Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly

1992 - 2017 www.spacehistory101.com Celebrating the Silver Anniversary of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly

Since 1992, 4XHVW7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW has collected, documented, and captured the history of the space. An award-winning publication that is the oldest peer reviewed journal dedicated exclusively to this topic, 4XHVW fills a vital need²ZKLFKLVZK\VRPDQ\ SHRSOHKDYHYROXQWHHUHGRYHUWKH\HDUV

Astronaut Michael Collins once described Quest, its amazing how you are able to provide such detailed content while making it very readable.

Written by professional historians, enthusiasts, stu- dents, and people who’ve worked in the field 4XHVW features the people, programs, politics that made the journey into space possible²human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures.

What follows is a history of 4XHVW, written by the editors and publishers who over the past 25 years have worked with professional historians, enthusiasts, students, and people who worked in the field to capture a wealth of stories and information related to human spaceflight, robotic exploration, military programs, international activities, and commercial ventures.

Glen Swanson Founder, Editor, Volume 1-6 Stephen Johnson Editor, Volume 7-12 David Arnold Editor, Volume 13-22 Christopher Gainor Editor, Volume 23-25+ Scott Sacknoff Publisher, Volume 7-25

(c) 2019 The Space 3.0 Foundation

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 1 www.spacehistory101.com F EATURE: THE S ILVER A NNIVERSARY OF Q UEST From Countdown to Liftoff —The History of Quest Part I—Beginnings through the University of North Dakota Acquisition 1988-1998

By Glen E. Swanson in a smattering of reader postings from followers of the forum including a piece about a now out-of-print pub- Shortly after Chris Gainor lication called 6SDFH :RUOG (see 7KH became the editor of 4XHVW 7KH 6SDFH5HYLHZ, 19 May 2008 ). +LVWRU\ RI 6SDFHIOLJKW 4XDUWHUO\, he As a kid growing up during the and publisher Scott Sacknoff peak of the Apollo program, 6SDFH approached me about contributing the :RUOG was the publication to seek out first of what is hoped to be a multi- in the library. I don’t recall that I ever part series chronicling the history of saw it on newsstands, and eventually I the publication. Now that the maga- subscribed to it. It appeared at the zine has achieved the remarkable goal same time as 6N\  7HOHVFRSH and of 25 years of continuous publication, $VWURQRP\, but these publications did it seems appropriate to reflect back not focus on space travel. 6SDFH upon how it all got started, where it :RUOG, as its very name proclaimed, has gone, and how it has been able to did, in an easy-to-understand way continue. From the publishers, edi- through articles that made liberal use tors, and writers responsible for the of photos and illustrations. Indeed The first popular publication devoted to production of each issue to the dedi- many issues were simply reprints of covering spaceflight in the United States cated group of readers who continue press materials issued by NASA and Ray Palmer’s Space World had a near to subscribe, all share a common other aerospace companies, with the 30-year publication run from 1960- interest in outer space and in chroni- editor not even bothering to change 1988. cling humanity’s efforts to explore it. the font to match the other articles. Celebrating its silver anniver- 6SDFH :RUOG began in 1960 by sary, 4XHVW remains one of the few science fiction and comic book author (Source: Raymond Palmer, )O\LQJ printed publications in its field that Otto Binder. The very first issue hit 6DXFHUV, September 1962, 2.) has endured and that itself is worth a the newsstands in May of that year Palmer was an unusual fellow, closer study. I hope that this series will under the name 6SDFH :RUOG²7KH and more should be written about him. serve as a launching point for an in- 1HZV0DJD]LQHRI$VWUR6FLHQFH. The Writer Fred Nadis took a stab at doing depth, critical examination of the his- publication served as a counterpoint just that with his book 7KH0DQIURP tory of subscription-based publica- to the numerous lore-based UFO and 0DUV²5D\ 3DOPHU¶V $PD]LQJ 3XOS tions devoted to the exploration of flying saucer-based pulp magazines -RXUQH\ (Penguin, New York 2013). space that have come and gone over that were common at the time. In Nadis’ book he describes how the the years. In 1963, 6SDFH :RUOG was pur- diminutive Palmer, born with a Back in 2008, I read an online chased by Ray Palmer, an interesting hunchback that forced him to stand at article in 7KH 6SDFH 5HYLHZ by fre- character who cut his teeth in the just a little over 4 feet tall, created quent contributor Dwayne Day titled world of pulp fiction as editor of numerous publications that many of “A quick guide to space news publica- $PD]LQJ6WRULHV. Ray Palmer, or as he my generation grew up with, includ- tions in print” (see 7KH6SDFH5HYLHZ, liked to be called “Rap,” announced ing 2WKHU :RUOGV, 8QLYHUVH, )DWH, 5 May 2008). Day’s article offered an his recent acquisition in one of his 0\VWLF, 6HDUFK, )O\LQJ 6DXFHUV, overview of space-related publica- magazines )O\LQJ 6DXFHUV, “Now in +LGGHQ :RUOG, and of course 6SDFH tions then in print. Though not all- 6SDFH:RUOG, you will be able to get :RUOG inclusive, the article was fairly exten- the latest developments in space mat- 6SDFH :RUOG remained one of sive, giving brief opinionated ters, while in )O\LQJ6DXFHUV you will the longest running publications of its overviews of many publications in continue to get the world’s only com- kind. It survived for over a quarter of print at that time. The article resulted plete coverage of space mysteries.” a century, finally folding in December

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 2 www.spacehistory101.com where I needed to go. Young and fool- could deduct payments from your pay- ish, I headed down to Huntsville in my check at no interest. This was great 1978 Datsun four-door sedan. because one of the first things that I It was while trying to keep a did as a new employee was purchase a bunch of fourth graders from sneaking Macintosh SE, complete with an out of their dorm rooms that I got the external 20MB hard drive and long-distance phone call that brought ImageWriter printer²all for the me back to Michigan. During my princely sum $2,500, an amount that, years as an undergrad at Western adjusting for inflation, would amount Michigan University, I often volun- to more than $5,000 today. teered with the Michigan Space The relative ease with which Center in Jackson, helping with their fairly high-quality publications could annual Space Day and summer space be produced as a result of the mid camps. I made some good contacts 1980s introduction of the personal and grew close to several of the staff computer and desktop publishing there, including Fran Greene, the caused a surge in niche publications. Space Center’s program coordinator. When the last issue of 6SDFH :RUOG Fran was a great inspiration as she was came out in December 1988, a faithful filled with enthusiasm and encourage- companion of my youth had passed Proving that a self-published space-his- ment in everything that she did. She away. However, by this time other tory themed publication could be done, also was close to retirement. publications had come onto the scene. Ted Talay’s excellent Space Frontiers ran The call that I received came These included &RXQWGRZQ, a monthly from 1985-1989. from Jim Satterelli. Jim was the direc- publication that focused on the Space tor of the Michigan Space Center and Shuttle program, and a slick new full had called to see if I would be interest- color bimonthly magazine called ed in coming back for an interview as )LQDO )URQWLHU²7KH 0DJD]LQH RI 1988. Whatever its business model, it Fran announced that she would be 6SDFH([SORUDWLRQ, which also hit the succeeded in spite of having a rela- retiring. I was delighted at this news as newsstands with Tony Reichhardt as tively low number of subscribers and a it allowed me to return back home editor. Tony would move on to near non-existent advertising base² with the likely prospect of obtaining become editor of the 6PLWKVRQLDQ$LU two essentials for the ongoing success employment in the space education 6SDFH0DJD]LQH, a position he still of any publication. field while no longer having to tape holds today. After Palmer’s death, his widow kids into their rooms. (We used strips Theodore A. Talay, an aerospace somehow managed to keep the maga- of masking tape across the kids’ dorm engineer with NASA’s Langley zine going. Perhaps this was due to the room doors in the Huntsville Marriott Research Center, began producing loyalty of its readers and the contribu- to make sure cadets did not leave their from his home in Newport News, tions of a then young Jim Oberg, who rooms. A quick check for broken tape Virginia, a small desktop publication worked for Palmer starting as an asso- showed if they had escaped). called 6SDFH)URQWLHUV²7KH5HVRXUFH ciate editor for )O\LQJ 6DXFHUV and After heading back north and -RXUQDORI6SDFHIOLJKW. Premiering in then, in 1976, due to Palmer’s failing meeting with the folks at Jackson 1985, each 20-page bimonthly issue health, took over as editor of 6SDFH Community College, they offered me contained photos and drawings depict- :RUOG. the job. In the fall of 1988 I became ing various rockets and spacecraft in Shortly after graduating from the new Program Coordinator of the articles “designed to educate the read- college, I was lucky enough to obtain Michigan Space Center. er in rocketry and space basics.” What employment during the summer of One of the wonderful perks of caught my attention was his dominant 1988 as a Space Camp counselor in working as an educator back in the history of spaceflight theme, some- Huntsville. I was stricken by Kate late 1980s was that you could pur- thing that no single publication had Capshaw’s performance in the 1986 chase Apple Computer products at a previously done. Sadly, medical prob- widescreen treatment of the franchise substantial “educator’s discount.” Not lems forced him to close the publica- and knew that if I was going to be an only that, but what you did buy you tion during the fall of 1989 after pro- astronaut (or not), Space Camp was could purchase over time because they ducing only 23 issues.

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 3 www.spacehistory101.com While working at the Michigan Space Center, I often corresponded with Ted, explaining how I had been toying with the idea of putting togeth- er my own publication that would focus on the history of spaceflight. Called &$3&20²7KH-RXUQDORIWKH 0LFKLJDQ6SDFH&HQWHU, it would be a bimonthly publication with regular columns on international space explo- ration, state-funded research efforts in space, astronauts with state ties, and space history. It would also have an aerospace educator column devoted to teaching space in the classroom as well as describing resources, books, and publications dealing with space. The Michigan Space Center in Jackson, Michigan. The birthplace of Quest. The publication would be offered as a Photo courtesy Glen Swanson perk to encourage membership with the Michigan Space Center as well as be the forum for all events and organ- izations within the state that are active needed now was a name for my com- January 1992 I landed a part time job in space and space-related activities. pany. Since “CAPCOM” was a NASA with Grand Rapids Sash & Door, an &$3&20 was never published, acronym for “Capsule Communicator” area wholesale distributor of doors even though I managed to produce a I used “CSPACE” which stood for the and windows. They had their own in- 26-page galley proof complete with Center for Scholastic Programming in house print shop and needed a printer articles, drawings, line art, and photos. Aerospace Education. The name to run their printing press. Initially, the premiere publication was sounded cool as long as no one asked One of the advantages of work- to be released in 1989 in order to coin- what it meant. ing at Sash & Door was that they had cide with the twentieth anniversary of Even though I knew how to use a complete darkroom that I could use $SROOR. Those familiar with 4XHVW a Mac, I did not know how to run a to make camera-ready reductions and will find that most of the contents printing press. Fortunately, there was a enlargements as well as screened from that first and only issue of &$3 class offered by our local district skills halftones. Desktop publishing was &20 made its way into several issues center called “Offset Printing and great, but it had its limitations, and of 4XHVW. They included an article by Graphics.” I signed up, paid the course one still had to use a darkroom to pro- Peter Alway on the V-2 rocket, com- registration fee, and sat in for nine duce good halftones for printing pho- plete with his amazing scale drawings weeks with a bunch of high school tos. The shop also had a hydraulic that have since appeared in multiple students who were taking the class as paper cutter and I remember hauling editions of his international best sell- part of their summer school. This was in many issues of 4XHVW that I had ing reference, 5RFNHWVRIWKH:RUOG the best money I ever spent. From printed, folded, collated, and stapled After leaving the Michigan darkroom work, optical typesetting, but needed to be trimmed before mail- Space Center, I took the idea of &$3 and screening photos, to platemaking, ing out. &20 with me. Returning to Grand printing, collating, folding, and sta- Starting a magazine from scratch Rapids, I sought to go into business pling, this class taught me all I needed was not easy. Subscribers helped pro- for myself. I purchased a Chief 17 off- to know in order to print a magazine… vide material for each issue, but I did set printing press and took to the idea DOOWKDWLVH[FHSWKRZWRIXQGLW the production on all of those early of forming a publishing company to Fortunately, my new skills issues from the printing to the mailing. produce a space magazine. After all, I allowed me to seek out work in the In early 1992, the first issue of had my Mac, a printing press, an idea printing field to help offset the cost of my new space history magazine final- for a magazine, and the wonderful producing a space magazine. In ly premiered but long-time sub- optimism of ignorant youth. All I

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 3 www.spacehistory101.com I would do my homework and make sure that whatever name I chose, I would make sure to thoroughly secure its legal sta- tus. The next “premiere” issue came out during the second quarter of 1992. 4XHVW²7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW0DJD]LQH now made its mark on the world with Volume 1 No. 2. The legal claim to its name was now more certain, though it did have a few challenges during the multi-year effort to secure the formal trademark. This included overcoming challenges by Nissan motors regarding possible implied connection to their 4XHVW minivan as well as responding to the owners of a reboot of the original 1960s -RQQ\4XHVW animated television series who wanted to produce a comic book tie-in called 4XHVW to go along with their new TV series. With a new name securely in place and a growing sub- scriber base, 4XHVW began to establish itself during the first half of the 1990s. The magazine’s daily operations proved to be a lot of work. During this time, the Internet was only begin- ning to become a usable entity, mostly limited to online chats and e-mail. The idea of downloadable attached files was scribers may recall that what they got in the mail was something that still had not materialized, at least not in the not called 4XHVW. The very first issue was called /LIWRII. form that we recognize today. Dialup access and low baud On 11 June 1992, I received a letter from the legal rates limited the amount of information that could be offices of McGraw-Hill, the well-known book publish- exchanged online. Plain paper faxes rather than thermal paper er. They also happen to be the publisher of $YLDWLRQ began to be used and proved wonders for their time, since they :HHN 6SDFH7HFKQRORJ\The letter asked about my were far more efficient than the early Internet in sending pages legal status relating to the name /LIWRII. As explained in of formatted text and images to distant locations. their initial letter, the Aviation Week Group of McGraw- To help promote the magazine, I traveled to various Hill, Inc. had been developing plans for an educational space events such as the Midwest Space Development magazine about aerospace, the name of which was to be /LIWRII. In connection with this magazine, they had filed an intent-to-use application with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. To make a long story short, basically, they beat me by a matter of months to the legal paper- work that would have allowed my first-use claim to the name in a printed publication. My patent attorney told me that I could fight the claim but it would be expen- sive. Now I found myself with a premiere issue of a new magazine that had been mailed to hundreds of prospective subscribers, only to have to change the name after the very first issue. I was worried. Would the idea of having a space history magazine fall apart because the name had to be changed? It was a rough start for the new magazine. After a few sleepless nights and phone calls with friends, many of whom I made as a result of them sub- The Chief 17 offset printing press that produced the very first scribing after receiving the first issue of /LIWRII, I decid- issues of Quest. Shown are my late father (left) and grandfather, ed that the idea of the magazine was stronger than its both of whom were tremendous inspirations to me. name and that the publication should go on. But what to Photo courtesy Glen Swanson call it? So began a quest to find a new name. This time

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 5 www.spacehistory101.com Conferences and the National Space mail.” Subscriptions came in, checks Society’s annual International Space were deposited and complaints were Development Conferences. These dealt with. I remember one subscriber events offered opportunities to con- who was so upset about a particular nect with others, network, and pro- issue that he sent a real lemon wedge. mote publications like mine. During The folks at the post office flagged one of these events in 1993, I had the this for me and made a big deal of it opportunity to meet the editor and when they brought the dripping enve- publisher of &RXQWGRZQ. Dixon P. lope out to the front counter. I Otto was the founder of Main Stage responded to the angry customer by Publications in Athens, Ohio. A jour- terminating his subscription and nalism graduate from Ohio University, refunding his money. Soon after, I he started producing a monthly publi- received a phone call from him beg- cation ten years earlier that focused on ging to reinstate his subscription. He the Space Shuttle program. Like was upset about an issue but not upset 4XHVW, his magazine was produced enough to cancel his beloved 4XHVW. entirely by him out of his home using In December of that same year desktop publishing. Dixon Otto called me. He remembered In talking with him, I found we our meeting from earlier that year and had a lot in common. At the time we explained that he wanted to get out of first met, however, he had been pro- the magazine business. He asked if I succeed, I had to make changes. One ducing his magazine for 10 years would be interested in assuming own- of the more unpopular of these was whereas I had been at it for a little ership and publication of &RXQWGRZQ. reducing the frequency of &RXQWGRZQ more than a year. We went to lunch at I told him I would think about it and from being a monthly to a bimonthly. that conference, where he explained get back with him after the first of the I began seeing the writing on the wall how the downtime imposed in the year. as the Internet was becoming a very wake of the &KDOOHQJHU accident really By the end of 1993, &RXQWGRZQ real presence that allowed nearly made it difficult for him to keep the had a paid subscription base of nearly instant access to timely news and magazine going. I started subscribing 3,000 whereas 4XHVW had just under information. By this time, there was to the magazine shortly before the 900. After two years of production, I also more competition in print media Shuttle’s return to flight. Even so, was beginning to get comfortable with as other publications entered the fold Dixon explained that subscription the workload and was finding that such as )LQDO)URQWLHU(1988), 6SDFH numbers had started declining, and I 4XHVW’s subscription base was grow- 1HZV(1989) and 6760LVVLRQ3URILOHV got a sense from his tone that he was ing. It was not making a profit, but at (1992). These other publications were worried. the same time it was not losing money covering current space topics such as As a seasoned veteran of the either. Would taking on another publi- the Space Shuttle, but there still was self-publishing world, Dixon gave me cation with an existing subscriber base no publication other than 4XHVW cover- some good sound advice, including help or hurt 4XHVW, &RXQWGRZQ or ing space history. making sure to pace myself to avoid both? I decided to find out and agreed In June 1994, Dixon P. Otto pub- getting burned out. He said that the to acquire &RXQWGRZQ. lished his 132nd and last issue of world of self-publishing can be very In May of 1994, I drove down to &RXQWGRZQ. He spent 11 years doing interesting but also very lonely as Athens, Ohio, to meet with Dixon and the magazine and now the torch had most folks don’t realize how much sign all the paperwork that legally been passed. Starting with the work goes into producing a regular transferred ownership of &RXQWGRZQ July/August 1994 issue, the new subscription-based publication. The to CSPACE Press. Shortly after this &RXQWGRZQ was now being published work removes you from a lot of other time, I left Grand Rapids Sash & Door. by CSPACE. To help offset the less things in life. Managing and producing two maga- frequent production run, each As 4XHVW matured, daily trips to zines would now keep me busier than bimonthly issue now had more pages the post office were the norm. This I had ever been before and would help including more color photos. At this was before regular email and nearly all make CSPACE a known entity. time, I did all of the management and correspondence was done via “snail In order for both magazines to layout but continued farming out the

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 6 www.spacehistory101.com Same publication but with a different name. Here is the logo for Quest, which I tried printing in color for the second issue during the summer of 1992.

That summer, the first Shuttle/Mir docking mission occurred and the film $SROOR  premiered. There was a heightened awareness of space exploration, both past and present, and my magazines were there to help capture it. But storm clouds loomed on the horizon. The number of &RXQWGRZQ subscribers continued to fall while the num- ber of 4XHVW subscribers continued to rise. I was also start- ing to feel the pressure of managing two magazines and pro- ducing 10 issues a year with each issue averaging 50 pages in length. I decided that of the two magazines, 4XHVW had the best chance of surviving. &RXQWGRZQ was feeling the rising competition of other news sources as well as the rapidly The source of much frustration. This is the McGraw-Hill prod- maturing presence of the Internet. No one was doing any- uct that forced me to change the name of my magazine from thing like 4XHVW, while there were other print and online Liftoff to Quest. sources people could go to for the same information that was being offered in &RXQWGRZQ. The November/December 1995 issue was the last printing, distribution, and mailing. issue of &RXQWGRZQ. Starting with the first quarter in 1996, 4XHVW continued in its regular quarterly format, but I 4XHVW replaced &RXQWGRZQ and became known as 4XHVW could now print each issue with higher quality photos and 7KH 0DJD]LQH RI 6SDFHIOLJKW Both the contents of graphics, something that I could not do before because of &RXQWGRZQ and 4XHVW were combined into one single quar- the limits of my own equipment. So much of space history terly publication offering the best of both worlds. As my is in photos, but not just any photos. Specifically, I sought promotional literature described: “The past, present and out images to include in each issue that were rare and told a future of space exploration is now covered through the story that had not been told in recent memory. This took pages of one magazine…4XHVW.” knowledge and experience because I had to be familiar with At the same time that the new format 4XHVW was what was printed. I had to know the literature in the field. launched, I enrolled in a distance learning degree program. By 1995 I was making regular trips down to the The University of North Dakota in Grand Forks had an Kennedy Space Center to cover various Shuttle missions as established Master’s Program in Space Studies that proved part of NASA’s badged press corps, meeting other journal- to be popular among career Air Force officers stationed at ists in the field who were worlds better than me. These nearby Minot Air Force Base. Beginning in January 1996, included Jim Banke, Beth Dickey, Todd Halvorson, and Bill they offered the same program in a newly revamped online Harwood. I also rubbed shoulders with several long-time distance-learning format. Other friends and subscribers told veterans including Jay Barbree and the late Howard me about the program and encouraged me to enroll. I did, Benedict. I even had the good fortune of meeting the leg- and soon joined 40 others from around the globe who made endary Martin Caidin not too long before he passed away. up the class.

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 7 www.spacehistory101.com At this time, the subscription base for 4XHVW began to stabilize at around 2,000 paid subscribers. With the elimina- tion of &RXQWGRZQ, funds for the magazine started to fall as subscriptions slowed. This was due, in part, to disgruntled subscribers who chose not to renew, as well as potential new readers who may have been reluctant to subscribe because they were skeptical of the evolving 4XHVW format. During the summer of 1996 I got a call from a local aerospace contractor. Earlier that year, I had applied for a job as a proposal coordinator/technical writer with Smiths Industries Aerospace, and now they wanted to see me. Soon after the interview, they offered me the job. For now, my funding problems for 4XHVW had been reduced but not eliminated. By August 1996, I settled in with my new job at Smiths and continued to work on 4XHVW as well as my dis- tance learning UND Master’s Program. But simultaneously working at a full-time job, producing the magazine, and working on my master’s degree began taking its toll. I was getting tired. In addition, subscriptions were falling yet pro- duction costs, especially shipping, continued to rise. Like many other news media began doing at this time, I consid- ered switching the publication to an online format. I even drafted an announcement that I considered mailing out to current readers explaining that 4XHVW would switch to being a free online format magazine. In any event, I decided that the Volume 5 #4 1997 issue would be the last regular printed edition of 4XHVW that I would publish. It was during this time that I learned of an online space including the NASA Space Grant Program that might be forum called Friends and Partners in Space (FPSPACE). able to offset production costs. Founded in 1994 by Jennifer Green, FPSPACE was an Based upon initial conversations that I had with the international nonprofit organization devoted to improving two UND faculty during the FPSACE tour of Russia, I communication and cooperation between the West and the decided to formally approach UND to see if they would be former Soviet Union in areas related to space. They were interested in continuing the publication of 4XHVW. After our organizing a 10-day trip to Russia in April 1997. Many return from Russia, I started exchanging e-mails with the 4XHVW subscribers were going as well as several faculty Space Studies Department that summer, and these eventual- members from the UND Space Studies program. ly led to them acquiring the publication. For the first time in my life, I traveled overseas. From A lot of paperwork was exchanged including a visit to 4-14 April 1997 we had an amazing experience as partici- UND’s campus during the first quarter of 1998, but eventu- pants were immersed in Russian space policy and culture. ally, a deal was signed. On 5 February 1998 I mailed out a We toured the Russian Space Agency, the Cosmonaut special free issue of 4XHVW to all subscribers giving them Training Center in Star City, the Orevo Educational Center details about the new UND/4XHVW ownership. By June of and Museum, the Khrunichev (Proton) Factory, the that year, the first issue of 4XHVW²7KH +LVWRU\ RI Moscow Aviation Institute, TsUP Mission Control, and the 6SDFHIOLJKW4XDUWHUO\(Vol. 6 No. 1) was published. UND’s Tsiokovsky Memorial Museum in Kaluga. Stephen Johnson became the new editor, and I remained During the FPSACE Russia tour, I met two UND fac- onboard for a brief period serving as a department editor as ulty members, Joanne Gabrynowicz and her husband John well as consultant to help ensure a smooth transition. Graham. Both were familiar with 4XHVW and were impressed Shortly after the first issue of UND’s 4XHVW came out with the publication. During one of our conversations dur- and upon obtaining my new master’s degree in Space ing the Russian tour they suggested some changes for the Studies, I moved down to Houston to begin a new job with magazine. They also alerted me to several funding sources NASA’s Johnson Space Center as a historian, a position I

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 8 www.spacehistory101.com Hengeveld, Ron White, Don Pealer, it was the subscribers’ support for the Dwayne Day, and Asif Siddiqi—all publication that kept him going during whom helped make those early issues the lean and frustrating times. of 4XHVW possible. Sadly, both Dan “Subscriber response was almost uni- and Dennis have passed away, but versally favorable—I still have sub- Keith and Joel are still involved with scribers writing and asking me if I the magazine, serving as assistant edi- would start publishing again.” tors. Asif went on to become a highly I had many of those experiences respected spaceflight historian in his myself while doing 4XHVW. If someone own right specializing in the history of approached me today about doing the former Soviet space program. He something like I did, I would suggest wrote the award-winning book they start out smaller. You also need to &KDOOHQJH WR $SROOR 7KH 6RYLHW be honest with yourself. When it stops 8QLRQ DQG WKH 6SDFH 5DFH  being fun, assess what you’re doing , regarded as the best English- and correct it. If after then it still is no language history of the Soviet space fun, it might be time to pull out. program in print and noted by the :DOO In Dwayne Day’s original 2008 6WUHHW-RXUQDOas “one of the five best 6SDFH5HYLHZ article, “A Quick Guide books” on space exploration. He is to Space News Publications in Print,” now a full professor at Fordham he offered several closing remarks Here I am showing off one of the cus- University and continues to serve about the long-term viability of these tom-built display cases for Peter Alway’s 4XHVW as one its Editorial Board mem- printed publications, accurately pre- famous “Rockets of the Word” color bers. dicting that many of them would fold. poster. This poster proved to be the Looking at the number of space- He felt that /DXQFK would “last the biggest seller of anything that we ever related publications that have come shortest” (it folded shortly after its offered in the magazine. It was an and gone before and since 4XHVW first premiere in 2006) and that 6SDFH amazing success. premiered in 1992, the fact that it has 1HZV would “go to an online subscrip- Photo courtesy Glen Swanson survived for more than a quarter of a tion format” (it did) although it still century is nothing short of amazing. continues distributing a printed ver- I recently spoke with 6SDFH sion, albeit greatly reduced in content )URQWLHUV founder Ted Talay, now from its original biweekly newspaper held for nearly four years. During that retired, from his home in Newport form. time, I distanced myself from 4XHVW, News, Virginia. I thanked him once In spite of a strong digital pres- feeling confident that it was in capable again for the work that he did and the ence, magazines are here to stay. hands. inspiration that he had given me Publishers have not yet entirely writ- In reflecting back over the near- through his nearly four-year produc- ten off newsprint. Just look at the peri- ly 10 years of being involved with the tion run of 6SDFH)URQWLHUV, a run that odical section of your local bookstore. magazine from initial conception in ended several years before 4XHVW first Some, like 4XHVW, have succeeded in 1988 to UND’s production of the premiered. Together we reminisced finding a niche market; you would be “new” 4XHVW in 1998, I have been about those days of self-publishing. hard-pressed to find any similar con- very pleased with how everything has “I started falling behind in publi- tent on the Web. Robert Pearlman’s turned out. During that inaugural peri- cation schedule after the first year” &ROOHFW6SDFH website which was od of the early 1990s, each issue was explained Ted. “I always thought that launched in 1999, offers a regular by no means a solitary effort. There I would make it up.” When asked if he forum for space collectors and per- were many who contributed articles, ever turned a profit, Ted replied “Well, haps comes the closest to what an photos, and artwork that went into yes and no. As a tax break I guess I online version for 4XHVW might have each issue. Some started out as sub- did, although from a simple money in, been if it had gone that route back scribers who eventually became regu- money out viewpoint it was more then. But 4XHVW is and continues to lar contributors. These include Joel break even. Printing and production remain a niche or specialty publica- Powell, Peter Alway, Dan Gauthier, costs kept going up along with tion and that is the reason, at least in Keith Scala, Dennis Newkirk, Ed postage.” Ted went on to explain how part, for why it has continued.

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 9 www.spacehistory101.com

F EATURE FROM MAGAZINE TO JOURNAL: THE HISTORY OF QUEST PART II —THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA YEARS, 1997-2005

By Stephen B. Johnson and the first five years under the daily work logs, recollections, and 4XHVW title. Glen had perhaps the review of issues published during In August 1998, 4XHVW sub- most difficult task of all of 4XHVW’s my tenure as editor. scribers received their first issue editors, having to deal with both since late 1996. In several ways, this financial and editorial duties, and to The UND Acquisition: Making was the same publication from a do so essentially alone. He acted as Quest Academic year-and-a-half before. But in many both an editor and businessman in In the late 1990s, UND’s DSS others, it was very different. Some creating viable publications for cur- was a unique and entrepreneurial changes were physical and obvious. rent space events and space history. place. The department had been The front and back covers of Publishing on current space events founded in 1986, with its first Volume 6, Number 1, for “Spring turned out to be a losing proposition Masters students arriving in 1987. 1998” were color instead of black due to competition from informa- Dr. Chuck Wood, a volcanologist and white as they had been for tion coming out for free on the rap- then from Johnson Space Center, Volume 5, Number 4, in 1996. The idly expanding Internet. By con- became department chair in 1990. paper itself was now glossy, instead trast, Glen found that the historical Dr. Wood saw the opportunities of the standard “rough” paper from writing in 4XHVW found a small but becoming available using the grow- its early years. And the title itself stable market. A sufficiently large ing capabilities of the Internet, and had changed. Instead of the 1996 group of people around the world the DSS began offering its Space 4XHVW 7KH 0DJD]LQH RI were willing to pay for good histor- Studies MS program at a distance. 6SDFHIOLJKW, it had become 4XHVW ical articles on space topics. Even This enabled the department to 7KH +LVWRU\ RI 6SDFHIOLJKW so, making 4XHVW financially stable greatly expand its student base, and 4XDUWHUO\. was a struggle, and the time by 1998 it was the largest MS Inside the covers, subscribers involved for a single person to degree program at UND. It was would see further differences. The address both the business and edito- through this program that Glen title of articles appeared under rial duties was at best challenging Swanson became associated with major groupings including “Feature and frequently overwhelming. UND DSS, and learned of the Article,” “Human Flight and Glen’s interest in space led department’s potential interest in Robotic Exploration,” “Oral History him to enroll as a student in the 4XHVW. Interview,” “Archives and University of North Dakota’s In spring 1997, I was just Museums,” and “Book Review.” On (UND) distance learning program completing my PhD in the History the inside of the front cover, atten- for a Master of Science (MS) degree of Science and Technology at the tive readers would note that instead in Space Studies, which was offered University of Minnesota, Twin of “feature writers,” the new 4XHVW by UND’s Department of Space Cities. Prior to starting that program had “editors” for each of these Studies (DSS). As part of that pro- in 1992, I originally trained as a major groupings, which internally gram, he discovered that UND was physicist, had worked as an engi- we called “Departments.” These potentially interested in 4XHVW, neer from 1982-84 at Northrop changes from 1996 to 1998 reflect- opening a possible way to keep the Ventura Division in Newbury Park, ed not merely a change of publisher, publication going. This article will California, and then from 1984- but also a significant re-envisioning discuss UND’s motivations in tak- 1992 at Martin Marietta of the nature, purpose, and future of ing on 4XHVW, what changes were Astronautics in Littleton, Colorado. 4XHVW. implemented upon doing so, and its My PhD program included a heavy In Part I of this series from the evolution to 2005, including its sale dose of economic history, with my last issue (Volume 24, Number 3), to Space Publications in 2000. I will dissertation (which ultimately Glen Swanson described the origins not use any footnotes in this article, became the book 7KH 6HFUHW RI and struggles of 4XHVW’s precursors as it is all based on my personal $SROOR 6\VWHPV 0DQDJHPHQW LQ The Silver Anniversary of Quest 16 www.spacehistory101.com $PHULFDQ DQG (XURSHDQ 6SDFH Chuck Wood, the department chair, gration, layout, printing, and mail- 3URJUDPV) focusing on the history I agreed to take it on only if this ing, and getting the approval and of space systems management. In would be accounted as my primary support of the professional space the spring of 1997, UND DSS was service activity. Chuck asked me to history community. Even if all the advertising for someone to teach talk further with Glen and determine finances and publication processes space commerce, and my industry the viability of UND taking owner- were worked out, the effort would and academic experience fit the bill. ship. come to naught academically unless While my industrial and economics While there were a variety of backed and supported by profes- background secured me a position issues to be addressed, the primary sional space historians. in Space Studies, for 4XHVW’s future, concern was funding. There were In the SSD, Suezette Bieri my history background was crucial. two issues. The long-term issue was worked on many of the details of For the department, 4XHVW pre- that there were not enough sub- implementation of Space Grant sented an opportunity to publicize scribers at the current subscription projects. Fortunately for us, she was its work, and to further emphasize rate to cover the full costs of publi- married to Mike Jacobs, who was its academic credentials compared cation. In theory, this could be the editor for local newspaper, the to competing programs. At the time, addressed by improved marketing *UDQG )RUNV +HUDOG . Personnel UND DSS’s competition was main- and expansion of the subscriber from the +HUDOG gave us very useful ly from the International Space base and by increasing the subscrip- advice regarding software, layout University and Embry Riddle tion rate, which was increased by $5 processes, and mailing. Suezette Aeronautical University. UND DSS per year. The short-term issue was a herself would assist with editing and differed from both of these organi- $40,000 deficit that would have to deal with mailing and subscriptions. zations because it was part of a full- be immediately covered. As univer- Space Grant hired students to work fledged university, and enhancing sities don’t typically have money to on various projects, and one of them those credentials would help ensure invest in this manner, the funding could be assigned to help with students would enroll in UND would have to come from some 4XHVW. Lisa Seim was the first. We DSS’s programs, as opposed to other source. As Glen described in would also need to hire someone those of its competition. If 4XHVW his Part I article on 4XHVW’s history, part-time to do the actual layout came to UND DSS, it would have to the DSS could potentially use work of integrating text and images. be transformed into an academic National Aeronautics and Space After the publication was trans- publication with full “single blind” Administration (NASA) Space ferred and active work begun, we (the identities of reviewers are kept Grant funding to address these near advertised and interviewed several secret from authors) or “double term shortfalls. UND DSS was the candidates, and hired Kathy Borgen, blind” (neither reviewers or authors home of NASA Space Grant for the who became our production assis- are identified to each other) peer state of North Dakota, which could tant through 2005 as 4XHVW was edit- review (we eventually selected a cover the short-term funding issues ed by UND. single blind process). while the subscription base was On the academic side, I started Shortly after my arrival in built. The question was whether on 29 August 1997, by contacting Grand Forks, discussions about Space Grant funds could be used in NASA Chief Historian Roger 4XHVW’s future began. As Glen was this way, that is, whether NASA Launius. Roger strongly supported researching a space history project would approve its use in this man- the idea of UND taking 4XHVW over for his MS “independent study” (a ner. Dr. Wood began discussions and turning it into the primary jour- mini-thesis), he was assigned to me with NASA on the subject. nal of space history for the commu- as my first graduate student. By late In the meantime, I pursued nity. This support was vital, as we August, discussions about 4XHVW several courses of investigation of could not expect NASA Space became serious. If UND DSS was to the viability of the acquisition. Grant to support 4XHVW financially if take on 4XHVW, I would be the one in These ranged from the legal issues NASA’s chief historian disagreed! charge of it, as I was the only histo- of transferring a publication from a Glen already had a small group of rian in the department. Tenure-track small business to a state institution, professional and amateur historians faculty are generally required to the details of the finances, the working with him, including Dr. perform teaching, research, and processes and costs UND DSS Launius, Peter Alway, Joseph service, and in discussions with would face for subscriptions, inte- Burger, Dwayne Day, Daniel The Silver Anniversary of Quest 17 www.spacehistory101.com performing their own research and Over the next eight years, pro- mistake; we did that intentionally to writing papers for the space history duction of 4XHVW went very well, get calendar years lined up with classes, and some of them choosing with a few hiccups and problems actual production years. The biggest me as advisor to do more in-depth along the way, and a few changes of error we made was in issue 10:1 history research for their independ- our department editors over time. (2003), in which the images associ- ent study papers (and later MS the- Glen Swanson helped with the tran- ated with Dwayne Day’s article on ses), over eight years we acquired sition from his company CSPACE to “Those Hollywood Spooks and many high-quality papers from UND and continued as the Human Their Flying Machines: Spy UND students for 4XHVW. Some stu- Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration Satellites in Film and Reality” are dents, such as Chris Gainor, had editor for one year. Joel Powell shift- entirely missing. Somehow the already written space history books; ed from Technology to take over for images were lost and the layout pro- Chris, of course is now the current Glen in issue 7:1, and Keith Scala ceeded without images as the pro- 4XHVW editor. took on the Technology editor role duction assistant did not realize that The first issue was typical of from that issue forward. Our there “were” images. Dwayne was the kinds of content and quality pro- Interviews position went to Kevin unhappy about that, as was I. So, for duction that the team created. It fea- Rusnak starting with issue 6:4 those of you who want to look at that tured several high-quality articles, (1998) to 9:3 (2002), to Jennifer article again, imagine how much including a translation by Bart Ross-Nazzal from issue 9:4 (2002) better it would have been with the Hendrickx of Konstantin Lantratov’s to issue 11:4 (2004), and to Howard Hollywood images Dwayne origi- article on “Soyuz-based Manned Trace starting with issue 12:1. nally intended there! Reconnaissance Spacecraft,” an arti- Influenced by Scott Sacknoff (more The most controversial article cle by aerospace historian W. David about Scott later), we created a published in 4XHVW during my tenure Lewis on “Buzz Aldrin’s Return to “Space Business” department in as editor was a two-part article by Earth: The Astronaut and Social issue 8:3 (2000), run by Neil Peter Pesavento and Charles P. Vick, Values in Apollo Era America,” and Dahlstrom up to issue 9:1 (2001), “The Moon Race End Game” in an article by J.D. (“Dill”) Hunley on from issue 9:2 (2001) by Andrew issues 11:1 and 11:2. This generated “The Evolution of Large Solid Eddy until issue 12:2 (2005), when some official objections in a Letter Propellant Rocketry in the United Scott took over that department. to the Editor and response from the States.” The latter foreshadowed Dr. Douglas Millard took over from Bart authors and from me in issue 11:3. It Hunley’s later books on the subject. as International editor with issue 9:1 also generated off-line discussions Keith Scala provided the text of an (2001), and Chris Gainor succeeded with other space historians. In a let- interview with famous fiction and Keith in issue 11:1 (2004). Every ter to the editor, Tim Tatupu argued nonfiction author Martin Caidin. We now and then we were short on that the authors had violated refer- kicked off our series on space acquiring articles, but always man- ence standards by referring to some archives and museums with Rick aged to get sufficient materials to of their own work, and also by not Sturdevant providing an overview of publish every quarter, though for referring to other space historians the Headquarters Air Force Space issue 6:2 I had to contribute one who had written on the U.S.—Soviet Command History Office Archives. while our acquisition system was Manned Moon Race. Pesavento and Sturdevant and Scala both provided still coming up the speed, and once Vick replied back noting that some book reviews. We also instituted a later in issue 11:1 (2004) when in a of these references were based on “chat with the author” for this issue mild drought for articles. journalistic standards in which not and for every issue for the next few We had a few production sna- all sources can be revealed. I agreed years. This used the Internet so that fus. For example, a glance at issue with the critique that other citations readers could “chat” with the author 9:1 (2001) shows that the year num- should have been provided from of one of the feature articles for that ber is missing from the front cover other historians, and that this was a particular issue. This worked reason- (which was also true for 8:3 and “miss” on my part. Off-line, it ably well, with a number of readers 8:4), and at the bottom of each page appeared that there were other ongo- attending the chat sessions. it says issue 8:4! Issue 9:5 is unique ing disputes between Pesavento and However, its novelty faded over time in that it is the only one that has “5” Vick on one hand, and some other and we eventually stopped it. as a volume number. This was not a intelligence and Soviet program his-

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 19 www.spacehistory101.com torians on the other. This definitely ence between production costs and enues to Space Publications, but contributed to the issues here, along revenues, whether from subscrip- wanted to keep the value of name with the non-standard and lack of tions or advertising. My daily logs of association with the department and referencing. work events show periodic and fre- keep production at UND. My main concerns at the time quent comments about discussions For the next several months, were two-fold, the first regarding about advertising and frustrations the legal teams worked out the any “breaks” in peer review, and sec- about the inability to significantly details of the agreement, with pro- ond whether there were any factual increase the subscriber base. It posal text going back and forth start- errors in the article, as opposed to always seemed likely that the poten- ing in July and going all the way into presenting a deliberately controver- tial subscriber base for space history January 2000. By February the sial point of view. I told various his- was significantly larger than the transfer agreement had been signed, torians, and also in print in my “edi- actual subscriber base. If true, then and by March the UND SSD 4XHVW tor’s comment” that if there were more advertising in the proper ven- team was working with Space factual errors that these should be ues should, over time, lead to Publications on changes, which brought forward. None ever were, so increases in subscribers. In fact, would be implemented in issue 8:1 it remains unclear to me to what UND DSS made many attempts to mailed in summer 2000. The visible extent this argument was about per- increase the subscriber base through changes to 4XHVW starting with that sonality or journalistic / historical advertising, word of mouth, flyers issue were mostly cosmetic, with the conflicts, interpretive issues (that (of which UND made many), and “mini-rocket” attached to the “Q” on certainly was a factor), versus factu- conferences. The subscriber base did the cover page, different fonts used al issues. Some years after this not change significantly one way or on the cover, a different image with event, I read a number of articles the other. Since NASA Space Grant each department first page title. A about problems with peer review. funding was always intended as a non-cosmetic change was the addi- These described experiments with temporary fix and would come to an tional advertising starting with that peer review, showing significant end, the relative lack of subscription issue. Subscribers now submitted flaws in that experts fail to see or revenue compared with production their payments through Space uncover obvious problems in arti- costs remained an ongoing major Publications, for which instructions cles. This was a case where I can concern. 4XHVW might not survive were updated for this and following point the finger at myself at not over the long run. issues. Internally, Space Publications catching some obvious problems From UND’s perspective, the paid UND to continue its production and going too easy in the review solution to 4XHVW’s funding problems work, and UND sent the issue to process on Pesavento and Vick due arrived with interest from Scott Space Publications for printing and to a relative lack of articles in our Sacknoff of Space Publications in mailing. At that time, Scott and I dis- acquisition pipeline at the time. acquiring 4XHVW. I had learned about cussed the possibility of moving pro- However, it is also true more gener- Scott’s business through teaching duction to Washington, DC, as this ally that peer review is far from my course in Space Economics and might lower costs, but that idea was flawless. Some problematic argu- Commerce, in which I referenced not implemented at that time, or ments, errors, and non-facts some- and occasionally used his SWDWH RI through my tenure as editor. times slip through the net of peer WKH 6SDFH ,QGXVWU\ in my course From my perspective and that review, and one can only hope that preparations and for student refer- of UND DSS, the financial burden others will catch problems upon ence. The first reference in my daily of 4XHVW was gone, along with the publication at that point and bring up log about discussions with Scott worries about the revenues and costs the factual, as opposed to “argumen- about Space Publications acquisition taken over by Scott Sacknoff and tation-type” issues. of 4XHVW is on 2 July 1999. By the Space Publications. Scott and I con- middle of July, Dr. Wood agreed I tinued discussions about advertising, Space Publications Acquisition should pursue these discussions, but increasing the subscriber base, and The biggest worry in running with UND still performing the edito- reducing costs. In addition, the new 4XHVW, from Glen Swanson’s day rial work and keeping UND’s name department of “Space Business” was and continuing to this day, is the sub- on the cover page. UND was willing put in place starting in issue 8:2, scriber base, and hence the differ- to give 4XHVW ownership and rev- adding this important topic to

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 20 www.spacehistory101.com 4XHVW’s search for and publication of NASA Headquarters History Office ed to develop. Working with the historical articles. was holding a conference on March American Astronautical Society, I 15-16, 2005 on Critical Issues in agreed to be the chief editor for that Ending the UND Relationship Space History, for which I was giv- encyclopedia, eventually called In 2003, in addition to my ing a presentation. This would be an 6SDFH([SORUDWLRQDQG+XPDQLW\$ duties at UND that included the excellent time to find a new editor, +LVWRULFDO (QF\FORSHGLD, published 4XHVW editorship, I also began sepa- with many of the professional space in 2011. The work on 4XHVW with rate consulting with NASA historians in attendance. I made amateur and professional space his- Headquarters on program manage- some early phone calls before the torians with writing and reviewing ment of the human spaceflight pro- meeting to ask if there was someone articles gave me many necessary gram, largely as a result of the publi- that was interested in the position. As contacts, and made me better under- cation of my book 7KH 6HFUHW RI always, Roger Launius was part of stand the fallibility of authors and $SROOR This relationship with those conversations. There were no editors alike, myself included, and Headquarters, combined with my obvious candidates waiting to take hence an appreciation of the absolute previous experience with the engi- over. That left the meeting itself to rigor that is required for an encyclo- neering field of system health man- find someone. At the meeting, I told pedia. Despite the difficulties, I agement / fault management, caught my space historian colleagues that I agreed to do this to provide myself the attention of managers at NASA was resigning my 4XHVW editorship with the broadest possible back- Marshall Space Flight Center no matter what followed, and that ground for a new space history syn- (MSFC) to support a newly-created one of them needed to step forward if thesis, which I work on at an branch focused on system health it was to keep going. extremely slow pace even today. management. In November 2004, David Arnold, who had con- Between the 4XHVW and encyclopedia NASA MSFC management contact- tributed several articles to 4XHVW over editorships, I had an excellent basis ed me about working for them, the years, talked with me after that for that synthetic work. With publica- which would entail resigning my session and expressed interest. I tion of the encyclopedia and the position at UND. After discussions described the strong academic posi- 6\VWHP+HDOWK0DQDJHPHQW book, I for several weeks, I accepted the tion of 4XHVW, Scott’s support, and have done my duty with “editor- offer, but with the proviso that I suggested that this could be a good ships” in my career and will from needed to complete my spring cours- opportunity for him. After another now only write single or co-authored es that students had already signed day or two of deliberation and a dis- papers and books. 4XHVW was an up for, and to work with students and cussion with Scott, David agreed. enjoyable, challenging, and useful the department to ensure a clean tran- My work with 4XHVW ended experience for me. I am proud of the sition with time for the department to with issue 12:3 (2005), and I moved work we did at UND Department of hire a replacement. All of this would on to the next phase of my career, Space Studies, with our many volun- not be fully completed until late sum- working in engineering with NASA teer editors and authors, and later mer 2005. MSFC on new launch vehicles to with Scott Sacknoff at Space While I could potentially have replace the Space Shuttle. In that Publications to keep it alive and continued as 4XHVW editor, giving up capacity I have written many engi- bring it to a high-quality academic my position at UND at a minimum neering papers and was general edi- standard. Its continued existence made production of 4XHVW at UND tor for the first reference text for my today is a validation of the value of problematic. Scott and I agreed that engineering field, called 6\VWHP that work. this would be a good time to shift +HDOWK0DQDJHPHQWZLWK$HURVSDFH production to Washington, DC, as $SSOLFDWLRQV, published in 2011 by About the Author had been considered back in 2000. I Wiley. Dr. Stephen B. Johnson was editor of concluded that it would be a good I continued editorial work in 4XHVW from 1998 to 2005. He time to find another editor, as I felt I space history as well. Not long after received his bachelor degree in had done my duty to space history as switching positions and career paths, physics from Whitman College in a journal editor-in-chief; it was time I was contacted by the Smithsonian 1977, and a PhD in the history of sci- for some new blood! Institution about a new space history ence and technology from the By happy circumstance, the encyclopedia that ABC-CLIO want- University of Minnesota, Twin

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 21 www.spacehistory101.com

F EATURE Space History in the Wider View: The History of Quest, Part III

By David Christopher Arnold 4XHVW editorially was also a great From these conversations way to help young scholars get with my mentors and many friends Historians come at everything their feet wet in the peer review in the field, both over food and they write from their own unique process as I had been helped in my drink and on the phone, came the perspective and my experiences early work, some of which is pub- development of 4XHVW’s editorial certainly shaped my approach to lished in 4XHVW. Joining 4XHVW’s board to advise me. As a new editing 4XHVW. I am a space histori- leadership was also a chance to scholar in the field, I felt I needed an with a military background who improve what I saw as some short- the counsel of more experienced has studied civil and military space comings in the journal because space historians about the journal. extensively and come to under- there is no point in taking on such a From these discussions with the stand commercial space as the task unless you are going to make it editorial board, and others, I devel- years passed. I also was very high- better. oped some approaches to build on ly influenced in my own early I, therefore, used the confer- Stephen’s and Glen’s many years scholarship by Thomas Parke ence to talk with senior space histo- of hard work by creating goals to Hughes’ approaches to the devel- rians I respected to see what they achieve success during my tenure opment of large technological sys- thought about the journal. Over as editor. Success would be impos- tems and by Melvin Kranzberg’s dinner one evening at the confer- sible without a plan that was both “laws” of the history of technology, ence I got a view I was not expect- realistic and achievable. I started which often became themes around ing from a senior scholar who told reviewing the leading history jour- which I built a 4XHVW issue.1 James me he would not publish in 4XHVW nals and developed goals to fill in R. Hansen’s 1989 article looking at because he did not see it as scholar- the gaps that I saw in 4XHVW in an a “wider view” of aviation history ly. That assessment from someone attempt to both emulate what made also influenced me in my approach whose work I respected stunned those journals flagships of their to 4XHVW because it helped me me and as 4XHVW was two citations fields but to do it in such a way that understand from where space his- on my own still-very-brief curricu- we did not lose the fundamental tory was coming and how I could lum vitae, a little bit of a crushing character of 4XHVW. The journal had help push it in new directions as blow. Or, if you will, a challenge, been accessible for both historians editor.2 I brought these influences, because if a senior space historian and buffs and needed to stay that and others, to my new role. who had been published in the flag- way but there were some changes When Stephen Johnson ship journals of the historical pro- that could be made. approached me at the 2005 NASA fession like the -RXUQDORI0LOLWDU\ Although only making a history conference to consider tak- +LVWRU\, the -RXUQDO RI $PHULFDQ minor course correction, I started ing on the editorship of 4XHVW, I +LVWRU\, and 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG by determining that the oral history was a relatively junior scholar, not &XOWXUH said 4XHVW was not scholar- in each issue needed to stay but that yet three years out of graduate ly, that was a problem for the future the section could be expanded in school and certainly not an “estab- of the journal within the field, quite the topics it covered. Oral histories lished” historian. Although I had possibly the journal itself, and pos- are an important piece of every been reading 4XHVW since its rebirth sibly my professional reputation. 4XHVW issue because they are the under Scott Sacknoff, I had no However, despite the problems I closest many space buffs will get to thoughts about joining the team, let perceived, the chance to do some- primary source material on the alone as general editor. But the thing special and to help contribute space program. Oral histories are position did intrigue me because it to the profession proved irre- more than interviews, though, they was a chance to stay connected to sistible. I signed on with a plan to are conversations between a sub- space history in a deeper way and edit my first issue solo by the end ject and a historian who has pre- to serve the profession. Leading of 2005. pared for the discussion with

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 26 www.spacehistory101.com research even before asking a sin- to the flagship journals? A random ing room for debates on our pages gle question. But a quick look at recent issue of the -RXUQDO RI without taking an editorial position the 4XHVW bibliography showed a 0LOLWDU\+LVWRU\ had over 50 book ourselves. Among the most con- large number of astronaut oral his- reviews in 300 total print pages of tentious subjects lately is the ques- tories and though eventually 4XHVW a single issue, a journal that is tion of who “invented” the space- would run out of Apollo astronaut therefore six times the size of based global navigation system interviews to publish, there was a 4XHVW. The increased number of known as GPS. In several articles much wider opportunity for the books reviews, therefore, is con- over several years, the debate has oral history section to support tributing to the field. In addition, continued and fortunately for 4XHVW’s mission. Over the years, the book reviews in 4XHVW have 4XHVW, does not seem settled! therefore, we expanded the topics become so valued that quotes from Finally, part of the peer covered in the oral histories 4XHVW reviews are now “blurbs” on review process as I see its develop- beyond astronauts to engineers, the backs of space history books! ment in 4XHVW was the introduction policy makers, business leaders, Third, I was determined to in 2011 of the Sacknoff Prize for and scientists. Yet little happened offer peer review for nearly every Space History, named for 4XHVW’s over the years in the oral history submission to the journal instead of publisher. The winner of the prize department without the hard work the one peer reviewed article per is subjected to the peer review of its department editor, my fellow issue, which had been the previous process in the judges who sit on the Purdue Boilermaker Howard process. I saw this new approach as panel and then in preparation for Trace. He has collected an amazing important because 4XHVW needed to publication in 4XHVW, which is part portfolio of oral histories that I be scholarly in more of its work of the award. But many other sub- believe are a 4XHVW hallmark. On a and peer reviewing as much as pos- missions to the Sacknoff Prize, couple of occasions when an issue sible was one way to increase the now in its seventh year, have, after was full of articles, we discussed quality of the scholarship being peer review, been published in not running an oral history but published. Editors are, of course, 4XHVW, a sign of the quality both of never proceeded with that responsible for what gets published the submissions from junior schol- approach because the oral history in the journal so it is no surprise ars and another good sign of the is such an important part of 4XHVW’s that I read every word in each issue health of the field for the future. contribution to the field. multiple times but I also led the Fourth, I tried to expand on Second, I wanted to expand peer review process for many arti- the kinds of topics 4XHVW pub- the number of book reviews 4XHVW cles (sometimes the department lished. For years, space history, as published. A single book review in editor led the process). Sometimes aviation history before it, had been the back of 4XHVW had been the the peers’ feedback was very posi- accused of being too “internalist,” standard, often a very good, in- tive and sometimes it was not but that is, too focused on the nuts and depth review of a recent book in the feedback offered was always bolts of things and not on the space history. As the flagship jour- intended to be constructive. The “wider view.”3 4XHVW needed to nals do for their fields, however, advantage of 4XHVW’s double-blind reflect not just the needs of space multiple book reviews are essential peer review process is that neither history “buffs” but also the needs for sharing information and schol- the author nor the reader know the of a changing field that was evolv- arship in the community. Even in other’s name; only the editor ing beyond the internalist “black space history there is not enough knows their identities, allowing for box.” The first opportunity for me time to read everything that gets frank feedback, sometimes includ- to express the wider view present- published. So first with Ron White ing, “Don’t publish this.” But the ed itself for the very first issue I and then with Roger Launius, we feedback was very constructive edited alone in the form of Roger expanded the numbers of reviews and many authors created better Launius’s “‘Got Filk?’ Lament for we published every issue from two scholarship because of the process. Apollo in Modern Science Fiction reviews in my first edited issue to Similarly, as history is a con- Folk Music,” which was a clear averaging eight to ten by the end of versation and peer review is critical departure from 4XHVW’s typical my tenure. How does that compare to that conversation, so too is offer- fare.4 Then in 13:1 came James

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 27 www.spacehistory101.com Hansen’s look at Neil Armstrong’s written by buffs, in our case space journal often focused on answers to participation on the &KDOOHQJHU history buffs, “contain mountains questions like those Hansen posed Accident Investigation Board, an of raw information [and] without for aviation. I am proud to say that expanded piece of Hansen’s biog- them, scholars would have a much by the end of my tenure, 4XHVW was raphy of the first person on the harder time finding the precise data not only publishing work from new Moon.5 In the article, Hansen that flesh out subjects and put space historians but also from demystified part of the &KDOOHQJHU major trends and evolutionary established scholars in the space accident board in exactly the way developments into focus.”10 An field who were presenting their he had argued needed to be done in article, therefore, like Paul new research in 4XHVW, scholars his 1989 aviation history article. Ceruzzi’s look at deep space navi- including Roger Launius, John The change continued with Roger gation during $SROOR9,,,or Edgar Logsdon, Michael Neufeld, and Launius’s article looking at the Durbin’s look at the Saturn I guid- many others, because 4XHVW had Space Shuttle 25 years later, an ance and control system (both in finally grown into a scholarly jour- attempt to insert a wider view right 17:4) will still have an important nal in which they could present into the middle of a 4XHVW conver- role in 4XHVW, which has matured as their research.12 Indeed, space his- sation that had often only looked at the field has widened.11 tory as a field may be further along Space Shuttle main engine design Another important aspect of 60 years after 6SXWQLN than Hansen by placing that conversation into 4XHVW’s history that I came to later assessed the aviation history field context.6 was through commemorative 80 years after Kitty Hawk, thanks These articles were depar- issues. Our first special, single- to the leadership of scholars of tures for 4XHVW, which during subject issue was dedicated to the space history and journals like Volume 12 had run articles on 50th anniversary of the launch of 4XHVW.13 space suit design and human-rating 6SXWQLN and the start of the space Many of these superlatives launch vehicles, both very neces- age (14:4). Issues like that one with are recognized, significantly, in the sary but highly technical topics.7 its beautiful cover, or the special ways the journal and its scholar- While technical articles about his- +XEEOH issue (17:2), which grew ship has garnered praise with, for torical programs definitely stayed out of a conference at the National example, the inaugural award in in the journal, other articles that Air and Space Museum on the 2015 of the American followed stepped widely outside space telescope, take a lot of extra Astronautical Society’s Frederick I. the black box, including articles on time to plan and execute but ulti- Ordway Award for Sustained popular music (13:4), science fic- mately lend a special uniqueness to Excellence in Spaceflight tion (14:3), and Walt Disney 4XHVW, which because of its focus History.14 Additionally, Roger (21:2), among at least a dozen arti- on the single field of the history of Launius’s article in 14:4 was given cles covering topics not often con- spaceflight, can devote time to the Society for History in the sidered space history or history of exploring special subjects in depth Federal Government’s 2008 technology.8 For example, Jennifer and from multiple perspectives. Thomson Prize for the best article Levasseur’s article looking at the These special issues have brought or essay by a federal historian.15 $SROOR9,,, “Earthrise” photograph together scholars for conversations These awards put the icing on the explained not the technology of in the journal that are invaluable cake in demonstrating that 4XHVW is spaceflight or even space photogra- for the space history field. a valuable, scholarly contributor to phy but its ability to impact Despite these changes, stabil- the field. (Praise from astronauts society.9 ity marked my tenure at 4XHVW, still resonates with us too!) Yet there is still an important unlike the amazing growth that Approaching my tenth year as place for black box articles and characterized my predecessors’ editor, though, as I looked back at they continue valuably to fill in editorships. Nevertheless, the jour- my tenure, I came to believe it was gaps in our understanding of the nal made some strides forward that time to turn the reins over to new various space programs. Hansen helped move 4XHVW from an inter- editorial leadership. 4XHVW was a simultaneously accepts in his 1989 nalist, buff-focused journal that passion for me and the assistant aviation history article that works helped get it off the ground, to a editors with whom I worked for ten

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 28 www.spacehistory101.com years, as I know it is today for your 4 Roger Launius, “‘Got Filk?’ Lament for 9 Jennifer Levasseur, “Seeing Earth: A editor Chris Gainor, and for Scott Apollo in Modern Science Fiction Folk New Look at the Apollo 8 Earthrise Music,” Quest: The History of Spaceflight Photograph,” Quest: The History of Sacknoff, our inexhaustible pub- Quarterly 12:4 (winter 2005): 6-14. Spaceflight Quarterly 16:3 (fall 2009): 24- lisher who remains devoted to 33. 5 James R. Hansen, “‘Mr. Inside’ the making a difference in space histo- Rogers Commission: Neil Armstrong’s 10 Hansen, 646. ry. Chris has infused the journal Engineering Style of Analysis in the Space 11 Paul Ceruzzi, “Deep Space Navigation: Shuttle Challenger Investigation,” Quest: with his vision and extensive schol- The Apollo VIII Mission,” Quest: The The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 13:1 arly background and I look forward History of Spaceflight Quarterly 17:4 (win- (spring 2006): 5-12. Hansen’s biography to reading each and every issue ter 2010): 8-18; Edgar Durbin, “Saturn I of Armstrong was first published as First Guidance and Control Systems,” Quest: cover to cover of the only peer- Man: the Life of Neil A. Armstrong (New The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 17:4 reviewed, award-winning journal in York: Simon and Schuster, 2012). (winter 2010): 19-31. space history. 6 Roger Launius, “The Space Shuttle: 25 12 See, for example, John M. Logsdon, Years On (What Does It Mean to Have “John F. Kennedy and the ‘Right Stuff’,” Reusable Access to Space?),” Quest: The About the Author Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly History of Spaceflight Quarterly 13:2 David Christopher Arnold was edi- 20:2 (summer 2013): 4-15 and Michael (summer 2006): 4-20. tor of 4XHVW from 2006 to 2016. Neufeld, “The Three Heroes of Spaceflight: These views are his own. 7 Harvey Smith, “The Apollo Moon The Rise of the Tsiolkovskii-Goddard- Program: Exciting Times at Hamilton Oberth Interpretation and Its Current Standard, Quest: The History of Validity,” Quest: The History of Spaceflight Notes Spaceflight Quarterly 12:1 (spring 2005), Quarterly 19:4 (winter 2012): 4-13. 36-41; Harold Robertson, “Launch Vehicle 1 See, for example, Thomas Parke 13 Hansen, 643, 656. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification Human Rating before the Space Shuttle,” in Western Society, 1880-1930 Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly 14 See “Ordway Award for Sustained (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 12:3 (fall 2005): 16-31. Excellence in Spaceflight History,” avail- able from http://astronautical.org/ Press, 1983) and Melvin Kranzberg, 8 Apollo C. Vignette, “A Hit or a Myth: awards/ordway/, accessed December 11, “Technology and History: ‘Kranzberg’s Critiques of the Space Race in Popular 27:3 (July 2017. Laws’,” Technology and Culture Recordings,” Quest: The History of 1986): 544-560. Spaceflight Quarterly 13:4 (winter 2006): 15 Roger D. Launius, “Sphere of 2 James R. Hansen, “Aviation History in 15-24; Larry Owens, “Sci-Fi and the Influence: The Sputnik Crisis and the the Wider View,” Technology and Culture Mobilization of Youth in the Cold War,” Master Narrative,” Quest: The History of 30:3 (July 1989):644-646. Hansen was Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly Spaceflight Quarterly, 14:4 (winter quoting a book review by aviation historian 14:3 (fall 2007): 52-57; Mike Wright, 2007): 6–18. See “Volume 14:4 Article Joseph P. Corn here. I was a graduate stu- “Disney and von Braun,” Quest: The Wins Award!” Quest: The History of dent under Hansen at Auburn University. History of Spaceflight Quarterly 22:2 Spaceflight Quarterly, 15:2 (summer (summer 2014): 45-48. 2008): 3. 3 Hansen, 643.

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 29 www.spacehistory101.com The Silver Anniversary of Quest 30 www.spacehistory101.com

I NTROSPECTIVE : Q UEST AT 25 Why I Fell in Love with Quest (The Publisher’s Perspective)

By Scott Sacknoff studying the “business of space”—a “Yes we have worked on that, but, we phrase I trademarked “™” but never are professors we are not very good Having acted as publisher of filed to my chagrin. At that point I at it;, we are pretty good at acquiring 4XHVW since Volume 8, it made sense had been publishing the 86 6SDFH articles and publishing.” (at least to me) to document the evo- 'LUHFWRU\(later the 1RUWK$PHULFDQ lution of 4XHVW from my viewpoint 6SDFH 'LUHFWRU\) and had launched Upon which it was suggested alongside those from the editors— the annual 6WDWHRIWKH6SDFH,QGXVWU\ that 4XHVW find a publisher who Glen Swanson (Vol. 1–5), Stephen report, which provided a broad would bear the financial responsibil- Johnson (Vol. 6–12), and David overview of the space industry ity. Arnold (Vol. 13–23). Each brought including business and financial data. Aware of my interest in space their own unique perspective reflect- The story, which may contain and my understanding of publishing, ing what they thought 4XHVW should some literary license but is essential- Stephen called and asked if I knew be. ly accurate, is that Stephen was visit- anyone who could publish it. The As described in Dr. Johnson’s ed by a University of North Dakota university still wanted to be the edi- article “From Magazine to Journal: administration person who asked, tor and use 4XHVW as a marketing tool The History of 4XHVW Pat II—The to continue to put the University of University of North Dakota Years, “So, I understand we are publishing a North Dakota’s Space Studies pro- 1997-2005” in issue 24:7, my space history magazine?” gram on the map. As I knew 4XHVW involvement began after a call from “Yes.” and had read it in the past, I was Dr. Johnson. We had previously “Does it make money?” happy to help. Before doing so become acquainted through his though, I needed to see some data— “No, and it appears that it will be research interest interest and teaching the number of subscribers and, more very difficult to do so.” a course on commercial space and important, how much the magazine my background as a consultant “Do you market it?” was losing.

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 34 www.spacehistory101.com It turned out that the publica- space program and who had histori- remember a conversation with a for- tion was about $6,000/year in the cally relevant materials that they mer long-time subscriber who had a red, and I was surprised to learn eventually discarded because they laser-like focus on the $SROORmis- there were just 700-odd subscribers. didn’t know who to turn to. sion and who said he would buy any At the time, the National Space Although not a historian or archivist issue we produced that contained a Society had roughly 30,000 mem- by training, I was beginning to rec- discussion on it. If the current issue bers and the Planetary Society had ognize the value in history and a covered $SROOR  though, never over 100,000 supporters. With the greater need for historical preserva- mind. That said, I am still at a loss to advent of internet 1.0 and main- tion. understand why all of the space stream articles constantly harping The question, as for many sim- enthusiasts who engage on collect- that content was the key to the ilar efforts, was how to pay for it. space.com or spend thousands to future, I saw the untapped potential For years I joked when asked about attend an astronaut autograph or of 4XHVW. the cost for an annual subscription to anniversary event are not engaging But this wasn’t all about the 4XHVW that their price was in what remains the only peer- business. Years before, I had worked $29.95/year, mine was $6,000. An reviewed history journal exclusively as a NASA contractor for the Office amount I was prepared to personally focused on space. of Commercial Programs, and my expend at least for the short term. 4XHVW never really did make office was directly across from the (Nearly 20 years later, the price for any money, but I came to understand storage room that the NASA readers remains the same.) and appreciate just how important it Education Office used for teacher Shifting activities from the was to those who did support and materials. I was a frequent visitor to University of North Dakota support enthusiastically read every issue. that room, and anytime I met a staff who continued to work on pro- The historians at the Smithsonian teacher outside of work or at an duction after the change in editors National Air and Space Museum, event, I prepared a package for them from Dr. Stephen Johnson to Dr. especially Roger Launius, have to use with their students. It was a David Arnold enabled me to bring played a critical role and have win-win as far as the people in the costs for 4XHVW down. For exam- imparted to me an understanding that Education were concerned, because I ple, changing to a printer that spe- the value of the journal is providing was helping them with their mis- cialized in journal production for a resource for historians, professors, sion…and it personally felt good to large institutions, like MIT and Johns and students to publish and share provide teachers with limited Hopkins University, saved money. their research. resources access to materials that Likewise, I engaged the graphic In my time at 4XHVW, the journal they didn’t know existed. Over time, artist I used for my day job itself and several papers published I noticed that this room had a range to create a mock-up for the interior therein have received outside recog- of materials not designed for educa- and engaged Joni Wilson, an experi- nition, including the inaugural Fred tional use. Retiring employees or enced copyeditor familiar with space Ordway Prize for Space History people cleaning out their book- terminology, to assist with proof- from the AAS and recognition from shelves would drop off old NASA reading. Through these efforts I was the Society for the History of history books, papers, and media. able to get 4XHVWto break-even oper- Technology and the Society for Most of this I learned ended up in the ationally. History in the Federal Government. trash. Among those materials was a Over the course of time, I I am constantly amazed that very oversized book that some learned that the market for space his- after nearly 30 years in the space research revealed was one of the 300 tory wasn’t as large or broad as I had industry, I continue to read stories in copies NASA printed using Navy thought; it was much more segment- 4XHVW that introduce me to people lunar imagery so they could choose ed. I had hoped to get corporate sup- and activities I was unfamiliar with the Moon landing site. Almost all of port and offer 4XHVW free so it could and that provide me with a new per- these books had been destroyed reach a broader audience, but quick- spective—whether it’s dramatic mis- because they were too big to fit on ly learned that companies and insti- sion details of near tragedies on any bookshelf. (I donated it to the tutions were more interested in cur- *HPLQL  or $SROOR , behind-the- NASA Headquarters library.) rent and future programs—as an ele- scenes practical jokes the astronauts Additionally in my travels I ment of business development—than and staff played among themselves, regularly heard stories from people preserving the past. Enthusiasts or the politics in play at various who worked in the early days of the were also highly segmented. I times of the space program. Reading The Silver Anniversary of Quest 35 www.spacehistory101.com the first-person interviews and stories story at a time.” The question I’ve spaceflight, engage/lead a dialog to of the space program never ceases to been asking is, where does 4XHVW go determine what needs to be done to fascinate me—and hopefully it fasci- from here? ensure the space future many of us nates our dedicated readers as well. In recent years, I helped launch believed/expected, as well as fund 4XHVW has provided me personal- the Space Business & Commerce necessary research and projects. Just ly the opportunity to meet many of the Archives to collect and archive materi- imagine if a foundation had been heroes of the Space Age, the astro- als focused on the commercial and established in the 1960s when John nauts and people who were responsi- business side of the space industry. Glenn first flew or $SROORlanded on ble for making it happen. It is an The Archives is a place where people the Moon. Small sums donated by honor that Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and and organizations can donate materi- individuals and reinvested could have Neil Armstrong were regular readers als, and we review them for historical resulted in an endowment worth bil- and would discuss articles with me significance to ensure documents, lions today. [More details about the when we crossed paths. A great materials, and artifacts are not simply Foundation and how to help us secure moment of joy came last year when I discarded and lost to time. the future of space will be made avail- had the opportunity to talk with 4XHVW Since 2011, I have also spon- able in the coming months If you’d reader and astronaut Michael Collins, sored the Sacknoff Prize for Space like know more or help craft this who told me that “it is truly amazing History to encourage university stu- vision, please send me an email.] how we are able to produce something dents of all ages and backgrounds to The most important thing I can so detailed yet readable.” research and write about space history. convey is my gratitude to everyone Like everyone else involved Each year, I have been impressed with who has contributed their time— with 4XHVW, I’ve always thought of the submission quality and range of whether it was for an article, a book myself as a volunteer and it wasn’t topics covered. review, or a peer review; the editors until several years after I began help- And coming in 2018, I am who sought out materials; or those ing out that I actually added my byline launching perhaps the most important helping with graphic design and proof- as publisher to the masthead. initiative—one that I hope will ensure reading. 4XHVW exists today because of I’ve been asked more than a few the long-term stability of 4XHVW, the each and every one of you. times how long I plan to continue to do Archive, the Prize, and other efforts. this. I believe that 4XHVW continues to Space 3.0 is a 501(c)(3) charitable Scott Sacknoff, Publisher play a valuable role, and I believe our organization designed to build an 4XHVW7KH+LVWRU\RI6SDFHIOLJKW marketing subhead says it best, endowment and issue grants that can “Preserving the history of space- be used to preserve the history of flight…one

The Silver Anniversary of Quest 36 www.spacehistory101.com

Quest: The History of Spaceflight Bibliography – By Issue

(',725*OHQ6ZDQVRQ Volume 2 #1 Volume 1 #1 x 5RFNHW0HQ,Q7KHLU5RFNHW6KLSV7KH$VWURQDXWV DQG7KHLU&RUYHWWHV x 99HQWXUHV$/RRNDW(DUO\867HVWLQJRI x 1$6$ V+RW5RGV6RXSHGXS&RXSHV6HUYHG5ROH WKH,QIDPRXV*HUPDQ5RFNHW LQVSDFHUDFH x 6DOXWHWR6DO\XW$+LVWRU\RI6RYLHW6SDFH x 7KH\0LJKW%H*LDQWV$+LVWRU\RI3URMHFW1RYD 6WDWLRQ3URJUDPV 3DUW,, x )URPWKH6HDWRWKH6WDUV1HZ$LU 6SDFH x 7ZR'HFDGHV/DWHU$QRWKHU+DQG6KDNHLQ6SDFH 0XVHXP2SHQVLQ9LUJLQLD x 1HZ$SROOR6DWXUQ90XVHXPWREHEXLOWDW.6& x 0RUH5XVVLDQ5LJKW6WXII&RPPRQZHDOWKRI ,QGHSHQGHQW6WDWHV/HDGHUV&UHDWH1HZ6SDFH x 'LDPDQW$DQGWKH)LUVW)UHQFK6DWHOOLWH 3JP x 1DQF\

$ Volume 3 #1 x (3OXULEXV8QXP$SROORDQG$PHULFDQ8QLW\ x 7KH;6SDFHSODQH x 7KH5RFNHWVRI*,5' x ;)OLJKW/RJ x ,V,W1RZ3RVVLEOHWR$WWHPSWD9R\DJH)URP7KH x 7HVW3LORW(OLWH$QLQWHUYLHZZLWK0LOW (DUWKWRWKH0RRQ"E\/XLJL*XVVDOOL 7KRPSVRQ x 7KH;([SHULHQFH0LOW7KRPSVRQ7DONV Volume 4 #2 DERXW)O\LQJWKH; x &2521$$PHULFD V)LUVW6S\6DWHOOLWH 3DUW, x ,Q6HDUFKRI; x 865HFRQQDLVVDQFH6DWHOOLWH3URJUDP3DUW, x 7KLUW\VRPHWKLQJ9RVWRN ,PDJLQJ6DWHOOLWHV x $+LVWRU\RI$LU/DXQFKHG6SDFH9HKLFOHV x 0HUFXU\0RQXPHQW x 7KUHH6DWXUQ9V$/RRNDWWKH5HPDLQLQJ6DWXUQ x )UHGGR$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK$SROOR$VWURQDXW 9+DUGZDUH )UHG+DLVH x 3RODQG V0HWHRU6RXQGLQJ5RFNHWV x /HWWHUV4XDUWHU&HQWXULHV5RFNHWV5HG*ODUH x 7KH 12761,. 3URJUDP 7KH 7RS 6HFUHW $LU x 7KRU$EOH$PHULFD V)LUVW0RRQ5RFNHW /DXQFKHG6DWHOOLWH$WWHPSWVRI Volume 4 #3 Volume 3 #2-3 x &2521$$PHULFD V)LUVW6S\6DWHOOLWH 3DUW x $SROORDW x $+LVWRU\RIWKH0DQQHG2UELWLQJ/DERUDWRU\ x ,W V7LPHWR*R$6DOXWHWR$SROOR 02/ 3DUW x 6SLGHU7DON%XLOGHUVRIWKH/05HXQLWHIRUWK x 7KH6RYLHW/HJDF\RIWKH9 $QQLYHUVDU\ x +RXVWRQ:H+DYHD3UREOHP$1LWSLFNHU V x 3URMHFW$SROOR%LEOLRJUDSK\RI%RRNV *XLGHWR$32//2WKH0RYLH x $5DFHWRWKH0RRQ7KH)OLJKWRI/XQD x $3LHFHRIWKH$FWLRQ$Q([KLELWRQWKH0DNLQJRI x 0RRQ6KRRWHU$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK$ODQ6KHSDUG $32//2 x $WODV6KUXJJHG)XWXUHRI+LVWRULF0RQXPHQW8S x 0LJKW\0RRQ0DFKLQH+LWVWKH%LJ6FUHHQ LQWKH$LU 0RGHOLQJWKH6DWXUQ9IRUWKH0RYLHV x 7KH*HUPDQ6SDFH3LRQHHUV$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK x 7KH5HDO7KLQJ2ULJLQDO$SROORKDUGZDUHRQ 0DUVKD)UHHPDQ GLVSOD\ x 3URMHFW$GDP7KH$UP\ V0DQLQ6SDFH 3URJUDP Volume 4 #4 x 0RRQ0HQ$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK$QGUHZ&KDLNLQ x 7KH2ULJLQRIWKH5RFNHW3URSHOOHG6SDFHVKLS DXWKRURI$0DQRQWKH0RRQ7KH9R\DJHVRI x $Q,OOXVWUDWHG&KURQRORJ\RIWKH)LUVW([SHULPHQWV WKH$SROOR$VWURQDXWV LQ6SDFH5RFNHWU\ x )RRWSULQWVRQWKH0RRQ$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK x 5RFNHWV5HG*ODUH)URP%LUG:DWFK+LOO &KDUOLH'XNH x 3UHVHUYLQJ0RRQ5RFNV x &HOHEUDWLQJ$SROORDW+RPH$/RRNDWWKH x $SROOR V7RS7HQ'LVFRYHULHV 9DULRXV0RGHO.LWV3URGXFHGRIWKH6DWXUQ9 x 9LHZLQJ0RRQ5RFNV x 7KH6HFUHW/LIHRIWKH5HGVWRQH0LVVLOH x 'XVWLQJ2IIWKH0RRQ0DFKLQHV x 0DQQHG2UELWLQJ/DERUDWRU\ 02/ 3DUW Volume 3 #4 x ,QWHUDJHQF\5LYDOU\1$6$7KH$LU)RUFH 02/ x :K\WKH;3URJUDPZDV3URSRVHG x $PHULFDQ5HFRQQDLVVDQFH6DWHOOLWHV3DUW%H\RQG x $+LVWRULFDO2YHUYLHZRIWKH;'\QD6RDU ,PDJLQJ x 7KH;3LORWV7KH;+DUGZDUHDQG 7HFKQRORJ\ Volume 5 #1 x ,QWKH+RW6HDW7KH;&RFNSLW x $+LVWRU\RIWKH3URMHFW*DOLOHR3DUW x 7KH;3UHVVXUH6XLW x (3&271$6$DQG3ODQW3DWKRJHQVLQ6SDFH x :K\WKH;3URJUDPZDV&DQFHOHG x 6760LVVLRQ2YHUYLHZ x 0RXUQLQJ6WDU7KH1HGHOLQ'LVDVWHU x 6760LVVLRQ2YHUYLHZ x '\QD6RDUDQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH7LWDQ,,, x )URP3HQFLOVWR3ODQHWV /DXQFK9HKLFOH x 7LWDQ,9/DXQFK5HYLHZV x WK$QQLYHUVDU\RIWKH:RUOG V)LUVW3UR[2SV Volume 4 #1 x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK-LP/RYHOO x +RXVWRQ:H YH+DG$3UREOHP 7KH0LVVLRQRI $SROOR x /RVW0RRQ)RXQG(DUWK -LP/RYHOO,QWHUYLHZ x 'RZQWR(DUWK$SROORIURPWKH&DS&RP V &KDLU -DFN/RXVPD,QWHUYLHZ $ Volume 5 #2 x $ODQ%6KHSDUG,QWHUYLHZ x 7KH3DVW5HYLVLWHG$Q8QSXEOLVKHG$FFRXQW x .DQVDV&RVPRVSKHUHDQG6SDFH&HQWHU *RGGDUG V3XPSIHG5RFNHWV x 0DQQHG2UELWLQJ/DERUDWRU\ 02/ 3DUW Volume 6 #3 x 'DYLG/DVVHU6SDFHIOLJKW9LVLRQDU\ x 6R\X]5HYLVLWHG)URP0\WKWR5HDOLW\ x 6760LVVLRQ2YHUYLHZ x 1RW7RR:LOGD'UHDP1$6$DQGWKH4XHVWIRU x 6760LVVLRQ2YHUYLHZ /LIHLQWKH6RODU6\VWHP x /LIH:LWKRXW'DG$Q,QWHUYLHZZ6FRWW*ULVVRP x 7KH(DUO\

Volume 10 #1 Volume 11 #2 x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK1HLO$UPVWURQJ x 7KH0RRQ5DFH(QG*DPH3DUW,,E\3HWHU x 7KRVH+ROO\ZRRG6SRRNVDQG7KHLU6S\LQJ 3HVDYHQWRDQG&KDUOHV9LFN 0DFKLQHV6S\6DWHOOLWHVLQ)LOPDQG5HDOLW\ x $Q ,QWHUYLHZ ZLWK *HPLQL DQG $SROOR )OLJKW x 5HG%HDURQWKH3URZO6WUDWHJLF:DUQLQJLQWKH &RQWUROOHU-RKQ$DURQ 6RYLHW8QLRQ3DUW x 7KH$LU)RUFH6SDFH0XVHXP Volume 11 #3 x 7KH152LQWKHVW&HQWXU\(QVXULQJ*OREDO Volume 10 #2 ,QIRUPDWLRQ6XSUHPDF\E\5&DUJLOO+DOO x 7KH)LUVW/DG\RI6SDFH5HPHPEHUV0HPRLUV x 7KH7XUNLVK6SDFH3URJUDP-XVWD%HJLQQLQJE\ E\9DOHQWLQD7HUHVKNRYD ,QFLJXO3RODW(UGRJDQ x 6OD\WRQ V8QH[SHFWHG2UGHUVE\-RKQ&KDUOHV x +LVWRU\RIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV$QWL6DWHOOLWH3URJUDP x 'HIHQGLQJ$JDLQVW+LWOHU V9HQJHDQFH7KH86 DQGWKH(YROXWLRQWR6SDFH&RQWURODQG2IIHQVLYH $UP\DQGWKH9E\&OD\WRQ&KXQ DQG'HIHQVLYH&RXQWHUVSDFH5REHUW.LOJR x ,QWHUYLHZZLWK(GZDUG)HQGHOO x $/RRNLQWRWKH+LVWRU\RI$PHULFDQ6DWHOOLWH x &ROOHFWLQJ/LWHUDWXUHLQWKH6SDFH 5RFNHW 1DYLJDWLRQE\&KULV%DQWKHU )LHOGV3DUW,E\)UHGHULFN2UGZD\ x $QLQWHUYLHZZLWK'U%UDGIRUG3DUNLQVRQ WKH x 6SRUWV0LOHVWRQHVLQ6SDFHE\&ROLQ)ULHV FUHDWRURI*36 E\6WHSKHQ6WURP x 7KH5XVVLDDQG86/LEUDU\RI6SDFH6FLHQFH x :LOOLW*R 5RXQGLQ&LUFOHV"$&RORUIXO0RVDLFRI ([SORUDWLRQ $UW)ORZQLQ6SDFHE\&ROLQ)ULHV

Volume 10 #3 Volume 11 #4 x +HDWHG'HEDWHV$+LVWRU\RIWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI x &KURQLFOLQJ6SDFH$GYHQWXUHVLQ6SDFH+LVWRU\ WKH6SDFH6KXWWOH V7KHUPDO3URWHFWLRQ6\VWHP E\0DWW%LOOLHZLWK(ULND/LVKRFN  x 5LVHRIWKH0DFKLQHV7HOHURERWLF2SHUDWLRQVLQWKH x &ROOHFWLQJ/LWHUDWXUHLQWKH6SDFH 5RFNHW 866SDFH3URJUDPE\6DYDQ%HFNHU )LHOGV3DUW,, ,,,E\)UHGHULFN2UGZD\ x 5LVN0DQDJHPHQWLQWKH;3ODQHV(UD ',,YV x 7KH*UHHQ+LOOVRI(DUWK9LHZVRIWKH(DUWKDV ;,$DW0DFK E\&XUWLV3HHEOHV 'HVFULEHGE\$VWURQDXWV &RVPRQDXWV x &DQDGLDQ5DGDUVDW3URJUDPE\+RZDUG(GHO x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK-RVHSK:DPEROW3ULQFLSDO (GU\G6KDZ-RKQ)DONLQJKDP:LOOLDP-HIIHULHV 'LUHFWRU$HURVSDFH&RUSRUDWLRQ 'DYH:LOVRQDQG*DU\%RUVWDG x ,QWHUYLHZ ZLWK 1HLO +XWFKLQVRQ 6SDFH 6WDWLRQ Volume 10 #4 3URJUDP0DQDJHU x 7KH&KDSPDQ5HSRUWDQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI &DQDGD V6SDFH3URJUDPE\&KULVWRSKHU*DLQRU Volume 12 #1 x +LVWRU\RI+XPDQ6SDFHIOLJKW0LVVLRQ x /DQGVDW$Q,QWHJUDWHG+LVWRU\E\-DPHV$OOHQ 2SHUDWLRQVE\.HQ3HHN DQG6KDQDNDGH6LOYD x 1LNH=HXV 7KXQGHU /LJKWQLQJ)URP x $'D\LQWKH/LIHRIWKH1$6$$VWURQDXW&RUSV $QWLEDOOLVWLF0LVVLOHWR$QWLEDOOLVWLF,QWHUFHSWRU -DQXDU\E\-RKQ&KDUOHV E\&OD\WRQ&KXQ x 7KH$SROOR0RRQ3URJUDPDW+DPLOWRQ6WDQGDUG x $3LQSRLQWRQWKH2FHDQRI6WRUPV)LQGLQJWKH E\+DUYH\6PLWK 7DUJHWIRU$SROORE\'DYLG&ORZ (ZHQ x 6DIHJXDUG1RUWK'DNRWD V)URQW/LQHLQWKH&ROG :KLWDNHU :DU*UHJRU\%RZHQ x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK+0RUJDQ6PLWK 1$6$ x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK-D\+RQH\FXWWE\5HEHFFD $VWURQDXW6XUYLYDO7UDLQLQJ6FKRRO  :ULJKW x $ &RPPHUFLDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 6DWHOOLWH x %XLOGLQJ 0RRQVKLSV  7KH *UXPPDQ /XQDU 7LPHOLQH 0RGXOH

$ Volume 12 #2 x $OZD\V$LPWR%H)LUVW7KHApollo 11 Volume 17 #2: Hubble Space Telescope x $QLQWHUYLHZZLWK0LFKDHO&ROOLQV*HPLQL; x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK.DWKU\Q6XOOLYDQ 7KH+XEEOH $SROOR 6SDFH7HOHVFRSH x &RPPHPRUDWLYH0HGDOVDQG$SROOR x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK5REHUW0F&DOO 6\PEROLVPE\'U0DUJDUHW:HLWHNDPS x $%ULHI+LVWRU\RIWKH+XEEOH6SDFH7HOHVFRSH x $/HJDF\RI6HUYLFHDQG&RUSRUDWLRQ$5&$6E\ x 7KH+XEEOH V$QQLYHUVDU\E\(OL]DEHWK.HVVOHU 'U5R\+RXFKLQ,, x 5HIOHFWLRQVRI+XEEOH7ZHQW\MU(QJLQHHULQJD x (DUWKVKLQH)DGLQJ&ROOHFWLQJWKH6SDFH5DFHE\ 9HKLFOHIRU$QRWKHU:RUOG 'DYLG&ORZ x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK%UXFH+DOO5HSRUWLQJ x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK7KRPDV'X[EXU\7KH6RYLHW 7ULXPSK 7UDJHG\LQWKH6SDFH6KXWWOH3URJUDP 3KRERVDQG0DUV0LVVLRQVE\6XVDQ1LHEXU x 7KH,QWHOOLJHQFH$JHQFLHV+HOS)LQG:KDOHV x 6KRZLQJWKH:D\1$6$WKH152DQGWKH &LYLOLDQ8VHRI&ODVVLILHG2YHUKHDG3KRWRJUDSK\ $SROOR/XQDU5HFRQQDLVVDQFH3URJUDP XQGHU3URMHFW$UJRE\-DPHV'DYLG E\9DQFH0LWFKHOO x 7KH(OXVLYH+XPDQ0D[LPXP$OWLWXGH5HFRUG x ,Q0HPRULDP5REHUW7UXD[E\5LFN6WXUGHYDQW E\'DQLHO$GDPR x .RVPLF.RQVSLUDF\+RZ,/HDUQHGWR4XHVWLRQ Volume 18 #1 WKH(YLGHQFHE\-RH)HOLFH x ,Q0HPRULDP3DXO&DOOHE\$QGUHZ&KDLNLQ x $Q 2UGLQDU\ -RH /LYHV +LV 'UHDP :KHQ +H x )HUHQF3DYOLFVDQGWKH/XQDU5RYHUE\'DYLG&ORZ /HDVW([SHFWHG,WE\-RH/HQQR[ x 6SDFH6XSSRUWWR+RPHODQG'HIHQVHE\-HURPH 6FKURHGHU Volume 17 #1 x 3HULRGRI$GMXVWPHQW1$6$WKH152DQG(DUWK x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK-RH(QJOH7R6SDFHE\6WLFN 2EVHUYDWLRQE\9DQFH0LWFKHOO DQG5XGGHU x 6RFNVIRUWKH)LUVW&RVPRQDXWRI3ODQHW(DUWKE\ x 5RJHUV'U\/DNH%HG7KH5ROHRI1DWXUH V 0LNH*UXQWPDQ $HURGURPHLQ6SDFHIOLJKWE\0DWW%HUJJUHQ x 7KH7VLRONRYVN\6RODU3UREHE\3KLOLS+RU]HPSD x 0DQ0RQH\DQGWKH0RRQ$VWURQDXW.HQ x 7KH5HPLQLVFHQFHVRI6FRWW&URVVILHOGLQWHUYLHZHG 0RQH\ WKH)XWXUHRI6SDFH([SORUDWLRQE\ E\.HQQHWK/HLVK 'DYLG.XUW] x 6XUYLYDODIWHU'HFRPSUHVVLRQWRD9DFXXPE\ -RKQ%LOOLQJKDP x 7KH$QLPDO7HVW3URJUDP7KH05DQG0$ )OLJKWV

$ Volume 18 #2 x 2UDO+LVWRU\7KRXJKWVRQWKH6SDFH6KXWWOH V)LQDO x 6RYLHW*LIWVWR$SROORE\'XDQH*UDYHOLQH )OLJKW x +LVWRU\RI=HUR*UDYLW\&RXQWHUPHDVXUHVE\ x ,PDJHVIURPWKH$UFKLYHV*HPLQL0HPRULHV 'XDQH*UDYHOLQH x 0RRQJORZ6SDFH'LSORPDF\LQWKH1L[RQ Volume 19 #2 $GPLQLVWUDWLRQE\6WHYH:ROIH x &KDVLQJ7KHRU\WRWKH(GJHRI6SDFH7KH x $SROOR%HKLQGWKH6FHQHVDWWKH1L[RQ:KLWH 'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH;DW1$&$/DQJOH\E\ +RXVHDQGWKH6SHHFK+H'LGQ W+DYHWR*LYH 5REHUW0R\HUDQG0DU\*DLQHU x 7KH/RYHODFH:RPHQE\0DUJDUHW:HLWHNDPS x 0\/LIHDVD1$6$)OLJKW&RQWUROOHUE\&HFLO x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK*HQH1RUD-HVVHQFRQGXFWHG %DVVKDP E\0DUJDUHW:HLWHNDPS x 6XSHU'\QD6RDU7KH86$)'\QD6RDU6\VWHP x 7KH5HPLQLVFHQFHVRI-HUULH&REEFRQGXFWHGE\ 3URJUDP2IILFH,Q+RXVH3URSRVDOE\'DYLG6WHUQ .HQQHWK/HLVK x -RKQ 7ULEH 7DOHV RI D 5RFNHW (QJLQHHU x &KDUOLH 'XNH $LP +LJK RU 7KLV LV +RZ WR LQWHUYLHZHGE\-RHO3RZHOO /LJKWD)LUHLQWKH-XQJOHE\$QG\*UHHQ Volume 19 #3 Volume 18 #3 x $Q8QGHUVHDV,FH6WDWLRQ=HEUD5HFRYHULQJD.+ x 2UJDQL]LQJ6SDFHIRUWKH:DUILJKWHUE\+DLWKH +(;$*21&DSVXOH)URP)HHW%HORZ $QGHUVRQDQG5LFN6WXUGHYDQW WKH3DFLILF2FHDQE\'DYLG:DOWURS x 2UDQ1LFNVDQGWKH(YROXWLRQRI6SDFH5HVHDUFK x 1DWLRQDO3UHVWLJHDQG+XPDQ6SDFHIOLJKW$ DW7H[DV$ 0E\0LWFK%DXHU &KLQHVH3HUVSHFWLYHE\/LDQJ@E\-DUHG6%XVV -XSLWHU 3DUW, E\'DYLG&ORZ x 7KH'HYHORSPHQWRI)OXRULQH%DVHG5RFNHW x 3ULPDWH/LYHVLQ(DUO\$PHULFDQ6SDFH6FLHQFH (QJLQHVLQWKH8665E\%DUW+HQGULFN[ E\-RUGDQ%LPP x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK*HRUJH3DXOLNDV^7KH x &RPSHWLQJDW&RRSHUDWLRQ7HFKQRORJLFDO'HVLJQ $HURVSDFH&RUSRUDWLRQ@%OHQGLQJ6FLHQFHDQG DQG3URSDJDQGD5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI6RYLHWDQG $SSOLFDWLRQV $PHULFDQ6SDFH3URJUDPVE\ $QWKRQ\6KDZ x )URPWKH$UFKLYHV1HLO$UPVWURQJ$6DOXWHWR $SROOR x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK'U6DOO\.5LGH x :LOOLDP*DXEDW]DQGWKH'&;'&;$'HOWD &OLSSHU Volume 21 #1 x $WODVYVD)RUG*DOD[LH*URXQG+DQGOLQJ ,QFLGHQWVLQWKH&ROG:DU(UDE\-RHO:3RZHOO x )O\LQJLQ'HHS6SDFH7KH*DOLOHR0LVVLRQWR -XSLWHU 3DUW,, E\'DYLG&ORZ x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK&KDUOHV³&KXFN´)ULHGODQGHU )RUPHU&KLHIRIWKH$VWURQDXW6XSSRUW2IILFH &DSH.HQQHG\E\'RQDOG3HDOHU x 5HWKLQNLQJWKH2YHUYLHZ(IIHFWE\-RUGDQ%LPP x 1DYLJDWLRQ *XLGDQFH DQG &RQWURO RI D 6DWXUQ 5RFNHWDQG,WV3UHGHFHVVRUVE\(G'XUELQ

$ Volume 22 #1 (GLWRU'U&KULVWRSKHU*DLQRU x 'HWHQWHDQG'LVVHQW$SROOR6R\X]5XWK%DWHV+DUULV DQG1$6$ V5KHWRULFRI&RRSHUDWLRQE\(ULF)HQULFK Volume 23 #1 x 7KH0DUV0LVVLRQ7KDW1HYHU:DV7KRPDV3DLQH x 7KH1H[W)URQWLHU7KH2ULJLQVRI0DUVLQ0RGHUQ 7KH3XVKWR*RWR0DUVE\'DQLHO'XSXLV 6SDFH6FLHQFHE\,DQ9DUJD x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK5RJHU(DVWRQ1DYLJDWLRQ7LPHE\ x 1$6$ V/HVVRQV/HDUQHGLQ/RQJ'XUDWLRQ 'DYLG.YRQ.HXUHQDQG-DPHV7XJPDQ 6SDFHIOLJKW7KH6KXWWOH0LU3URJUDPE\=DFN+HVWHU x 3RVW0RRQ/DQGLQJ3HUVSHFWLYHV&RPSDULQJWKH86 x 9DQFH'%UDQG$SROOR6R\X]6HHGVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO DQG5XVVLDQ3URJUDPV  E\*HRUJH0/RZ &RRSHUDWLRQ,QWHUYLHZHGE\5HEHFFD:ULJKW x 3RVW0RRQ/DQGLQJ3HUVSHFWLYHV7KH)XWXUH3URJUHVV x 7KH%HJLQQLQJVRI5HVHDUFKLQ6SDFH%LRORJ\DWWKH RI6SDFH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ  E\&KDUOHV0DWKHZV $LU)RUFH0LVVLOH'HYHORSPHQW&HQWHU+ROORPDQ$)% E\'DYLG%XVKQHOO,QWURGXFWLRQE\-RUGDQ %LPP Volume 22 #2 x )URPWKH$UFKLYHV3URMHFW:RUOG6HULHV x 7KLUW\'D\VLQD02/%LRPHGLFDOO\5HOHYDQW $VSHFWVRID5HFRQQDLVVDQFH0LVVLRQ,QIHUUHG)URP 2UELWDO3DUDPHWHUVE\-RKQ&KDUOHVDQG'DQLHO Volume 23 #2 $GDPR x 7KH(YROXWLRQDU\5ROHRIWKH$VWURQDXWIURP$SROOR x 7KH(DUO\%LUG'HFLVLRQ

Volume 22 #3 x ³*HRVWDU7KH5LVHDQG)DOORID6DWHOOLWH Volume 23 #3 &RPPXQLFDWLRQV3LRQHHU´%\-RKQ,*URWODQG x $VWURQDXW6DOHVPHQ6HOOLQJ6DYLQJV%RQGVLQWKH$JH x ³7KH5LQJ7KDW5XOHG7KHP$OO7KH6DWXUQ9 RI+HURLF6SDFHIOLJKWE\+XQWHU+ROOLQV ,QVWUXPHQW8QLWDQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI$XWRPDWHG x 'HQWDO&DUHLQ6SDFHE\:LOOLDP+DUWHO''6 6SDFHIOLJKW´%\1LFN/D&DVVH x $OWHUQDWH3DWKVRI3DSHUFOLS)ULW]3DXOLDQG x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK5RJHU0DXULFH%RQQHW+DOID 7UDQVQDWLRQDO.QRZOHGJH7UDQVIHUE\%ULDQ2GRP &HQWXU\RI(XURSHDQ6SDFH6FLHQFH%\-RKQ.ULJH x 7KH/RVW)LOPRI$9E\5RE0DQQLQJ x 7KH1DWLRQDO0XOWLSXUSRVH6SDFH6WDWLRQ x 7KH0RRQZDONHUV:KR&RXOG+DYH%HHQE\'RXJODV :2DUG x $&RQYHUVDWLRQZLWK%HWW\6NHOWRQ)UDQNPDQ$YLDWUL[ Volume 22 #4 3LRQHHUDQGWKH)DVWHVW:RPDQRQ(DUWKE\&DURO x ³6SDFHSRUW:RRPHUD7KH$QJOR$XVWUDOLDQ9LVLRQ %XWOHU RI:RRPHUD5RFNHW5DQJHDV6SDFHSRUW´%\.HUULH x )URPWKH$UFKLYHV6SXWQLN3KRWRJUDSKVIURPWKH 'RXJKHUW\ :RUOG V)DLU x ³&RQWUROOLQJ0HQ0DVFXOLQLW\7HFKQRORJ\DQGWKH 'LVFRXUVHRI(DUO\$PHULFDQ6SDFHIOLJKW´%\(ULQQ Volume 23 #4 0F&RPE x $UWIURPWKH,QVLGH1$6$0LVVLRQ,QVLJQLDDQG x ³7KH&XEDQ&RZ.LOOLQJ5RFNHW´%\-RHO3RZHOO 3DWFKHVE\$PDQGD:HJHQHU x $Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK:LOOLDP-³3HWH´.QLJKW

$ Volume 24 #1 Volume 24 #4 x 7KH1$6$$UW3URJUDP7HFKQRORJ\$UWDQG x )DUPLQJIURP6SDFH/DQGVDWDQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI &RQWHVWHG9LVLRQVRI3URJUHVVE\7UDFHH $JULFXOWXUDO6XUYHLOODQFHGXULQJWKH&ROG:DUE\ +DXSW %ULDQ-LURXW x 7KH6KRUW/LIHRI$NMXLW$HURVSDFHDQG6SDFH3RUW x )URP0DJD]LQHWR-RXUQDO7KH+LVWRU\RI4XHVW3DUW &DQDGDE\$QGUHZ%*RGHIUR\ ,,7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK'DNRWD

Volume 24 #3 x )URP&RXQWGRZQWR/LIWRII7KH+LVWRU\RI4XHVW 3DUW,%HJLQQLQJVWKURXJKWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK 'DNRWD$FTXLVLWLRQE\*OHQ(6ZDQVRQ x 7KH+H[DJRQ.+6S\6DWHOOLWHE\3KLO3UHVVHO x 1DYLJDWLRQIRU$SROORE\(GJDU'XUELQ x 3ODQ7UDLQ)O\2QH0LVVLRQLQWKH/LIHRID)OLJKW 'LUHFWRU$Q,QWHUYLHZZLWK$QQHWWH+DVEURRNE\ -HQQLIHU5RVV1D]]DO x $WODV &ULPH6FHQH 3KRWRJUDSKV5HYHDOHGE\-RHO :3RZHOO x $WODV$7DOHRI7ZR5RFNHWVE\-RHO: 3RZHOO x 7KH866+RUQHW0XVHXPE\&KULVWRSKHU*DLQRU

$