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Repertoire Des Satellites Artificiels Lances En 1974

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This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版（PDF版本）由国际电信联盟（ITU）图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union répertoire des satellites artificiels lancés en 1974 Cette liste comprend les satellites artificiels lancés en 1974. Elle a été établie à partir d'informations provenant des administrations des télécommunications, du Comité pour les recherches spatiales (COSPAR), du Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) de l'Administration nationale de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (NASA) des Etats-Unis, du ministère des Communications de l'URSS, du Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), France, du Comité international d'enregistrement des fréquences (IFRB), l'un des quatre organismes permanents de l'UlT, et d'informations parues dans la presse spécialisée. Les données concernant les paramètres d'orbite sont les données initiales. Les débris ou étages de fusées provenant des opérations de lancements et placés sur orbite avec les différents engins n'ont pas été pris en considération. JOURNAL DES TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS - VOL. 42 - IV /1975 C0SM0S-654 1974 32A M0LNYA-2 (10) 1974 5 6 A A COSMOS-655 1974 35A D K0LNYA-2 (11) 1974 102A C0SM0S-656 19 74 36A MOLNYA-3 (1 ) 1974 92A C0SM0S-657 1974 38A COSMOS-658 1974 41A C0SM0S-659 1974 43A N AEROS-2 1974 55A COSMOS-660 1974 44A DMSP 1974 15A ANS-1 1974 70A COSMOS-661 1974 45A DMSP 1974 63A ARIEL-5 1974 77A COSMOS-662 1974 47A NNTS-1 1974 54A ATS-6 1974 39A C0SM0S-663 1974 48A NOAA-4 1974 89A COSMOS-664 1974 49A OÛ COSMOS-665 1974 50A H COSMOS-666 1974 53A O C0SM0S-667 1974 57A HAWKEYE 1974 40A C0SM0S-668 19 74 58A HELI0S-1 1974 97A COSMOS-669 1974 59A OSCAR—7 1974 89B B1G BIRD 1974 85A COSMOS-670 1974 61A C0SM0S-671 1974 62A I C0SM0S-672 1974 64A 1 <c3) c C0SM0S-673 1974 66A C0SM0S-674 19 74 68A COSMOS-675 1974 69A INTASAT 1974 89 C SALYÜT-3 1974 46 A COSMOS-628 1974 1A C0SM0S-676 1974 71A INTELSAT-IV F8 1974 93A SALYUT-4 1974 104A COSMOS-629 1974 3A C0SM0S-677 1974 7 2A INTERCOSMOS—11 1974 34A SAMOS-97 1974 7A COSMOS-630 1974 4A COSMOS-678 1974 72B INTERCOSMO S—12 19 74 86A SAMOS-98 1974 20A C0SM0S-631 1974 Sa C0SM0S-679 1974 72 C SAMOS-99 1974 42A COSMOS-632 19 74 6A C0SM0S-68Q 1974 72 D SAMOS-100 1974 65A COSKOS-633 1974 IDA C0SM0S-681 1974 72E 1 SAN MARCO-4 1974 9A COSMOS—634 1974 12A COSMOS-682 1974 72F L SICYNET-IIA 1974 2A COSMOS-635 1974 14A C0SM0S-683 1974 72G SKYNET-IIB 1974 94A COSMOS-636 1974 16A SMS-1 1974 33A C0SM0S-6E4 1974 72H LUNA-22 1974 37A C0SM0S-637 1974 17A SOYUZ-14 1974 51A C0SM0S-685 1974 73A LUNA-23 1974 84A C0SM0S-638 1974 18A C0SM0S-686 1974 74A SOYÜZ-15 1974 67A COSMOS-639 1974 19A C0SM0S-687 1974 76A SOYUZ-16 1974 96 A COSMOS-640 1974 21A C0SH0S-688 1974 78A SYMPHONIE 1974 101A COSMOS-641 1974 24A C0SM0S-689 1974 79A M COSMOS-642 1974 24B COSH0S-690 1974 80A COSMOS-643 1974 24C C0SM0S-691 1974 82A Ti C0SM0S-644 1974 24D C0SM0S-692 19 74 87A METEOR-16 1974 11A COSKOS-645 1974 24 E COSMOS-693 1974 88A METEOR-17 1974 2 5A C0SM0S-646 1974 24F COSMOS—694 1974 90A ME TEOR-18 1974 52 A TANSEI-2 1974 8A C0SM0S-647 1974 24G C0SM0S-695 1974 91A METEOR-19 1974 83A C0SM0S-648 1974 24H C0SM0S-696 1974 95A METEOR-20 1974 99A C0SM0S-649 19 74 27A C0SH0S-697 1974 98A MIRANDA 1974 13A w COSMOS-650 1974 28A C0SM0S-698 1974 100A MOLNYA-1 (2 7 ) 1974 23A COSMOS-651 1974 29A COSMOS-699 1974 103A MOLNYA-1 (2 8 ) 1974 81A COSMOS-652 1974 30A COSMOS-700 1974 105A M0LNYA-1S 1974 60A WESTAR-1 1974 22A COSMOS-653 1974 31A C0SM0S-7D1 1974 106A M0LNYA-2 (9) 1974 26A WESTAR-2 1974 75A Pays Désignation Fréquences et Numéro Organisation Périgée Période Description de Date puissances Observations international Lieu du Apogée Inclinaison l’engin spatial d ’émission lancem ent Cosmos-628 1974-1-A URSS 17 janv. 975 km 105 min Transporte des appareils scientifiques et radioélectriques (RLE) 1026 km 83° pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. Satellite de navigation S k y n et-IIA 1974-2-A Royaume-Uni 19 janv. 1074 km Une panne de lancement a rendu le satellite inutilisable. Ministry of 31 300 km 26,5° Defence destiné à u ne o rb ite A cessé d’exister le 25 janvier 1975 (ETR) synchrone ai -dessus de l’océan ndien Cosmos-629 1974-3-A URSS 24 janv. 202 km 89,4 min 19,995 M H z Transportait des appareils scientifiques et radioélec­ (PLE) 315 km 62,8° triques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. Satellite de recon­ naissance et de surveillance. Retour sur la Terre le 5 février 1974 Cosmos-630 1974-4-A URSS 30 janv. 213 km 90 min Transportait des appareils scientifiques et radioélec­ (PLE) 367 km 72,9° triques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. Satellite de reconnaissance et de surveillance. Retour sur la Terre le 13 février 1974 Cosmos-631 1974-5-A URSS 6 fév. 522 km 95,3 min Transporte des appareils scientifiques et radioélectriques (PLE) 565 km 74,0° pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. Satellite de navigation Cosmos-632 1974-6-A URSS 12 fév. 184 km 89,4 min Transportait des appareils scientifiques et radioélectri­ (BAI) 333 km 65° ques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. Satellite de reconnaissance et de surveillance. Retour sur la Terre le 26 février 1974 Samos-97 1974-7-A Etats-Unis 13 fév. 132 km 89,9 min Satellite de reconnaissance et de surveillance. Océan USAF 404 km 110,4° surveillance system (OSS). (WTR) Retour sur ia Terre le 17 mars 1974 Tansei-2 (MS-T2) 1974-8-A Japon 16 fév. 288 km 121,85 min 136,725 MHz Transporte des appareils technologiques de mesure pour Institut des 3238 km 31,2° 100 m W le système magnétique de commande d’orientation, un sciences (radiophare) système de mesure auxiliaire et un système radioélec- spatiales et trique de télémesure aéronau­ 400,450 MHz tiques 100 m W (KSC) (radiophare interm ittent) 1 JOURNAL DES TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS - VOL. 42-IV/1975 Pays Désignation Fréquences et Numéro Organisation Périgée Période Description de Date puissances Observations international Lieu du Apogée Inclinaison l’engin spatial d ’émission lancement San Marco-4 1974-9-A Italie 18 fév. 243 km 96,3 min 136,74 M Hz Objectifs: mesurer les variations journalières de la CRA 919,7 km 2,89° (transmission de données sur densité, de la composition et de la température de satellite sphérique; diamètre: (SM) commande) l’atmosphère neutre dans la zone équatoriale. 0,70 m; masse: 170 kg; 4 antennes de 0,485 m Les données recueillies —■ intéressant la physique de la thermosphère — serviront à établir une corrélation avec celles qui proviennent du satellite Explorer-51 Cosmos-633 1974-10-A URSS 27 fév. 280 km 92,2 min Transportait des appareils scientifiques et radioélec­ (PLE) 516 km 71° triques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure. A cessé d ’e x iste r le 4 o c to b re 1974 M e teo r-1 6 1974-11-A URSS 5 mars 853 km 102,2 min Transporte des appareils météorologiques et radioélec­ (PLE) 906 km 81,2° triques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure Cosmos-634 1974-12-A URSS 5 mars 281 km 92,2 min Transportait des appareils scientifiques. (PLE) 516 km 71,0° A cessé d ’e x iste r le 9 o c to b re 1974 Miranda (UK-X4) 1974-13-A Royaume-Uni 9 mars Satellite scientifique. Transporte 5 ensembles d’appareils: NASA 1 ) sous-système de commande d’orientation, satellite parailélépipédique (WTR) 2) détecteur d’horizon à infrarouges, stabilisé dans les tro is dim ensions; hauteur: 0,835 m; côté de la base: 3) détecteur stellaire uniaxe, 0,665 m ; masse: 93,4 kg; 4) détecteur d’horizon par albedo, panneaux solaires 5) appareils de mesure de la dégradation, sur orbite, des cellules solaires à silicium Cosmos-635 1974-14-A URSS 14 mars 212 km 89,8 min 19,995 M Hz Transportait des appareils scientifiques et radioélectri­ (PLE) 350 km 72,9° ques pour la mesure précise des paramètres de l’orbite ainsi qu’un équipement de télémesure.
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  • Lanzamientos De Satelites Notificados En 1974

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    This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版（PDF版本）由国际电信联盟（ITU）图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union lanzamientos de satélites notificados en 1974 Esta lista integra los satélites artificiales lanzados en 1974; está basada en los datos proporcionados por las administraciones de telecomunicaciones, el Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales (COSPAR), el Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC — Centro de Vuelos Espaciales Goddard) de la Administración Nacional de la Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA), de Estados Unidos, el Ministerio de Comunicaciones de la URSS, el Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), de Francia, la Junta Internacional de Registro de Frecuencias (IFRB), uno de los cuatro organismos permanentes de la UIT, y en las informaciones publicadas por la prensa especializada.
  • United States Space Program Firsts

    United States Space Program Firsts

    KSC Historical Report 18 KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 UNITED STATES SPACE PROGRAM FIRSTS Robotic & Human Mission Firsts Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida Foreword This summary of the United States space program firsts was compiled from various reference publications available in the Kennedy Space Center Library Archives. The list is divided into four sections. Robotic mission firsts, Human mission firsts, Space Shuttle mission firsts and Space Station mission firsts. Researched and prepared by: Barbara E. Green Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 phone: [321] 867-2407 i Contents Robotic Mission Firsts ……………………..........................……………...........……………1-4 Satellites, missiles and rockets 1950 - 1986 Early Human Spaceflight Firsts …………………………............................……........…..……5-8 Projects Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project 1961 - 1975 Space Shuttle Firsts …………………………….........................…………........……………..9-12 Space Transportation System 1977 - 2003 Space Station Firsts …………………………….........................…………........………………..13 International Space Station 1998-2___ Bibliography …………………………………..............................…………........…………….....…14 ii KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 DATE ROBOTIC EVENTS MISSION 07/24/1950 First missile launched at Cape Canaveral. Bumper V-2 08/20/1953 First Redstone missile was fired. Redstone 1 12/17/1957 First long range weapon launched. Atlas ICBM 01/31/1958 First satellite launched by U.S. Explorer 1 10/11/1958 First observations of Earth’s and interplanetary magnetic field. Pioneer 1 12/13/1958 First capsule containing living cargo, squirrel monkey, Gordo. Although not Bioflight 1 a NASA mission, data was utilized in Project Mercury planning. 12/18/1958 First communications satellite placed in space. Once in place, Brigadier Project Score General Goodpaster passed a message to President Eisenhower 02/17/1959 First fully instrumented Vanguard payload.
  • Astrophysical Spectroscopy

    Astrophysical Spectroscopy

    Astrophysical Spectroscopy Eugene Churazov Outline Astrophysically abundant elements Two examples of “Hydrogen” spectroscopy X-ray Astronomy Galaxy clusters and hot plasma LCDM Universe (Today) WMAP PLANCK PLANCK Abundance of elements in the Earth (crust) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust Abundance of elements in the Universe (today) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis Origin of elements https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis#/media/File:Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Type Ia SN2014J Stellar evolution Type II SN1987A https://scioly.org/wiki/index.php/Astronomy/Stellar_Evolution GW170817 Typical abundances today (Sun photosphere) Element Abundance (by number) H 1.00e+0 1.00e+0 He 9.77e-2 9.77e-2 C 3.63e-4 3.98e-4 N 1.12e-4 1.00e-4 O 8.51e-4 8.51e-4 Ne 1.23e-4 1.29e-4 Na 2.14e-6 2.14e-6 Mg 3.80e-5 3.80e-5 Al 2.95e-6 2.95e-6 Si 3.55e-5 3.55e-5 S 1.62e-5 1.62e-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy Cl 1.88e-7 1.88e-7 Ar 3.63e-6 4.47e-6 Ca 2.29e-6 2.29e-6 Cr 4.84e-7 4.84e-7 Fe 4.68e-5 3.24e-5 Ni 1.78e-6 1.78e-6 Co 8.60e-8 8.60e-8Our Universe is dominated by hydrogen +10% of He + small amount of other el. Hydrogen 21 cm line Hyperfine splitting of the ground state A ∼ 10−15 s−1 Lifetime ∼ 10 Myr kTs ≫ hν I = C × nH https://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/pressreleases/2016/13 Other elements? 14N7 and 57Fe26; For instance, [H]-like N, or [Li]-like Fe? Hydrogen Ly� (1215 Å) Forest http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Lyman-alpha-forest.html Gunn-Peterson Trough
  • Italy in Space 1946–1988

    Italy in Space 1946–1988

    HSR-30 March 2003 Italy in Space 1946–1988 Michelangelo De Maria Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Roma – La Sapienza Lucia Orlando Gruppo di storia della fisica Università di Roma – La Sapienza Filippo Pigliacelli Università di Pavia a ii Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Lorenza Sebesta and Maria Pia Bumbaca for revising drafts and for their helpful suggestions. Abbreviations The following abbreviations were used in the footnotes: AA for “Archivio Amaldi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza'”; ACS for 'Archivio Centrale dello Stato'. The archival references for the holdings of the Archivio Centrale dello Stato are referred to the deposit inventory (e.g., the list of documents of the CNR archives, lodged in the ACS). Title HSR-30, Italy in Space, 1946–1988 Published by ESA Publications Division ESTEC, Postbus 299 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Editor R.A. Harris Price €10 ISSN 1683-4704 ISBN 92-9092-539-6 Copyright ©2003 The European Space Agency Printed in The Netherlands iii Contents 1 The Origins: From Cosmic-ray Physics to Space Research (1946–1958)....................1 1.1 Scientific research and the political situation.............................................................1 1.2 First initiatives: Edoardo Amaldi and cosmic-ray research (1946–1952)..................1 1.3 Luigi Broglio and the initial developments in the rocketry field (1952–1957)..........2 1.4 The International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) .....................................................3 2 Italy and International