Diptera) from Brazil

New genera and host plant records of Asteraceae-feeding Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil

ALLEN L. NORRBOM1 & PAULO INÁCIO PRADO2 1Systematic Entomology Lab., USDA, ARS, c/o Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washing- ton, DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6166, Campi- nas - SP, CEP 13084-971, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Three new genera of Tephritinae (Tephritidae), Cipomyia (type species: C. totofusca, n. sp.), Eutretopsis (type species: E. albipunctata, n. sp.), and Lewinsohnia (type species: L. magna, n. sp.) are described from Brazil. The first host plant records are provided for C. totofusca, L. magna, and Caenoriata pertinax (Bates).

Key words: Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae, taxonomy, host plant, Asteraceae

Introduction

Fruit fly species of the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most diverse and important insects that feed inside flowerheads of composite plants (Asteraceae). In the Neotropics there are more than 430 species and nearly 50 genera currently recognized in this subfamily (Norrbom et al. 1999, and unpublished data), but many are poorly studied and numerous additional species are undescribed, including more than one-third of the tephritid species reared from Asteraceae in southern Brazil by Prado et al. (2002). In this paper we describe three new genera and report host plant and distribution records for several species, mainly the result of the extensive surveys of endophagous insects in Asteraceae in southern Brazil by Thomas Lewinsohn and colleagues (Prado et al. 2002). The new genera are described for inclusion in a key to Neotropical tephritid genera to be published in a forthcoming manual.

Accepted by D. Bickel: 1 Feb. 2006; published: 6 Mar. 2006 1 ZOOTAXA Methods 1139 Morphological terminology follows White et al. (1999). Acronyms for the institutions where specimens are deposited are: AMNH—American Museum of Natural History, New York; MHNG—Museum d’Históire Naturelle, Genève; MZUSP—Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo; USNM—National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; and ZUEC—Museu de Histria Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

Caenoriata pertinax (Bates)

Biology This species breeds in flowerheads of Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker (Asteraceae: Vernonieae), a common tree in cerrado areas of Brazil. This is the first host plant record for the genus Caenoriata.

Distribution Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo). The records for São Paulo are the first for the state.

Material examined BRAZIL: Goiás: Corumbá, Fazenda Monjolinho, Sep 1952, F. Lane, 1& (USNM USNMENT00214205). Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa, 26 Nov 1960, Araujo e Martins, 1%1& (MZUSP USNMENT00214206-07). São Paulo: Assis, Estação Ecológica de Assis, 22°35.96’S 50°22.28’W, reared ex capitula of Piptocarpha rotundifolia (G1313), 27 May 2000, P. Prado, M. Almeida-Neto, H. Kubota & D. Sudatti, 1& (USNM USNME NT00214209); Itirapina, Estação Experimental de Itirapina, 22°15.96’S 47°47.81’W, reared ex capitula of Piptocarpha rotundifolia (G0608), 7 May 2000, Fonseca, Prado, Almeida Neto & Anseloni, 1& (USNM USNMENT00214208); Mogi Guaçu, Reserva Biológica de Mogi-Guaçu, 22°14.21’’S, 47°51.43’’W, 26 Apr 2001, S. Ferreira, R. Raimundo, M. Portella, Máximo, [reared ex capitula Piptocarpha rotundifolia] P0405, 1% (ZUEC).

Cipomyia Norrbom & Prado, new genus

“Acrotaeniini gen. 2”: Prado et al. 2002: 1012. Type species. C. totofusca, new species

Diagnosis This genus differs from all other Neotropical genera of Tephritidae by its entirely dark

2 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO brown wing pattern and in having rows of teeth-like spines on the base of the phallus ZOOTAXA (Figs. 5, 6). It runs to the “Platensinini” in the key of Foote (1980) but differs from all of 1139 the genera included there by its wing pattern. It clearly belongs to the Tephritinae, but within this group its relationships are unclear. It may be closest to Acrotaenia and related genera based on its chaetotaxy (nonsetulose frons, acuminate lateral vertical seta, setulose

R4+5), head shape, and venation (lobe of cell bcu moderately large).

Description Head: In lateral view higher than long, nearly oval, frons and face curving together without distinct angle or at strongly obtuse angle. Lunule large, length subequal to width. Frons nonsetulose medially, with 3 frontal setae and 2 acuminate reclinate orbital setae. Medial vertical seta yellow, acuminate, well developed; lateral vertical seta paler yellow, sometimes slightly lanceolate, half to 2/3 as long as medial vertical seta. Postocellar and postvertical setae well developed, white, lanceolate. Postocular setae mixed small, dark acuminate and large, white, lanceolate. Thorax: Postpronotal, anterior and posterior notopleural, presutual and postsutural supra-alar, intra-alar, postalar, dorsocentral, acrostichal, 2 scutellar, 1–2 anepisternal, anepimeral, and katepisternal setae well developed, yellow to pale brown, acuminate. Dorsocentral seta closer to transverse suture than level of postsutural supra-alar seta. Apical scutellar seta 2/3 as long as basal seta, longer than scutellum. Legs: Hind femur with anterodorsal and posterodorsal preapical setae. Wing (Fig. 1): Entirely brown, including basal cells, alula, and anal lobe. Without bullae or argents (spots due to microtrichia color). Costal setulae at subcostal break short, no more than 2 times as long as other costal setulae. Vein R1 dorsally without gap in setulae near bend in vein Sc. Vein R4+5 dorsally evenly setulose to level of apex of R2+3, ventrally setulose to beyond level of r-m. Pterostigma 2.0–2.3 times as long as wide. Lobe of cell bcu subequal in length to width of cell. Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus simple, without posterodorsal lobe. Medial surstylus with 2 stout prensisetae. Base of phallus (Figs. 5–6) swollen and with two rows of tooth-like spines. Female terminalia: Eversible membrane similar dorsally and ventrally, with short taenia 1/3 length of membrane, and single broad oval area of moderate sized triangular spicules, largest subbasally, gradually tapering distally. Aculeus tip simple. 2 spermathecae.

Etymology The name of this genus is derived from the type locality of the type species, the Serra do Cipó, and myia (fly), and is to be treated as feminine in gender.

"Acrotaeniini n.gen.2 sp.1”: Prado & Lewinsohn 2004: 1173.

Description Length 3.5–4.5 mm; wing length 3.7–4.3 mm; mesonotum length 1.70–1.95 mm. Head: Mostly yellow to orange, with large dark brown area on occiput and postgena. Genal height less than 0.1 times long diameter of eye. Eye 0.5–0.65 times as long as high (shortest vs. longest diameter). Face with narrow, weak carina. Frons narrow, as broad as eye in dorsal view; with 3 frontal setae yellow, acuminate; anterior orbital seta yellow, posterior seta brown; ocellar seta yellow, about as long as frontal setae. 1–2 genal setae and numerous genal setulae brown. Facial ridge with 2–3 rows of minute, pale brown, acuminate setulae. Antenna short, first flagellomere slightly longer than pedicel, 1.6 times as long as wide, rounded apically; arista pale brown, bare. Labella capitate; palpus moderately stout, slightly dorsally curved. Thorax: Largely dark brown and entirely microtrichose; scutum, except extreme lateral and posterior margins, and middle of anepisternum densely gray microtrichose. Scutal setulae all whitish, slightly lanceolate, nearly evenly distributed. Scutellum relatively flat, with whitish setulae evenly distributed on disk. Postpronotal setulae brown, acuminate except for 2 slightly longer, white, lanceolate setulae laterally. Proepisternum with vertical row of 3–4 white lanceolate setulae and several smaller brown acuminate setulae ventrally. Anepisternal, katepisternal, and anepimeral setulae brown, acuminate. Legs: Coxae, trochanters, and femora dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Entirely brown, and entirely moderately microtrichose. Setulae brown, acuminate.

FIGURES 1–3. Wings: 1, Cipomyia totofusca; 2, Eutretopsis albipunctata; and Lewinsohnia magna.

FIGURES 4–10. Cipomyia totofusca, male and female terminalia: 4, epandrium and surstyli, posterior; 5, base of phallus, phallapodeme, and hypandrium, ventral; 6, epandrium, surstyli, hypandrium, phallapodeme and base of phallus, lateral; 7, aculeus, ventral; 8, aculeus tip, ventral; 9, glans, lateral; 10, glans, dorsal.

TEPHRITIDAE © 2006 Magnolia Press 5 ZOOTAXA Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus simple, short, in lateral view (Fig. 6) without 1139 posterodorsal lobe, in posterior view (Fig. 4) nearly forming oval with epandrium, apex mesally curved. Glans (Figs. 9–10) relatively stout, mostly sclerotized, with 2 membranous apical lobes, one tapering and with row of tooth-like spines, the other broad, extending laterally, and ending in fringe of tooth-like spines; acrophallus relatively stout, apical half slanted in dorsal view, and basal half fused to outer sclerotized sheath laterally. Female terminalia: Oviscape 1.5 mm long, 0.77 times as long as mesonotum, dark brown, with short, slender, brown acuminate setulae. Aculeus (Fig. 7) 0.80 mm long, 0.24 mm wide, moderately stout, tip (Fig. 8) slightly ventrally curved, thicker medially than laterally, broadly triangular, lateral margins gradually tapering to blunt apex. Spermathecae elongate ovoid.

Biology In an extensive survey of flowerhead Tephritidae (see notes on Lewinsohnia magna) this species was reared from flowerheads of Eremanthus elaeagnus (Mart. ex DC.) Sch. Bip., E. glomerulatus Less., E. incanus Less., Lychnophora diamantinana Coile & S.B. Jones, L. villosissima Mart., L. ericoides Mart. and at least one other unidentified species of Lychnophora. Eremanthus Less. and Lychnophora Mart. are the two largest genera in the Lychnophorinae, a subtribe of Vernonieae (Asteraceae) that is restricted to the Brazilian Plateau (Robinson 1999). The highest diversity of these genera is in the “campo rupestre” (grasslands in shallow rocky soils above 1,000 m in the mountain ranges of central Brazil), but many species reach the contiguous “cerrado” vegetation (savanna-like grasslands and scrublands at lower altitudes). Cipomyia totofusca was reared from flowerheads from all areas of campo rupestre in Minas Gerais state sampled by Prado et al. (2002), except in Serra do Cabral, the westernmost site (17°43’S 44°44’W). However, the specimens from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso state and from Batatais, northern São Paulo state, show that like some of its host plants this fly species occurs in cerrado areas. Additional sampling in cerrado and campo rupestre sites (Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Bahia states) is needed to determine the full geographic range of C. totofusca, but it is reasonable to suppose that it is a specialist on Lychnophorinae, and thus is restricted to the Brazilian Central Plateau.

Distribution Brazil (Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo).

Etymology The name of this species is an adjective derived from the Latin “totus” (all, whole), and “fuscus” (dark), in reference to its entirely dark brown wing pattern.

Type data Holotype & (MZUSP), BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó [Estrada da Usina, 19°17.51’S 43°36.04’W], 14 Jul 1994, P. Prado, V. Solferini & P. Orlandi, col.733 [reared

6 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO ex capitula Eremanthus glomerulatus]. Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Diamantina, ZOOTAXA São João da Chapada, Serra da Guiné, 18°06.06’S 43°44.08’W, 07 Sep 1996, T. 1139 Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96676, [reared ex capitula of Lychnophora sp.], 3%1& (ZUEC); same, PIC96678, [reared ex capitula of Lychnophora villosissima], 2% (ZUEC); same, PIC96679, [reared ex capitula of Lychnophora diamantinana], 2%1& (ZUEC); Grão Mogol, Trilha da Tropa, 16°33’S 42°54’W, 05 Sep 1996, P. Prado, A. Santos, PIC96649, [reared ex capitula of Eremanthus incanus], 1% (ZUEC); Grão Mogol, Vale do Rio Itacambiruu, 16°36.01’S 42°57.22’W, 05 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, J.C. Silva, PIC96643, [reared ex capitula of Eremanthus incanus], 1% (ZUEC); Joaquim Felcio, Serra do Cabral, cerrado, 17°43.80’S 44°11.20’W, 19 Jul 1995, P. Prado & T. Lewinsohn, PIC95330, [reared ex capitula of Eremanthus aff. glomerulatus], 1% (ZUEC); Ouro Branco, Serra do Ouro Branco, 2030.23’S 4338.78’W, 28 Jul 1995, P. Prado, T. Lewinsohn, B. Buys, V. Motta, PIC95487, [reared ex capitula of Eremanthus glomerulatus], 1& (ZUEC); same, 2030.38’S 4338.09’W, 12 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96806, [reared ex capitula of Lychnophora ericoides], 1 (ZUEC); Ouro Prêto, ruisseau et maquis [river and dry scrub vegetation], st. 2, 27–29 Apr 1993, C. Dufour & J.-P. Haenni, 1& (MHNG USNMENT00212908); Serra do Cipó [Chapéu do Sol, 19°17.95’S 43°36.14’W], [reared ex capitula] Eremanthus [glomerulatus],16 Jul 1989, P. Prado col. 50, 4%1& (ZUEC), 1& (USNM USNME NT00213204); same, [reared ex capitula] Eremanthus [sp.], 10 Aug 1989, col. 56, 1%1& (USNM USNMENT00213202-03); Serra do Cipó [Estrada da Usina, 19°17.51’S 43°36.04’W], [reared ex capitula] Eremanthus [elaeagnus], 17 Aug 1989, P. Prado, col. 89, 3% (ZUEC); Serra do Cipó [Estrada da Usina, 19°17.51’S 43°36.04’W], [reared ex capitula] Eremanthus [glomerulatus], 14 May 1993, P. Prado, V. Solferini & T. Lewinsohn, col. 657, 1% (ZUEC); same, 14 Jul 1994, P. Prado, V. Solferini & P. Orlandi, col.733 [reared ex capitula Eremanthus glomerulatus] 4%3& (ZUEC); same, Estrada da Usina, 19°17.25’S 43°35.92’W, 27 Jul 1995, P. Prado, T. Lewinsohn, B. Buys, V. Motta, PIC95469, [reared ex capitula of Eremanthus glomerulatus], 1% (ZUEC). Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães [15°26’S 55°45’W], [1882-86, H. H. Smith], 1% (AMNH USNMENT00213199). São Paulo: Batatais [20°53’S 47°35’W], Mar 1943, A. Stafuzza, 2% (MZUSP USNMENT00213200-01); Batatais, Sep 1946, P. Pereira, 1& (MZUSP USNMENT00213198).

Eutretopsis Norrbom & Prado, new genus

Type species. E. albipunctata, new species

Diagnosis The single known species of this genus strongly resembles Eutreta in wing pattern, having a mostly brown wing with numerous small whitish to hyaline spots and an apical

TEPHRITIDAE © 2006 Magnolia Press 7 ZOOTAXA whitish to hyaline band, but it differs in having the wing base and the alula whitish to 1139 hyaline, by lacking setulae medially on the frons, having no parafacial spot or eye markings (both variable but commonly present in Eutreta), and having the aculeus tip simple. It runs to the “Platensinini” in the key of Foote (1980) but differs from all of the genera included there by its wing pattern as indicated above. It clearly belongs to the Tephritinae, but within this group its relationships are unclear. It may be closest to Acrotaenia and related genera based on its chaetotaxy (nonsetulose frons, acuminate

lateral vertical seta, setulose R4+5), head shape, and venation (lobe of cell bcu moderately large).

Description Head: In lateral view higher than long, nearly oval, frons and face curving together at obtuse angle. Lunule large, 3/4 as long as wide. Frons nonsetulose medially, with 3 frontal setae and 2 reclinate acuminate orbital setae. Medial vertical seta yellowish, acuminate, well developed; lateral vertical seta slightly less than half as long as medial vertical seta, acuminate, yellowish. Postocellar and postvertical setae moderately well developed, whitish, lanceolate. Postocular setae mixed short acuminate and larger lanceolate, both whitish. Thorax: Setae yellow, acuminate, including postpronotal, 2 notopleural, presutual and postsutural supra-alar, intra-alar, postalar, dorsocentral, acrostichal, 2 scutellar, 2 anepisternal, anepimeral, and katepisternal setae. Dorsocentral seta closer to transverse suture than level of postsutural supra-alar seta. Apical scutellar seta 2/3–3/4 as long as basal seta. Legs: Hind femur with anterodorsal and posterodorsal preapical setae. Wing (Fig. 2): Predominantly brown, with numerous small hyaline spots (appearing whitish at some angles due to microtrichia) on central 2/3. Anterior margin brown from

apex of vein Sc to beyond apex of vein R2+3. Apex with hyaline to whitish band extending

from midway between apices of veins R2+3 and R4+5, extending into cell m; band narrower than solid brown area between it and central area with spots. Posterior margin with 6–7

whitish spots, 3 in anal lobe, 2 in cell cu1, and 1–2 in cell m (spots smaller in Itatiaia female than in other 2 specimens). Base hyaline to whitish, including all of cell bc, subbasal and subapical spots in cell c (sometimes connected posteriorly to form stout U- shaped area), base of cell br to level of humeral costal break, base of cell bm, basal half to most of cell bcu excluding apical lobe, and most of alula. Without bullae. Costal setulae at

subcostal break 2.0–2.5 times as long as other costal setulae. Vein R1 dorsally with distinct

gap in setulae near bend in vein Sc. Vein R4+5 dorsally evenly setulose to beyond level of

apex of R2+3, ventrally setulose to beyond level of r-m. Pterostigma 2 times as long as wide. Lobe of cell bcu 1/2–2/3 as long as width of cell. Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus simple, in lateral view without posterodorsal lobe. Medial surstylus with 2 stout prensisetae. Base of phallus not swollen and without spines.

8 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO Female terminalia: Eversible membrane similar dorsally and ventrally, with short ZOOTAXA taenia 1/4 length of membrane, and single broad area of moderate sized spicules, largest 1139 subbasally, gradually tapering distally. Aculeus tip simple. 2 spermathecae.

Etymology The name of this genus is derived from the Greek “eu-” (well or very), “tretos” (perforated), and “-opsis” (like or having the appearance of), in reference to its wing pattern and similarity to Eutreta Loew. It is to be treated as feminine in gender.

Eutretopsis albipunctata Norrbom & Prado, new species Figs. 2, 11–14

Description Length 4–5 mm; wing length 3.7–4.0 mm; mesonotum length 1.60–1.75 mm. Most setae yellowish to golden orange, often with base brownish. Head: Mostly yellow to orange, sometimes with large dark brown area laterally on occiput. Genal height 0.15–0.17 times long diameter of eye. Eye 0.78–0.81 times as long as high (shortest vs. longest diameter). Face concave, flat medially or with very narrow, weak carina. Frons moderately broad, 1.1–1.5 times as broad as eye in dorsal view, nonsetulose medially except for 1 setula slightly anteromedial to anterior orbital seta; 3 frontal and 2 orbital setae yellowish, acuminate; ocellar seta yellowish, longer than frontal setae. 1–2 genal setae and numerous genal setulae yellowish. Facial ridge with 2 rows of minute yellowish acuminate setulae. Antenna short, first flagellomere 1.3 times as long as pedicel, 1.3 times as long as wide, rounded apically; arista pale brown, sparsely minutely pubescent. Labella capitate; palpus moderately stout, slightly dorsally curved. Thorax: Entirely moderately densely microtrichose; mostly appearing bluish gray due to underlying brown cuticle, except for yellow postpronotal lobe, lateral postsutural margin of scutum (including postsutural supra-alar and intra-alar setae), scutellum, and sometimes propleuron, notopleuron, and/or anterior part of anepisternum. Scutal setulae whitish, slightly lanceolate, nearly evenly distributed. Postpronotal lobe with several dorsal setulae and 2–3 slightly larger, lanceolate setulae laterally. Propleuron with row of 5–6 lanceolate setulae. Other pleural setulae yellowish. Scutellum very slightly convex, with setulae evenly distributed on disk or only near margin. Anepisternum setulose on dorsal margin (setulae dorsally directed) and posterior half (setulae posteriorly directed). Legs: Yellow, except mid and hind coxae and femora sometimes partially brown, femora with with as much as basal 3/4 brown. Abdomen: Entirely brown and entirely moderately microtrichose. Setulae brown, acuminate. Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus simple, short, in posterior view nearly forming oval with epandrium, apex mesally curved and truncate. Glans (Figs. 13–14) relatively stout,

TEPHRITIDAE © 2006 Magnolia Press 9 ZOOTAXA mostly sclerotized, with small simple membranous apical lobe; acrophallus relatively 1139 stout, gradually curved in dorsal view, and with basal half fused to outer sclerotized sheath laterally. Female terminalia: Oviscape 1.25 mm long, 0.75 times as long as mesonotum, dark brown, with short, slender, brown acuminate setulae. Aculeus (Fig. 11) 0.87 mm long, 0.17 mm wide, relatively slender, tip (Fig. 12) dorsally curved, elongate triangular, lateral margins gradually tapering to blunt apex. Spermathecae pear-shaped.

Biology The host plants of E. albipunctata are unknown, but it probably breeds in flowerheads of Asteraceae. Other Tephritinae with the aculeus tip similarly dorsally curved are flowerhead feeders.

Distribution Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro).

Etymology The name of this species is an adjective derived from the Latin “albus” (white), and “punctum” (dot), in reference to its white spotted wing pattern.

FIGURES 11–14. Eutretopsis albipunctata, male and female terminalia: 11, aculeus, ventral; 12, aculeus tip, ventral; 13, glans, lateral; 14, glans, dorsal.

10 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO Type data ZOOTAXA Holotype % (MZUSP USNMENT00213195), BRAZIL: São Paulo: Campos do 1139 Jordão, Mar 1953, L. Travassos Filho & E. Rabello. Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Sapucaí-Mirim, Ciudade Azul, 1400 m., 7 Nov 1953, L. Travassos F., M. Kuhlmann, C. Gans & S. Medeiros, 1& (MZUSP USNMENT00213196). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Lago Azul, 26 Sep 1954, Travassos, Barth, Albuquerque & Barros, 1& (USNM USNME NT00213197).

Lewinsohnia Norrbom & Prado, new genus

"Acrotaeniini gen. 3”: Prado et al. 2002: 1012. Type species. L. magna, new species

Diagnosis This genus resembles most species of Dyseuaresta, Euaresta and Tetreuaresta in wing pattern. It differs from Dyseuaresta in having 2 scutellar setae and the lateral surstylus not especially long nor posteriorly curved. It differs from Euaresta in having 3 frontal setae and in the shape of the male terminalia (epandrium and surstyli not broader than high nor with transverse striations), and from Tetreuaresta (to which it will run in the key of Foote 1980) in having the frons setulose medially, the posterior orbital and notopleural setae white, distinctly paler than the anterior setae, and cell r4+5 with a medial bulla. Although Lewinsohnia was listed (as “gen. 3”) as a genus of Acrotaeniini by Prado et al. (2002), it is doubtfully related to genera that were placed in that group as indicated by its setulose frons, mixed postocular setae, pale posterior orbital, posterior notopleural, and lateral vertical setae, and gap in the dorsal setulae on vein R4+5. It is here tentatively classified in the tribe Tephritini.

Description Head: In lateral view higher than long, subquadrate, face and frons meeting at approximately 135° angle. Lunule half as long as wide. Frons with numerous white acuminate setulae medially, with 3 frontal setae and 2 reclinate orbital setae, posterior seta white, slightly lanceolate, distinctly paler than dark brown to black anterior seta. Medial vertical seta dark brown to black, acuminate, well developed; lateral vertical seta pale yellow, slightly lanceolate, ca. half as long as medial vertical seta. Postocellar and postvertical setae well developed, white, lanceolate. Postocular setae mixed small, dark acuminate and large, white, lanceolate. Thorax: Postpronotal, anterior notopleural, presutural and postsutural supra-alar, intra- alar, postalar, dorsocentral, acrostichal, 2 scutellar, and dorsal anepisternal setae well developed, red brown to dark brown, acuminate; posterior notopleural, other anepisternal (usually 2, rarely 3–4), anepimeral, and katepisternal setae yellow to white. Dorsocentral

TEPHRITIDAE © 2006 Magnolia Press 11 ZOOTAXA seta closer to transverse suture than level of postsutural supra-alar seta. Apical scutellar 1139 seta subequal to basal seta. Legs: Hind femur with anterodorsal and posterodorsal preapical setae.

Wing (Fig. 3): Pattern mostly dark brown, radiate. Cell r4+5 with strong bulla in anterior half aligned slightly distal to dm-cu. Costal setulae at subcostal break moderately large,

3–4 times as long as other costal setulae. Vein R1 dorsally with distinct gap in setulae near

bend in vein Sc. Vein R4+5 dorsally with numerous setulae, extending well beyond level of dm-cu, but with broad gap near r-m, ventrally setulose to level of r-m. Lobe of cell bcu approximately half as long as width of cell. Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus (Figs. 21–22) broad and thick distally (posterior surface slightly concave), in lateral view nearly straight, not posteriorly curved, and without posterodorsal lobe. Medial surstylus with 2 stout prensisetae. Female terminalia: Eversible membrane dorsally and ventrally with large oval area of triangular spicules, largest subbasally, gradually tapering distally, slightly larger on ventral side, on dorsal side at base with membranous area forming small medial notch. Aculeus tip simple. 2 spermathecae.

Etymology This genus is named for Thomas Lewinsohn, who led the project in which the type specimens were collected. It is to be treated as feminine in gender.

Lewinsohnia magna Norrbom & Prado, new species Figs. 3, 15–22

Description Length 6.5–7.5 mm; wing length 6.3–6.5 mm; mesonotum length 3.10–3.15 mm. Head: Genal height 0.17–0.21 times long diameter of eye. Eye 0.78–0.82 times as long as high (shortest vs. longest diameter). Face with broad, weak carina. Frons 1.2 times as broad as eye, with 3 frontal setae dark brown to black, acuminate; ocellar seta large, longer than frontal setae. Genal seta yellow to dark brown; gena and postgena with numerous white, slightly lanceolate setulae, many as long as genal seta. Facial ridge with 2–3 rows of minute, pale brown, acuminate setulae. Antenna short, first flagellomere as long as pedicel, 1.2 times as long as wide; arista pale brown, minutely pubescent on broader basal part, rest dark brown, bare. Labella capitate; palpus relatively slender, slightly dorsally curved. Thorax (Figs. 15, 16): Entirely densely gray to tan microtrichose except ventral margin of mediotergite bare and shiny; with dark brown, oval microtrichose area posterior to and including acrostichal seta, similar but smaller area posterior to and including intra- alar seta, and sometimes a small similar area posterior to and including basal scutellar seta.

12 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO Scutellum with base darker brown basolaterally, brown area barely including basal seta; ZOOTAXA apex yellow. Thoracic setulae all white. Scutal setulae slightly lanceolate, nearly evenly 1139 distributed. Scutellum relatively flat, with numerous setulae evenly distributed on disk. Anepisternum setulose on posterior 2/3, setulae posteriorly directed except along dorsal margin where dorsally directed. Legs: Yellow, except femora usually partially to mostly brown, especially on mid and hind legs.

FIGURES 15–16. Lewinsohnia magna, female habitus: 15, dorsal; 16, lateral.

FIGURES 17–22. Lewinsohnia magna: 17, head, lateral; 18, aculeus, ventral; 19, aculeus tip, ventral; 20, glans, dorsal; 21, epandrium and surstyli, posterior; 22, epandrium, surstyli, hypandrium, phallapodeme and phallus, lateral, with glans, lateral.

14 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO Wing (Fig. 3): Pattern mostly dark brown, with numerous (8–12) small, paler, circular ZOOTAXA argents (areas with silvery microtrichia, more visible when viewed at oblique angle) in 1139 cells br, R2+3, and R4+5; radiate distally, with narrow rays extending from middle of cell r4+5 to apices of veins R2+3, R4+5, and M, middle of apical margin of cell r2+3, and in cell m. Most of wing base hyaline, including cell bc except bordering crossvein h, cell c except narrow subbasal pale brown spot and narrow medial dark brown mark, most of cell br proximal to fork of Rs, and basal 3/5 of cells bm and bcu. Cell br often with 1–2 small yellow to hyaline spots in distal third (replacing argents). Pterostigma entirely dark brown. Cell r1 with 3 marginal hyaline marks, wedge-shaped or medial mark sometimes rectangular; proximal 2 marks just distal to apex of vein R1, well separated from distal mark, ending at vein R2+3; distal mark extending into cell R2+3. Cell dm with 3–5 large ovoid hyaline spots in distal 2/3, these spots near posterior margin except for most distal spot slightly anterior to middle. Cell cu1 with 5–6 large ovoid hyaline spots on distal 2/3. Anal lobe with 5–6 smaller ovoid hyaline spots. Cells r2+3, r4+5, and m with 5 large, wedge-shaped, marginal hyaline marks; cell m also with subbasal marginal hyaline spot and smaller hyaline spot anterior to it. Cell r4+5 with strong bulla in anterior half aligned slightly distal to dm-cu. Abdomen: Setulae and setae predominantly pale to moderate brown, except most setulae and setae on syntergite 1+2 and marginal setae on tergites 3 and 4 whitish; marginal setae on tergites 5 and 6 large, approximately 2 times as long as those on tergites 3 and 4. Tergites entirely microtrichose, matte. Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus (Figs. 21–22) about half as long as height of epandrium, broad and thick distally (posterior surface slightly concave). Glans (Fig. 20) mostly sclerotized. Female terminalia: Oviscape 2.1 mm long, 0.67 times as long as mesonotum, orange, with slender, acuminate, posteriorly directed yellow to pale brown setulae and longer, slender, acuminate, erect brown setae. Aculeus (Figs. 18–19) 2.0 mm long, 0.30 mm wide, relatively slender, straight, gradually tapered to slightly blunt apex. Spermathecae rounded cylindrical.

Biology Lewinsohnia magna was reared from flowerheads of Wunderlichia mirabilis Riedel ex Baker (Asteraceae), collected in five localities of campo rupestre in Minas Gerais State. To date, a total of 2,606 samples of flowerheads belonging to 508 other Asteraceae species have been collected in the same and other localities in southern Brazil, but no specimens of L. magna were reared from them (Prado et al. 2002, Lewinsohn et al. unpublished). These samples included 95 from other genera that along with Wunderlichia belong to the subtribe Mutisiinae (tribe Mutiseae) (eight species of Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera, four of Chaptalia Vent., nine of Gochnatia Kunth, one of Mutisia L. f., and two of Trichocline Cass.), and one sample of a congeneric plant (35 flowerheads of Wunderlichia sennaei Glaz. ex Maguire & G.M. Barroso collected in Diamantina). Hence, we hypothesize that L.

TEPHRITIDAE © 2006 Magnolia Press 15 ZOOTAXA magna is a specialist on species of Wunderlichia Riedel ex Benth. & Hook.f., although 1139 additional sampling is necessary to ascertain if it can breed in flowerheads of other species of the genus (e.g., W. cruelsiana Taub., which is commonly found in cerrado areas). If this hypothesis is correct, L. magna is endemic to Brazil, to which its host genus is restricted. Wunderlichia is a distinctive genus with eight known species, and it may be among the ancient, basal lineages within the Asteraceae (Bremer 1994). Wunderlichia mirabilis is a 3–5 m tall small tree that occurs in rocky outcrops and sandy soils of campo rupestre, and probably also in adjacent cerrados. It has one of the largest flowerheads among Brazilian Asteraceae (4–6 cm. in diameter and 17–20 g of dry weight), and from one sample of only 13 capitula (PIC96605) we reared 141 adult flies.

Distribution Brazil (Minas Gerais).

Etymology The name of this species is a Latin adjective meaning large, in reference to its large size.

Type data Holotype % (MZUSP), BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Joaquim Felício, Serra do Cabral, próximo a Matinha, 17°41.37’’S, 44°11.88’’W, 3 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96605 [reared ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis]. Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Estrada de Conselheiro Matta, 18°17.89’’S, 43°50.16’’W, 8 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96721 [reared ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis], 20%11& (ZUEC); Diamantina, Estrada Guinda - São João da Chapada, 18°09.59’’S, 43°43.00’’W, 7 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96706 [reared ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis], 15%9& (ZUEC); Grão Mogol, Trilha da Tropa, 16°33’’S, 42°54’’W, 5 Sep 1996, P. Prado, A. Santos, PIC96733 [ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis], 13%9& (ZUEC), 1%1& (USNM USNME NT00213274-75); Joaquim Felício, Serra do Cabral, vale do córrego do Jucão, 17°41.91’’S, 44°16.66’’W, 2 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96586 [reared ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis], 13%5& (ZUEC); Joaquim Felício, Serra do Cabral, próximo a Matinha, 17°41.37’’S, 44°11.88’’W, 3 Sep 1996, T. Lewinsohn, P. Prado, A. Santos, J. Silva, PIC96605 [reared ex capitula Wunderlichia mirabilis], 65%75& (ZUEC).

Acknowledgments

Field research was supported by grants to Prado and colleagues from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de São Paulo within the Biota-FAPESP Program (grant 98/05085-2)

16 © 2006 Magnolia Press NORRBOM & PRADO and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Special thanks ZOOTAXA are due to João Semir and the late Hermógenes Leitão Filho for plant identification. 1139 Bernhard Merz, Alex Konstantinov, Chris Thompson, and two anonymous reviewers kindly reviewed the manuscript.

References

Bremer, K. (1994) Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 752 pp. Foote, R.H. (1980) Fruit fly genera south of the United States (Diptera: Tephritidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1600, IV + 79 pp. Norrbom, A.L., Carroll, L.E., Thompson, F.C., White, I.M. & Freidberg, A. (1999) Systematic database of names. In: Thompson, F. C. (Ed.), Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Sys- tematic Information Database. Myia (1998), 9, pp. 65–251, & Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) (1998) 1. Prado, P.I. & Lewinsohn, T.M. (2004) Compartments in insect-plant associations and their conse- quences for community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 1168–1178. Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C. & Lopes, M.B. (2002) The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proceed- ings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 104, 1007–1028. Robinson, H. (1999) Generic and subtribal classification of American Vernonieae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 89, i–iv, 1–116. White, I.M., Norrbom, A.L., Headrick, D.H. & Carroll, L.E. (1999) Glossary. In: Aluja, M. & Norr- bom, A.L. (Eds.), Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. [16] + 944 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton., pp. 881–924.