DOCSLIB.ORG

(Cnidaria): Introns, a Paucity of Trna Genes, and a Near-Standard Genetic Code

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Cnidaria): Introns, a Paucity of Trna Genes, and a Near-Standard Genetic Code Copyright 1998 by the Genetics Society of America The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Metridium senile (Cnidaria): Introns, a Paucity of tRNA Genes, and a Near-Standard Genetic Code C. Timothy Beagley, Ronald Okimoto1 and David R. Wolstenholme Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 Manuscript received July 3, 1997 Accepted for publication November 14, 1997 ABSTRACT The circular, 17,443 nucleotide-pair mitochondrial (mt) DNA molecule of the sea anemone, Metridium senile (class Anthozoa, phylum Cnidaria) is presented. This molecule contains genes for 13 energy pathway proteins and two ribosomal (r) RNAs but, relative to other metazoan mtDNAs, has two unique features: only two transfer RNAs (tRNAf-Met and tRNATrp) are encoded, and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) genes each include a group I intron. The COI intron encodes a putative homing endonuclease, and the ND5 intron contains the molecule's ND1 and ND3 genes. Most of the unusual characteristics of other metazoan mtDNAs are not found in M. senile mtDNA: unorthodox translation initiation codons and partial translation termination codons are absent, the use of TGA to specify tryptophan is the only genetic code modi®cation, and both encoded tRNAs have primary and secondary structures closely resembling those of standard tRNAs. Also, with regard to size and secondary structure potential, the mt-s-rRNA and mt-l-rRNA have the least deviation from Escherichia coli 16S and 23S rRNAs of all known metazoan mt-rRNAs. These observations indicate that most of the genetic variations previously reported in metazoan mtDNAs developed after Cnidaria diverged from the common ancestral line of all other Metazoa. OMPLETE nucleotide sequences have been re- gin of replication and is therefore designated the con- C ported for mitochondrial (mt) genomes of more trol region (see Clayton 1991, 1992). than 40 Metazoa (multicellular animals). About half of Exceptions to the constant gene content of metazoan these mt genomes are from chordates, but the remain- mtDNAs include (1) the lack of an ATPase8 gene in der are from organisms representing at least six inverte- mtDNAs of nematodes and of the mollusc Mytilus edulis brate phyla (for references see Wolstenholme 1992a; (Wolstenholme et al. 1987; Okimoto et al. 1991, 1992; Okimoto et al. 1992; Boore and Brown 1994; 1995; Hoffman et al. 1992), (2) the occurrence of an extra Krettek et al. 1995; Asakawa et al. 1995; Flook et al. gene for a tRNA expected to recognize AUA (methio- 1995; Hatzoglou et al. 1995; Beagley et al. 1995, nine) codons in mtDNAs of M. edulis and Mytilus califor- 1996; Arnason et al. 1996). Most metazoan mt genomes nianus (Hoffman et al. 1992; C. T. Beagley, R. Okimoto comprise a single circular, double-stranded DNA mole- and D. R. Wolstenholme, unpublished data), (3) the cule between 14 and 18 kb that contains a uniform set occurrence of a gene for a bacterial MutS homologue Pont-Kingdon of 37 genes. There are genes for 13 energy pathway in mtDNAs of octocorals ( et al. 1995, proteins: Cytochrome b (Cyt b), subunits I±III of cyto- 1997), and (4) the occurrence of two group I introns Beagley chrome c oxidase (COI±COIII), subunits 6 and 8 of in mtDNAs of sea anemones ( et al. 1995, 1996). Metazoan mtDNAs exhibit a number of unusual fea- the F0 ATP synthetase complex (ATPase6 and 8), and subunits 1±6 and 4L of the respiratory chain NADH tures. Modi®cations relative to the standard genetic dehydrogenase (ND1±ND6 and ND4L), for the two code are found in each of the metazoan mt genetic RNA components (s-rRNA and l-rRNA) of mt ribo- codes examined to date. In all metazoan mtDNAs, TGA somes, and for 22 tRNAs. These genes are arranged serves to specify tryptophan rather than termination. with very few intervening nucleotide pairs (ntp), except ATA has the standard code speci®cation of isoleucine Jacobs that in each metazoan mtDNA, there is a sequence of only in mtDNAs of echinoderms ( et al. 1988; Cantatore et al. 1989) and some Platyhelminthes (Bes- between 125 and 8000 ntp that lacks genes but includes sho Pont-Kingdon the molecules' major transcription promoters and ori- et al. 1992) and Cnidaria ( et al. 1994; Beagley et al. 1995, 1996); in all other metazoan mt genetic codes, ATA acts as a second methionine codon. AGA and AGG have the standard code speci®ca- Corresponding author: David R. Wolstenholme, Department of Biol- tion of arginine only in Cnidaria (Pont-Kingdon et al. ogy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. Beagley E-mail: [email protected] 1994; et al. 1995, 1996). Among other inverte- 1 Present address: Ronald Okimoto, Department of Poultry Science, brates, these codons specify serine (except that AGG University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. codons are absent from Drosophila mtDNAs); in ascidi- Genetics 148: 1091±1108 (March, 1998) 1092 C. T. Beagley, R. Okimoto and D. R. Wolstenholme ans, they specify glycine, but in vertebrates, neither spec- some protozoan and plant mtDNAs. Finally, in this pa- i®es an amino acid. In the latter case, they may act per, we also discuss factors that might be expected to as rare stop codons (reviewed in Wolstenholme and contribute to the maintenance of the two introns in Fauron 1995). M. senile mtDNA. In most metazoan mtDNAs, some protein genes begin with unorthodox translation initiation codons that in- clude ATA, ATT, ATC, GTG, GTT, and TTG (Okimoto MATERIALS AND METHODS and Wolstenholme 1990; Wolstenholme 1992a). In Animals and mt nucleic acid isolations: Specimens of the white organisms from different metazoan phyla, some mt pro- morph of M. senile with an average size ,5 cm were obtained tein genes end in T or TA, and in mammals, it has been from Dr. Rimond C. Fay. Mitochondria were isolated by meth- shown that precise cleavage of transcripts 39 to these ods described previously (Wolstenholme and Fauron 1976), nucleotides, followed by polyadenylation, creates a com- except that sucrose was replaced with mannitol and 0.1±0.2% plete UAA termination codon (Ojala et al. 1981). bovine serum albumin was present in all solutions. Mitochon- dria were lysed with 2% Sarkosyl, and mtDNA was isolated by Unusual wobble rules that allow the anticodon of cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation (Wolsten- some tRNAs to recognize all codons of a four-codon holme and Fauron 1976). RNA was isolated from M. senile family have been suggested as the explanation for why mitochondria using the RNA-Gents Total RNA Isolation Kit the number of tRNAs encoded in metazoan mtDNAs is (Promega, Madison, WI) and was treated with RNase-free DNase I (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) using the supplier's recom- only 22, the number that under these conditions would mended reaction conditions. be suf®cient to translate mt protein gene transcripts Restriction enzyme digestions and cloning: M. senile mtDNA (Barrell et al. 1979, 1980). Numerous structural modi- was cleaved with a combination of BamHI and BglII to yield ®cations relative to standard tRNAs are found among ®ve fragments of |5.0, 4.5, 4.2, 2.8, and 1.0 kb, and each was metazoan mtDNA±encoded tRNAs. These include some cloned into BamHI-cleaved bacteriophage M13mp19 DNA. in which one or other (but never both) of the side arms From the cloned fragments, nested sets of deletion clones were produced (Dale et al. 1985). Clones of fragments that are replaced with a single loop of nucleotides lacking cross each of the M. senile mtDNA BamHI or BglII sites were the usual secondary structure potential (De Bruijn et also obtained using various other restriction enzymes. al. 1980; Wolstenholme et al. 1987, 1994; Okimoto DNA sequencing and sequence analysis: DNA sequences of Wolstenholme overlapping deletion clones were obtained by the method of and 1990). Sanger The two rRNAs encoded by metazoan mtDNAs (s-rRNA et al. (1977), using Sequenase (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL), and assembled (Staden 1982). Each of the ®ve and l-rRNA) are clearly homologous to Escherichia coli BamHI-BglII restriction fragments was completely sequenced 16S and 23S rRNAs (Guttel and Fox 1988; Guttel et in both directions, and all BamHI or BglII sites were sequenced al. 1993). The metazoan mt-s-rRNAs and mt-l-rRNAs, across in one direction. Sequences were analyzed using Wis- however, are all smaller by factors of as much as 2 and consin Genetics Computer Group programs and Lasergene 3, respectively, than their E. coli counterparts. Neverthe- software from DNASTAR, Inc. (Madison, WI). The nucleotide sequence of the M. senile mtDNA molecule has been submitted less, all metazoan mt-rRNAs have the potential to fold to GenBank under the accession number BankIt 108562 into structures that resemble at least the core structures AF000023. Secondary structure potentials of intergenic re- of the corresponding secondary structures of E. coli gions were analyzed using the program of Zucker (1989). rRNAs (Gray et al. 1984; Guttel et al. 1993; Okimoto Determination of the 59 and 39 ends of the l-rRNA gene: 59 et al. 1994; Pont-Kingdon et al. 1994). and 39 RACE (rapid ampli®cation of cDNA ends) analyses (Frohman 1990) were carried out to locate the ends of the We presented previously the sequence of a 6.1-kb seg- M. senile mt-l-rRNA by following similar procedures and by ment of the circular mtDNA molecule of the sea anem- using the same 59 and 39 RACE pools that were previously one Metridium senile (Pont-Kingdon et al. 1994), and used to determine the ends of the M. senile s-rRNA (Pont- we have reported separately on the structure and pro- Kingdon et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix to Taxonomic Revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas' Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with Correction
    http://www.natsca.org Journal of Natural Science Collections Title: Appendix to Taxonomic revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas’ Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with correction of authorities Author(s): Callaghan, E., Egger, B., Doyle, H., & E. G. Reynaud Source: Callaghan, E., Egger, B., Doyle, H., & E. G. Reynaud. (2020). Appendix to Taxonomic revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas’ Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with correction of authorities. Journal of Natural Science Collections, Volume 7, . URL: http://www.natsca.org/article/2587 NatSCA supports open access publication as part of its mission is to promote and support natural science collections. NatSCA uses the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ for all works we publish. Under CCAL authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles in NatSCA publications, so long as the original authors and source are cited. TABLE 3 – Callaghan et al. WARD AUTHORITY TAXONOMY ORIGINAL SPECIES NAME REVISED SPECIES NAME REVISED AUTHORITY N° (Ward Catalogue 1888) Coelenterata Anthozoa Alcyonaria 1 Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus, 1758 2 Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766 3 Alcyonium stellatum Milne-Edwards [?] Sarcophyton stellatum Kükenthal, 1910 4 Anthelia glauca Savigny Lamarck, 1816 5 Corallium rubrum Lamarck Linnaeus, 1758 6 Gorgonia verrucosa Pallas, 1766 [?] Eunicella verrucosa 7 Kophobelemon (Umbellularia) stelliferum
    [Show full text]
  • RECON: Reef Effect Structures in the North Sea, Islands Or Connections?
    RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Summary Report Authors: Coolen, J.W.P. & R.G. Jak (eds.). Wageningen University & Research Report C074/17A RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Summary Report Revised Author(s): Coolen, J.W.P. & R.G. Jak (eds.). With contributions from J.W.P. Coolen, B.E. van der Weide, J. Cuperus, P. Luttikhuizen, M. Schutter, M. Dorenbosch, F. Driessen, W. Lengkeek, M. Blomberg, G. van Moorsel, M.A. Faasse, O.G. Bos, I.M. Dias, M. Spierings, S.G. Glorius, L.E. Becking, T. Schol, R. Crooijmans, A.R. Boon, H. van Pelt, F. Kleissen, D. Gerla, R.G. Jak, S. Degraer, H.J. Lindeboom Publication date: January 2018 Wageningen Marine Research Den Helder, January 2018 Wageningen Marine Research report C074/17A Coolen, J.W.P. & R.G. Jak (eds.) 2017. RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Summary Report Wageningen, Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen Marine Research report C074/17A. 33 pp. Client: INSITE joint industry project Attn.: Richard Heard 6th Floor East, Portland House, Bressenden Place London SW1E 5BH, United Kingdom This report can be downloaded for free from https://doi.org/10.18174/424244 Wageningen Marine Research provides no printed copies of reports Wageningen Marine Research is ISO 9001:2008 certified. Photo cover: Udo van Dongen. © 2017 Wageningen Marine Research Wageningen UR Wageningen Marine Research The Management of Wageningen Marine Research is not responsible for resulting institute of Stichting Wageningen damage, as well as for damage resulting from the application of results or Research is registered in the Dutch research obtained by Wageningen Marine Research, its clients or any claims traderecord nr.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Succession and Seasonal Dynamics of the Epifauna Community on Offshore Wind Farm Foundations and Their Role As Stepping Stones for Non-Indigenous Species
    Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-014-2157-1 OFFSHORE WIND FARM IMPACTS Succession and seasonal dynamics of the epifauna community on offshore wind farm foundations and their role as stepping stones for non-indigenous species Ilse De Mesel • Francis Kerckhof • Alain Norro • Bob Rumes • Steven Degraer Received: 14 March 2014 / Revised: 30 November 2014 / Accepted: 18 December 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract In recent years, offshore wind energy in typical intertidal species observed were NIS, while the shelf seas of the southern North Sea is experienc- only two out of a species pool of 80 species were NIS ing a strong growth. Foundations are introduced in in the deep subtidal. NIS were found to use the mainly sandy sediments, and the resulting artificial foundations to expand their range and strengthen their reef effect is considered one of the main impacts on the strategic position in the area. marine environment. We investigated the macroben- thic fouling community that developed on the concrete Keywords Marine fouling Á Artificial reef Á foundations of the first wind turbines built in Belgian Succession Á Non-indigenous species marine waters. We observed a clear vertical zonation, with a distinction between a Telmatogeton japonicus dominated splash zone, a high intertidal zone charac- terised by Semibalanus balanoides, followed by a Introduction mussel belt in the low intertidal–shallow subtidal. In the deep subtidal, the species turnover was initially The offshore wind energy industry is rapidly expand- very high, but the community was soon dominated by ing in the shelf seas of the North-East Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Development of a Marine Landscape Classification for the Irish Sea
    Irish Sea Pilot - Report on the development of a marine landscape classification for the Irish Sea 7. Appendix II: RV Lough Foyle cruise (Irish) Sea Mounds (NW Irish Sea) Habitat Mapping Introduction and methods All surveys were undertaken aboard the RV Lough Foyle (DARD) during June 2003. Acoustic surveys A RoxAnn™ acoustic ground discrimination survey (AGDS) was undertaken of the main survey area between 1st and 3rd June 2003, by A. Mitchell. Two additional RoxAnn™ datasets were collected by M. Service on 23rd June 2003 during the multibeam sonar survey. All RoxAnn™ datasets were obtained using a hull-mounted 38kHz transducer, a GroundMaster RoxAnn™ signal processor combined with RoxMap software, saving at a rate of between 1 and 5s intervals. An Atlas differential Geographical Positioning Systems (dGPS), providing positional information, was integrated via the RoxMap laptop. Track spacing varied between 500m for the large area and 100m for the multibeam survey areas. Multibeam sonar datasets were collected for two of the (Irish) Sea Mounds on 23rd June 2003, using an EM2000 Multibeam Echosounder (MBES, Kongsberg Simrad Ltd; operators: J. Hancock and C. Harper.). The sonar has a frequency of 200kHz and a ping rate of 10Hz. It operates with 111 roll-stabilised beams per ping with a 1.5 degree beam width along-track and 2.5 degree beam width across-track. The system has an angular coverage of 120 degrees. In addition to bathymetric coverage, the system has an integrated seabed imaging capability through a combination of phase and amplitude detection (referred to here as ‘backscatter’). The EM2000 was deployed with the following ancillary parts: • Seapath 200 – this provides real-time heading, attitude, position and velocity solutions with a 1pps timing clock for update of the sonar together with full differential corrections supplied by the IALA GPS network.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Lophelia Pertusa –With Implications for Dispersal
    Cruise report for Lophelia 2015 Operating authority: Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Owner: University of Gothenburg, Sweden Name of master: Roger Johansson Scientist in charge: Lisbeth Jonsson Principal investigators: Ann Larsson Susanna Strömberg Activity during 2015 May 5’th: Retrieval of deployed current meter using ROV Scientific Publications stemming from the activities Strömberg SM (2016) Early life history of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa –with implications for dispersal. Ph.D. thesis at the University of Gothenburg The publication is attached Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF -WATER CORAL THE COLD Lophelia pertusa – WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR DIS PERSAL Susanna M Strömberg 2016 ACULTY OF SCIENCE EPARTMENT OF MARINE SCIENCES Akademisk avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i Naturvetenskap med inriktning biologi , som med tillstånd Fakultetsopponent: Associate Professor Rhian G. Waller, Darling Marine Center, University of Maine , US från Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten kommer att försvaras offentligt fredagen den 8:e april 2016 kl. 10:00 i stora D föreläsningssalen, Institutionen fö r marina vetenskaper, Lovéncentret – Tjärnö, Strömstad Examinator: Professor Per Jonsson, Institutionen för marina vetenskaper, Göteborgs Universitet F Early Life History of the cold - water coral Lophel ia pertusa – with implications for dispersal © Susanna M. Strömberg 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without written permission. Cover illustration: F emale polyp of Lophel ia pertusa in spawning position, ventilating after initial release of eggs , and a L. pertusa em bryo . Ph oto s ta ken by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Qt1m8800db.Pdf
    UC San Diego Other Recent Work Title Analysis of complete miochondrial DNA sequences of three members of the Montastraea annularis coral species complex (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1m8800db Authors Fukami, Hironobu Knowlton, N Publication Date 2005 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Coral Reefs (2005) 24: 410–417 DOI 10.1007/s00338-005-0023-3 REPORT Hironobu Fukami Æ Nancy Knowlton Analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of three members of the Montastraea annularis coral species complex (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia) Received: 30 December 2004 / Accepted: 17 June 2005 / Published online: 12 August 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Complete mitochondrial nucleotide sequences Introduction of two individuals each of Montastraea annularis,Mon- tastraea faveolata, and Montastraea franksi were deter- Members of the Montastraea annularis complex (M. mined. Gene composition and order differed annularis, Montastraea faveolata, and Montastraea substantially from the sea anemone Metridium senile, but franksi) are dominant reef-builders in the Caribbean were identical to that of the phylogenetically distant coral whose species status has been disputed for many years genus Acropora. However, characteristics of the non- (e.g., Knowlton et al. 1992, 1997; van Veghel and Bak coding regions differed between the two scleractinian 1993, 1994; Weil and Knowlton 1994; Szmant et al. genera. Among members of the M. annularis complex, 1997; Medina et al. 1999; Fukami et al. 2004a; Levitan only 25 of 16,134 base pair positions were variable. Six- et al. 2004). The fossil record suggests that M. franksi teen of these occurred in one colony of M.
    [Show full text]
  • Actiniaria, Actiniidae)
    BASTERIA, 50: 87-92, 1986 The Queen Scallop, Chlamys opercularis (L., 1758) (Bivalvia, Pectinidae), as a food item of the Urticina sea anemone eques (Gosse, 1860) (Actiniaria, Actiniidae) J.C. den Hartog Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands detailed is available about the food of but do Scantly knowledge sea anemones, we know that intertidal many species, especially forms, are opportunistic feeders on sizeable prey, such as other Coelenterata, Crustacea, Echinodermata and Mollusca, notably gastropods. of the Urticina Representatives genus Ehrenberg, 1834 ( = Tealia Gosse, 1858) oc- both and in moderate well-known curring intertidally depths, are as large prey predators (Slinn, 1961; Den Hartog, 1963; Sebens & Laakso, 1977; Shimek, 1981; Thomas, 1981). Slinn (loc. cit.) reported an incidental record of two actinians brought in by Port Erin scallop fishermen, identifiedas Tealiafelina (L., 1761), but more likely Urticina each of which had individual of to represent eques (Gosse, 1860), ingested an the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L., 1758. Den Hartog (loc. cit.: 77-78) referring to the Dutch coast reported the starfish Asterias rubens L., 1758, to be the main food item of the shore-form of Urticinafelina (L., 1761) [often referred to in the older literature as Tealia coriacea (Cuvier) or the var. coriacea; cf. Stephenson, 1935], including specimens considerably exceeding the basal diameterof the anemones. Second-common was the crab Carcinus width 30 further is maenas (L. 1758) (carapax up to mm) and noteworthy of of the a record a specimen rather rigid scyphozoan Rhizostoma octopus (L., 1788) [as R. pulmo (Macri, 1778)] with an umbrella almost twice the basal diameter of its swallower.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Version
    MarLIN Marine Information Network Information on the species and habitats around the coasts and sea of the British Isles Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida on sublittoral clean stone gravel MarLIN – Marine Life Information Network Marine Evidence–based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Review John Readman & Dr Keith Hiscock 2016-06-30 A report from: The Marine Life Information Network, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Please note. This MarESA report is a dated version of the online review. Please refer to the website for the most up-to-date version [https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/80]. All terms and the MarESA methodology are outlined on the website (https://www.marlin.ac.uk) This review can be cited as: Readman, J.A.J. & Hiscock, K. 2016. [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.17031/marlinhab.80.1 The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. Based on a work at www.marlin.ac.uk (page left blank) Date: 2016-06-30 Halcampa chrysanthellum and Edwardsia timida on sublittoral clean stone gravel - Marine Life Information Network Edwardsia timida on sublittoral clean stone gravel.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytolytic Peptide and Protein Toxins from Sea Anemones (Anthozoa
    Toxicon 40 2002) 111±124 Review www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Gregor Anderluh, Peter MacÏek* Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, VecÏna pot 111,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 20 March 2001; accepted 15 July 2001 Abstract More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic peptides and proteins. Based on their primary structure and functional properties, cytolysins have been classi®ed into four polypeptide groups. Group I consists of 5±8 kDa peptides, represented by those from the sea anemones Tealia felina and Radianthus macrodactylus. These peptides form pores in phosphatidylcholine containing membranes. The most numerous is group II comprising 20 kDa basic proteins, actinoporins, isolated from several genera of the fam. Actiniidae and Stichodactylidae. Equinatoxins, sticholysins, and magni- ®calysins from Actinia equina, Stichodactyla helianthus, and Heteractis magni®ca, respectively, have been studied mostly. They associate typically with sphingomyelin containing membranes and create cation-selective pores. The crystal structure of Ê equinatoxin II has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. Lethal 30±40 kDa cytolytic phospholipases A2 from Aiptasia pallida fam. Aiptasiidae) and a similar cytolysin, which is devoid of enzymatic activity, from Urticina piscivora, form group III. A thiol-activated cytolysin, metridiolysin, with a mass of 80 kDa from Metridium senile fam. Metridiidae) is a single representative of the fourth family. Its activity is inhibited by cholesterol or phosphatides. Biological, structure±function, and pharmacological characteristics of these cytolysins are reviewed. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cytolysin; Hemolysin; Pore-forming toxin; Actinoporin; Sea anemone; Actiniaria; Review 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska a Field Guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood
    Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska A field guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood All pictures taken by Aaron Baldwin Last update 08/15/2015 unless otherwise noted. [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction ….............................................................…...2 Acknowledgements Exploring SE Beaches …………………………….….. …...3 It would be next to impossible to thanks everyone who has helped with Sponges ………………………………………….…….. …...4 this project. Probably the single-most important contribution that has been made comes from the people who have encouraged it along throughout Cnidarians (Jellyfish, hydroids, corals, the process. That is why new editions keep being completed! sea pens, and sea anemones) ……..........................…....8 First and foremost I want to thanks Rich Mattson of the DIPAC Macaulay Flatworms ………………………….………………….. …..21 salmon hatchery. He has made this project possible through assistance in obtaining specimens for photographs and for offering encouragement from Parasitic worms …………………………………………….22 the very beginning. Dr. David Cowles of Walla Walla University has Nemertea (Ribbon worms) ………………….………... ….23 generously donated many photos to this project. Dr. William Bechtol read Annelid (Segmented worms) …………………………. ….25 through the previous version of this, and made several important suggestions that have vastly improved this book. Dr. Robert Armstrong Mollusks ………………………………..………………. ….38 hosts the most recent edition on his website so it would be available to a Polyplacophora (Chitons) …………………….
    [Show full text]