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Division: Chlorophyta (Green Algae) II. Algal Taxonomy

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Division: Chlorophyta (Green Algae) II. Algal Taxonomy Division: Chlorophyta (green algae) I. General Characteristics II. Distinguishing Classes III. Morphology IV. Classes in Detail ~ 16,000 species ~ 90% freshwater 1 II. Algal taxonomy Hierarchical system of classification: Level: suffix: example: Domain Eukaryote Group Plantae Division -phyta Chlorophyta Class -phyceae Ulvophyceae Order -ales Ulvales Family -aceae Ulvaceae Genus Ulva species fenestrata 2 1 DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae “Algae” 3.Eukaryotes 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates- unicellular 3 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs Glaucophytes Plantae Rhodophyta Chlorophytes Chl b, Charophytes starch Land Plants 4 Adapted from Sadava 2014 2 Phylogenetics of Chlorophyta (morphological, molecular data) 5 classes: Chlorophyceae Chlorophyta Trebouxiophyceae Chl b, starch Ulvophyceae Prasinophyceae Encasement of egg Charophytes Charophyceae Embryo, cuticle Land plants 5 I. General Green Characteristics: 1) Pigments: ? 2) Chloroplast structure?: 3) Storage product? 4) Flagella? 6 3 Classes: Chlorophyceae = freshwater Trebouxiophyceae = freshwater, soil and marine Ulvophyceae = marine macroalgae Prasinophyceae = primarily marine flagellates, some freshwater; modern representatives of earliest green algae Charophyceae = freshwater; all terrestrial plants are derived from Charophycean class 7 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: • basal bodies orientation • microtubule roots 2. Cell covering: • scales vs. cell wall 3. How cells divide: • aspects of mitosis and cytokinesis 8 4 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: -basal bodies orientation -microtubule roots Flagella Basal Bodies Microtubule roots Cell anterior swimming direction 9 Flagella- complex cellular projections used for movement - bundle of nine fused pairs of microtubule doublets surrounding two central single microtubules "9+2" Basal bodies- attachment site of the flagella - containing a microtubules 9 triplet configuration forming a hollow cylinder 10 5 Basal Bodies: ONE per flagellum, located at base of flagellum, anchoring into cell -pairs of basal bodies may be opposite parallel clockwise counterclockwise Flagella Basal Bodies Microtubule roots Cell 11 5 Microtubule roots: -under the cell membrane at point of attachment of basal bodies - may be cruciate or broadband cruciate broad-band 12 6 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 2. Cell covering- scales vs. cell wall Scales are made of complex Cell wall = usually cellulose polysaccharides secreted from golgi Chlorophyceae, trebouxiophyceae, prasinophyceae Ulvophyceae, charophyceae 13 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 3. How cells divide: (aspects of mitosis and cytokinesis) • open vs. closed mitotic spindle • phycoplast vs. phragmoplast • furrowing vs. cell plate formation in center of cell closed metacentric centrioles Open -during Mt nuclear 14 envelope breaks down 7 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 3. How cells divide: (aspects of mitosis and cytokinesis) • open vs. closed mitotic spindle • phycoplast vs. phragmoplast • furrowing vs. cell plate formation in center of cell furrowing furrowing Phycoplast: microtubules Phragmoplast: double parallel to dividing plane microtubules perpendicular -rare in algae to dividing plane -land plants 15 II. Distinguishing among classes based on: 3. How cells divide: (aspects of mitosis and cytokinesis) • open vs. closed mitotic spindle • phycoplast vs. phragmoplast • furrowing vs. cell plate formation in center of cell furrowing = most algae cell plate formation = a few algae and land plants 16 8 III. Morphology Chlorophyta: easiest division to identify visually • usually bright, grass-green color 17 III. Morphology Chlorophyta: easiest division to identify visually • usually bright, grass-green color Except - photo: Morgan Bond Snow algae Dunaliella Trentepohlia parasitic on Monterey Cypress 18 9 For classes: - any easy “rules” using external thallus morphology? - Prasinophyceans are all unicells, but… Charophyceans Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Ulvophyceae 19 Diversity in chloroplast shape: (unique to algae) “napkin ring-shaped parietal” “cup-shaped parietal” “stellate (star-shaped)” “axial (plate-like)” “ribbon-like” “reticulate (net-like)” “multiple discoid” 20 10 Some new terms: Isogamy – sexual fusion between flagellated gametes that are similar in size and shape Anisogamy – sexual fusion between flagellated gametes of distinctly different sizes Oogamy – sexual fusion between a flagellated gamete (sperm) and non-flagellated gamete (egg) Review: Sporophyte: diploid, 2n, multicellular release spores in alternation of generations Gametophyte: hapliod, 1n, multicellular release gametes in alternation of generations 21 V. Classes in detail - Chlorophyte Diversity: 5 classes: Chlorophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Prasinophyceae Charophyceae Land plants 22 11 Class Charophyceae: Flagella Basal Bodies 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: • basal bodiesMicrotubule orientation roots = parallel • microtubule roots = broad band Cell 2. Cell covering: • scales vs. cell wall = wall 3. How cells divide: • spindle = open • microtubule organization = phragmoplast • division by = furrow or plate 23 Charophyceae Microtubule Roots: broadband Basal Bodies: parallel 24 12 Class Charophyceae: Genera: Desmids, Chara most closely related to terrestrial plants usually unicells or filaments, but sometimes colonies and more complex forms freshwater haplontic- 1N thallus, the zygote is the only diploid stage oogamous reproduction dormant zygotes 25 Algal Life Cycles Haplontic- 1N thallus, the zygote is the only diploid stage Mt fuse N N Me grow 1N 2N spores zygote 26 13 Class Charophyceae: Order Zygnematales Desmids • 2 semi-cells that are mirror images, nucleus is in center • asexual reproduction = mitosis • sexual conjugation = pairing between cells • movement through mucilage secretion 27 Class Charophyceae: Order Charales Genus Chara Macroscopic Freshwater Can be partially calcified Central axis with whorls of branches at nodes Often smell of garlic Food and nursery habitat for waterfowl 28 14 IV. Classes in detail - Chlorophyte Diversity: 5 classes: Chlorophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Prasinophyceae Charophyceae Land plants 29 Class Prasinophyceae: 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: • basal bodies orientation = variable • microtubule roots = variable 2. Cell covering: • scales vs. cell wall = scales 3. How cells actually divide: • spindle = open or closed • microtubule organization = phragmoplast or phycoplast • division by = furrow 30 15 Some Prasinophyceans Microtubule Roots: cruciate Basal Bodies: opposite Flagella Basal Bodies Microtubule roots Cell 31 Class Prasinophyceae Genus Tetraselmis modern representatives of ancestral green (most primitive) unicellular flagellates freshwater and marine one plastid with one pyrenoid mostly asexual 32 16 V. Classes in detail - Chlorophyte Diversity: 5 classes: Chlorophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Prasinophyceae Charophyceae Land plants 33 Class Chlorophyceae: 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: • basal bodies orientation = clockwise • microtubule roots = cruciate 2. Cell covering: • scales vs. cell wall = wall 3. How cells divide: • spindle = closed • microtubule organization = phycoplast • division by = furrowing 34 17 Chlorophyceae Microtubule Roots: cruciate Basal Bodies: clockwise Flagella Basal Bodies Microtubule roots Cell 35 Class Chlorophyceae: 7000+ spp mostly freshwater unicells, colonies, coenocytes, filaments, haplontic life history- 1N thallus, the zygote is the only diploid stage, with “hypnozygote” = thick walled resting stage isogamous, anisogamous, and oogamous species Genera: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Dunaliella 36 18 Order: Volvocales Genus: Chlamydomonas • Cup-shaped chloroplast, orange eyespot • Scientists sequenced and mapped genome in 2003 • Used as a model to determine how gene expression works • Use mutations to determine where genes are on chromosomes 37 Chlamydomonas life history: Usually asexual fluid conditions Mt moist but not wet conditions “palmelloid stage” 38 19 Haplontic- Sexual reproduction in unfavorable conditions (1/2) (1/2) Hypnozygote 39 = resting stage Genus: Volvox • Spherical colonies of 500 – 40,000 cells • Each colony contains a large number of somatic cells and a small number of reproductive cells • Zygotes are orange 40 20 Volvox life history • Oogamous • Gonidia = specialized cells that divide to become daughter colonies • Zoospore = spore with flagella • Endospore = surrounds zoospore • Mesospore = initially surrounds endospore + zoospore 41 Genus: Dunaliella • Common in salt ponds: have special ion pumps • Packed with beta-carotene to protect from UV irradiance • Commercial value (beta-carotene) = used for food coloring and in pharmaceuticals 42 21 V. Classes in detail - Chlorophyte Diversity: 5 classes: Chlorophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Prasinophyceae Charophyceae Land plants 43 Class Trebouxiophyceae: 1. How flagella are attached/constructed: • basal bodies orientation = counterclockwise • microtubule roots = cruciate 2. Cell covering: • scales vs. cell wall = wall 3. How cells actually divide: • spindle = closed;
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