Stefan Segi Studijní Obor

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Stefan Segi Studijní Obor JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOHEMISTIKY DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE MEZE SVOBODY: CENZURA, REGULACE A POLITICKÁ KOREKTNOST V LITERATUŘE PO ROCE 1989 Vedoucí práce: Ing. Pavel Janáček, Ph.D. Autor práce: Stefan Segi Studijní obor: Dějiny novější české literatury Ročník: 6 2016 1 Prohlašuji, ţe svoji disertační práci jsem vypracoval samostatně, pouze s pouţitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, ţe v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své disertační práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéţ elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledky obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněţ souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. V Českých Budějovicích 2. listopadu 2016 2 Poděkování patří především Pavlu Janáčkovi, bez kterého by tato disertační práce ani nezačala vznikat, natoţ aby byla dokončena. Velký dík patří téţ mé rodině za neutuchající duševní i materiální podporu, především drahé manţelce Janě, která přispěla také řadou odborných rad a dceři Miladě. Jsem dále velice zavázán všem členům Oddělení pro výzkum literární kultury ÚČL AV, jiţ přispěli nepřeberným mnoţstvím rad a kritických poznámek, zejména pak Markétě Holanové, která byla často prvním a mnohdy i posledním čtenářem rukopisů této práce. Poděkování si zaslouţí téţ Vojtěch Malínek, který několik měsíců velkoryse toleroval pracovní výpadky v rámci tvorby bibliografie české literární vědy, a Martina Šumová ze Státního oblastního archivu v Praze, jeţ se autorovi této práce věnovala zcela nad rámec svých povinností. Hlavní inspirací a motivací ve chvílích tvůrčí krize pak byli Václav Smyčka, Arsène Wenger, Prince Rogers Nelson a William Grant. 3 Free as a bird, it's the next best thing to be Free as a bird John Lennon1 1 Beatles 1995: Free as a Bird. 4 Abstrakt Předkládaná práce je zaměřena na zkoumání literární cenzury po roce 1989 a představuje polemické doplnění monografie V obecném zájmu, která se daným obdobím také zabývala. Metodologickým východiskem disertace byla zejména práce britské teatroloţky Helen Freshwater, která svůj inkluzivní model cenzury zaloţila na překračování hranic tvrdé a měkké cenzury a důraz přenesla na diskurz jako hlavní ukazatel toho, co je v daný historický okamţik povaţováno za cenzurní zásah. Jádro disertační práce představují čtyři kapitoly, které na základě původního výzkumu zkoumají charakteristické případy cenzury a diskurzu o ní a jeţ jsou zasazeny do širšího rámce proměn myšlení o cenzuře a politické korektnosti ve sledovaném období. Kapitola věnovaná zákazu skinheadské skupiny vychází z analýzy soudního spisu a na rozboru proměny myšlení o svobodě slova na počátku devadesátých let. Kapitola o cenzuře na poli literatury pro děti a mládeţ je zaloţena na komparaci různých vydání knih Bohumila Říhy a sledování podmínek, za jakých jsou zásahy do nových vydání textů označeny za cenzuru. Zkoumáním cenzury na internetu se zabývá kapitola věnovaná regulaci virtuální (literární) dětské pornografie a kapitola věnovaná politické korektnosti se pak zaměří na texty a paratexty splatterpunkové literatury. Tato disertační práce by tak měla poskytnout komplexní obraz proměn podob cenzury a myšlení o ní po roce 1989. Klíčová slova Cenzura, svoboda slova, literatura pro děti a mládeţ, skinheads, politická korektnost, dětská pornografie 5 Abstract The dissertation thesis examines czech literary censorship after 1989. It presents a polemical addition to a monograph published one year earlier entitled V obecném zájmu [In the General Interest], which covered the same period. The main methodological resource is represented by the books of a British theatrologist Helen Freshwater, who based her inclusive model of censorship on the border crossing of hard and soft censorship. Moreover, she moved her emphasis on discourse as the main indicator of what is considered a censor´s intervention in a particular historical moment. The core of the thesis consists of four chapters, which on the basis of the original research examine the typical cases of censorship and related discourse. These chapters are included in a broader frame of a changing notion of censorship and political correctness in the discussed period. The chapter devoted to the banned skinhead music group Braník is based on the examination of the respective court´s files and the analysis of the changing notion of freedom of speech in the beginning of the 1990s. The chapter about the censorship of literature for children and youth is based on the comparison of various editions of books written by Bohumil Říha. Furthermore, the conditions are observed, under which the interventions to these new editions were identified as censorship. Censorship on internet is treated in the chapter devoted to the regulation of the virtual (literary) child pornography, while the chapter devoted to political correctness focuses on texts and paratexts of splatterpunk literature. This doctoral work should offer a complex picture of changing ways of censorship and thinking after 1989. Keywords Censorship, free speech, children's literature, skinheads, child pornography, political correctness 6 Obsah Úvod ................................................................................................................................ 11 1. Vybrané kapitoly z dějin myšlení o cenzuře ........................................................... 14 1.1. Plačící Achilles ................................................................................................. 15 1.2. Pálení knih, svoboda slova a cenzorský úřad ................................................... 17 1.3. Osvícenství a dračí zuby .................................................................................. 21 2. Místa cenzury: Soudobé myšlení o cenzuře ........................................................... 26 2.1. Okruhy cenzury ................................................................................................ 26 2.2. Měkká, či tvrdá? ............................................................................................... 29 2.3. Hledání míst cenzury ........................................................................................ 31 2.4. Inkluzivní model, diskurz a cenzura ................................................................ 33 3. Cenzura po roce 1989 ............................................................................................. 35 3.1. Cézura a cenzura .............................................................................................. 35 3.1.1. Hledání cézury .......................................................................................... 38 3.1.2. Periodizace ................................................................................................ 40 3.2. Revoluce a transformace (1989–1993) ............................................................ 41 3.2.1. Metafory transformace .............................................................................. 42 3.2.2. Likvidace a ostrakizace ............................................................................. 43 3.2.3. Cesta k zamítnutí ...................................................................................... 43 3.2.4. Pětatřicátníci – rozděleni minulostí .......................................................... 46 3.2.5. Přechod mezi řády .................................................................................... 49 3.3. 1993–2004 ........................................................................................................ 50 3.3.1. Ostrůvky cenzury ...................................................................................... 53 7 3.3.2. Obrys Kmene ............................................................................................ 57 3.3.3. Honzíkova cesta ........................................................................................ 59 3.4. 2004–2016 ........................................................................................................ 60 3.4.1. Internetová cenzura: Demokratizace a rozptýlení .................................... 60 3.4.2. Internet, literatura a regulace .................................................................... 65 3.4.3. Cenzura a kapitál ...................................................................................... 67 3.4.4. Nástup politické korektnosti jako nového typu cenzury ........................... 71 4. Politická korektnost v ČR ....................................................................................... 73 4.1. Zdroje a smysl politické korektnosti ................................................................ 74 4.2. Politická korektnost v kultuře a literatuře ........................................................ 76 4.3. Uţití pojmu....................................................................................................... 77 4.4. Politická korektnost v ČR ...............................................................................
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