MEANS OF JOURNALISTIC INVESTIGATION

RADIO – THE ECHOES OF RADIOPHONIC COMMUNICATION FROM THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THE UNSEEN WAR

Andrei DUMBRĂVEANU1

1Assoc. Prof. , PhD, State University, Republic of Moldova Corresponding author: Andrei Dumbrăveanu; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract view, represented a state with few ethnic The formation of the Romanian Unitarian State opened minorities. Romanian represented 71,9% of the large perspectives for economic, social and cultural population, followed by Hungarians - 7,9%; development. Territorial expansion and the increasing Germans - 4,1%; Jews - 4,06%; Ukrainians - 3,2%; number of population led to the establishment of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company, which uses Russians - 2,3%; Gypsies - 1,56%; Turkish -1,06%; modern mass communication technologies, both at a Gagauzian - 0,6%; Czechs and Slovakians - 0,3%, national and regional level. In 1938, in Chisinau, the Serbians, Croatians and Slovenians - 0,3%; Polish, construction and installation of the transmitter was finished as well as the building and studios of the regional radio Greeks, Armenians – 0,6% (CONSTANTINESCU, station, Radio Basarabia. In the first few days of January 1997). With this human capital, the society started 1939, the experimental shows began. The transmitter had a broad process of creating the Romanian Unitary a power of 20 kw, which, through technical manipulations, State in a world of transformations. The economic could reach 200 kw, covering the whole Republic of Moldova and stretching up to and Leningrad, in and social modernisation offered large perspective Soviet Russia, Helsinki, in Finland, and in some days, up for cultural development in science, literature, to London, in Great Britain. This radio station broadcasted arts and media communication. In 1921, following for a short period of time – 300 day up to June 28, 1940, when the old Romanian province was invaded by the red a governmental initiative, a network of radio army. The Soviet liberators occupied the studios, where stations was developed, which covered the area they brought some emissaries from Radio Tiraspol, and at of the entire territory, and on November 19, 1925, the beginning of the war, when withdrawing, they blew the first show in Romania was launched –an up the buildings and the antenna and they destroyed the transmitter. Radio Chişinău preserved its place in history entertainment program. This was followed by the as an expression of some well thought development foundation of the Radio Romania station, which practices of the local radio station, a school without holiday included the editorial and technical service, which for the culturalization and spiritual education of the had its firs radio broadcasting on November 1, people, on the basis of traditions and national perennial values. 1928. At that moment, the people passionate about Keywords: radio station, , editorial politics, wireless communication already possessed radio- literary shows, musical programmes, traditions, humanism, reception devices and they were able to listen to radiophonic broadcasting, audience, propaganda, communism Bolshevik,hate, understanding, war,division. the first officially broadcasted show on November 1, 1928, which was declared the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Day. 1. INSTEAD OF FOREWORD Following the Great War, the was crushed, but it didn’t completely die. On his After the unification of Bessarabia, , ruins another one appeared “that of the and Banat in 1920, Romanian’s proliterate” – the SSSR. The communist surface reached 295 049 square km, and the (Bolshevik) from the Soviet Russia and its population was 15 541 924 inhabitants, therefore offspring – The being the sixth country in Europe in size and the considered that the proletarian revolution does second in Central Europe according to the number not have either a beginning or an ending and it of inhabitants. From a demographical point of has to be comprised of all the countries of the

International Journal of Communication Research 365 Andrei DUMBRĂVEANU world. The territory of Romania become the was established in 1927 and it proved clear target of their hybrid and propagandistic attacks. methodical preoccupations regarding the The actions to destabilize the social and economic modernisation of the production and broadcasting life identified starting with the formation, on technologies used in radiophonic programmes. October 12, 1924 of the Soviet Socialist Autonomous The access of the population to imported radio- Republic (SSAR), who had a diversion mission, reception devices and their periodical price methodically executed against the Romanian state deduction, on the one hand, and the intensification and people, clearly presented in the “Memorandum of the informational, propagandistic, regarding the necessity of creating the Soviet manipulative and aggressive external flux Socialist Autonomous Republic”, developed in submitted permanent requirements to the Moscow, on February 4, 1924: “… the union of the society. Therefore, the conceptions for the territories on both banks of the river development of the studios and territorial would serve as a strategic breach of SSSR in broadcasting stations in Chişinău, Iaşi, Cluj and relationship to the Balkans (through Dobrogea) Timişoara. The most important achievement was and Central Europe (through Bukovina and the launching in Chişinău of the “Radio Galicia), which SSSR could use as bridgehead for Basarabia” station, which, the day of its first military and political purposes […] this fact will broadcast officially called itself “Radio Chişinău” jog the unity of “Great Romania,” nationally (DENIZE, 1999). In 1938 in Chişinău, the consolidated and will hit the moral authority of the construction and installation works of the bourgeoise, which still defies up to the present transmitter were finished, the building was also with the achievement of the of the Romanian finished and starting from 1939 some experimental national ideal […] it will serve as a supplementary shows started. The transmitter had a power of impulse in the tendency of the new annexed 20kw, which, by means of technical manipulations, provinces (to Romania) for their national self- could be amplified up to 200kw. The broadcast determination…” (LISTER, 2019). The radio proved was done on 212,6m wavelength, which covered to be the shortest and cheapest way of spreading the whole Moldova up to Moscow and Leningrad, the Bolshevik ideas. Using the radio, the soviet in the USA, Helsinki, in Finland, and sometimes propaganda systemically influenced the even in London, Great Britain. The official population, cultivating the peoples’ mistrust for opening of the radio station took place on October the authorities and a feeling of hatred with the 8, 1939. Radio Chişinău had its own broadcasting purpose of forming some diversion structures programme at the beginning between 14.00 – aimed at inspiring insubordination, violence and 14.45 and 21.00 – 22.15, and later on between riot up to regional rebellions in the Romanian space. 14.00 – 15.15 and 21.00 -23.00, the languages used On October 30, 1930 from the headquarters of the being Romanian and Russian. Radio Chişinău postal service in Tiraspol the first radio show from broadcasted for only a short period of time, 300 days, up to June 28, 1940, when the old Romanian SSSR was launched, and starting with 1936, when province, almost half of Medieval Moldova was the radio station M. Gorki started to work, it began invaded by the red army. “The liberators” took to penetrate Romania’s cross-border space, over Radio Chişinău and they brought emissaries becoming a promotion tool for the interest of SSSR from Radio Tiraspol”. At the beginning of the at the gates of the Balkans towards the constraints withdrawal war, the Soviets blew up the of the Black Sea. The first radio shows from Tiraspol buildings, the antenna, and they destroyed the were called “The Collectivist of Moldova” and “the transmitter. working newspaper” (MARIN, 2016). The purpose of this research was to re-establish some pages forgotten by the 2. INTRODUCTION radiophonic communication, that of perennial culture at the regional radio station from The launching of the Radio Romania radio Bessarabia. station represents the result of the actions of the We used the hypotheses that, through the Romanian Broadcasting Society (RBS), which radiophonic communication, based on editorial

366 Volume 9 • Issue 4, October / December 2019 • RADIO BASARABIA– THE ECHOES OF RADIOPHONIC COMMUNICATION FROM THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THE UNSEEN WAR policies for culturalization and perpetuation of radiophonic communication and he took care the historical and spiritual traditions, the that the sentence was short, with a neat Romanian Broadcasting Society has educated vocabulary, since, according to the instruction, people for over many generations, preserving the radio represented “the cassation of Romanian the love for the people beyond the country’s grammar.” The chief of the Literary Service borders. carefully supervised the correct broadcasting, and ensured that the conferences, chronicles and 3. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND microphone lectures did not contain any trivial, EDITORIAL POLICY immoral or aggressive moments, which might have led to hatred against the order of the state or damaging connections between Romania and According to the work instruction for the other foreign countries. operation of Radio Chişinău, it represented a Radio-Chişinău started to exist when, in the radio broadcasting unit under the administration cultural environment of the region, and also in of the headquarters in . The station’s the whole country, the “Viaţa Basarabiei” journal organisational chart was comprised of: manager, had already proven itself, having Pantelimon secretariat, technical service, programme service, Halipa as its manager, an important figure of the administrative service, disputed claims service political life. He is a constituent member of the and commercial service. Being co-interested in “Holy country”, that, on March 27, 1918 voted the elucidation of the editorial policy we shall the union between Romania and Bessarabia, and analyse the activity of the programme service, between 1919-1934 fulfilled various executive which was comprised of the musical service, management positions in the Parliament of literary service, musical library and the Romania and he was also the president of the presentation and control of the show. The musical Writers’ Society from Bessarabia. The “Viaţa and literary services were in direct contact with Basarabiei” journal had become a centre of the the audience. During those times, most literary life in the region, having programmes were broadcasted live. The as its editor-in-chief, a young and gifted writer, exceptions were represented by recording on who was in charge of an ample and diverse vinyl disks, which presented musical creations group of writers, supporters of traditionalism in and sometimes advertising. The live broadcasts literature, and modernists whose were not required supplementary efforts, rigorous unfamiliar with the tendencies and the ideas of planning over time, order at work and the the foreign literature of that time and the elements meticulous observance of the production of the political life. Time proved that the writers technology. Although it activated for a short from Bessarabia during the interwar period period of time in the capital, Radio Chişinău was formed some groups who supported some able to mobilize the intellectuals, to bring a new completely opposing ideologies, but determined spirit in the cultural life of Bessarabia, to promote the entire literary politics of the region. Among the perennial human values, social cohesion and them one can mention: the regionalists, the Jews, understanding among individuals. The “the illegalists”. The regionalists represented the instruction for the functioning of the station most numerous group informally led by Nicolai clearly states that the spoken language has to Costenco, who was intrigued by the populist integrate the current needs of the Romanian soul. ideas of the current formed by Constantin Ctere. The chief of the literary service was responsible They shared ideas and some of them were for the quality of the spoken programme. He members of the National Peasants’ Party, while organised and monitored verbal communication others were in favour of Marxism, since the in such a way that the word had to be connected aspirations of the soviet socialism were not to reality or updated according to the requirements foreign to them. On June 28, 1940, when Pan of the times, to bring facts and ideas about the Halipa proposed his nephew Nicolai Costenco past, current issues, to initiate and inform. He to leave an occupied Bessaria, he answered: “I was one of the guards of in cannot leave my Bessarabia!” So did some other

International Journal of Communication Research 367 Andrei DUMBRĂVEANU writers of the regionalist group. After the policy of Radio Chisinau. This is why, although invasion on Bessarabia, the NKVD (the soviet they were quite numerous (approximately 60 security) took some people to the Stalinist writers of different ethnicities and political re-education camps (GULAG), where they never orientations), there were few who collaborated came back, while others were sent during the with Radio Chisinau. However, writers were first days of war to fight without any military present at the microphone. We can refer to Petre training, and therefore they got lost with trace. Ştefănucă, ethnographer and pedagogue, director Nicolai Costenco, a survivor of the Gulag wrote of the Social Institute from Bessarabia, Alexandru that: “I soon realised that working with the Lascarov-Moldovanu, law obeying politician Soviets was not that simple, since it affects your and writer, born in Tecuci, who wrote about the superiority and the bourgeois aristocracy” villages from Bessarabia, Dimitrie Iov, originating (NEGURĂ, 2016). Jewish writers from Bessarabia form Flămânzi village, Botoşani county. He came from very different literary environments: dedicated 20 years to Bessarabia, also being the avant-garde, socialists, writers of Yiddish of Soroca, dedicated to the literary language. Some did not realise that they were activity. He wrote, on April 13, 1940, in one of Jews and they felt offended when, in the second his most wonderful memories, 76 days before the half of the ‘30s they were labelled as “Judaism” invasion of Bessarabia by the red army: “N. I. by the Romanian authorities. They become the Herescu, I. A. Bassarabescu, I. Minulescu, Eugen target of the propaganda launched by the Boureanul, G. Gregorian, N. Dunăreanu, Mihail Communist International, which, with the help Sorbul, Ion Buzdugan came. In the Floresti of the Tiraspol radio station, cultivated station I welcomed them with military music and disagreement and lack of satisfaction among all the authorities (…).On our way to Gura ethnic minorities. The number of “illegal” writes Camenca we met peasants, school children, is not a significant one, Emilian Bucov and priests and the choir of the Cultural Hostel. The Andrei Lupan being the ones who manifested villager Profiriţa Manolache sang so beautifully the most. They both studied at Romanian that I. A. Bassarabescu and I. Minulescu started universities: E. Bucov at the Faculty of Letters to cry. I would like the others to remember what from the University of Bucharest and A. Lupan Soroca was like. I was extremely happy that I at the Faculty of Agronomy, the Chisinau branch could dine in my own home and my extremely of the university of Iasi, a period in which they distinguished guests.” (STERBATE, 2017) World published under a pseudonym, being members War II had already begun and the clouds of a big of the communist youth organisations. A. Lupan disaster were gathering at the country’s horizons. makes his literary debut in the pages of the In situations of uncertainty, feud, fear or social Literary and artistic truth newspaper, and starting stress, Radio Chisinau offered broadcast space to with 1993 he assumes some secret work in the balanced voices, humanist messages of hope and illegal communist movement. Becoming a consolidation. Significant in this respect is the member of the , he official debut of the station, which broadcasted participates in the creation of the antifascist the mass from the Metropolitan Cathedral in groups: “The block for defending democratic Chisinau. There will be frequent live broadcasts liberties” (1935 – secretary of the Committee for of the religious services from the Metropolitan Bessarabia) and “the democrat students’ front” Cathedral. The literary service offered the public (1936 - president). The small number of writers a permanent rubric entitled “The religion class”, from Bessarabia, influenced by the uninterrupted where theology professors from the Theology fight for truth, were not only permanently Academy in Chisinau and priests from Bessarabia familiarised with the ideological materials of the preached and hosted religious conferences. soviet socialism, but they also interpreted them, The musical service formed the resistance including them in left-side newspapers. We field in the editorial policy of Radio Chisinau. In therefore notice, that the majority of Romanian 1938 Gheorghe Mugur, programme director of writers from Bessarabia had some convictions the Romanian Broadcasting Society came to which were not compatible with the editorial Chişinău to establish the final programme of the

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Radio Bessarabia station. He visited the Străşeni reached the hearts of the listeners from the Soviet village, where he heard the peasant choir of the Union, who were only used to radiophonic Unirea cultural hostel, which impressed him propaganda newspapers. During its entire significantly. Before returning to Bucharest, Gh. existence, starting with the first days of Mugur told the journalist from Gazeta Basarabiei: broadcasting, the musical programme included “For a week, while I stayed in Chisinau, I noticed popular Russian songs, opera areas from famous that Bessarabia has valuable musical elements. I Russian composers, interpreted by well-known listened to the choirs of the Eparchial girls’ high- musical ensembles or soloists. Therefore, on school, the Seminar and some other religious October 20, 1939, it presented the concert of the choirs, as well as the fanfare of the Commercial mandolin orchestra, led by Nicolae Braga, on high-school. All these auditions made a nice October 21 the programme included a soloist impression on me.” concert from the arias of Russian composers, The musical programme from Radio Chişinău executed by the famous mezzo-soprano Lidia represented a mosaic of genres, harmoniously Lipcovscaia, accompanied at the piano by arranged and proper to their broadcasting time. professor E. Erijovsghi, and on October 29 there The work instructions of the radio station obliged was a varied music: Slavic march by Tchaikovsky; the programme to include various musical music in bemol major by Chopin, piano A. genres, therefore reconciling all types of listeners. Brailovshy; Indian song Rimski-Corsacov, voice For the existence of the station, the format of the Amelina Galif Gurei, programme recorded on shows was strict, determined: a symphonic disc. Usually, the musical programme was concert did not have to be longer than one hour; followed by the informative journal, developed a choir should not sing more than 30 minutes, by the literary service, which also broadcasted in and a soloist wasn’t supposed to sing more than Russian. The programme grid and the editorial 20 minutes. The programme was developed 5 policy was strictly respected until June 28, 1940, weeks before its broadcasting and every musical when the Soviet troops invaded Bessarabia. They transmission was preceded by studio rehearsals were brought by the journalists from Radio in the presence of the musical control, which Tiraspol, vigilantly supervised by the Bolshevik prepared the musical bands and the soloists for commissars, they become the owners of radio the achievement of a perfect show. On January Bessarabia, also bringing a new editorial policy, 30,1939, Professor Alexandru Boldur, in the where the symphonies, operas and operettas Timpul newspaper wrote that: “In the past were considered productions of the bourgeois Bessarabia had many valuable musical elements, culture and were silenced. In stead of Romanian who left the country due to the lack of a proper music and literature the broadcast space was development environment. They settled down filled with radio newspaper developed ina either in Russia, America or in other parts of our Bolshevik, propagandistic style and it was country. Not long ago, a Romanian from translated from Russia in an archaic Moldavian Bessarabia, the singer Cebotari, left Bessarabia to language, according to a primitive grammar, become the prima donna of the Opera in developed in Transnistria and filled with Russian Dresden.” For the artists and musicians, who neologisms, difficult to read on the microphone played in the studios of the radio station, by the Romanian speaker, and also difficult to according to the modern preparation and listen. Due to their content, the radio shows were broadcasting technologies of those times, Radio radically different from those of Radio-Chişinău. Chişinău had become an outstanding school for The accents were used according to the Bolshevik, organisation and discipline, for dedication and communist ideologies, the broadcasted materials maximum concentration, suitable for obtaining presented the horizons of proletarian power, a qualitative product. Radio Chişinău created all where the audience was filled with images from the premises for the appearance of a new type of the days of the enlighten communist future. The culture in the region. Its musical shows were community was in the foreground, the enthusiasm heard in the soviet space far away from the of the common work, and the individual, the Romanian boarders. The good quality music humanism did not present any values, the

International Journal of Communication Research 369 Andrei DUMBRĂVEANU technical achievement were the ones that Bessarabia” (1918-1940)”(II), mentioned: “The mattered, the sacrifice and the heroism for the first initiative of the “Prince Carol” Foundation, cause of the community. In the chaos of the which offered an incredible impulse to the collective enthusiasm lies the class struggle, the cultural movement had an echo first in Bessarabia hatred and the feud, the Bolshevik principality and then in other parts of the country. On the and lack of tolerance towards the oppressors of territory of Bessarabia, the first cultural homes the people. Therefore, new social convictions were established in 1923, in order to take people were formed, a new culture and a new individual out of hatred and lack of knowledge. The“Astra – the soviet individual, maker of the global Basarabiei” Foundation, founded by Onisifor communism. Radio-Tiraspol proclaimed itself as Ghibu, exerted its cultural activity starting from the founder of the broadcasting in the Moldavian Chisinau. Therefore, the number of cultural Soviet Socialist Republic, established in hostels in Bessarabia was 508, in 1936. Each third Bessarabia and it declared the beginning of the village in Bessarabia had a cultural hostel.” The radio-broadcasting in the region on October 30, cultural hostels had radio-reception devices at 1930. This is in fact a lie because when a radio their disposal. The educational and training station appeared at the post in Tiraspol, the programmes, on agricultural, cultural or literary Romanian Broadcasting Society (RBS) already topics were usually heard by 15-20 people, existed in Bucharest and Radio Romania station students and other youngsters, and then teachers was broadcasting radiophonic programmes developed various talks on the basis of these which existed also in Bessarabia, where the shows. During 1930-1935, according to some population had radio-reception devices. The simple calculations, people noticed that every RBSS established strategies and policies for the 10th inhabitant of Bessarabia had access to radio development of regional broadcasting and the show. allocated the money After they retreated in 1941, the soviets came necessary for its implementation, forming and back to Bessarabia in 1944 together with the implementing with the help of the broadcasting former employees of the radios station, which cultural environment the culture the existing was to completely be reconstructed from a situation. Radio-Tiraspol did not do anything technical point of view. From the point of view else than to use for revolutionary and aggressive of the radio creation and of its editorial policy, purposes the goods that it did not belong to. the station did not request interventions, but on However, the Romanian Broadcasting Society, the contrary, it promoted the soviet ideology, between the two world wars, supported the with the acrimony of the winner and the power creative activities in the radio stations from of force. The technical and creative staff remained Bucharest, Chişinău and the whole Romania. faithful to the Stalinist mass information Moldavia radiophonically created an environment principles, of training the communist/Bolshevik for radio Romania, Bucharest and Chişinău. individual. The critique brought to the regime Moldavia created a radiophonic environment of set up by Joseph Stalin and the cult of his culture and Romanian spirituality, which went personality led to a general social defrost. A beyond the borders of the country into a foreign, number of employees from Radio Chisinau, modernized world. being influenced by the culture and the training The programmes of the Romanian they received during their youth, when they Broadcasting Society created vibrations which formed themselves as human identities in a remained in the memory of generations. The social environment based on love and respect increase and cultivation of the public – an issue towards the individual, on feelings of national of great significance for the Romanian pride and truth and on creative liberty, tried to broadcasting was resolved during those times promote, in a dignified and patient manner, their following a collaboration with the cultural way of perceiving culture and the individual in foundations, schools and cultural hostels. The relationship to himself and to the others. Some historian Vasile Dumbravă, in an article entitled people tacitly opposed to the totalitarian “Pages from the Romanian popular culture in Bolshevik regime, expressing their disapproval

370 Volume 9 • Issue 4, October / December 2019 • RADIO BASARABIA– THE ECHOES OF RADIOPHONIC COMMUNICATION FROM THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THE UNSEEN WAR at home or in their kitchens. Others, being more became a commentator for Radio Free Europe, attracted by the socialist component of the the Romanian Department. His followers communist politics, expressed in medical and remained at Radio Chisinau and preserved, in teaching services free of charge for everybody, one way or the other, his conceptual line tried to change the regime from the inside, to regarding the literary and musical programmes make it more humane, to get it closer to the within the traditional Romanian radio spirit spiritual requirements of the individual, so that (LUPAN, 1984). he does not become eluded from his cultural, historical and natural context. The latter mostly 4. INSTEAD OF AFTERWORD made it. One example of internal resistance belongs to , the man of the communist nomenclature, the first editor-in- The Romanian Unitary State, following the end chief of the Moldavian Television, who asked a of the Great War, put in some tremendous efforts high official from the Central Committee of the to develop radiobroadcasting – as a modern mass Communist Party in Moldova, his direct communication, education and culturalization propaganda superior, the permission to broadcast means. The Romanian Broadcasting Society a number of films in the Moldavian language. He performed extensive activity both to ensure the offered economic and social arguments for this. engineering, technical and technological existence Following the use of films in the Moldavian of the Romanian radio and to achieve high quality language on TV, the sales of television sets artistic, cultural, training and education increased considerably in the rural area, where programmes, in the spirit of the national and most of the population spoke Moldavian. His humanistic traditions. With the support of the boss, a Russia who came from the Ural Mountains, Romanian governments a lasting network of had no idea about the language of the people he regional and broadcasting radio stations is was sent to and asked Lupan whether or not he implemented in Chişinău, Iaşi, Cluj, Timişoara. knows how many television sets were there at Radio Chişinău remains in history as the the disposal of Russian speaking citizens. Since expression of some well-thought development he did not know the answer, he was sacked from practices of the local radio in Romania. Being a the position of editor-in-chief of the television radio station, which activated in a polyethnic and transferred as chief of programme 2 of the region, populated by Ukrainians and Russians, Moldavian broadcasting station, one the he was their shows were also targeted to a numerous to later to found – the “Luceafarul Radio for Soviet audience. The Literary and Musical services Youth.” He managed to gather a group of broadcasted the news and musical programmes, enthusiasts: poets, publicists, theatre, music, in Russian, with high audience is a space exposed picture and cinema enthusiasts. “Luceafarul” to the communist propaganda, which was related was a sort of euphoria for the youth of Bessarabia, to the principles of promoting a certain vision, Bukovina, Transnistria and even the whole through the new, working, peasant culture, which Romania. First and foremost, for the studying lacked traditions and which was targeted to youngsters. And letters started coming in every factories and yards, collective enthusiasm and not day.” (LUPAN, 1984). The Cerberus of the party to the individual-being of the nature with all his did not tolerate Nicolae Lupan’s nationalist problems. It was only natural for Radio Chişinău approaches for a very long time. In October 1970, to be considered hostile to Radio Tiraspol and the “for the excess of musical, literary and training entire Soviet people. In 1940, when they reached shows in the detriment of those socio-political, Radio-Chişinău with the armed combat vehicles for the promotion of the western culture and for of the red army, the presenters for Radio Tiraspor the use of dangerous Romanian sources during and their instructors from Moscow discovered the shows for youth”, he was excluded from de here a modern radio station, equipped with the party, fired and devoid of his right to practice latest technologies, which they valued into an journalism. After some time, Nicolae Lupan and invisible wave-war up to the beginning of the his family emigrated in France, and later on he armed war between Hitlerist Germany with its

International Journal of Communication Research 371 Andrei DUMBRĂVEANU allies and the Stalinist . In withdrawal, DENIZE E. (1999) History of the Romanian Broadcasting the red army blew up the buildings and the Society, Volume I [in Romanian]. Casa Radio Publishing antenna of Radio Chişinău. The material part of a House, Bucureşti. LISTER, M. (2019) The first Russian hybrid conflict. Soviet cultural thesaurus was destroyed, but not its aggression from 1924 - Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic spiritual potential, which regenerated. The of Moldova (RASSM) [In Romanian]. Vox Publika. significant work of enlightening and training Available from:https://vox.publika.md/politica/ people on the basis on traditions, perennial and primul-conflict-hibrid-rus-agresiunea-sovietica-din- humanistic values, could not be destroyed by the 1924-republica-autonoma-sovietica-socialista- explosive material, no matter how large its moldoveneasca-rassm-519177.html [20 October 2019]. quantity was. The Radio Broadcasting in today’s LUPAN, N. (1984) Bessarabia and Bucovina are Romanian lands, Volume I [in Romanian]. Nistru Publishing House, Republic of Moldova is rhythmically developing, Bruxelles. and its programmes preserve the spirit of MARIN, C. (2016) Mass-Media and Editorial Activity [in radiophonic communication, continuous vibe of Romanian]. Dspace. Available from:http://dspace.usm. the humanist traditions of the Romanian Radio md:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1667/ Broadcasting Society. A memory preserved from MASS-MEDIA%20%C3%8EN%20REPUBLICA%20 the time when Radio Tiraspol freed Radio MOLDOVA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y [20 October Chişinău is the celebration of the Radio 2019]. NEGURĂ, P. (2015) From one «release» to another. Broadcasting in Republic of Moldova, on October Bessarabian writers in the first year of Soviet power 30, a date in which, from the building of the post (1940-1941): strategies integration and framing forms [in in Tiraspol, the first radio broadcast was launched. Romanian]. Plural, 3(1), pp. 67-89. STERBATE, V. (2017) Dimitrie Iov, memories about References Soroca [in Romanian]. Observatorul. Available from: CONSTANTINESCU, F. (1997) A sincere history of the https://observatorul.md/cultura/istoria- Romanian people [in Romanian]. Encyclopedic universe sorocii/2017/07/11/30065_dimitrie-iov-amintiri-despre- Publishing House, Bucureşti. soroca [1 November 2019].

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