12.57 10.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.37 ovalifolia 2 5 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 24 0.12 15.00 2.00 12.57 11.25 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.37 pallidus 2 6 Lamiaceae Premna IND LC 29 0.15 19.00 3.00 28.29 14.25 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.68 tomentosa 2 7 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Like kaluwara IND NT 26 0.13 18.00 4.50 63.64 13.50 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.52 2 8 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Like kaluwara IND NT 30 0.15 25.00 4.00 50.29 18.75 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.96 2 9 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Like kaluwara IND NT 24 0.12 18.00 4.50 63.64 13.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.44 2 10 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Mora IND LC 29 0.15 18.00 4.00 50.29 13.50 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.64 longan 2 11 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Mora IND LC 31 0.16 20.00 4.00 50.29 15.00 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.82 longan 2 12 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Like kaluwara IND NT 23 0.12 23.00 2.00 12.57 17.25 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.52

56 Transect Tree Family Botanical name Local name SpS NRL GRL DBH DBH Tree Canopy Crown Merchantable Small Log Log Merchantable no. cm m end cross cross section section Height Radius Cover Stem Radius Area Area Wood (m) (m) sq.m height(m) (m) large end small end volume cu.m 2 13 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Mora IND LC 27 0.14 22.00 5.00 78.57 16.50 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.68 longan 2 14 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus IND LC 29 0.15 22.00 6.00 113.14 16.50 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.79 longan 3 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa Like kaluwara IND NT 25 0.13 18.00 4.00 50.29 13.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.48 3 2 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 37 0.19 13.00 4.00 50.29 9.75 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.76 pallidus 3 3 Sapindaceae Schleichera Kon IND LC 116 0.58 33.00 8.00 201.14 24.75 0.39 1.06 0.47 18.90 oleosa 3 4 Euphorbiaceae Dimorphocalyx Weliwenna IND LC 20 0.10 8.00 3.50 38.50 6.00 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.14 glabellus 3 5 Tetramelaceae Tetrameles Hema IND LC LR/cd 87 0.44 32.00 7.00 154.00 no timber nudiflora value 3 6 Annonaceae Xylopia nigricans END NT 37 0.19 25.00 6.00 113.14 18.75 0.12 0.11 0.05 1.46 3 7 Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia Mee IND NT 43 0.22 30.00 5.00 78.57 22.50 0.14 0.15 0.06 2.36 3 8 Sapindaceae Schleichera Kon IND LC 58 0.29 30.00 7.00 154.00 22.50 0.19 0.26 0.12 4.30 oleosa 4 1 Bignoniaceae Stereospermum Dunumadala IND LC 31 0.16 22.00 2.00 12.57 16.50 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.90 colais 4 2 Malvaceae Grewia Boradamaniya IND LC 25 0.13 18.00 2.00 12.57 13.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.48 helicterifolia 4 3 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Mora IND LC 22 0.11 18.00 4.00 50.29 13.50 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.37 longan 4 4 Tetramelaceae Tetrameles Hema IND LC LR/cd 31 0.16 16.00 3.00 28.29 no timber nudiflora value 4 5 Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia Kolon IND LC 33 0.17 18.00 3.50 38.50 13.50 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.83 4 6 Rubiaceae Haldina cordifolia Kolon IND LC 26 0.13 18.00 4.00 50.29 13.50 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.52 4 7 Tetramelaceae Tetrameles Hema IND LC LR/cd 21 0.11 12.00 3.00 28.29 no timber nudiflora value 4 8 Fabaceae Albizia Kabalmaara IND LC 39 0.20 25.00 5.00 78.57 18.75 0.13 0.12 0.05 1.62 odoratissima 5 1 Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda IND LC 33 0.17 20.00 7.00 154.00 15.00 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.93 5 2 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Etaweera IND LC 28 0.14 19.00 6.00 113.14 14.25 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.63 5 3 Rutaceae Chloroxylon Burutha IND VU 44 0.22 28.00 4.00 50.29 21.00 0.15 0.15 0.07 2.31 swietenia

57 Transect Tree Family Botanical name Local name SpS NRL GRL DBH DBH Tree Canopy Crown Merchantable Small Log Log Merchantable no. cm m end cross cross section section Height Radius Cover Stem Radius Area Area Wood (m) (m) sq.m height(m) (m) large end small end volume cu.m 5 4 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Mora IND LC 36 0.18 25.00 7.00 154.00 18.75 0.12 0.10 0.05 1.38 longan 5 5 Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda IND LC 39 0.20 20.00 6.00 113.14 15.00 0.13 0.12 0.05 1.29 5 6 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Etaweera IND LC 33 0.17 18.00 4.50 63.64 13.50 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.83 5 7 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 24 0.12 14.00 1.50 7.07 10.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.34 5 8 Picrodendraceae Mischodon Thammenna IND LC 32 0.16 20.00 3.50 38.50 15.00 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.87 zeylanicus 5 9 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Etaweera IND LC 20 0.10 15.00 3.00 28.29 11.25 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.26 5 10 Euphorbiaceae Dimorphocalyx Weliwenna IND LC 22 0.11 13.00 3.00 28.29 9.75 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.27 glabellus 5 11 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Etaweera IND LC 43 0.22 15.00 5.00 78.57 11.25 0.14 0.15 0.06 1.18 5 12 Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda IND LC 48 0.24 22.00 8.00 201.14 16.50 0.16 0.18 0.08 2.16 6 1 Rubiaceae Nauclea orientalis Bakmee IND LC 41 0.21 22.00 4.00 50.29 16.50 0.14 0.13 0.06 1.57 6 2 Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk IND LC 35 0.18 15.00 4.00 50.29 11.25 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.78 6 3 Achariaceae Hydnocarpus Makulu END LC 36 0.18 16.00 3.00 28.29 12.00 0.12 0.10 0.05 0.88 venenata 6 4 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 35 0.18 22.00 6.00 113.14 16.50 0.12 0.10 0.04 1.15 6 5 Anacardiaceae Mangifera Etamba END LC VU 35 0.18 25.00 7.00 154.00 18.75 0.12 0.10 0.04 1.30 zeylanica 6 6 Fabaceae Pongamia pinnata Karanda IND LC 29 0.15 22.00 6.00 113.14 16.50 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.79 6 7 Malvaceae Pterospermum Welan IND LC 33 0.17 18.00 5.00 78.57 13.50 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.83 suberifolium 6 8 Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya IND LC 20 0.10 18.00 4.00 50.29 13.50 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.31 6 9 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 21 0.11 23.00 5.00 78.57 17.25 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.43 pallidus 6 10 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 93 0.47 38.00 8.00 201.14 28.50 0.31 0.68 0.30 13.99 6 11 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 23 0.12 20.00 5.00 78.57 15.00 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.45 pallidus 6 12 Anacardiaceae Mangifera Etamba END LC VU 119 0.60 38.00 10.00 314.29 28.50 0.40 1.11 0.49 22.90 zeylanica 6 13 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 25 0.13 21.00 4.00 50.29 15.75 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.56 pallidus 6 14 Annonaceae Polyalthia korinti IND LC 21 0.11 23.00 3.50 38.50 17.25 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.43 7 1 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 32 0.16 23.00 3.00 28.29 17.25 0.11 0.08 0.04 1.00

58 Transect Tree Family Botanical name Local name SpS NRL GRL DBH DBH Tree Canopy Crown Merchantable Small Log Log Merchantable no. cm m end cross cross section section Height Radius Cover Stem Radius Area Area Wood (m) (m) sq.m height(m) (m) large end small end volume cu.m 7 2 Picrodendraceae Mischodon Thammenna IND LC 45 0.23 27.00 4.00 50.29 20.25 0.15 0.16 0.07 2.33 zeylanicus 7 3 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 62 0.31 33.00 6.00 113.14 24.75 0.21 0.30 0.13 5.40 7 4 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 56 0.28 30.00 6.50 132.79 22.50 0.19 0.25 0.11 4.00 7 5 Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum Kaluwara IND EN DD 26 0.13 18.00 3.00 28.29 13.50 0.09 0.05 0.02 0.52 7 6 Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus Galmaratu END LC 20 0.10 16.00 3.00 28.29 12.00 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.27 pallidus 7 7 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa IND NT 21 0.11 15.00 4.00 50.29 11.25 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.28 7 8 Putranjivaceae Drypetes sepiaria Weera IND LC 34 0.17 20.00 4.00 50.29 15.00 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.98 7 9 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa IND NT 20 0.10 21.00 3.00 28.29 15.75 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.36 7 10 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa IND NT 20 0.10 18.00 3.00 28.29 13.50 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.31 7 11 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa IND NT 25 0.13 14.00 3.00 28.29 10.50 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.37 7 12 Ebenaceae Diospyros oocarpa IND NT 24 0.12 16.00 3.00 28.29 12.00 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.39 7 13 Picrodendraceae Mischodon Thammenna IND LC 29 0.15 18.00 3.50 38.50 13.50 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.64 zeylanicus 7 14 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 46 0.23 28.00 5.00 78.57 21.00 0.15 0.17 0.07 2.52 7 15 Phyllanthaceae Antidesma IND LC 32 0.16 28.00 5.00 78.57 21.00 0.11 0.08 0.04 1.22 alexiteria 8 1 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda IND LC 21 0.11 14.00 2.00 12.57 10.50 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.26 8 2 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda IND LC 20 0.10 15.00 2.00 12.57 11.25 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.26 8 3 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda IND LC 24 0.12 20.00 2.50 19.64 15.00 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.49 8 4 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda IND LC 20 0.10 23.00 1.50 7.07 17.25 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.39 8 5 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga peltata Kenda IND LC 20 0.10 22.00 2.00 12.57 16.50 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.37 8 6 Lauraceae Neolitsea cassia Kududaula IND LC 22 0.11 20.00 2.00 12.57 15.00 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.41 8 7 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 25 0.13 35.00 6.00 113.14 26.25 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.93 8 8 Calophyllaceae Mesua ferrea Naa IND LC 42 0.21 22.00 4.00 50.29 16.50 0.14 0.14 0.06 1.65 Total >> 5744.36 Total >> 142.67 No.of trees 87 Ovarall 18464.52 Ovarall >> 458.58 >>

59 Annex 3: List of fauna at the study area

Freshwater crabs No Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total Upstream Coursway Downstream 1 Gecarcinucidae Ceylonthelphusa sp.* END NK NK 1* 2 Gecarcinucidae Mahatha adonis END NT LC 1 1 1 0 3 Gecarcinucidae Oziothelphusa END EN LC 1* minneriyaensis* 4 Gecarcinucidae Oziotelphusa stricta* END EN VU 1* Land snails No Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Ariophantidae Cryptozona bistrialis IND LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Ariophantidae Macrachlamy IND DD 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 vilipensa 3 Ariophantidae Euplecta layardi END EN 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 Ariophantidae Euplecta colletti END EN 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 Bulimininae Mirus panos END EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Camaenidae Beddomea tifasciatus END VU 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 Cyclophoridae Theobaldius bairdi END VU 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 Cyclophoridae Theobaldius cratera END DD 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 9 Cyclophoridae Cyclophorus END VU 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ceylanicus 10 Cyclophoridae Cyclophorus IND EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 involvulus 11 Cyclophoridae Aulopoma grande END VU 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 12 Cyclophoridae Aulopoma itieri END EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 Cyclophoridae Micraulax coeloconus IND CR 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 14 Cyclophoridae Pterocyclus cumingi * IND NT 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Glessulidae Glessula ceylanica END EN 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 16 Glessulidae Glessula pallens END CR 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 17 Glessulidae Glessula lankana * END EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Paludomidae Paludomus sp. END 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 Subulinidae Allopeas marine END CR 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 20 Streptaxidae Indoartemon END VU 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 layardianus

60 Dragonflies No Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Calopterygidae Neurobasis chinensis Oriental green- IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 wing 2 Calopterygidae Vestalis apicalis Black-tipped IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 flashwing 3 Cholorocyphidae Libellago adami * Adam's Gem END VU NE 1* 4 Cholorocyphidae Libellago greeni Green's Gem END EN NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 Euphaeidae Euphaea splendens Shining END NT NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Gossamerwing 6 Platycnemididae Copera marginipes Yellow IND LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Featherleg 7 Aeshnidae Anax indicus Elephant IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Emperor 8 Gomphidae Paragomphus Lowland END NE NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 campestris Hooktail 9 Gomphidae Gomphidia pearsoni Rivulte Tiger END EN EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Gomphidae Ictinogomphus rapax Rapacious IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Flangetail 11 Libellulidae Orthetrum chrysis Spine-tufted IND VU LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Skimmer 12 Libellulidae Orthetrum pruinosum Pink Skimmer IND NT LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 Libellulidae Orthetrum sabina Green Skimmer IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 Libellulidae Brachythemis Asian IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 contaminata Groundling 15 Libellulidae Diplacodes trivialis Blue Percher IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 Libellulidae Neurothemis tullia Pied Parasol IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 17 Libellulidae Trithemis aurora Crimson IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dropwing 18 Libellulidae Trithemis festiva Indigo Dropwing IND VU LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 19 Libellulidae Onychothemis Aggressive IND EN NE 1* tonkinensis* riverhawk 20 Libellulidae Rhyothemis variegata Varigated IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Flutter 21 Libellulidae Pantala flavescens Wandering IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glider 22 Libellulidae Tholymis tillarga Foggy-winged IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Twister 23 Libellulidae Zygonyx iris Sri Lanka IND VU LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cascader

61 Butterflies No Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Papilionidae Graphium Green jay / Kola papilia IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 agamemnon Tailed jay 2 Papilionidae Graphium antiphates Five bar Pancha Iri IND EN NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 swordtail kaga-waligaya 3 Papilionidae Graphium doson Common jay podu papilia IND LC NE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 Papilionidae Graphium nomius Spot swordtail Thith kaga- IND VU NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 waligaya 5 Papilionidae Graphium teredon Blue bottle Nil papilia IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Papilionidae Pachliopta Common rose Podu rosa IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 aristolochiae papilia 7 Papilionidae Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Maha rosa IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 papilia 8 Papilionidae Papilio crino Banded Monara papilia IND VU NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 peacock 9 Papilionidae Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon Maha nilaya IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 10 Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Kalu papilia IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mormon 11 Papilionidae Troides darsius Common Maha kurulu END LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 birdwing / piya papiliya Ceylon birdwing 12 Pieridae Appias albina Common Podu sudana IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 albatross 13 Pieridae Appias galane Sri Lanka Kuda sudana END LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 albatross 14 Pieridae Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Kaha IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 piyasariya 15 Pieridae Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Thith-piya IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 emigrant / piyasariya African emigrant 16 Pieridae Delias eucharis Jezebel Podu Maha- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 sudda 17 Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common grass Maha IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 yellow kahakolaya 18 Pieridae Eurema ormistoni One-spot grass Kela END VU NE 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 yellow kahakolaya 19 Pieridae Hebomoia glaucippe Great orange tip Yoda sudana IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 / Giant orange tip

62 20 Pieridae Leptosia nina Psyche Kalu-thith IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 sudda 21 Nymphalidae Ariadne merione Common castor Podu pathan- IND VU NE 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 sariya 22 Nymphalidae Charaxes solon * Black rajah Kalu raja- IND NT NE 1* kumaraya 23 Nymphalidae Cirrochroa thais Tamil yeoman / Kela raththiya IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Yeoman 24 Nymphalidae Cupha erymanthis Rustic Raththiya IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 25 Nymphalidae Dophla evelina Red spot duke Rathu-thith IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kumaraya 26 Nymphalidae Euploea core Common crow Podu kaka- IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 kotithiyaya 27 Nymphalidae Euploea klugii Brown king Raja kaka- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 crow kotithiya 28 Nymphalidae Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy Dumburuwan IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 alankarikya 29 Nymphalidae Kallima philarchus Blue oakleaf Nil kela- END EN NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 kolaya 30 Nymphalidae Libythea celtis Beak Dumburu- IND EN NE 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 thuduwa 31 Nymphalidae Melanitis leda Common Podu IND LC NE 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 evening brown dumburuwa 32 Nymphalidae Melanitis phedima Dark evening Anduru IND NT NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 brown dumburuwa 33 Nymphalidae Moduza procris Commander Maha IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 selaruwa 34 Nymphalidae Neptis hylas Common sailor Gomara IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 selaruwa 35 Nymphalidae Neptis jumbah Chestnut- Thambala-iri IND LC NE 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 streaked sailor selaruwa 36 Nymphalidae Orsotriaena medus Medus Brown Maha-iri IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 /Nigger panduru- dumburuwa 37 Nymphalidae Pantoporia hordonia Common lasker Kaha selaruwa IND NT NE 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Suduwan nil- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 kotithiya 39 Nymphalidae Phalantha phantha Leopard Podu thith- IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 thambiliya 40 Nymphalidae Polyura athamas Nawab Kaha IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 kumaraya

63 41 Nymphalidae Tirumala limniace Blue tiger Podu nil- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 kotithiya 42 Nymphalidae Tirumala Dark blue tiger Anduruwan nil- IND NT NE 1* septentrionis* kotithiya 43 Nymphalidae Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Podu heen- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 dumburuwa 44 Lycaenidae Actyolepis puspa Common Hedge Mal Panduru- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blue nilaya 45 Lycaenidae Amblypodia anita Purple leafblue Dam gas- IND NT NE 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 nilaya 46 Lycaenidae Anthene lycaenina Pointed Ciliate Ul Kirana- IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Blue nilaya 47 Lycaenidae Caleta decidia Angled Pierrot Gomara Mal- IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 nilaya 48 Lycaenidae Catochrysops strabo Forger-me-not Kela Mal- IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nilaya 49 Lycaenidae Chilades lajus Lime Blue Podu Panu- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nilaya 50 Lycaenidae Curetis thetis Indian sunbeam Maha hiru- IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nilaya 51 Lycaenidae Discolampa ethion Banded Blue Iri Mal-nilaya IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pierrot 52 Lycaenidae Jamides bochus Dark Cerulean Anduruwan IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Seru-nilaya 53 Lycaenidae Jamides celeno Common Podu Seru- IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cerulean nilaya 54 Lycaenidae Neopithicops zalmora Quaker Maha thith IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dumburu- nilaya 55 Lycaenidae Rathinda amor Monkey-puzzle Visituru IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 vanduru nilaya 56 Hesperiidae Badamia Brown Awl Guruleesa IND LC NE 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 exclamationis 57 Hesperiidae Hasora taminatus White banded Sudu-irileesa IND NT NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Awl Freshwater fish NO Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total Upstream Coursway Downstream 1 Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon Large Silver Gangiliya END LC NE 1 0 1 0 grandisquamis carplet 2 Cyprinidae Dawkinsia singhala Filamented Dankola END LC NE 1 1 1 1 Barb Pethiya

64 3 Cyprinidae Dawkinsia Blotched Mal Pethiya END CR NE 1 1 1 1 srilankensis filamented barb 4 Cyprinidae Devario malabaricus Giant Danio Dankola IND LC LC 1 1 1 1 Sayala / Rat kailaya 5 Cyprinidae Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker Gal END VU NE 1 1 1 1 panderuwa / Gal Pandiya 6 Cyprinidae Labuka insularis Knuckles labuca Dumbara END CR NE 1 1 1 0 karaedaya 7 Cyprinidae Pethia Tic tac-toe barb Depulliya / END VU NE 1 0 1 1 melanomaculata Tithpethiya 8 Cyprinidae Puntius bimaculatus Redside barb Ipili Kadaya IND LC LC 1 0 1 1 9 Cyprinidae Puntius dorsalis Longsnouted Bimtholla IND LC LC 1 0 1 1 bard 10 Cyprinidae Puntius thermalis Swamp barb Kota Pethiya END LC NE 1 0 1 1 11 Cyprinidae Rasbora dandia Striped rasbora Dandiya / IND LC NE 1 1 1 1 / Common Kehel Dandiya rasbora 12 Cyprinidae Rasbora Thin line Caveri IND LC NE 1 1 1 1 microcephalus Rasbora Randiya 13 Cyprinidae Systomus martenstyni Martenstyni's Dumbara END CR EN 1 1 1 1 barb Pethiya 14 Cyprinidae Systomus sp. Richmond barb Rathu waral END NE NE 1 1 1 1 ‘Richmondi' pethiya 15 Cyprinidae Tor khudree Mahseer Lehella / IND NT EN 1 1 1 1 Horapolaya 16 Nemacheilidae Schistura notostigma Banded Puwak Badilla END NT NE 1 1 1 0 mountain loach / Kandukara Ahirava 17 Cobitidae Lepidocephalichthys Common spiny Thith Ahirawa IND LC LC 1 0 1 1 thermalis loach 18 Bagridae Mystus nanus Striped dwarf Iri ankutta END LC NE 1 0 1 1 catfish 19 Siluridae Ompok ceylonensis Dryzone Butter Walapoththa END NE NE 1 0 1 0 catfish 20 Cichlidae Etroplus suratensis Pearl spot Koraliya IND LC LC 1 0 0 1 21 Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Bar Eyed Goby Maha gan IND LC LC 1 0 1 1 weligouva 22 Osphronemidae Belontia signata Combtail Thalkossa / END NT LR/cd 1 0 1 1 Kola modeya

65 23 Osphronemidae Osphronemus goramy Gaint gourami Seppili/ EXO NE NE 1 0 1 1 Thithpili/ Yoda gurami 24 Channidae Channa kelaartii Brown Paradel END LC NE 1 1 1 1 snakehead Kanaya 25 Channidae Channa striata Murrel Loola IND LC LC 1 0 1 1 Amphibians Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Bufonidae Duttaphrynus Common house Sulaba geai IND LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 melanostictus toad gemba 2 Nyctibatrachidae Lankanectes Corrugated Vakarali END VU LC 1* corrugatus * water frog madiya 3 Dicroglossidae Euphlyctis mudigere Skipper frog Utpatana IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 madiya 4 Dicroglossidae Minervarya Common paddy Sulaba vel IND LC NE 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 shyadrensis field frog madiya 5 Rhacophoridae Pseudophilautus Hollow snouted Hirigadu END EN EN 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 cavirostris shrub frog panduru mediya 6 Rhacophoridae Polypedates cruciger* Common hour- Sulaba END LC LC 1* glass tree frog pahimbu gas madiya 7 Ranidae Indosylvirana Common wood Sulaba bandi END NT NT 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 temporalis frog madiya 8 Ranidae Hydrophylax gracilis Sri Lanka wood Lanka bandi END LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 frog madiya Reptiles NO Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Crocodylidae Crocodylus porosus Mugger Hala kimbula IND NT LR/cd 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 crocodile 2 Agamidae Calotes ceylonensis Painted lip Thola-visituru END NT NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 lizard katussa 3 Agamidae Calotes liolepis * Whistling lizard / Sivuruhandena END NT NE 1* Forest lizard katussa 4 Agamidae Calotes versicolor Common Gara katussa IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 garden lizard 5 Agamidae Otocryptis nigristigma Black spotted Wiyali Pinum END LC NE 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 kangaroo lizard katussa 6 Gekkonidae Cnemaspis podihuna Dwarf day Kuda END VU LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 gecko divasarihuna / Podi galhuna

66 7 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Kandyan gecko Hali gehuna END LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 depressus 8 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Spotted Pulli gehuna IND LC NE 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 parvimaculatus housegecko 9 Scincidae Dasia halianus * Haly's treeskink Helige END NT NE 1* rukhiraluva 10 Scincidae Eutropis carinata Common skink Sulaba IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 hikanala 11 Scincidae Eutropis madarazi Spotted skink Pulli hikanala END VU NE 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 12 Scincidae Lankascincus fallax Common Sulaba END LC NE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lankaskink lakhiraluva 13 Scincidae Lankascincus gansi Gans's Gansge END VU NE 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 lankaskink lakhiraluva 14 Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Talagoya IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 Varanidae Varanus salvator Water monitor Kabaragoya IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 Pythonidae Python molurus Indian python Pimbura IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 Natricidae Xenochrophis The checkered Diya polonga / END LC NE 1* asperrimus * keelback Diya bariya 18 Elapidae Calliophis Bloody vented Bada rathu END CR NE 1* haematoetron* coral snake depath kaluva 19 Viperidae Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Tith polonga. IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 Viperidae Hypnale hypnale The Merrem’s Polon thelissa IND LC NE 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 hump nose viper 21 Viperidae Trimeresurus Green pit viper Pala polonga END LC NE 1* trigonocephalus * Birds Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRl GRl Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Phasianidae Galloperdix Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END NT LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 bicalcarata Spurfowl Haban-kukula 2 Phasianidae Gallus lafayettii Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 Junglefowl Vali-kukla 3 Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Neela- BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Kobeiyya 4 Columbidae Ducula aenea Green Imperial- Nil Mahagoya BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 pigeon 5 Columbidae Spilopelia suratensis Western Alu Kobeiyya BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Spotted Dove 6 Columbidae Treron pompadora Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Green-pigeon Batagoya

67 7 Picidae Picoides nanus Indian Pygmy Bora Esasi BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Woodpecker Gomara-karela 8 Picidae Dinopium psarodes Lesser Sri Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Lanka Ginipita Pili- Flameback karela 9 Megalaimidae Psilopogon zeylanicus Brown-headed Polos BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Barbet Kottoruwa 10 Megalaimidae Psilopogon flavifrons Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Yellow-fronted Kahamunath Barbet Kottoruwa 11 Megalaimidae Psilopogon Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rubricapillus Barbet Kottoruwa 12 Megalaimidae Psilopogon Coppersmith Rathlaye BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 haemacephalus Barbet Kottoruwa 13 Bucerotidae Ocyceros gingalensis Sri Lanka Grey Sri Lanka Alu END LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Hornbill Kandaththa 14 Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Common Mal Pilihuduwa BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kingfisher 15 Alcedinidae Pelargopsis capensis Stork-billed Manathudu BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kingfisher Maha- pilihuduwa 16 Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Gelasudu BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kingfisher Madi- pilihuduwa 17 Meropidae Merops leschenaulti Chestnut- Thambala-hisa BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 headed Bee- Binguharaya eater 18 Cuculidae Clamator jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo Gomara BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Kondakoha 19 Cuculidae Cacomantis sonneratii Banded Bay Vayira BrR NT LC 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Cuckoo Anukoha 20 Cuculidae Surniculus dicruroides Fork-tailed Kawudukoha BrR NT LC 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Drongo-cuckoo 21 Cuculidae Phaenicophaeus Blue-faced Wathanil BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 viridirostris Malkoha Malkoha 22 Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Maha Ati- BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 kukula 23 Psittacidae Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Hanging-parrot Giramaliththa 24 Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Rana Girawa BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Parakeet

68 25 Apodidae Aerodramus unicolor Indian Swiftlet Indu Upa- BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 thurithaya 26 Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm- Asia Thal- BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 swift thurithaya 27 Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne coronata Crested Silu Ruk- BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Treeswift thurithaya 28 Strigidae Ketupa zeylonensis Brown Fish owl Bora Kewul- BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 bakamoona 29 Podargidae Batrachostomus Frogmouth Madi-muhuna BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 moniliger 30 Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Rath-yatimal BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lapwing Kirella 31 Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Bamunu BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Piyakussa 32 Accipitridae Haliaeetus White-bellied Kusa-ali BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 leucogaster Sea-eagle Muhudukussa 33 Accipitridae Ichthyophaga Grey-headed Alu-his BrR NT NT 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ichthyaetus Fish eagle Masukussa 34 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Crested Silu BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Serpent-eagle Sarapakussa 35 Accipitridae Accipiter badius Shikra Kurulugoya BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 36 Accipitridae Ictinaetus malaiensis Black Eagle Kalukussa BrR NT LC 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 37 Accipitridae Nisaetus cirrhatus Changeable Perali BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hawk-eagle Kondakussa 38 Phalacrocoracidae Microcarbo niger Little Cormorant Punchi BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Diyakaputa 39 Ardeidae Ardeola grayii Indian Pond- Kana-koka BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 heron 40 Ardeidae Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Ra kana-koka BrR NT LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Night-heron 41 Chloropseidae Chloropsis jerdoni Jerdon's Jerdon BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Leafbird Kolarisiya 42 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Bora CWV NE LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sabariththa 43 Oriolidae Oriolus xanthornus Black-hooded Kahakurulla BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oriole 44 Dicruidae Dicrurus paradiseus Greater Racket- Pithipeda BrR NT LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 tailed Drongo Kawuda 45 Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Kalu-gelasi BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 Monarch Radamara 46 Monarchidae Terpsiphone paradisi Indian Paradise- Asia BrR/CWV LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 flycathcher Rahanmara

69 47 Campephagidae Lalage melanoptera Black-headed Kalu-his BrR LC LC 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cuckoo-shrike Saratiththa 48 Campephagidae Pericrocotus Small Minivet Punchi BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 cinnamomeus Miniviththa 49 Vangidae Tephrodornis affinis Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Wood-shrike Wana- saratiththa 50 Vangidae Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Wairapiya BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Flycatcher- Masi- shrike saratiththa 51 Aegithinidae Aegithina tiphia Common Iora Podu Iorawa BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52 Turdidae Geokichla spiloptera Sri Lanka Spot- Sri Lanka END VU NT 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 winged Thrush Thithpiya Thirasikaya 53 Muscicapidae Cyornis tickelliae Tickell’s Blue- Layaran Nil- BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 flycatcher masimara 54 Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Polkichcha BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Magpie-robin 55 Muscicapidae Kittacincla malabarica White-rumped Wana BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Shama Polkichcha 56 Muscicapidae Saxicoloides fulicatus Indian Robin Kalukichcha BrR LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Myna BrB LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 Sturnidae Gracula religiosa Common Hill Podu BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Myna Salalihiniya 59 Sittidae Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Villuda BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Nuthatch Yatikuriththa 60 Paridae Parus major Great Tit Maha BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Tikiriththa 61 Hirundinidae Cecropis hyperythra Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swallow Laklihiniya 62 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus Sri Lanka Black- Sri Lanka Kalu END LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 melanicterus capped Bulbul Isasi Kondaya 63 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Kondaya BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bulbul 64 Pycnonotidae Acritillas indica Yellow-browed Bamakaha BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Bulbul Guluguduwa 65 Pycnonotidae Hypsipetes Black Bulbul Kalu Piri- BrR LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 leucocephalus kondaya 66 Cisticolidae Prinia sylvatica Jungle Prinia Wana Priniya BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 Cisticolidae Orthotomus sutorius Common Battichcha BrR LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Tailorbird

70 68 Zosteropidae Zosterops Oriental White- Peradigu BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 palpebrosus eye Sithasiya 69 Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus Greenish Kolavan CWV NE LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 trochiloides Warbler Gassraviya 70 Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus Large-billed Mathudu CWV NE LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 magnirostris Leaf-warbler Gassraviya 71 Timalidae Pomatorhinus Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Da- END LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 melanurus Scimitar-babbler demalichcha 72 Timalidae Rhopocichla atriceps Dark-fronted Wathanduru BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Babbler Panduru- demalichcha 73 Pellorneidae Pellorneum Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 fuscocapillus Brown-capped Boraga Piri- Babbler demalichcha 74 Dicaeidae Dicaeum Pale-billed Lathudu BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 erythrorhynchos Flowerpecker Pililichcha 75 Nectariniidae Leptocoma zeylonica Purple-rumped Nithamba Dam BrR LC LC 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Sunbird Sutikka 76 Nectariniidae Cinnyris asiatica Purple Sunbird Dam Sutikka BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 77 Nectariniidae Cinnyris lotenius Loten’s Sunbird Digthudu Dam BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Sutikka 78 Motacillidae Dendronanthus Forest Wagtail Wana- CWV NE LC 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 indicus halapenda 79 Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Alu Halapenda CWV NE LC 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 80 Estrididae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Laya Kayuru BrR LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Munia Weekurulla Mammals NO Family Scientific Name English Name Sinhala Name SpS NRL GRL Total P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 1 Manidae Manis crassicaudata Pangolin Kaballewa IND NT EN 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 Hipposideridae Hipposideros galeritus Dekhan leaf- Kesdiga IND VU LC 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 nosed bat Pathnehe- vavula 3 Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Ma-vavula IND LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 Vespertillionidae Pipistrellus Indian pipistrel Indu Koseta- IND VU LC 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 coromandra vavula 5 Cercopithecidae Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque Sri Lanka END LC EN 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 monkey Rilawa 6 Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus priam Grey langur Eli-wdura IND LC NT 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 7 Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus Purple-faced Sri Lanka END EN EN 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 vetulus leaf monkey Kalu-wandura

71 8 Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard Kotiya/ Diviya IND EN VU 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 Felidae Prionailurus Rusty-spotted Kola Diviya / IND EN NT 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 rubiginosus cat Balal Diviya 10 Felidae Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing cat Handun Diviya IND EN VU 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 Herpestidae Herpestes smithii Black-tipped or Rath Mugatiya IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ruddy / Hothambuwa mongoose 12 Mustelidae Lutra lutra Otter Diya-balla IND VU NT 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 Viverridae Paradoxurus Palm civet Uguduwa IND LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 hermaphroditus 14 Viverridae Paradoxurus Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END CR NE 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 montanus Brown palm Sapumal civet Kalawedda 15 Elephantidae Elephas maximus Elephant Etha / Aliya IND EN EN 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambur Gõna IND NT VU 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 17 Cervidae Muntiacus Barking deer Olu Muwa / IND NT LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 malabaricus Weli Muwa 18 Suidae Sus scrofa Wild boar Wal Ura IND LC LC 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 19 Tragulidae Moschiola meminna Sri Lanka Sri Lanka END LC LC 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 mouse-deer Meminna 20 Hystricidae Hystrix indica Porcupine Ittewa IND LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 21 Muridae Rattus tanezumi Jungle rat Kele meeya IND NT LC 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 22 Sciuridae Funambulus Palm squirrel Leena IND LC LC 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 palmarum 23 Sciuridae Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel Dandu-leena IND LC NT 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 24 Leporidae Lepus nigricollis Black-naped Wal Hawa IND LC LC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hare * species recorded by other surveys

72 Annex 4: Species that were considered for the Critical Habitat assessment based in IFC gudeline Flora

Family Botanical name SpS NRL GRL

Achariaceae Hydnocarpus venenata END LC

Anacardiaceae Mangifera zeylanica END LC VU

Anacardiaceae Semecarpus nigro-viridis END LC VU

Annonaceae Uvaria sphenocarpa END LC

Annonaceae Xylopia nigricans END NT

Apocyanaceae Willughbeia cirrhifera END VU VU

Araceae Cryptocoryne beckettii END VU

Araceae Cryptocoryne parva END EN

Calophyllaceae Calophyllum tomentosum END VU

Celastraceae Euonymus walkeri END LC VU

Celastraceae Salacia oblonga IND EN

Celastraceae Salacia reticulata IND EN

Clusiaceae Garcinia quaesita END LC

Clusiaceae Garcinia terpnophylla END EN

Convolvulaceae Argyreia populifolia END LC

Dioscoreacea Dioscorea trimENi END EN

Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenoides END EN EN

Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum IND EN DD

Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum zeylanicum END LC

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus resinosus END LC

Fabaceae Derris parviflora END LC

Loganiaceae Strychnos trichocalyx END VU

Malvaceae Pterygota thwaitesii END VU

Melastomataceae Memecylon angustifolium IND EN

Melastomataceae Memecylon capitellatum END LC

Meliaceae Munronia pinnata IND EN

MENspermaceae Hypserpa nitida IND EN

73 Family Botanical name SpS NRL GRL

Myrtaceae EugENa willdenowii END LC

Myrtaceae Syzygium amphoraecarpus END NT

Pandanaceae Pandanus ceylanicus END VU

Phyllanthaceae Cleistanthus pallidus END LC

Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus myrtifolius END VU

Putranjivaceae Drypetes gardneri END NT

Rubiaceae Aidia gardneri END VU

Rubiaceae Wendlandia bicuspidata END LC

Rutaceae Micromelum minutum END LC

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum rhesta IND EN

Salicaceae Scolopia pusilla END LC

Sapindaceae Gleniea unijuga END LC

Fauna

Family Scientific Name SpS NRL GRL

Crabs

Gecarcinucidae Ceylonthelphusa sp.* END NK NK

Gecarcinucidae Mahatha adonis END NT LC

Gecarcinucidae Oziothelphusa minneriyaensis** END EN LC

Gecarcinucidae Oziotelphusa stricta** END EN VU

Land and aquatic species

Ariophantidae Euplecta layardi END EN NE

Ariophantidae Euplecta colletti END EN NE

Bulimininae Mirus panos END EN NE

Camaenidae Beddomea tifasciatus END VU NE

Cyclophoridae Theobaldius bairdi END VU NE

Cyclophoridae Theobaldius cratera END DD NE

Cyclophoridae Cyclophorus ceylanicus END VU NE

Cyclophoridae Cyclophorus involvulus IND EN NE

Cyclophoridae Aulopoma grande END VU NE

74 Family Scientific Name SpS NRL GRL

Cyclophoridae Aulopoma itieri END EN NE

Glessulidae Glessula ceylanica END EN NE

Glessulidae Glessula pallens END CR NE

Glessulidae Glessula lankana * END EN NE

Paludomidae Paludomus sp. END NK NE

Subulinidae Allopeas marine END CR NE

Streptaxidae Indoartemon layardianus END VU NE

Dragonflies

Cholorocyphidae Libellago adami * END VU NE

Cholorocyphidae Libellago greeni END EN NE

Euphaeidae Euphaea splendens END NT NE

Gomphidae Paragomphus campestris END NE NE

Gomphidae Gomphidia pearsoni END EN EN

Butterflies

Papilionidae Troides darsius END LC LC

Pieridae Appias galane END LC NE

Pieridae Eurema ormistoni END VU NE

Nymphalidae Kallima philarchus END EN NE

Fish

Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon grandisquamis END LC NE

Cyprinidae Dawkinsia singhala END LC NE

Cyprinidae Dawkinsia srilankensis END CR NE

Cyprinidae Garra ceylonensis END VU NE

Cyprinidae Labuka insularis END CR NE

Cyprinidae Pethia melanomaculata END VU NE

Cyprinidae Puntius thermalis END LC NE

Cyprinidae Systomus martenstyni END CR EN

Cyprinidae Systomus sp. ‘Richmondi' END NE NE

Cyprinidae Tor khudree IND NT EN

Nemacheilidae Schistura notostigma END NT NE

Bagridae Mystus nanus END LC NE

75 Family Scientific Name SpS NRL GRL

Siluridae Ompok ceylonensis END NE NE

Osphronemidae Belontia signata END NT LR/cd

Channidae Channa kelaartii END LC NE

Amphibians

Nyctibatrachidae Lankanectes corrugatus * END VU LC

Rhacophoridae Pseudophilautus cavirostris END EN EN

Rhacophoridae Polypedates cruciger* END LC LC

Ranidae Indosylvirana temporalis END NT NT

Ranidae Hydrophylax gracilis END LC LC

Reptiles

Agamidae Calotes ceylonensis END NT NE

Agamidae Calotes liolepis * END NT NE

Agamidae Otocryptis nigristigma END LC NE

Gekkonidae Cnemaspis podihuna END VU LC

Gekkonidae Hemidactylus depressus END LC LC

Scincidae Dasia halianus * END NT NE

Scincidae Eutropis madarazi END VU NE

Scincidae Lankascincus fallax END LC NE

Scincidae Lankascincus gansi END VU NE

Natricidae Xenochrophis asperrimus * END LC NE

Elapidae Calliophis haematoetron* END CR NE

Viperidae Trimeresurus trigonocephalus * END LC NE

Birds

Phasianidae Galloperdix bicalcarata END NT LC

Phasianidae Gallus lafayettii END LC LC

Columbidae Treron pompadora END LC LC

Picidae Dinopium psarodes END LC LC

Megalaimidae Psilopogon flavifrons END LC LC

Megalaimidae Psilopogon rubricapillus END LC LC

Bucerotidae Ocyceros gingalensis END LC LC

Psittacidae Loriculus beryllinus END LC LC

76 Family Scientific Name SpS NRL GRL

Vangidae Tephrodornis affinis END LC LC

Turdidae Geokichla spiloptera END VU NT

Hirundinidae Cecropis hyperythra END LC LC

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus melanicterus END LC LC

Timalidae Pomatorhinus melanurus END LC LC

Pellorneidae Pellorneum fuscocapillus END LC LC

Mammals

Manidae Manis crassicaudata IND NT EN

Cercopithecidae Macaca sinica END LC EN

Cercopithecidae Semnopithecus vetulus END EN EN

Viverridae Paradoxurus montanus END CR NE

Elephantidae Elephas maximus IND EN EN

Tragulidae Moschiola meminna END LC LC

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.

Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,300 Member organisations and some 16,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards.

IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development.

Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being.

IUCN has been working in Sri Lanka since 1988.

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE Sri Lanka Country Office No. 53 Horton Place Colombo 7 Sri Lanka Tel. +94 11 2682418, 2682488, 5734786 Fax +94 11 2682470 www.iucn.org/asia/countries/sri-lanka

Disturbed Stream Bed (Kanbarawa Oya)

IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Sri Lanka Country Office Corrective Action Plan - December, 2019 KMTC Contract Package of UECP of MWSIP, Sri Lanka

Annexure 3

Minutes of the meeting held on 12/07/2019, by Forest Department to define appropriate implementation mechanism of EAR (IUCN; June, 2019) recommendations

Page 28 of 33

Discussion Notes

Subject:

The MWSIP facilitated Forest Department to convened a Discussion to Develop Implementing Mechanism of Recommendations in the Ecological Assessment Report (IUCN; June, 2019) on Unauthorized Clearing of Forest in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale

Venue: Conference Room of Conservator General of Forests ; Time: 1.30 PM Date: 12/07/2019

Participants:

Name Agency Name Agency Mr. M. Senawirthne CF - EM & LR, FD Mr. M. J Brown CMS-PMDSC Mr. P.A.G.S. Nandakumara CF - LE, FD Mr. M. A. A. M. Ananda CME-PMDSC Ms. M. Amarasinhe SPMS-ADB,SLRM Mr. N Bandara PD-PMU, MWSIP Mr. P. Attygalle IESMS-MWSIP Mr. P Moonamale ES-PMU, MWSIP

Key Matters/ Conclusions:

No. Key Matters/ Conclusions Responsibility I Introduction

The CF - EM & LR, FD; welcomed the participants and briefed the objective of the discussion as to; Identification of the most effective method of low enforcement based on the recommendations in the aforementioned IUCN report.

Furthermore, he emphasized that; 1) FD has obtained the cost of damage to ecosystem and method of restoration from the IUCN (i.e. through June, 2019 report) 2) FD accepts the details furnished in the IUCN report as adequate and final. The same report forms the basis for low enforcement against the breach of Forest Ordinance (FO).

The CF - LE, FD; mentioned that the FD has two major approaches in enforcement of the low for incidence of this nature; 1) Reach at amicable settlement if respondent party accept the breach of FO and agree to (a) pay the damage cost, (b) restore the site ecologically and reforest a land in similar eco zone, (c) pay the penalties impose on breach of each clause in the FO by the unauthorized entry followed by land clearing and ensure refraining from claiming ownership of the felled trees 2) File a court case against breaching of the FO

The PD-PMU stated that the PMU as Employer expects urgent implementation of the recommended corrective actions in the IUCN report.

The CMS-PMDSC, confirming the FD’s view on the act, noted that the Contractor is solely responsible for this act since he has gone beyond the land

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Corrective Action Plan - December, 2019 KMTC Contract Package of UECP of MWSIP, Sri Lanka

Annexure 4

Minutes of the meeting held on 20/08/2019, by Forest Department to inform Contractor the procedure of adopting legal action as per Forest Ordinance based on EAR (IUCN; June, 2019) recommendations

Page 29 of 33

Discussion Notes

Subject:

The MWSIP facilitated Forest Department to convened a Discussion with Contractor on their Request to Amicably Settle the legal action on Unauthorized Clearing of Forest in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale as per guidance of Forest Department

Venue: Conference Room of Conservator General of Forests ; Time: 1.30 PM Date: 20/08/2019

Participants:

Name Agency Name Agency Mr. W. A. C. Weeragoda CGF, FD Mr. Qias Hai Tan DPM-Synohidro Mr. M. Senawirthne CF - EM & LR, FD Mr. Heil Kumara EO- Synohidro Mr. I Alawatta ACF - EM & LR, FD Dr. F. Nagrass Act. T.L-PMDSC Ms. M. Amarasinhe SPMS-ADB,SLRM Dr. A. Kasige ES-PMDSC Prof. D .Weerakoon IUCN (Team Leader/ Mr. N Bandara PD-PMU, MWSIP Ecological Assessment) Mr. S Gunathilake IUCN (Ecologist/ E.A.) Mr. P Moonamale ES-PMU, MWSIP

Key Matters/ Conclusions:

No. Key Matters/ Conclusions Responsibility I Introduction

The CGF, FD; welcomed the participants and briefed the objective of the discussion as to; Guide the Contractor on the procedure to be followed for reaching at an amicable settlement with the FD and To consider acceptance of Contractor’s request for amicable settlement option based on their response as well as define time plan for paying penalties & implementing restoration activities.

Furthermore, he emphasized that FD accepts the details furnished in the IUCN report as adequate and final. The same report forms the basis for low enforcement against the breach of Forest Ordinance (FO).

However, he invited the Contractor to raise if there are any clarifications and invited IUCN representatives to present clarifications based on the report/ study findings.

The DPM-Synohidro raised clarifications and IUCN/ Others responded as follows; 1) The basis of ecological assessment is arguable and proposed an opportunity to hire an independent party to repeat the same assessment by Synohidro;

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IUCN briefed the method adopted for the assessment. Then, FD reiterated that the report is considered as the final assessment based on FD’s professional judgment on competency of IUCN for the study. Synohidro agreed.

2) Calculation errors in deriving the “damage cost”;

IUCN clarified the basis adopted for the calculation of the damage cost as presented in chapter 2.9 of the Ecological Assessment Report (IUCN, June 2019). Synohidro agreed.

The FD described the procedure of amicable settlement is as follows;

1) Submit a letter of commitment by you to the FD (within 2 days) before 23/08/2019 stating that the Synohydro Corporation Limited agree to; a) Pay the ecosystem damage cost (LKR 31,400,000.00) as per bullet point 1 in paragraph 3.2 of EAR (IUCN, June 2019), b) Undertake the ecological restoration of degraded forest land in same watershed and rehabilitation of the damaged area under the direct supervision of FD officers as per bullet points 2 and 3 respectively in paragraph 3.2 of EAR, 2) Submit a method statement for item “b” above (within 20 days) before 10/09/2019 to the FD (both Engineer & Employer will assist you in this regard if deemed necessary by you), 3) Mobilize resources to implement method statement as recommends by the FD under their direct supervision at your cost. 4) Furthermore, FD noted that failure to follow the agreed time line may compel FD to take alternative legal action against Synohydro Corporation Limited.

II Decision taken 1) DPM/ Synohydro Corporation Limited agreed to follow the procedure as presented above and submit relevant documents in consultation with his top Synohydro management. FD 2) FD requested the MWSIP to assist in coordinating with the Contractor as and FD when required. PD-PMU agreed to extend necessary assistance through PMU, PMU-MWSIP PIU or PMDSC. 3) ADB reconfirmed from the representatives of Synohydro the due understanding of the procedure and acceptance to adhere to the same.

Abbreviations:

FD-Forest Department, FO- Forest Ordinance, ADB-Asian Development Bank, SLRM-Sri Lanka Residence Mission, MWSIP-Mahaweli Water Security Investment Program, PMU-Program Management Unit, PMDSC- Program Management Design & Supervision Consultant, PD-Program Director, CF-Conservator of Forests, EM & LR-Environment Management & Land Resources, LE-Low Enforcement, SPMS-Senior Project Management

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Corrective Action Plan - December, 2019 KMTC Contract Package of UECP of MWSIP, Sri Lanka

Annexure 5

Minutes of the meeting held on 18/10/2019, between Forest Department and team of delegates of the 7th review mission of Asian Development Bank to discuss the progress of implementing corrective actions against Unauthorized Clearing of Forest in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale by KMTC Contractor

Page 30 of 33

Discussion Notes

Subject:

The PMU-MWSIP facilitated a Discussion between Forest Department and team of delegates of the 7th review mission Asian Development Bank to discuss the progress of implementing corrective actions against Unauthorized Clearing of Forest in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale by KMTC Contractor

Venue: Conference Room of Conservator General of Forests ; Time: 9.00 AM Date: 18/10/2019

Participants:

Name Agency Name Agency Mr. W. A. C. Weeragoda CGF, FD Dr. A. Kasige ES-PMDSC Mr. M. Senawirthne CF - EM & LR, FD Mr. P R Attygalle IESMS-MWSIP (ADB) Mr. D H S Kumarasiri CF – SC & FPM, FD Mr. A H Sumanasena NC-WMPI-PMU, MWSIP Ms. M. Amarasinhe SPMS-ADB,SLRM Mr. P Moonamale ES-PMU, MWSIP Mr. S Gajasinghe SO-ADB,SLRM

Key Matters/ Conclusions:

No. Key Matters/ Conclusions Responsibility I Introduction

The CGF, FD; welcomed the participants and briefed the objective of the N/A discussion as to clarify the decision making process for enforcement of legal action against above violation by Synohidro Ltd (the Contractor of KMTC Contract Package of UECP under the MWSIP) in the form of reaching the respondent (Synohidro Ltd) at an amicable settlement with the FD and to find how the process could be accelerated with enhancing assistance from the MWSIP.

CGF mentioned that the legal process is administered as per provisions of the Forest ordinance and relevant internal circulars of the Forest Department and accordingly the decision has to be fair by FD and the respondent party.

ADB emphasized the need for accelerating the implementing corrective actions as per the environmental compliance requirements of the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

The ADB inquired why the FD negotiate “amount of monetary compensation for the ecological damage” as recommended in the IUCN report and having Contractor’s acceptance at the previous meeting held with participation of Contractor, Engineer (PMDSC) Employer (PMU), IUCN, ADB and FD (held on 20/08/2019). FD noted that Contractor has pointed out existence of arithmetic errors in damage cost calculation and therefore was given opportunity to submit in writing to obtain clarification from IUCN to reach at a fair judgement.

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Corrective Action Plan - December, 2019 KMTC Contract Package of UECP of MWSIP, Sri Lanka

Annexure 6

Minutes of the Discussion and Site inspection held on 28/10/2019, by Forest Department at the Cleared of Forest Area in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale

Page 31 of 33

Discussion Notes

Subject:

The Forest Department conducted a site inspection at the Cleared of Forest Area in Beligoda Forest Reserve Naula, Mathale and a discussion followed by

Venue of Discussion: Knuckels Conservation Center, Ilukkumbura, Naula

Date: 28/10/2019 Time: 2.30 PM (After the Site Inspection started at 9.30 AM)

Participants: Refer Attachment 1 for List of Participants & Signature sheet

Key Matters/ Conclusions:

No. Key Matters/ Conclusions Responsibility I Introduction

The CGF addressed the participants before starting the site inspection N/A emphasizing the objective of the session as to review the current status of the site with inspecting whether any further unauthorized interventions and to conclude time line for implementing Corrective Actions based on recommendations in the IUCN (June, 2019) report. Please refer Attachment 2 for some pictures.

Followed by the site inspection a discussion was held with participation of Senior Officials of Synihidro Ltd., PMDSC, PIU, PMU and Forest Department (including Conservator General of Forests, Conservator of Forests (EM & LR) and Divisional Forest Officer, Mathale) and reached at the below decisions;

II Decisions taken 1) Contractor’s appeal for reconsidering the “ecological damage cost calculation”: a) FD noted that the currently the site has reached to natural stabilization to some extent and thus damage cost assessment at present would not be comparable with that of just after the incident.

b) However, the FD mentioned that they would decide the amount the FD contractor must pay as damage cost obtaining clarifications from IUCN regarding Contractor’s concerns and inform by 15/11/2019 expecting Contractor to pay same by 30/11/2019.

2) Damaged site restoration: FD noted since site has reached to natural stabilization to some extent and also the IUCN also has emphasized need of reviewing the site condition in advance of preparing implementation plan for structural mitigations for site restoration at present, they recommend following steps and all agreed;

a) Organize a site visit with IUCN together with Contractor and relevant PMU parties to review and prepare updated site restoration action plan enabling Contractor to submit a Proposal for damaged site restoration by 11/11/2019.

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Attachment 1

List of Participants

Name Institute & Designation 1 W.A.G Weeragoda CGF/FD 2 Mhinda Senavirathna CF/FD 3 H.M.A.B Herath DFO/Matale 4 P. Moonamale Env.Sp. PMU.MWSIP 5 Senavirathna Bandara UECP-PIU/DPD 6 S.S Kusaolla UECP-PIU/ SEO 7 R.M. Premawardena PMDSC/EMS 8 N.T Kumara Sinohydro/ EO 9 Qiao Mai Tao Sinohydro/DPM 10 K. Illukka Forester/ FD 11 W.W.M.S.K. Weerasinghe BFO/ FD 12 B.S. Kabeel BR.WM.OF- UECP 13 S.A.S Wihesinghe RPSI 14 J.M.P Sanjeewa PMU 15 N.A.P.P Waruna KMTC 16 P.C Bandara PMDSC 17 Y.I.S wickramasinghe Driver 18 A.P.Q.A Banadara Driver 19 G.U.A Nishantha FA/Forest 20 A.H.S Karunasena FA/Forest 21 K.G FA/Forest 22 A.M Upali Ranbandara FEA/Knuckles 23 G.G Jayakodi RFO/Naula

Attachment 2: Pictures of the session

Discussion at Contractor’s camp to start visit Walking in to the damaged trace (LBS)

Discussion in the damaged site (LBS) The location after removal of the truck

View of RBS branch of Kambarawa stream Discussion at Knuckles conservation center

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