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The Natural Resources of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

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The Natural Resources of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-13-05 The Natural Resources of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: A Focus on Federal Waters Final Report June 2013 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of National Marine Sanctuaries June 2013 About the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service (NOS) administers the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS). Its mission is to identify, designate, protect and manage the ecological, recreational, research, educational, historical, and aesthetic resources and qualities of nationally significant coastal and marine areas. The existing marine sanctuaries differ widely in their natural and historical resources and include nearshore and open ocean areas ranging in size from less than one to over 5,000 square miles. Protected habitats include rocky coasts, kelp forests, coral reefs, sea grass beds, estuarine habitats, hard and soft bottom habitats, segments of whale migration routes, and shipwrecks. Because of considerable differences in settings, resources, and threats, each marine sanctuary has a tailored management plan. Conservation, education, research, monitoring and enforcement programs vary accordingly. The integration of these programs is fundamental to marine protected area management. The Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series reflects and supports this integration by providing a forum for publication and discussion of the complex issues currently facing the sanctuary system. Topics of published reports vary substantially and may include descriptions of educational programs, discussions on resource management issues, and results of scientific research and monitoring projects. The series facilitates integration of natural sciences, socioeconomic and cultural sciences, education, and policy development to accomplish the diverse needs of NOAA’s resource protection mandate. The Natural Resources of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: A Focus on Federal Waters Final Report June 2013 Jennifer A. Brown, Erica Burton, Sophie De Beukelaer Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary U.S. Department of Commerce Cameron Kerry, Acting Secretary National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn Sullivan, Ph.D. Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Ocean Service Holly Bamford, Ph.D., Acting Assistant Administrator Silver Spring, Maryland Office of National Marine Sanctuaries June 2013 Daniel J. Basta, Director Disclaimer Report content does not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Report Availability Electronic copies of this report may be downloaded from the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries web site at http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov. Hard copies may be available from the following address: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of National Marine Sanctuaries SSMC4, N/ORM62 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 Cover Top Left: Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Chad King/MBNMS Top Right: Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) and sun star (Rathbunaster californicus), Jean deMarignac/MBNMS Bottom Left: Canary rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), bocaccio (S. paucispinis), yelloweye rockfish (S. ruberrimus), feather stars (Florometra serratissima) and sponges, Rick Starr/MBNMS Bottom Right: “Mystery Mollusk” (Order Nudibranchia), NOAA/MBARI Suggested Citation Brown, Jennifer A., Erica J. Burton, Sophie De Beukelaer. (2013). The Natural Resources of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: A Focus on Federal Waters. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-13-05. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 264 pp. Contact Jennifer A. Brown SIMoN Ecosystem Scientist Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 99 Pacific Street, Bldg 455A Monterey, CA 93940 (415) 310-6764 [email protected] Abstract This natural resources assessment synthesizes the current scientific knowledge of the physical and biological resources in the offshore habitats of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). The main body of this report is organized into sections by offshore habitat category. Benthic habitats categories were defined by substrate type (hard and soft) and depth: shelf I (30- 100 m), shelf II (100-200 m), slope (200-3,000 m), and rise (>3,000 m). Additional offshore habitat categories included in this report are open ocean, submarine canyon, seamount, oxygen minimum zone, chemosynthetic biological communities, and macrophyte detritus. For each of these habitat categories, information was compiled on topics spanning many levels of ecological organization (e.g., population, species, community) and various ecological processes (e.g., productivity, dispersal). Information sources included primary literature, unpublished data, and expert interviews. The purpose of this document is to identify sources of regional information, and describe natural resources and processes in federal waters of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary . Key Words Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, natural resources, site characterization, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, open water, submarine canyon, seamount, oxygen minimum zone, plankton, algae, invertebrates, fishes, seabirds, marine mammals, sea turtles, species diversity, species richness, species composition, sensitive species Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge important contributions from the following colleagues. Mark Carr provided guidance on the search topics for the literature review. Jim Barry, Elizabeth Becker, Scott Benson, Dan Dorfman, David Foley, Karin Forney, John Guinotte, Julie Howar, Jaime Jahncke, Linda Kuhnz, Matt Merrifield, John Oliver, Charlie Paull, Steve Ralston, Bruce Robison, Brian Schlining, Mary Silver, Rob Sherlock, Heather Spalding, Rick Starr, Robert Vrijenhoek, Curt Whitmire, and Mary Yoklavich provided important information, such as unpublished data, relevant literature, and help drafting and reviewing figures. Andrew DeVogelaere, Oren Frey, Steve Lonhart, and Lisa Wooninck reviewed all or portions of this document and provided helpful comments. The following regional scientific experts reviewed two or more sections of the report during the external review process: Jim Barry, John Field, Karin Forney, Chris Harrold, Linda Kuhnz, James Lindholm, Lonny Lundsten, John Pearse, Paul Reilly, Curt Storlazzi, and Brian Tissot. i Table of Contents Topic Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Key Words ....................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 MBNMS and Defined Study Area .............................................................................................. 1 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 2 Organization of Report ............................................................................................................... 4 Species of Special Interest .......................................................................................................... 4 Spatial Data Layers and Maps .................................................................................................... 6 Shelf I (30-100 m) and Shelf II (100-200 m) – Hard Substrate ...................................................... 7 Shelf I (30-100 m) and Shelf II (100-200 m) – Soft Substrate ..................................................... 23 Slope (200-3,000 m) – Hard Substrate ......................................................................................... 42 Slope (200-3,000 m) – Soft Substrate ........................................................................................... 52 Rise (>3,000 m) – Soft Substrate .................................................................................................. 72 Open Water ................................................................................................................................... 79 Submarine Canyon ...................................................................................................................... 101 Seamount....................................................................................................................................
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