Volume VII Human Spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
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A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model For
A QUANTITATIVE HUMAN SPACECRAFT DESIGN EVALUATION MODEL FOR ASSESSING CREW ACCOMMODATION AND UTILIZATION by CHRISTINE FANCHIANG B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007 M.S., University of Colorado Boulder, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences 2017 i This thesis entitled: A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization written by Christine Fanchiang has been approved for the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences Dr. David M. Klaus Dr. Jessica J. Marquez Dr. Nisar R. Ahmed Dr. Daniel J. Szafir Dr. Jennifer A. Mindock Dr. James A. Nabity Date: 13 March 2017 The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Fanchiang, Christine (Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering Sciences) A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization Thesis directed by Professor David M. Klaus Crew performance, including both accommodation and utilization factors, is an integral part of every human spaceflight mission from commercial space tourism, to the demanding journey to Mars and beyond. Spacecraft were historically built by engineers and technologists trying to adapt the vehicle into cutting edge rocketry with the assumption that the astronauts could be trained and will adapt to the design. By and large, that is still the current state of the art. It is recognized, however, that poor human-machine design integration can lead to catastrophic and deadly mishaps. -
The Emergence of Space Law
THE EMERGENCE OF SPACE LAW Steve Doyle* I. INTRODUCTION Space law exists today as a widely regarded, separate field of jurisprudence; however, it has many overlapping features involving other fields, including international law, contract law, tort law, and administrative law, among others.1 Development of space law concepts began early in the twentieth century and blossomed during the second half of the century into its present state. It is not yet widely taught in law schools, but space law is gradually being accorded more space in law school curricula. Substantial notional law and concepts of space law emerged prior to the first orbiting of a man made satellite named Sputnik in 1957. During the next decade (1958-1967), an intense effort was made to bring law into compliance with the realities of expanding spaceflight activities. During the 1960s, numerous national and international regulatory laws emerged to deal with satellite launches and space radio uses and to ensure greater international awareness and governmental presence in the oversight of ongoing activities in space. Just as gradually developed bodies of maritime law emerged to regulate the operation of global shipping, aeronautical law emerged to regulate the expansion of global civil aviation, and telecommunication law emerged to regulate the global uses of radio and wire communication systems, a new body of law is emerging to regulate the activities of nations in astronautics. We know that new body of law as Space Law. * Stephen E. Doyle is Honorary Director, International Institute of Space Law, Paris. Mr. Doyle worked fifteen years in federal civil service (1966-1981), fifteen years in the aerospace industry (1981-1996), and fifteen years in the power production industry (1996-2012). -
Technical History of the Environmental Control System for Project Mercury
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670029737 2020-03-24T01:19:15+00:00Z NASA TECHNICAL NOTE -NASA L_-TN D-4126 cp. \ LO KI TECHNICAL HISTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PROJECT MERCURY by Frank H, Samonski, Jr. Manned Spacecrafi Center Hozcston, Texas NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. OCTOBER 1967 ?" TECH LIBRARY KAFB, "I I llllll lllll1llll lllll Hlll IYH lllll Ill1 Ill 0330793 NASA TN D-4126 TECHNICAL HISTORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PROJECT MERCURY By Frank H. Samonski, Jr. Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, Texas NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ~~ For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTl price $3.00 I ABSTRACT This report presents a technical history of the environmental control system for Project Mercury. Significant system changes and flight experience with the environmental control system are described. Attention is also given to the structure of test pro- grams employed to satisfy the mission objectives. ii CONTENTS Section Page SUMMARY .................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ............ 2 Pressure-Suit Subsystem .......................... 2 Cabin Subsystem ............................... 5 SYSTEM CHANGES ............................... 7 Oxygen-Supply Filler Valve ......................... 7 Pressure- Switch Deletion .......................... 7 Oxygen Flow Sensor ............................ -
Nasa As an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy
CHAPTER 11 Nasa as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy John Krige as space exploration,and NASA’s role in it in particular,had an effect on society, Hand, if so, on what aspects of it? And how do we measure any such impact? These are challenging questions indeed. The stakeholders in the huge American space program are multiple and include scientists; engineers; research, development, and launch facilities; industry; administrators; and many government agencies, not to speak of Congress and the U.S. taxpayer.The impacts of spaceflight vary widely, from adding to the stockpile of knowledge and stimulating innovation and industry, to training, education, and creating jobs and—if we move beyond the civilian sphere— to enhancing national security and intelligence gathering. And then there are the intangible, difficult to quantify cultural effects that range from inspiring a young girl to become an astronaut to building national pride and prestige in what are, after all, spectacular scientific and technological, managerial, and industrial achievements. This paper briefly considers one small, but I think important and often overlooked, corner of this vast panorama: the place of spaceflight in American foreign policy. I do not simply want to insist that naSa’s international programs have had an important impact as instruments of foreign policy.I also want to suggest that today they have a particularly significant political and cultural role to play in projecting a positive image of American power and American democracy abroad. In a world increasingly torn apart by conflicts over values—conflicts which history teaches us can seldom be resolved by force—i believe we overlook the potential of NASA as an instrument for American foreign policy at our peril. -
The SKYLON Spaceplane
The SKYLON Spaceplane Borg K.⇤ and Matula E.⇤ University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA This report outlines the major technical aspects of the SKYLON spaceplane as a final project for the ASEN 5053 class. The SKYLON spaceplane is designed as a single stage to orbit vehicle capable of lifting 15 mT to LEO from a 5.5 km runway and returning to land at the same location. It is powered by a unique engine design that combines an air- breathing and rocket mode into a single engine. This is achieved through the use of a novel lightweight heat exchanger that has been demonstrated on a reduced scale. The program has received funding from the UK government and ESA to build a full scale prototype of the engine as it’s next step. The project is technically feasible but will need to overcome some manufacturing issues and high start-up costs. This report is not intended for publication or commercial use. Nomenclature SSTO Single Stage To Orbit REL Reaction Engines Ltd UK United Kingdom LEO Low Earth Orbit SABRE Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine SOMA SKYLON Orbital Maneuvering Assembly HOTOL Horizontal Take-O↵and Landing NASP National Aerospace Program GT OW Gross Take-O↵Weight MECO Main Engine Cut-O↵ LACE Liquid Air Cooled Engine RCS Reaction Control System MLI Multi-Layer Insulation mT Tonne I. Introduction The SKYLON spaceplane is a single stage to orbit concept vehicle being developed by Reaction Engines Ltd in the United Kingdom. It is designed to take o↵and land on a runway delivering 15 mT of payload into LEO, in the current D-1 configuration. -
Sixty Years of Australia in Space
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 153, part 1, 2020, pp. 46–57. ISSN 0035-9173/20/010046-12 Sixty years of Australia in space Kerrie Dougherty Space Humanities Department, International Space University, Strasbourg, France Email: [email protected] Abstract Australia’s involvement in space activities commenced in 1957, at the beginning of the Space Age, with space tracking and sounding rocket launches at Woomera. By 1960, Australia was considered one of the leading space-active nations and in 1967 became one of the earliest countries to launch its own satellite. Yet by 1980, Australia’s space prominence had dwindled, with the country lacking both a national space agency and a coherent national space policy. Despite attempts in the latter part of the 1980s to develop an Australian space industry, the lack of a coherent and consistent national space policy and an effective co-ordinating body, left Australia constantly “punching below its weight” in global space activities until the Twenty First Century. This paper will briefly examine the often-contradictory history of Australian space activities from 1957 to the announcement of the Australian Space Agency in 2017, providing background and context for the later papers in this issue. Introduction Launchpad: the Woomera or 60,000 years the Indigenous people of Rocket Range FAustralia have looked to the sky, using “If the Woomera Range did not already exist, the stars to determine their location, find the proposal that Australia should engage in their way across the land and mark the a program of civil space research would be passage of the seasons and the best times unrealistic”. -
The Turtle Club
The Turtle Club The Turtle Club was dreamed up by test pilots during WWII, the Interstellar Association of Turtles believes that you never get anywhere in life without sticking your neck out. When asked,” Are you a Turtle?” Shepard leads you must answer with the password in full no matter the Corvette how embarassing or inappropriate the timing is, or and Astronaut you forfeit a beverage of their choice. parade, Coca Beach, FL. To become a part of the time honored tradition, you must be 18 years of age or older and be approved by the Imperial Potentate or High Potentate. Memebership cards will be individually signed by Wally Schirra and Schirra rides his Sigma 7 Ed Buckbee. A limited number of memberships are Mercury available. Apply today by filling out the order form spacecraft. below or by visiting www.apogee.com and follow the prompts to be a card carrying member of the Turtle Club! A portion of the monies raised by the Turtle Club Membership Drive will be donated to the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation and Space Camp Scholarships. Turtle Club co-founder Shepard, High Potentate Buckbee and Imeperial Potentate and co-founder Schirra enjoy a gotcha! Order your copy today of The Real Space Cowboys along with your Turtle Club Membership _______________________________________________ Name _______________________________________________ Address _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ City ___________________________ __________________ State Zip _______________________________________________ email ______________________ _____ __________________ Phone Age Birthdate You must be 18 years of age or older to become a member of the Turtle Club. __ No. of books @ $23.95 ______ Available Spring 2005 __ No. -
Quest: the History of Spaceflight Quarterly
Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 1992 - 2017 www.spacehistory101.com Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly Since 1992, 4XHVW7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW has collected, documented, and captured the history of the space. An award-winning publication that is the oldest peer reviewed journal dedicated exclusively to this topic, 4XHVW fills a vital need²ZKLFKLVZK\VRPDQ\ SHRSOHKDYHYROXQWHHUHGRYHUWKH\HDUV Astronaut Michael Collins once described Quest, its amazing how you are able to provide such detailed content while making it very readable. Written by professional historians, enthusiasts, stu- dents, and people who’ve worked in the field 4XHVW features the people, programs, politics that made the journey into space possible²human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. What follows is a history of 4XHVW, written by the editors and publishers who over the past 25 years have worked with professional historians, enthusiasts, students, and people who worked in the field to capture a wealth of stories and information related to human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures. Glen Swanson Founder, Editor, Volume 1-6 Stephen Johnson Editor, Volume 7-12 David Arnold Editor, Volume 13-22 Christopher Gainor Editor, Volume 23-25+ Scott Sacknoff Publisher, Volume 7-25 (c) 2019 The Space 3.0 Foundation The Silver Anniversary of Quest 1 www.spacehistory101.com F EATURE: THE S ILVER A NNIVERSARY OF Q UEST From Countdown to Liftoff —The History of Quest Part I—Beginnings through the University of North Dakota Acquisition 1988-1998 By Glen E. -
Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: a Case Study Analysis
44th International Conference on Environmental Systems Paper Number 13-17 July 2014, Tucson, Arizona Limitations of Spacecraft Redundancy: A Case Study Analysis Robert P. Ocampo1 University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 Redundancy can increase spacecraft safety by providing the crew or ground with multiple means of achieving a given function. However, redundancy can also decrease spacecraft safety by 1) adding additional failure modes to the system, 2) increasing design “opaqueness”, 3) encouraging operational risk, and 4) masking or “normalizing” design flaws. Two Loss of Crew (LOC) events—Soyuz 11 and Challenger STS 51-L—are presented as examples of these limitations. Together, these case studies suggest that redundancy is not necessarily a fail-safe means of improving spacecraft safety. I. Introduction A redundant system is one that can achieve its intended function through multiple independent pathways or Aelements 1,2. In crewed spacecraft, redundancy is typically applied to systems that are critical for safety and/or mission success3,4. Since no piece of hardware can be made perfectly reliable, redundancy—in theory—allows for the benign (e.g. non-catastrophic) failure of critical elements. Redundant elements can be 1) similar or dissimilar to each other, 2) activated automatically (“hot spare”) or manually (“cold spare”), and 3) located together or separated geographically5-7. U.S. spacecraft have employed redundancy on virtually all levels of spacecraft design, from component to subsystem7,8. Redundancy has a successful history of precluding critical and catastrophic failures during human spaceflight. A review of NASA mission reports, from Mercury to Space Shuttle, indicates that redundancy has saved the crew or extended the mission over 160 times, or roughly once per flight9. -
Reentry Motion and Aerodynamics of the MUSES-C Sample Return Capsule
Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. Space Sci. Vol. 51, No. 172, pp. 65–70, 2008 Reentry Motion and Aerodynamics of the MUSES-C Sample Return Capsule By Nobuaki ISHII,1Þ Tetsuya YAMADA,1Þ Koju HIRAKI2Þ and Yoshifumi INATANI1Þ 1ÞThe Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan 2ÞKyushu Institute of Technology, Kita-Kyushu, Japan (Received June 21st, 2006) The Hayabusa spacecraft (MUSES-C) carries a small capsule for bringing asteroid samples back to the earth. The initial spin rate of the reentry capsule together with the flight path angle of the reentry trajectory is a key parameter for the aerodynamic motion during the reentry flight. The initial spin rate is given by the spin-release mechanism attached between the capsule and the mother spacecraft, and the flight path angle can be modified by adjusting the earth approach orbit. To determine the desired values of both parameters, the attitude motion during atmospheric flight must be clarified, and angles of attack at the maximum dynamic pressure and the parachute deployment must be assessed. In previous studies, to characterize the aerodynamic effects of the reentry capsule, several wind-tunnel tests were conducted using the ISAS high-speed flow test facilities. In addition to the ground test data, the aerodynamic properties in hypersonic flows were analyzed numerically. Moreover, these data were made more accurate using the results of balloon drop tests. This paper summarized the aerodynamic properties of the reentry capsule and simulates the attitude motion of the full- configuration capsule during atmospheric flight in three dimensions with six degrees of freedom. The results show the best conditions for the initial spin rates and flight path angles of the reentry trajectory. -
Space Almanac 2007
2007 Space Almanac The US military space operation in facts and figures. Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor, and the staff of Air Force Magazine 74 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 Space 0.05g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 22,300 miles Hard vacuum 1,000 miles Medium Earth Orbit begins 300 miles 0.95g 100 miles Low Earth Orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles Limit for ramjet engines 28 miles Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles Stratosphere begins 10 miles Illustration not to scale Artist’s conception by Erik Simonsen AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 75 US Military Missions in Space Space Support Space Force Enhancement Space Control Space Force Application Launch of satellites and other Provide satellite communica- Ensure freedom of action in space Provide capabilities for the ap- high-value payloads into space tions, navigation, weather infor- for the US and its allies and, plication of combat operations and operation of those satellites mation, missile warning, com- when directed, deny an adversary in, through, and from space to through a worldwide network of mand and control, and intel- freedom of action in space. influence the course and outcome ground stations. ligence to the warfighter. of conflict. US Space Funding Millions of constant Fiscal 2007 dollars 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Fiscal Year 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total 1959 1,841 3,457 240 5,538 1983 13,051 18,601 675 32,327 1960 3,205 3,892 -
Signature Redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology Affd Society August 19, 2014
Project Apollo, Cold War Diplomacy and the American Framing of Global Interdependence by MASSACHUSETTS 5NS E. OF TECHNOLOGY OCT 0 6 201 Teasel Muir-Harmony LIBRARIES Bachelor of Arts St. John's College, 2004 Master of Arts University of Notre Dame, 2009 Submitted to the Program in Science, Technology, and Society In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2014 D 2014 Teasel Muir-Harmony. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology affd Society August 19, 2014 Certified by: Signature redacted David A. Mindell Frances and David Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Committee Chair redacted Certified by: Signature David Kaiser C01?shausen Professor of the History of Science Director, Program in Science, Technology, and Society Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics Committee Member Signature redacted Certified by: Rosalind Williams Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Technology Committee Member Accepted by: Signature redacted Heather Paxson William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor, Anthropology Director of Graduate Studies, History, Anthropology, and STS Signature