How Rich is the Flora of Brazilian ? Author(s): A. A. J. F. Castro, F. R. Martins, J. Y. Tamashiro and G. J. Shepherd Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Winter, 1999), pp. 192-224 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2666220 Accessed: 18-06-2015 18:22 UTC

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This content downloaded from 143.106.108.174 on Thu, 18 Jun 2015 18:22:09 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HOW RICH IS THE FLORA A. A. J. F. Castro,2 F. R. Martins,*3J. E OF BRAZILIAN CERRADOS?1 Tamashiro,3and G. J. Shepherd3

ABSTRACT

An attempt is made to summarize what is known about the richness of the total terrestrialangiosperm flora of the "cerrados" (as a complex of formations)in , based on published surveys and lists. A "refined" list of arboreal and shrubby species was compiled froma total of 145 individual lists from78 localities, taking into account synonymyand recent taxonomic changes. The refinedlist had 1709 references to taxonomic entities at the species level (973 identified with confidence and 31 with aff or cf.), 572 references to generic entities (363 genera identifiedwith confidence), and 210 references to the familylevel (88 families identifiedwith confidence). There are many unidentified arboreal and shrubby taxa at the specific, generic, and familylevels, indicating that a considerable amount of taxonomic research remains to be done on the flora, and that this flora may be much richer than is generally assumed. Depending on the assumptions made, these data suggest a total of around 1000 to 2000 arboreal and shrubby species and 2000 to 5000 herbaceous ones, yielding estimates for the total cerrado flora (terrestrialangiosperms) rangingfrom 3000 to 7000 species. These limits, especially the upper one, are dubious, but give an idea of the magnitude of the angiosperm flora in the Brazilian cerrados. Surveys of cerrados are very unevenly distributed,and studies of relatively unknown sites may reveal much more diversitythan that presently known.

On readingaccounts of floristicstudies on cer- component have been rare in Brazil (Mantovani & rados in Brazil, one rapidlycomes to realize that Martins, 1993). Comparing the non-woody compo- the majorityof authors,either implicitly or explic- nent in differentlocalities in Brazil, Mantovani itly,consider the cerrado flora to be well knownand (1983) found a local richness that varied between to have low richness.For example,Rizzini (1963, 165 species in the Serra Dourada (state of Goias) 1971) estimatedaround 600 species and a little and 640 in the municipality of Lagoa Santa (state over200 generafor the whole cerrado arboreal and of ). In an area of 343.42 ha of a cer- shrubbyflora, but Heringeret al. (1977) cited 193 rado in the Reserva Biologica de Moji GuaGu (state arborealand shrubbyspecies and confirmedless of Sao Paulo), Mantovani and Martins (1993) found than 150 genera.Even recentstudies (e.g., Leitao 403 species of non-woody angiosperms. The her- Filho, 1992; Ratteret al., 1997) have estimatedthe baceous-subshrubby angiosperm flora of the cer- numberof arboreal-shrubbyspecies forthe cerra- rados thereforeappears to be richer than the ar- dos as being around800. Eiten (1990) has been boreal-shrubby flora, but its richness varies with one of the few authorsto suggestthat the thick- physiognomy(Mantovani, 1987). stemmedarboreal-shrubby flora contains more than It can also be argued that the maximum physi- 1000 species and that the denser physiognomies ognomic and floristic expression, together with may reach more than 150 arborealand shrubby maximum spatial continuity,should occur in the species per hectare.Castro (1994; see Ratteret al., "nuclear" (Labouriau, 1966), "central" (Rizzini, 1997) made an extensivesurvey of the literature in 1963), or "core" (Eiten, 1972; Ferri, 1977a) areas. orderto gathersupport for the idea thatthe arboreal An implication of this reasoning is that marginal and shrubbyflora of the Brazilian cerrados is much and disjunct areas (Ratter et al., 1988a) should richerthan previously assumed. have a relatively impoverished flora in comparison It could be arguedthat as the cerradosconsist to the nuclear area, although they may be supple- of physiognomiesthat are predominantlygrass- mented by floristicelements fromthe surrounding lands, the greatestfloristic richness should be en- vegetation formations (Eiten, 1972; Fernandes & counteredin thenon-woody (herbaceous-subshrub- Bezerra, 1990; Rizzini, 1963). These elements, by) componentof the vegetation.Surveys of this which occur preferentiallyin other formationsand

I Researchwas developedin the Cursode Pos-Graduaca-oem BiologiaVegetal, Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Brazil. We thankEsmeralda Zancheta Borges for preparation of the map in Figure1. 2 Departamentode Biologia,Centro de Ciencias da Natureza,Universidade Federal do Piauf,Campus da Ininga, Teresina64049-550, PI, Brazil. 3Departamento de Botanica,Instituto de Biologia,Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Caixa Postal6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil. * To whomcorrespondence should be sent.

ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 86: 192-224. 1999.

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sporadicallyin cerrados,were called "accessory" lectionsin the field.Which areas have been well species or elementsby Rizzini(1963). Species that collected? To what extenthave collectionsbeen occur exclusivelyin cerradoformations, or showa widelyspread or have theyconcentrated in certain markedpreference for cerrados, were termed "char- areas? In whichregions are collectionssparse or acteristic"species ("especies peculiares ou pro- nonexistent?These representpriority areas forfu- prias") by Rizzini (1963). He consideredthat only turework and shouldbe clearlyidentified. thewoody species occurringin the "cerraddo"(for- Answersto these questionsare essentialfor any est physiognomy)could be designatedcharacteris- attemptto establishplans forconservation and fur- tic species,that is, essentiallythe arboreal-shrubby ther investigation of the cerradovegetation, tasks species. However,because ofa largenumber of ac- whichare, sadly,increasingly urgent given the rap- cessoryspecies (sensuRizzini, 1963), marginaland id destructionand exploitationof this vegetation disjunctcerrado areas generallyshow considerable typein Brazil today. floristicrichness. In the presentstudy we triedto summarizewhat Althoughthis mightsuggest that cerrados in is knownfrom floristic studies in the cerradosof marginalor disjunctareas should graduallygrade Brazil,at least forthe arboreal-shrubbycomponent intoother formations, they are usuallyfairly easily of the vegetation,and to providesome indications distinguishedfrom other formations in the neigh- of wherefurther work might most usefully be in- borhoodby theirphysiognomy and floristiccom- vested to improveour knowledgefor conservation position,often with a numberof commonwell- and rationalsustainable exploitation. known species. The fact that a species occurs, grows,and reproducessuccessfully in an area MATERIAL AND METHODS showsthat it is adapted to the local conditions.It This studywas based on materialpublished and is possible to construct a continuum of species theses defendedup to 1992, supplementedby 12 rangingfrom those restrictedto verylocal areas unpublishedfield surveys from the statesof Piaui withina singlevegetation type to thosethat are very and Sao Paulo (Castroet al., in press).A literature widespreadand occur in several differentforma- surveyuncovered 135 publicationsand thesesthat tions.The distinctionbetween "characteristic" and includedfloristic surveys of cerrados.Of these,92 "accessory" species thereforeseems ratherartificial wereselected for the presentstudy. It is likelythat and debatable, lacking in ecological significance. otherstudies exist, but theywere not localized or The spatial and temporal abundance of the different could notbe obtained. species also cannot be ignored. While it might be An initial surveywas based on Garcia et al. argued that a species typical of other formations (1981), Huber (1974), Lemos (1976), Pinto(1979), and occurring only sporadically in cerrados should and Silva (1982), togetherwith publications by Ei- be considered an accessory species (e.g., ten (1972), Ferri(1963, 1971, 1973, 1977b, 1979), spp.), it is possible to find examples of species that Goodland (1979), Labouriau (1966), Marchetti occur with very low abundance but only in cerrado (1988), and Marchettiand Machado (1982). A sec- areas (such as aurata), along with numer- ond surveywas based on thecitations in thesepub- ous intermediate situations (such as Copaifera licationsand on thesesdefended, as well as on the or Vochysia tucanorum) in which spe- langsdorffii literaturecited in them.In manycases, theauthors cies that are common in otherformations also occur contactedsupplied complementaryinformation in in some abundance in many cerrados. Once again, theform of extended species listsand revisediden- it is virtually impossible to find a clear distinction tifications.Surveys were selected based on the fol- between "accessory" and "characteristic" species. lowingcriteria: Most floristicstudies, moreover,do not include in- formationon abundance, making it difficultto use (1) Where the authorsdesignated the vegetation this criterion. surveyedas some typeof "cerrado." Although cerrados are among the best studied (2) Where the authorsdistinguished the growth vegetationtypes in Brazil, a number of fundamental formof the species surveyed.We consideronly questions remain unanswered. Justhow rich, floris- treesand ;other growth forms were ex- tically, is the cerrado? How many and which taxa cluded. are already known? What is the proportionof still (3) Whenthe publicationomitted growth form, the unknown/unidentified/undescribedtaxa? What are authorswere contactedand theysent us their the taxa that cause most problems for identifica- fieldobservations. In somecases, indicationsin tion? In addition, knowledge of the flora of a given the literaturewere used (Ferri,1969, 1977b; type of vegetation depends fundamentallyon col- Heringeret al., 1977; Martiuset al., 1840,

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1906; Rizzini, 1963, 1971). In a few cases, To categorizespecies belongingto the "silvestre" growthforms were designated based on thefield or "campestre"floras we use here the expressions experienceof the authorsthemselves. arboreal-shrubbyand subshrubby-herbaceouscom- (4) Onlysurveys that made periodiccollections or ponents.We preferto use the word"component" quantitativesampling in a limitedarea at a giv- because it is abstractand not so concreteas "lay- en localitywere included. We excluded lists er," whichhas a well-definedmeaning in physiog- based on singleor sporadicvisits, or thatwere nomy:a layer can be seen in the vegetation,but not relativelylocalized. not in a flora. In severalcases, morethan one species list was Accordingto Coutinho(1990), differentvegeta- presentedfor a givensite, since a numberof ad- tiontypes are includedunder the word "cerrados," jacent areas had been studied,thus resulting in 145 whose physiognomiesvary frompure floristiclists for 78 sites.A preliminarylist of iden- ("campo limpo de cerrado"), throughsavanna tifiedspecies and thosewith dubious identification ("campo sujo," "campo cerrado,""cerrado sensu was prepared. Dubious identificationsincluded stricto,"in order of growingwoody biomass), to those such as aft or cf. Unidentifiedtaxa were pure forest("cerradao"). A similarconcept of the thoseunknown at species, ,or familylevels. cerrados can be found in Castro (1996), Eiten Fromthis preliminarylist, a refinedlist was pre- (1972), Ratterand Dargie (1992), and Ratteret al. paredwhere synonyms were combined under a sin- (1996, 1997). They are classifiedin the worldbi- gle epithet,based on the taxonomicliterature (flo- ome of savannas,which occur between the tropics, ras, revisions,theses, etc.). No attemptwas made on dystrophic,allic or acid, deep,heavily intemper- to ensurethat the epithet chosen was taxonomically ized soils undera seasonal climatewhere recurrent up to date, but only to make sure that different firesare normalevents (Sarmiento, 1983). We ac- binomialsbelonging to the same species were in- cept the broadconcept of cerrados as a complexof cluded under a single name, althoughwherever differentvegetation formations, and in the present possible,the nomenclatureused in themost recent studywe accepted the classificationof the vegeta- revisionwas followed. tionsurveyed as sometype of cerrado by the author Calculationsof proportionsof dubious and un- of the survey,as statedin criterion1 above. knowntaxa were based on the refinedlist. Each The cerradosshow two distinctfloras, termed unidentifiedtaxon was consideredto be different "silvestre" (fromthe Latin sylva = forest)and amongsamples; that is, unknowntaxa identifiedto "campestre"(from the Latin campus = field) by a givengenus or familywere considered to be dif- Rizzini (1963, 1971), mutuallyexclusive because ferentif theyoccurred in differentsurveys, so that both are heliophilous(Coutinho, 1990). In the if Myrciasp. appeared in two lists, the finallist physiognomiesof the cerrados they constitute containedMyrcia spi and Myrciasp2. In the same roughlythe woodylayer and the groundlayer, re- way,any plantunknown in one surveywas consid- spectively,in Eiten's(1972) terminology.The dom- ered to be a differenttaxon from the unknownsoc- inant life formsin the woodylayer are arboreal curringin othersurveys. Dubious binomialswere phanerophytes(here called ) and shrubby consideredto be differentamong themselves and chamaephytes(here called shrubs).In the ground werealso consideredto be differentfrom confident layerthe dominant life forms are subshrubbychain- identifications.Infraspecific taxa were treatedas aephytes(here called subshrubs),hemicryptophytes separate taxa. All these were taken as references (thedominant life form), and geophytes(here called to taxonomicentities at the species (or genus or herbs) and all qualifiedas non-woody.A key for family)level, and notas "true"different species (or life-formscan be foundin Mueller-Dombois generaor families)in themselves,in orderto esti- and Ellenberg(1974). We use the term"woody" to matelower and upperlimits for the richnessof the include trees and shrubsand apply the qualifier flora.We used thismethod of calculatingthe num- "woody"according to the appearanceof the aerial ber oftaxonomic entities for operational facility and systemof a dicotyledonousplant: all thatcan be greaterobjectivity. Nevertheless, since it was im- seen of a plant in a normalsurvey. A woodyplant possible to know whetherthe unidentified,un- has at least one orthotropicstem axis arisingfrom known,or dubiousentities represented the same or the soil that,along some extension from its base, is differenttaxa in differentlists, by adopting this pro- hard,relatively thick, and has a bark (nota thin, cedurewe introducedan overestimationof the up- greenepidermis). Most quantitative surveys in Bra- per limitof the cerradofloristic richness. zilian cerradoshave sampledwoody with a The surveysincluded in the presentstudy are minimumstem diameterof 3 cm at groundlevel. listed in Table 1 (pp. 204-212), whichshows the

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250 60'W 55 W 50W 45 W 40bW 35bW Longitude Figure 1. Cerradovegetation sites included in the presentsurvey. The dottedarea representsthe approximate distributionof cerradovegetation in Brazil. Numbersand letterson the map correspondto municipalitieswhere the surveyswere done. See Table 1 fornumber code. The lettersrepresent the followinglists: A 6-36; B 39, 40; C 41- 43; D 45-48; E 52-56, F 58-60; G 83-86; H 89-91; J 97, 101; K 94-96, 98; L 103-105; M 107-109; N 110-118; 0 119, 120; P 121-132, 138; Q 134-137; R 133, 139. sites surveyed,the municipalitywhere they are lo- authorsof the original studies. They are herecalled cated, theirgeographical location, and the author "unknowns,"representing 58.1% of the total.This of the survey. wouldindicate that the numberof families lies be- The distributionmap (Fig. 1) showingthe nucle- tween88 (the numberof familiesdefinitely iden- ar and disjunctcerrados was adaptedfrom Fernan- tified)and 210 (if none of the unknownscould be des and Bezerra(1990), Ferri(1977b, 1979), Ma- attributedto a familyalready identified). Of the 572 lavolta and Klieman (1985), Ogata (1986), and referencesto taxonomicentities at the genericlev- Wagner(1986). It also showsthe localization of the el, 363 were identified,but 209 were not. These municipalitiesin whichthe surveysincluded in the "unknowns"at the genericlevel represent36.5% presentstudy were done. ofthe total. From the 1709 referencesto taxonomic entitiesat the species level, there are only 973 RESULTS identifiedwith confidence, 31 withdubious iden- The refinedlist (Table 2, pp. 213-223) indicates tifications,36 with dubious identificationswhere a total of 210 referencesto taxonomicentities at the same species had already been identifiedin the familylevel, 572 referencesto the genuslevel, othersites, and a further5 infraspecifictaxa that and 1709 referencesto the species and subspecies belongedto species alreadyincluded withoutin- levels, includingdubious identificationsand non- dicationsof infraspecificcategories. Also fromthe identifiedmaterial. Of the210 referencesto taxa at total 1709 references,455 were identifiedto the thefamily level, 122 could notbe identifiedby the genericlevel only,and 209 remained"unknown"

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 No.of lists Figure 2. Frequencydistribution of confidentlyidentified species of arborealand shrubbyplants of Brazilian cerradosaccording to the numberof lists in whichthey were recorded.

at the genericlevel (of these, 122 are references sumesthat all ofthe unknowns are in facttaxa that only to the familylevel). These resultsare sum- have alreadybeen recordedand thatthere remain marizedin Table 3 (p. 224). no moretaxa to be added beyondthe ones already Of the well-identifiedspecies, 387 (39%) oc- identified.The assumptionsfor both of these esti- curredin a single list,while species withtwo oc- matesare highlyimplausible, especially for the up- currencesmade up a further16%. This meansthat per limit,but theyprovide a meansof establishing morethan half of the species were presentin less probableupper and lowerlimits. The numbersim- than 3 out of 145 lists. Figure 2 shows the fre- plied by bothof these limitsare shownin Table 4 quency distributionof species accordingto the (p. 224). numberof sites at whichthey were recorded. The lowerlimit would seem to offera reasonably secure minimumestimate for the arboreal-shrubby DISCUSSION cerradoflora of around1000 species, 370 genera, It is difficultto obtaina reliable estimateof the and 90 families.Three main objectionsmight be numberof arboreal-shrubbytaxa occurringin the raised: (1) The list includes a numberof species cerrado,since a largenumber of factors may inflate thatcertainly would not be regardedas typicalcer- or diminishthe totalobtained. In spite of this,we rado species (e.g., Talauma ovata). (2) A number can arriveat two distinctestimates, with variable ofspecies thatare nottypically woody in mostsites degrees of reliability: (1) an upperlimit represented are also included(e.g., Oxalis). (3) Some unrecord- by the list takenas it stands,assuming that all of ed rarerspecies are likelyto be "hidden" in this the referencesto taxonomicentities are new to the list,having been misidentifiedas commoncerrado list and representspecies, genera,or familiesnot species. previously identified; (2) a lower limit, which as- The question of "non-cerrado"species is very

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difficultto resolve.As mentionedin the introduc- portioncould be muchhigher. We have no reliable tion,we have takenthe positionthat if a species estimateof whatproportion of the unknownsrep- has been recordedin some formof cerradovege- resents"new" species. It mightbe possible to es- tation,it should be included here, since we feel timatethis by samplingand re-examiningthe un- thatit is almostimpossible to supplya consistent knownsfrom a numberof surveysfor taxonomic criterionto distinguishRizzini's "accessory spe- groupswhere recent revisions or experttaxonomic cies." assistanceare available.This is verydifficult, how- The second objectionis the questionof how to ever,since mostpublications do not cite voucher define"woody" forms. This is also practicallyim- specimens,which would allow the unidentified ma- possible,since again thereis no hardand fastcri- terialto be refound.We recommendthat, in future terionthat can be applied universally,and authors studies,voucher specimens be depositedand cited differconsiderably in theconcepts that they utilize. forall species, even whereonly vegetative material A numberof species also varyconsiderably in habit is available. and may range fromsmall, virtuallyherbaceous Althoughthe upperlimit given here is likelyto formsup to quite large trees in differentcerrado representa grossoverestimate of the number of cer- sites (e.g., Andira,Caryocar, Cochlospermum), so rado woodyspecies, it is necessaryto be somewhat thata species thatis clearlywoody and included cautiousbefore discarding this estimate completely. in a surveyof woodyspecies in one site may be Any samplingscheme is certainto miss a number excludedin another.In all of the species listed,at of species in a givenarea. For example,Gibbs et least one authorconsidered the species to be a al. (1980) estimatedthat in a relativelyrestricted shrubor treein the site wherehe made his survey, area of riparianforest, sampling by quadrats or and in manycases this informationwas confirmed point-centeredquarters missed approximately 20% by personalcontacts with the authorof the publi- of the species present.This percentageis likelyto cation. be ratherlower in cerrado-Ratteret al. (1988a) The finalobjection is almostimpossible to quan- foundthat only about 5% ofthe woody species were tify.The proportionof rarer species thathave been not included in a quadrat surveyin SAo Paulo confusedwith common cerrado species is likelyto state-but it is veryunpredictable and likely to varywidely with the experienceand thoroughness varywidely with sample size and local richness.A of the researcherswho carryout a surveyand the preliminarystudy of data fromquantitative surveys degreeto which the flora of the region being studied (Castro,1994) suggestedthat at least 1000 individ- is moreor less well known.The availabilityof re- uals shouldbe includedto give a reasonablerep- centrevisions and moreeasily accessible literature resentationof the woodyflora of a given locality. will also have a stronginfluence, and thiswill tend Surveysthat do notsample quantitatively frequent- to be unequal amongdifferent taxonomic groups. ly missless conspicuousspecies, unless the survey The upper limitfor the cerradowoody flora is is verythorough and visitsare repeatedin different muchmore debatable. It is obviouslyunrealistic to seasons. In a numberof cases, ourfield experience assume thatall of the unknownsrepresent "new" has shown that a quantitativesampling scheme taxa (taxa not included in the lists; these are not (withstatistical planning) will bring to lighta much new species fromthe taxonomicviewpoint), so that largernumber of species thana series of sporadic the numbergiven here wouldtend to overestimate visits.It mightbe arguedthat even if one survey thenumber of taxa in thecerrado woody flora quite missesa numberof species, therepeated sampling considerably.This is mostevident in the number by differentstudies should be enoughto ensurean of families:it is highlyunlikely that many of the almostcomplete species list. This argument,how- unknownsat the familylevel do, in fact,represent ever,supposes that the vegetationis relativelyuni- "new" families. Once again, the proportionof form.Comparison of differentareas has shownthat "new" species is likelyto varywidely, depending compositionmay vary widely, even between cerrado on the regionwhere the surveywas made. In rel- areas thatare geographicallyclose (Castro,1994; ativelywell-known cerrado areas such as the Dis- Ratteret al., 1988a, b, 1996, 1997, Ratter& Dar- tritoFederal, the stateof Sao Paulo, and the south- gie, 1992, and citationsof A. A. J. F. Castrothere- ern partof the state of Minas Gerais,the cerrado in), and thatmany species have verysporadic or woodyflora is quite well known,and it is improb- patchydistributions. It has also become clear that able that a large number of "new" species will be more intensive studies of even relativelywell added, at least for the woody component. In less knownareas and well knowngroups are still un- well-known regions such as northernMato Grosso coveringa surprisingnumber of new species (Pe- state and northernMinas Gerais, however,this pro- reira et al., 1993). Besides these arguments,the

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map in Figure 1 clearlyshows that sampling has investigations.Among these we particularlyem- been uneven,with an enormousconcentration of phasize the following: surveysin relativelyfew well-studied areas, while (1) The stateof Mato Grossodo Sul has extensive largeand potentiallyinteresting and heterogeneous areas of cerradooutside the pantanal region, regionshave remainedunsampled. Even in com- which is the only part to have been studied. parativelywell-worked states such as Sao Paulo This region is particularlyvulnerable, since and Minas Gerais,the distributionof cerradosur- large areas have alreadybeen cleared forag- veyshas been uneven.Surveys in theseareas would riculture.The neighboringcerrados in the almostcertainly contribute a considerablenumber southeastof Goias are also unstudiedand ex- of "new" species to the list. In consequence,it tremelyvulnerable. seems prematureto declare that the upper limit (2) NorthwesternMato Grossostate has also been givenin Table 2 is totallywrong, and it is possible verylittle studied and is beingrapidly opened thatthe cerradoflora could have a much greater up to colonization. numberof woodyspecies thanthat established as (3) The stateof (formerly north of Goias) the lowerlimit. and adjoiningareas in Ceara are practicallyun- We are left,therefore, with a range of around touchedand almostnothing has been published 1000 to 2000 forthe numberof woodyspecies in aboutthese areas. Theyare likelyto be partic- the cerradoflora. Comparing the lowerlimit with ularlyinteresting, since theyare in contactwith estimatesin the literature,it can be seen thatthis the forestsof the Amazonbasin and are likely is somewhathigher than those proposedby most to showhigh diversity in commonwith sites in authors,but is quite close to Eiten's (1990) value. ,which have providedthe highest Our upperlimit is considerablyhigher than any of species richnessencountered in thecerrado flo- the publishedestimates, and is morethan double ra (Castro,1994). the numberof woody cerrado species thatmost au- (4) The westof and southof Piaui also have thorshave assumed.Although we considerthis up- considerableareas ofcerrado that have scarcely perlimit rather unlikely, it suggeststhat the cerrado been studied.These offerthe oppositeextreme woodyflora may be muchricher than has usually fromthe previousregion, since theycome into been indicatedand thatmuch work is still neces- contactwith the caatinga vegetationand are sary, particularlyin under-sampledregions, to likelyto containa numberof unique elements reach a moresatisfactory conclusion. adapted to drier climates (Castro et al., in The almostcomplete absence of studies of the press). herbaceous-subshrubbycomponent of the cerrado florameans thatit is not possible, at present,to CONCLUSIONS make comprehensivelists of species. Mantovani and Martins(1993) have foundproportions of 1 :2 The greatestsource of errorand uncertaintyin to 1: 3 forthe numberof arboreal-shrubby species: compilationof lists of the cerradoflora is the rel- herbaceous-subshrubbyspecies. Extrapolationfrom ativelylarge number of "unknowns,"together with these ratiosgives the resultsfound in Table 5 (p. the uneven geographicdistribution of the studies 224), which shows the estimatednumber of her- thathave been made. The unknownsand dubious baceous-subshrubbyspecies under various as- identificationsin the presentlist amountto more sumptions.The numberof herbaceous-subshrubbythan 40% at the species level. Althoughthis per- species would thereforelie between 2000 and centagemust contain many "unknowns" that are in 5250, withthe totalcerrado flora of 3000 to 7000 factknown species thatwere not identified as such angiospermspecies. These numbersare clearlynot whenthe surveywas made, and mustalso contain veryreliable, since we have insufficientknowledge many species that are commonto several sites, ofthe ratioof woody : non-woodyspecies, but they thereis stilla sizeable residuethat represents gen- do at least suggestan orderof magnitude.In gen- uinelynew species or species thathave not been eral, it seems likely thatthe proportionof confi- correctlyidentified as occurringin cerradovege- dentlyidentified species is lowerin studiesof the tation.There is clearlystill a need formuch taxo- non-woodyflora of the cerrado(Mantovani, 1983), nomicwork on the cerradoflora. so thatthe percentageof "new" species amongthe Good taxonomydepends on good collecting,and unknownsmay be muchhigher in thisgroup. it is clear thatmuch workremains to be done in Because the spatialdistribution of the surveys in the cerrados. On the one hand, typical floristic the cerradosin Brazil has been veryuneven (Fig. studiestend to collectflowering material, which can 1), a numberof areas merithigh priority for future usually be identifiedto species level withconfi-

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dence,but will oftentend to miss species thatwere ered to be a nationalheritage. Riparian forest is not in flowerat the times visits were made, that also the subjectof special legislation.This implies tend to flowersporadically or rarely,that are very thatdifferent categories of ecosystemshave been ephemeral,or are relativelyinconspicuous. On the recognizedand thatthe formationscited above are other hand, quantitativestudies on community consideredto be of greaterimportance, while the structureoften collect more completely,since all remainingvegetation formations are not.Among the the individualswithin certain size classes will be latter,the cerradois being destroyedmost rapidly. included,but muchof the materialmay be sterile In addition,historically the cerradoshave never or atypical(attacked by herbivores,etc.). Thorough been considereddeserving of specificconservation collectingand completeidentification of material measures,and there are few officialcerrado re- thereforerequire repeated visits to a site, making serves.Contrary to the assumptionsmade by many the wholeexercise time-consuming and costly,par- authors,however, the cerradosdo have a relatively ticularlyin moreremote areas whereaccess is dif- rich and diverseflora, which is stillrelatively un- ficultand considerabletime may be spentin trav- der-investigated. eling to the site. This problemis moreacute with The cerradohas species thatevolved under con- herbaceous-subshrubbyspecies, where the prob- ditionsof strong selective pressures from herbivores lems mentionedabove are even more serious. In (Fowler& Duarte,1991; Oliveira& Leitao Filho, manyareas the acceleratedrates of destructionof 1987). Moreover,they are adapted to dystrophic, cerradoareas mean thatit is verydifficult, if not acid, oftenaluminum-rich soils, and are resistant impossible,to make a numberof returnvisits to a to (oftenprolonged) periodic drought. As such,they site, since it may have been destroyedor heavily representan importantgenetic resource and are alteredin the meantime. muchmore than a simplesource of vegetable char- A furthersource of difficulties in thecompilation coal or areas to be exploitedfor cultivation of crops, of species lists is the problemof updatingidenti- oftenstimulated more by economicinterests than fications.In most cases, once a surveyhas been any real necessity.Their protection, and the pres- published,no attemptis madeto updatethe species ervationof the geneticdiversity that they contain, lists or publishcorrections where erroneous iden- is a matterof considerable importance and urgency. tificationshave been made. Since manysurveys do Anyattempt to createa rationalscheme for pres- notcite individualvoucher specimens, it can often ervationof cerrados and to identifyparticularly be impossibleto relocatethe materialcollected in criticalareas forconservation is hamperedby our orderto check identificationsor tryto resolveun- incompleteknowledge of the floraas a whole and identifiedmaterial. In the case of a list like the bythe uneven coverage of studies in thevast region presentone, even if the voucherlists were pub- originallycovered by this vegetation.We are still lished, verifyingthem would involve consulting unable to determinewhat would be a sufficientsize dozens of herbaria.The collectionsin a herbarium ofreserve to maintaina reasonablelevel ofcerrado may have been recentlyreworked by a specialist, biodiversity,or even to state withany confidence butthe new identifications that have been madeare what is a reasonablelevel of biodiversityfor this generallynot easily accessible. This is one area formation. wherethe use of data banks and on-lineaccess to A potentiallyvaluable resourcethat is still rel- collectionswould be genuinelyuseful, rather than ativelyunknown is nowbeing subjected to increas- just a fashionablething to do in orderto say that ing levels of geneticerosion and is not being ex- the herbariumis "up-to-date."If it were possible ploitedin a rationalor wise manner.We therefore to consultherbaria on line and discoverwhether urgethat increased efforts be made to improveour specificspecimens cited in publishedreports have knowledgeof the cerradoflora as a whole,both in been reidentified,many of the difficultiesand er- termsof basic taxonomyand in improvingthe geo- rorsin the compilationof the present list would be graphiccoverage of cerradostudies. avoidable.We thereforeurge that more attention be givento publishingcorrections and additionsto al- LiteratureCited ready publishedspecies lists or quantitativesur- veys,and thatefforts be made to extendand facil- itate the use of computerdata banks and on-line Albuquerque,V. M. 1987. Desmatamentoda Chapada do access to collections. Araripe:Causas e Conseqflncias Unpublishedmono- graph.Universidade Federal do Crato/Faculdadede Fi- In the BrazilianConstitution, the vegetationfor- losofia. mationsof the Amazon, the Atlantic Forest, coastal Aoki, H. & J. R. Santos. 1980. Estudo da Vegetacaodo areas, and the pantanalof MatoGrosso are consid- Cerradona Area do DistritoFederal a Partirde Dados

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Ribeiro. cAoe composito florfsticadas formatcesvegetais da 1996. Analysisof the floristiccomposition of the Bra- regiaoda Salgadeira,na chapada dos Guimaraes(MT). zilian cerradovegetation II: Comparisonof the woody RevistaBrasil. Bot. 9: 207-223. vegetationof 98 areas. EdinburghJ. Bot. 53: 153-180. , G. J. Shepherd,F. R. Martins& W. H. Stubble- , P. W. Richards,G. Argent& D. R. Gifford.1973. bine. 1989. Environmentalfactors affecting physiog- Observationson the vegetationof northeasternMato nomicand floristicvariation in an area of cerradoin Grosso:I. The woodyvegetation types of the Xavantina- centralBrazil. J. Trop.Ecol. 5: 413-431. CachimboExpedition area. Philos. Trans.,Ser. B 266: Pagano,S., 0. Cesar & H. F. Leitao Filho. 1989a. Com- 449-492. posito florfsticado estratoarbustivo-arb6reo da vege- , H. F. Leitao Filho, G. Argent,P. E. Gibbs, J. G. & Y. Tamnashiro.1988a. Flo- tatco de cerradoda Area de ProtetcoAmbiental (APA) Semir, J. Shepherd J. risticcomposition and communitystructure of a south- de Corumbataf,estado de Sao Paulo. Revista Brasil. ern cerradoarea in Brazil. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Ed- Biol. 49: 37-48. inburgh45: 137-151. 9 & . 1989b. Estruturafitossocio- , A. Pott,V. J. Pott,C. N. Cunha& M. Haridasan. l6gica do estratoarbustivo-arb6reo da vegetaftcode cer- 1988b. Observationson woodyvegetation types in the rado da Area de ProtetcoAmbiental (APA) de Corum- pantanaland at Corumba,Brazil. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. bataf,estado de Sao Paulo. RevistaBrasil. Biol. 49: 49- Edinburgh45: 503-525. 59. Ribeiro,J. F. & M. Haridasan. 1990. CornparacAofitos- Pereira,B. A. S., M. A. da Silva & R. C. de Mendonca. sociol6gicade um cerradodenso e urncerradao em so- 1993. ReservaEcol6gica do IBGE, Brasflia(DF): Lista los distr6ficosno DistritoFederal. Pp. 342-353 in A- das PlantasVasculares. IBGE, . nais do 35. CongressoNacional de Botanica,Manaus. , R. C. Mendonca,T. S. Filgueiras,J. E. Paulo & Sociedade Botanicado Brasil & IBAMA, Brasflia. E. P. Heringer.1990. Levantamentoflorfstico da area , J. C. S. Silva & L. G. Azevedo. 1982. Estrutura de protecAoambiental (APA) da bacia do rio Sao Bar- e compositcoflorfstica em tipos fisionmrnicosdos cer- tolomeu,Distrito Federal. Pp. 419-492 in Anais do 36. rados e sua interatcocom alguns parametrosdo solo. CongressoNacional de Botanica,Curitiba, 1985. IBA- Pp. 141-156 in Anais do 32. CongressoNacional de MA, Brasflia. Botanica,Teresina, 1981. Sociedade Botanicado Brasil Pinto,A. de A. (Coordinator).1979. Cerrado-Resumos & UniversidadeFederal do Piauf,Teresina. Informativos,Vol. 3. EMBRAPA/DID,Brasflia. I & G. J. Batmanian.1985. Fitossociologia Prance,G. T. & G. B. Schaller.1982. Preliminaiystudy de tiposfision~micos de cerradoem Planaltina,DF. Re- of some vegetationtypes of the pantanal,Mato Grosso, vista Brasil. Bot. 8: 131-142. Brazil. Brittonia34: 228-251. Rizzini,C. T. 1963. A florado cerrado.Pp. 105-153 in Rabelo, B. V. & M. E. van den Berg. 1982. Nota pr6via M. G. Ferri(coordinator), (1963): Simp6siosobre o Cer- sobreo estudodos cerradosdo Amapa.Pp. 134-140 in rado. EDUSP, Sao Paulo. Anais do 32. CongressoNacional de Botanica,Teresina, . 1971. Arvorese arbustosdo cerrado.Rodrigu6sia PI, 1981. Sociedade Botanicado Brasil& Universidade 38: 63-77. Federal do Piauf,Teresina. . 1975. ContribuicAoao conhecimentoda estrutura Ratter,J. A. 1980. Notes on the Vegetationof Fazenda do cerrado.Brasil Florest.(Brasflia) 6: 3-15. Agua Limpa (Brasflia,DF, Brazil): Includinga Key to Rizzo,J. A. 1970. Contribuiaoao Conhecimentoda Flora theWoody Genera of Dicotyledons of the Cerrado. Roy- de Goias: Area na Serra Dourada.Unpublished Profes- al BotanicGardens, Edinburgh. soral Thesis,Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiania. 1985a. Notassobre a Vegetacaoda FazendaAgua , G. M. Barroso,A. J. Centeno,J. S. Lousa & T. Limpa (Brasflia,DF): Com uma Chave para os Generos S. Filgueiras.1973. Levantamentode dados emnareas Lenhososde Dicotiled6neasdo Cerrado.Royal Botanic de cerradoe da florestacaducif6lia tropical do planalto Gardens,Edinburgh. centro-oeste,parte IL. Pp. 247-264 in Anais do 23. . 1985b. Noteson theVegetation Close to theSede CongressoNacional de Botanica,Garanhuns, 1972. So-

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ciedade Botanicado Brasil & UniversidadeFederal de & A. F. Silva. 1988. Distribuitcodos diametros ,Recife. dos troncosdas esp6cies mais importantesdo cerrado Rodrigues,W. A. 1971. Plantasdos Camposdo Rio Bran- na Estacao Florestalde Experimentatcode Paraopeba co (Territ6riode ).Pp. 180-193 in M. G. Ferri (EFLEX), MG. Acta Bot. Brasil. (Sao Paulo) 2: 107- (Coordinator),3. Simp6siosobre o Cerrado.Edgard Bl- 126. cher& EDUSP, Sao Paulo. Souza, M. H. A. 0. 1977. AlgunsAspectos Ecol6gicos da Santos,J. R. 1988. BiomassaA6rea da Vegetatcode Cer- Vegetatcona Regiao Perimetralda Respresa do Lobo rado: Estimativae Correlado com Dados do Sensor (Brotas-Itirapina,SP). UnpublishedDoctoral Thesis, "ThematicMapper" do Sat6liteLandsat. Unpublished Universidadede Sao Paulo/Institutode Biociencias,Sao DoctoralThesis, UFPR, Curitiba. Paulo. & H. Aoki. 1992. Analise estruturaldas formas da dos savanicas do cerradodo DistritoFederal. RevistaInst. Tavares,S. 1964a. Inventario vegetatco tabuleiros Florest.(Sao Paulo) 4: 145-151. do nordeste.Bol. Recurs.Nat. SUDENE 2: 9-10. Sarmiento,G. 1983. The savannas of tropicalAmerica. . 1964b. ContribuicAopara o estudoda cobertura Pp. 245-288 in F. Bourliere(editor), Tropical Savannas. vegetaldos tabuleirosdo Nordeste.Bol. Recurs. Nat. Elsevier,Amsterdan. SUDENE 2: 13-25. Silberbauer-Gottsberger,I. & G. Eiten. 1983. Fitossocio- Thibau,C. E., D. H. Heiseke, V. P. Moura,J. M. Lamas logia de umhectare de cerrado.Brasil Florest. (Brasflia) & R. L. Cesar. 1975. Inventariopreliminar expedito da 54: 55-70. Estatco Florestalde Experimentatcode Paraopebaem & . 1987. A hectareof cerrado. I. General Minas Gerais. Brasil Florest.(Brasilia) 6: 34-71. aspects of the treesand thick-stemmedshrubs. Phyton Toledo Filho, D. V. 1984. Composito Florfsticae Estru- (BuenosAires) 27: 55-91. turaFitossociol6gica da Vegetacaode Cerradono Muni- , W Morawetz& G. Gottsberger.1977. Frostdam- cipio de LufsAnt5nio (SP). UnpublishedMaster's The- age of cerradoplants in Botucatu,Brazil, as relatedto sis, UNICAMP/IB,Campinas. the geographicaldistribution of the species. Biotropica , H. F. LeitaoFilho & T. S. Rodrigues.1984. Com- 9: 253-261. posicao florfsticade area de cerradoem Moji Mirim Silva, J. B. T. da (Coordinator).1982. Cerrado-Resumos (SP). Bol. T6cn. Inst.Florest. 38: 165-175. Informativos,Vol. 4. EMBRAPA/DID,Brasflia. E. Desenvolvimento dos cerrados. , M. B. Ferreira& B. C. Avelar.1974/1976. Con- Wagner, 1986. da regiao tribuitcoao conhecimentoda vegetacaode campo-cer- Pp. 19-31 in W. J. Goedert(editor), Solos dos Cerra- rado de Sete Lagoas, MG. Or6ades:5 (wholeissue). dos-Tecnologias e Estrat6giasde Manejo. Nobel, Sao Silva Jr.,M. C. 1984. ComposicaoFlorfstica, Estrutura e Paulo; EMBRAPA/CPAC,Brasflia. ParametrosFitossociol6gicos do Cerradoe sua Relacao Zurlo,M. A. 1978. Uma nova manchade cerradoem Mi- com o Solo na Estatco Florestalde Experimentacaode nas Gerais. Pp. 147-152 in Anais do 23. Congresso Paraopeba, MG. UnpublishedMaster's Thesis, UFV/ Nacional de Botanica,Belo Horizonte.Sociedade Bo- DBV, Vicosa. tanicado Brasil & EPAMIG, Belo Horizonte.

This content downloaded from 143.106.108.174 on Thu, 18 Jun 2015 18:22:09 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Table 1. Selectedsurveys of cerradosensu lato in Braziland theirauthors. In the column"Authors," when not indicated, the authors are thesame as above. Map Code: locality | ofthe municipality on themap ofFigure 1. State:AM Amazonas,AP Amapa,CE Ceara, DF DistritoFederal, GO Goias, MG MinasGerais, MS MatoGrosso do Sul, MT MatoGrosso, PA Para, PE Pernambuco,PI Piaui, RR Roraima,SP Sao Paulo, TO Tocantins.Altitude in meters.(a) no information.

Map Code State Municipality Sites Latitude S Longitude W Altitude Authors AM Humaita Puciari-Humaita 7031' 63000' 51 Gottsbergerand Morawetz (1986) 2 AP (a) Macapa e Calpoene 1017' N 50000' 13 Rabelo and Berg (1982) 3 CE Aquiraz (a) 3058' 38016' 35 Granjeiro(1983) 4 CE Aurora,Caririaqu, (a) 6052' 39015' 440 Figueiredo (1989a, b), Farias Brito, Figueiredo and Fernandes Granjeiro,Lavras da (1987) Mangabeira e Varzea Alegre

5 CE Crato, Nova Olinda e Chapada do Araripe 7015' 39035' 871 Albuquerque (1987) Santana do Cariri 6(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053' 1100 Moura (1983) 7(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053 1100 Ratter(1980, 1985a,1986) 8(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053' 1100 9(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053' 1100 [ 10(A) |DF |Bras ilia |Fazenda Agua Limpa 115057' 146053' | 1100 l l | C O 1 1 (A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053' 1100 12(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 15057' 46053' 1100 Felfiliand Silva Jr.(1992) l CD 13(A) DF Brasilia FazendaAguaLimpa 15057' 46053' 1100 14(A) DF Brasilia Fazenda Agua Limpa 150571 46053' 1100 Santos (1988) 15(A) DF Brasilia Parque Nacional de Brasilia 15040' 47059' 1135 Oliveiraet al. (1982)

16(A) DF Brasilia Parque Nacional de Brasilia 15040' 47059 1135

17(A) DF Brasilia Campusda Universidade de 15045' 47052' 1172 Heringer(1971), Heringerand Brasilia Barroso (1968) 18(A) DF Brasilia Estaqao Ecol6gica do 15057' 47053' 1170 Santos (1988) Roncador 19(A) DF Brasilia Reservada TERRACAP 15054' 47050| 1155 Araujo (1984) 20(A) DF Brasilia e Gama (a) 15045' 47045' 1125

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(D 21(A) DF Brasilia e Planaltina Area de Protecao Ambiental 15050' 47030| 963 Pereira et al. (1990) da Bacia do Rio Sao Bartolomeu 2 22(A) DF Brasilia e Planaltina Area de Protecao Ambiental 15'50' 47030' 963 da Bacia do Rio Sao Bartolomeu 23(A) DF Brasilia e Planaltina Area de Protecao Ambiental 15050' 47030' 963 da Bacia do Rio Sao Bartolomeu 24(A) DF Brasilia, Gama e (a) 15045' 47045' 1125 Aoki and Santos (1980, 1982), Planaltina Santos and Aoki (1992) 25(A) DF Brasilia, Gama, (a) 15045' 47045' 1125 Planaltina e Taguatinga 26(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Ribeiro et al. (1982) Agropecuaria dos Cerrados

27(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Agropecuaria dos Cerrados | CT)

28(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 N Agropecuaria dos Cerrados

29(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Agropecuaria dos Cerrados

30(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Ribeiro et al. (1985) Agropecuaria dos Cerrados

31(A) DF Planaltina Centro de Pesquisa 15036' 47040| 975 Agropecuaria dos Cerrados

o C,

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32(A) DF Planaltina Centrode Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Agropecu;4riados Cerrados

33(A,) DF Planaltina Centrode Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Santos (1988) Agropecu~riados Cerrados

34(A) DF Planaltina Centrode Pesquisa 15036' 47040' 975 Ribeiroand Haridlasan(1990) Agropecu~riados Cerrados

35(A) DF Planaltina Centrode Pesquisa 15036' 47404 975 Agropecu~riados Cerrados

36(A) DF Planaltina ReservaBiol6gica de Aguas 15035' 47040' 1175 Brand~o(1976), DistritoFederal Emendladas (1977) 37 GO Goiania (a) 16040' 49`15' 730 Rizzo et al. (1973) 38 GO Goi;~se SerraDourada 16005' 50020' 700 Rizzo (1970) Moss~amedes 39(B) GO Padre Bernardo (a) 15015' 48030' 629 Ratterand Dargie(1 992), Ratter 0 ~ et at. (1977) =.c 40(B) Go Padre Bernardo Fazenda Lagoa Santa 15012' 48021' 640 41(C) MG Alpin6polis Fazenda MonteAlto 20054' 46o21' 876 Ca rvalIho (1 987) 0C 42(C) MG Arinos Sagarana 15055' 46o03' 480 Ratterand Dargie (1 992) 43(C) MG Campo do Meio, Fazenda Campo dlasFlores 21002' 45058' 785 Carvalho(1 987)

0L 44 MG Curvelo (a) 18045' 44025' 633 Rizzini(1975) C 45(D) MG Frutal,Ituiutaba, Tri;~nguloMineiro 19020' 48050' 752 Goodland(1970, 1979) Tupaciguarae UberI;~ndia 46(D) MG Frutal,Ituiutaba, Tri;~nguloMineiro 19020' 48050' 692 Tupaciguarae UberI;~ndia

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47(D) MG Frutal,Ituiutaba, TrianguloMineiro| 19020' 48050' 742 Tupaciguara e UberIandia : 48(D) MG Frutal,Ituiutaba, TrianguloMineiro 19020' 48050' 713 Tupaciguara e Uberlandia 49 MG Januaria Pandeiros 15028' 44023' 434 50 MG Lavras Reserva Biol6gica Municipal 21014' 45000' 801 Gavilanes et al. (1 990) de Pogo Bonito 51 MG Ouro Preto (a) 20033' 43030' 1061 Zurlo (1978) 52(E) MG Paraopeba Estaggo Florestal de 19020' 44020' 742 Silva Jr.(1984), Silva Jr.And Experimentagao de Silva (1988) Paraopeba 53(E) MG Paraopeba Estaggo Florestal de 19020' 44020' 742 Thibau et al. (1975) Experimentag~ode Paraopeba 54(E) MG Pedro Leopoldo Fazenda da Jaguara 19037' 44002' 698 (Rizzini, 1975) 55(E) MG Pedro Leopoldo Fazenda da Jaguara 19037' 44002' 698 56(E) MG Pedro Leopoldo Fazenda da Jaguara 19037' 44002' 698 Castro (1975) 57 MG Pimenta Fazenda Serra dos Lopes 20030' 45057' 776 p 58(F) MG Prudente de Morais Fazenda Experimentalde 19029' 44009' 732 Brandao et al. (1981) N Santa Rita 0 59(F) MG Sete Lagoas Institutode Pesquisa 19028' 44015' 775 Silva et al. (1974176) Agropecuaria do Centro- OesteL 60(F) MG Sete Lagoas (a) 19025' 44015' 771 Brandao et al. (1984) 61 MS Corumba Fazenda Acurizal 17045' 57037' 90 Prance and Schaller (1982) 62 MS Corumba Fazenda Ipanema 18059' 56039' 89 Ratteret al. (1 988b) 63 MS Corumba Fazenda Nhumirim(Bahia 19000' 56040' 89 Suja) 64 MS Corumba Fazenda Nhumirim(Salina 19005' 56045' 89 ______Grande) _

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65 MS Corumba Fazenda Nhumirim(Salina 19005' 56045' 89 Grande) 66 MS Corumba Fazenda Nhumirim 19003' 56043' 89 (Cerrado) 67 MS Corumbb Fazenda Nhumirim 19003' 56043' 89 (Gerrado) 68 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049' 51046I 400 Eiten(1975), Ratteret al. (1973) de Campo da Expedigao Xavantina-Cachimbo) 69 MT (a) Serra do Roncador (Base 12049' 51046' 400 de Campo da Expedicao Xavantina-Cachimbo) 70 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049 51046I 400 de Campo da Expedi9ao Xavantina - Cachimbo) 71 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049' 51046' 400 de Campo da Expedicao Xavantina - Cachimbo) 72 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049' 51046' 400 de Campo da Expedicao Xavantina-Cachimbo) 73 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049 51046I 400 1 de Campo da Expedigao Xavantina - Cachimbo) 74 MT (a) Serrado RonCador(Base 12049 51046I 400 1 de Campo da Expedicao Xavantina - Cachimbo) 75 MT (a) Serrado Roncador(Base 12049 51046I 400 de Campo da Expedigao Xavantina - Cachimbo) 76 MT (a) Serra do Roncador (Base 12049' 51046' 400 Ratterand Dargie (1992), Ratter de Campo da Expedigao et al. (1977) Xavantina - Cachimbo)

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CD 77 MT Barra do Garcas Vale dos Sonhos 15?21' 52013' 318 Rafterand Dargie (1992), Rafter etal. (1977) 78 MT Cuiaba Salgadeira 15021' 55049' 375 Oliveira Filho (1984), Oliveira C Filhoetal. (1989) 79 MT Cuiab| Salgadeira 15021' 55049' 515 Oliveira FiIho and Martins(1986) 80 MT Cuiabi Salgadeira 15021' 55049' 515 81 MT CuiablI Salgadeira 15021' 55049| 515 82 MT Cuiabi Salgadeira 15021' 55049' 515 83(G) MT Nova Xavantina Serra do Roncador 14045' 52020' 400 Eiten (1975), Rafteret at. (1973) 84(G) MT Nova Xavantina Serra do Roncador 14045 52020 400 85(G) MT Nova Xavantina Serra do Roncador 14045' 52020' 400 86(G) MT Nova Xavantina Serra do Roncador 14045' 52020' 400 Rafterand Dargie (1992), Rafter etal. (1973) 87 MT Pocon6 Fazenda Sao Vicente do 16016' 56038' 93 Rio Claro 88 MT Pocon6e Fazenda Sao Vicente do 16016' 56038' 93 Ratteret al. (1977), Rafterand i Rio Claro Dargie (1992) 89(H) MT Torixoreu Morroda Fumapa (Fazenda 15053' 52015' 40 Furleyet at. (1988) Alvorada) CD 90(H) MT Torixoreu Morroda Fumaca (Fazenda 15053' 52015' 40 N Alvorada) 91(H) MT Torixoreu Morroda Fumapa (Fazenda 15?53' 52015' 40 Alvorada) 92 PA Salvaterra tihade Maraj6 (Vila de 0053' 48035' 8 Bastos (1984) Joanes) I 93 PE Goiania (a) 7033' 35?00'0 13 Haynes (1970), Tavares (1964a, b) 94(K) Pi Barras Fazenda Lagoa Seca 4?14' 41037 75 95(K) Pt Batalha Fazenda Caigara 4?01' 42004' 80 96(K) Pi Batalha Fazenda Bom Principio 4?08' 42009' 80 97(J) Pi Beneditinos Fazenda Descanso 5`27' 42021' 80 Castro et al. (in press) 98(K) Pt CapitAode Campos Fazenda Santana 4027' 41056' 140 _ 99 Pi Elesb o Veloso Fazenda Vista Alegre 6012' 42008' 230 _ _J______

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100 Pi Jos6de Freitas FazendaTucum 4045' 42035' 137 101 (J) Pi MonsenhorGil Fazenda TotiNegra 5033' 42037' 115 102 Pi Oeiras Fazenda PilotoChapada 6036' 42016' 430 Castroet al. (inpress) oGrande -103(L) Pt Piracuruca Fazenda AltoBonito 3056' 41043' 70 104(L) Pi Piracurucae Piripiri Parque Nacionalde Sete 4006' 41043' 275 Barrosoand Guimarges(1980) Cidades 105(L) Pt Piripiri Fazenda Carnaubal 4016' 41 047' 160 106 Pt RibeiroGonqalves Estaqo Ecol6gicade 8051' 45015' 400 Castro(1 984), Castroet al. (in Uruc~ui-Una press)______107(M) RR (a) Campos de Roraima 4003' N 60025' 133 Dantas and Rodrigues(1982) (Milagre,Normandia, Paricarana,Pedra do Passa r~o e S urumu) 108(M) RR (a) Campos de Roraima 4003' N 60025' 133 Rodrigues(1971) 109(M) RR (a) Campos de Roraima 4003' N 60025' 133 Dantas and Rodrigues(1982) (Milagre,Normandia, Paricarana,Pedra do O~ Passar~o e Surumu) 110(N) SP Aguas de Santa Estaqo Ecol6gicade Santa 22053' 49014' 510 MeiraNeto (1,991) 1Barbara B~irbara 111(N) SP Aguas de Santa Estao5o Ecol6gicade Santa 22053' 49014' 510 1B5rbara B~irbara 112(N) SP Aguas de Santa Estaq,5o Ecol6gicade Santa 22053' 49014' 510 Bkrbara B~irbara C 113(N) SP Aguas de Santa Estaqo Ecol6gicade Santa 22053' 49014' 510 1B5rbara B~rbara 114(N) SP Aguas de Santa Estaqo Ecol6gicade Santa 22053' 49014' 510 1B5rbara Bdrbara 115(N) SP AnaI~5ndia Areade ProteggoAmbiental 22008' 47040' 685 de Corumbatai 116(N) SP Angatuba InstitutoFlorestal de S~o 23027' 48025' 598 Ratteret al. (1988a) Paulo

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117(N) SP Angatuba InstitutoFlorestal de Sao 23027' 48025 598 Paulo 118(N) SP Angatuba InstitutoFlorestal de Sao 23027' 48025' 598 C Paulo 2 119(0) SP Bauru (a) 22020' 49000' 499 Ferraciniet al. (1983) 120(0) SP Bauru Parque Ecologico Municipal 22020' 49000' 580 Cavassan (1990) de Bauru 121 (P) SP Botucatu Fazenda Treze de Maio 22045' 48025' 550 Silberbauer-Gottsbergerand Eiten (1983,1987), Silberbauer- Gottsbergeret al. (1977) 122(P) SP Botucatu Fazenda Treze de Maio 22045' 48025' 550 Gottsbergerand Silberbauer- Gottsberger(1983) 123(P) SP Botucatu Fazenda Treze de Maio 22045' 48025' 550 124(P) SP Brotas e Itirapina Represa do Lobo 22016' 47052' 715 Souza (1977) 125(P) SP Corumbatai Campus da Universidade 22015' 47000 | 815 Cesar et al. (1988) Estadual Paulista (Rio -rio Claro) 126(P) SP Corumbatal Area de Proteao Ambiental22013' 47037' 570 Pagano et al. (1989a, b) de Corumbatai t |D 127(P) SP Itirapina Estaao Experimentalde 22015' 47049' 760 Giannotti(1986), Giannottiand P 2z Itirapina Leitao Filho (1992) N 128(P) SP Itirapina Esta.o Experimentalde 22015' 47049' 760 Itirapina 0 129(P) SP Itirapina Area de Proterao Ambiental22018' 47044' 700 de Corumbatai 130(P) SP Itirapina (a) 22016' 47010 | 760 Mantovani (1990) 131 (P) SP Itirapina (a) 22016' 47010' 760 | 132(P) SP Itirapina (a) 22016' 47?010' 760 133(R) SP Luis Antonio Esta;o Experimentalde 21 40' 47049' 670 Toledo Filho (1984) Luis Antonio 134(Q) SP Moji Guaqu Reserva Biol6gica de Moji 22018' 47009' 680 Batista (1982, 1988), Batista and Guacu ______Couto (1992)

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135(Q) SP Moji Guaqu Reserva Biol6gica de Moji 22018' 47009' 600 Mantovani(1983), Mantovaniet Guaqu al. (1985) 136(Q) SP Moji Guaqu Fazenda Campininha 22?18' 47009' 600 Gibbs et al. (1983) 137(Q) SP Moji Mirim Esta95o Experimentalde 22?26' 46057' 631 Toledo Filho et al. (1984) Moji Mirim 138(P) SP Santa Maria da Serra Area de Prote95o Ambiental22038' 48007' 500 de Corumbatali 139(R) SP Santa Rita do Passa Parque Estadual de 21 ?38' 47036' 700 Castro (1987) Quatro Vaqununga (Gleba P6 de Gigante) 140 SP Sao Jos6 do Rio (a) 20?48' 49023' 475 Carnargo and Marinis(1966) Preto 141 SP Assis Esta9ao Experimentalde 22035' 50025' 562 Durigan et al. (1987) Assis 142 TO Cristalandia, lIha do Bananal (Parque 1031' 50012' 205 Ratter(1 985b, 1987) Formoso do Araguaia Nacional do Araguaia) e Pium 143 TO Cristalandia, IlIhado Bananal (Parque 10031' 50012' 205 | Formoso do Araguaia Nacional do Araguaia) e Pium 144 TO |Cristalandia, lIha do Bananal (Parque 10031' 50012' 205 Formoso do AragualiaNacional do Araguaia) 5 e Pium 145 TO Cristalandia, lIha do Bananal (Parque 10?31' 50012' 205 a Formoso do AragualiaNacional do Araguaia) e Plum

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Table 2. "Refined"list of families (according to Cron- Table 2. Continued quist, 1981, 1988) and species of shrubsand trees re- portedto occur in cerradovegetation. spp. x indicatesx Aspidospermacylindrocarpon Mull. Arg. taxonomicentities not identified at species level. unknown Aspidospermamacrocarpon Mart. x indicatesx taxonomicentities not identified at thegenus Aspidospermamultiflorum A. DC. level. The asterisk(*) meansthat the binomialwas taken Aspidospermanobile Mull. Arg. as it stands in the originalpublication: no synonymor Aspidospermapolyneuron Mull. Arg. authorwas foundfor it in the taxonomicliterature. Aspidospermapyricolium Mull. Arg. Aspidospermapyrifolium Mart. Acanthaceae Aspidospermasubincanum Mart. ex A. DC. Ruellia geminifloraKunth Aspidospermatomentosum Mart. Aimaranthaceae Aspidospermaverbascifolium Mull. Arg. Gomphrenamacrocephala A. St.-Hil. Aspidospermaspp. 9 Hancorniaspeciosa M. G6mez Anacardiaceae Himatanthusarticulatus (Vahl) Woodson Anacardiumhurnile A. St.-Hil. Himatanthusbracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson Anacardiumoccidentale L. Himatanthuscuneatus Sm. Astroniumfraxinifolium Schott Astroniumcf. fraxinifoliurnSchott Himatanthusobovatus (Mull. Arg.)Woodson Astroniumcf. lecointeDucke Himatanthusphagedaenicus (Mart.) Woodson Astroniumulei Mattick Himatanthussp. Lithraeamolleoides (Vell.) Engl. Mandevillaerecta (Vell.) Woodson Lithraeasp. Mandevillagentianoides (Mill.) Woodson Miracrodruonurundeuva Alemao Odontadenialutea (Vell.) Markgr. Schinusterebinthifolius Raddi Peschieraaffinis (Mull. Arg.)Miers Spondias purpureaL. Peschierahystrix (Steud.) A. DC. Tapiriraguianensis Aubl. Tapiriramarchandii Engl. Rauvolfiaternifolia Kunth Tapirira sp. Aquifoliaceae Annonaceae Ilex affinisGardner Annonacampestris R. E. Fr. Ilex asperulaMalt. Annonacoriacea Mart. Ilex cerasifoliaReissek Annonacornifolia A. St.-Hil. Ilex conocarpaReissek Annonacrassiflora Mart. Ilex cf. conocarpaReissek Annonacrotonifolia Mart. Ilex sp. Annonadioica A. St.-Hil. Annonamuricata L. Araiiaceae Annonapygmaea (Warm.) Warm. Dendropanaxcuneatum (DC.) Decne. & Planch. Annonareticulata L. Dendropanaxsp. Annonatomentosa R. E. Fr. Didymopanaxdistractiflorum Harms Annonacf. tomentosaR. E. Fr. Annonaspp. 6 Didymopanaxmacrocarpum (Cham. & Schltdl.)See- Bocageopsismattogrossensis (R. E. Fr.) R. E. Fr. mann Cardiopetalumcalophyllum Schltdl. Didymopanaxmorototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. Duguetiaechinophora R. E. Fr. Didymopanaxvinosum Cham. & Schltdl. Duguetiafurfuracea (A. St.-Hil.)Benth. & Hook. f. Didymopanaxspp. 3 Duguetialanceolata A. St.-Hil. Ephedranthusparviflorus S. Moore Arecaceae Guatteriaaff. minarum R. E. Fr. Acanthococosemensis Toledo Guatterianigrescens Mart. Acrocomniaaculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Guatteriasilvatica R. E. Fr. Acrocomiatotai Mart. Guatteriasubsessilis Mart. Acrocomiasp. Guatteriaspp. 3 Allagopteracampestris (Mart.) Kuntze Rolliniaemarginata Schltdl. Rolliniasylvatica (A. St. Hil.) Mart. Astrocaryumcampestre Mart. Rolliniasp. Astrocaryumvulgare Mart. Unonopsislindmani R. E. Fr. Astrocaryumspp. 2 Xylopiaaromatica (Lam.) Mart. Attaleaexigua Drude Xylopiabrasiliensis Spreng. Attaleageraensis Barb. Rodr. Xylopiaemarginata Mart. Attaleahumilis Mart. Xylopiasericea A. St.-Hil. Attaleaphalerata Mart. & Spreng. Xylopiaspp. 2 Attaleasp. Apocynaceae Bactrisspp. 2 Aspidospermacuspa (Kunth)S. T. Blake Butia leiospatha(Mait.) Becc.

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Butia paraguayensis(Barb. Rodr.)L. H. Bailey Symphyopappuspolystachyus (DC.) Baker Coperniciaprunifera (Mill.) H. E. Moore Trichogoniaalternata* Mauritiamartiana Spruce Trichogoniacampestris Gardner Maximilianaregia Mart. Trixisverbasciformis Less. Oenocarpusdistichus Mart. Vanillosmopsiserythropappa Sch. Bip. Orbignyaphalerata Mart. Vanillosmopsissp. Orbignyasp. Vernoniabardanoides Less. Syagruscomosa (Mart.)Mart. Vernoniabrasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. Syagrusflexuosa (Mart.) Becc. Vernoniachamissonis Less. Syagrusloefgrenii Glassman Vernoniadiffusa (Spreng.) Less. Syagruspetraea (Mart.) Becc. Vernoniaferruginea Less. Syagrusromanzoffiana (Chain.) Glassman Vernoniafruticulosa Mart. ex DC. Syagrusspp. 9 Vernoniaglabrata Less. Unknown5 Vernoniagrandiflora Less. Vernoniamissionis Gardner Asclepidaceae Vernoniamucronulata Less. Hemipogonsetaceus Decne. Vernoniaoligolepis Sch. Bip. ex Baker Hemipogon sp. Vernoniaphosphorea (Vell.) H. Monteiro* Pseudibatiasp. Vernoniapolyanthes (Spreng.) Less. Vernoniarubriramea Mart. ex DC. Vernoniaruficoma Schltdl. ex Mart. *Baccharisaff. campestris Vernoniacf. ruficomaSchltdl. ex Mart. Baccharisconcinna G. M. Barroso Vernoniaaff. valroniaefolia DC. Baccharisdracunculifolia DC. Vernoniaspp. 5 Baccharislymannii G. M. Barroso Wunderlichiamirabilis Riedel ex Baker Bacchariscf. microdontaDC. Unknown4 Baccharispseudotenuifolia I. L. Teodoro Baccharisramosissima Gardner Bignoniaceae Baccharisreticularia DC. Anemopaegmaarvense (Vell.) Stellfeld Baccharissemiserrata DC. Anemopaegmaglaucum Mart. Baccharistridentata Vahl Anemopaegmasp. Baccharistrimera DC. Arrabidaeabrachypoda (DC.) Bureau & K. Schum. Baccharisspp. 4 Arrabidaeacorallina (Jacq.) Sandwith Brickelliapinifolia A. Gray Arrabidaeainaequalis Baill. Clibadiumrotundifolium DC. Arrabidaeasceptrum (Cham.) Sandwith Dasyphyllumorthacantum (DC.) Cabrera Arrabidaeasp. Elephantopusbiflora Sch. Bip. Crescentiacujete L. Eremanthusglomeratus Less. Cybistaxantisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart. Eremanthusgoyazensis (Gardner) Sch. Bip. Distictellamansoana (DC.) Urb. Eremanthusmattogrossensis Kuntze Fridericiaspeciosa Mart. Eremanthussphaerocephalus (DC.) Baker Jacarandaacutifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Eremanthusspp. 3 Jacarandabrasiliana (Lam.) Pres. Eupatoriumbarbacense Hieron. Jacarandacaroba (Vell.) DC. Eupatoriumcuneatum DC. Jacarandacopaia (Aubl.) D. Don Eupatoriumlaevigatum Lam. Jacarandacusipidifolia Mart. Eupatoriummaximiliani Schrad. ex DC. Jacarandadecurrens Cham. Eupatoriumsqualidum DC. Jacarandajasminoides (Thunb.) Sandwith Eupatoriurntrixoides Mart. ex Baker Jacarandapaucifoliolata Mart. ex DC. Eupatoriumvauthierianum DC. Jacarandapuberula Cham. Eupatoriumspp. 8 Jacarandarufa J. Silva Manso Gochnatiabalrosii Cabrera Jacarandaulei Bureau & K. Schum. Gochnatiafloribunda Cabrera Jacarandaspp. 7 Gochnatiaplymorpha (Less.) Cabrera Memoraaxilaris Bureau & K. Schum. Gochnatiapulchra Cabrera Memoracuspidata Hassl. Gochnatiavelutina (Bong.) Cabrera Memoranodosa (J. Silva Manso) Miers Gorceixia sp. Memoraperegrina (Miers) Sandwith Hoehnephytumtrixioides (Gardner) Cabrera Memorasp. Ichthyotherecunabi Mart. Tabebuia alba (Cham.)Sandwith Lychnophoraericoides Mart. Tabebuia aurea (J. Silva Manso) Benth.& Hook. Mikaniasessilifolia DC. Tabebuia chrysantha(Jacq.) G. Nicholson Piptocarpharotundifolia (Less.) Baker Tabebuia impetiginosa(Mart. ex DC.) Standley Piptocarphasp. Tabebuia insignis(Miq.) Sandwith Senecio brasiliensisLess. Tabebuia ochracea(Cham.) Standley Senecio aff.oxyphyllus DC. Tabebuia roseo-alba(Ridl.) Sandwith

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Tabebuia serratifolia(Vahl) G. Nicholson Bauhiniaspp. 5 Tabebuia spp. 13 Caesalpiniabracteosa Tul. Tecomaleucoxylon Mart. ex DC. Caesalpiniaferrea Mart. ex Tul. Zeyheriamontana Mart. Cassia moschataKunth Unknown2 Cassia pendula Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Bixaceae Cassia spp. 8 Cenostigmagardnerianurn Tul. Cochlospermumregium (Schrank) Pilg. Cenostigmamacrophyllum Tul. Cochlospermumvitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. Chamaecristacathartica (Mart.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bomnbacaceae Chamaecristaclaussenii (Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bombaxcyathophorum (Casar.) K. Schum. Chamaecristaconferta (Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bombaxsp. Chamaecristacotonifolia (Don) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Eriothecagracilipes (K. Schum.)A. Robyns Chamaecristadalbergiifolia (Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Eriothecapubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott& Endl. Barneby Pseudobombaxlongiflorum (Mart. & Zucc.) A. Robyns Chamaecristadesvauxii (Collad.) Killip Pseudobombaxrnarginatum (A. St.-Hil.,A. Juss.& Chamaecristaensiformis (Vell.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Chambess.)A. Robyns Chamaecristaisidorea (Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Pseudobombaxtomentosum (Mart. & Zucc.) A. Robyns Chamaecristajuruenensis (Hoehne) H. S. Irwin& Bar- Pseudobombaxspp. 2 neby Chamaecristaorbiculata (Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Boraginaceae Chamaecristarotundata (Vogel) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Cordiaalliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Chamaecristazygophyloides (Taub.) H. S. Irwin& Cordiabicolor A. DC. Barneby Cordiadiscolor Cham. Chamaecristasp. Cordiaecalyculata Vell. Copaiferacoriacea Mart. Cordiaglabrata (Mart.) A. DC. Copaiferalangsdoiffii Desf. Cordiainsignis Cham. Copaiferaluetzelburgii Harms Cordianodosa Lam. Copaiferamartii Hayne Cordiasellowiana Cham. Dimorphandragardneriana Tul. Cordiasuperba Cham. Dimorphandramollis Benth. Cordiaspp. 2 Dimorphandracf. wilsoniiRizzini Tournefortiasp. Diptychandraaurantiaca Tul. Benth. Burseraceae Diptychandraglabra Hymenaeacourbaril L. Burseraleptophloeos Engl. Hymenaeamaranhensis Y. T Lee & Langenh. Burserasimaruba (L.) Sarg. Hymenaeamartiana Hayne Burserasp. Hymenaeastigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne Protiumalmecega Marchand Hymenaeavelutina Ducke Protiumaracouchini (Aubl.) Marchand Hymenaeaspp. 3 Protiumbrasiliense (Spreng.) Engl. Macrolobiumbifolium (Aubl.) Pers. Protiumelegans Engl. Macrolobiumsp. Protiumheptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand Martiodendronmediterraneum (Mart. ex Benth.)Koep- Protiumovatum Engl. pen Protiumpilosissimum Engl. Peltogyneconfertiflora (Hayne) Benth. Protiumspp. 3 Peltogynepaniculata Benth. Tetragastrisunifoliolata (Engl.) Cuatrec. Peltogynesp. Cactaceae Peltophorumvogelianum Benth. Cereusjamacaru DC. Pterogynenitens Tul. Schizolobiumparayba (Vell.) Blake Caesalpiniaceae Sclerolobiumaureum (Tul.) Benth. Apuleia leiocarpa(Vog.) J. F. Macbr. Sclerolobiumhypoleucum Benth. Bauhiniaamplifolia Ducke Sclerolobiumpaniculatum Vogel Bauhiniabrevipes Vogel Sclerolobiumcf. paniculatumVogel Bauhiniaaff. cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. Sclerolobiumspp. 2 Bauhiniacupulata Benth. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Bauhiniacuyabensis (Bong.) Steud. Senna bicapsularis(L.) Roxb. Bauhiniadubia Don Senna latifolia(G. Mey) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniagoyazensis Harms Senna macranthera(Collad.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniamacrostachya Benth. Senna obtusifolia(L.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniamollis D. Dietr. Senna rugosa(Don) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniapulchella Benth. Senna silvestris(Vell.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniarufa (Bong.) Steud. Senna spectabilis(DC.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniatenella Benth. Senna trachypus(Benth.) H. S. Irwin& Barneby Bauhiniaungulata L. Senna velutina(Vogel) H. S. Irwin& Barneby

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Senna sp. Clusia sp. Swartziaflaemingii Raddi Kielmeyera abdita Saddi Swartzialatifolia Benth. Kielmeyera coriacea (Spreng.) Mart. Swartziaracemosa Benth. Kielmeyera corymbosa (Spreng.) Mart. Swartziasp. Kielmeyera grandiflora(Wawra) Saddi Kielmeyera rubrifloraCambess. Caricaceae Kielmeyera speciosa A. St.-Hil. Jacaratiasp. Kielmeyera suberosa Caryocaraceae Kielmeyera variabilis (Spreng.) Mart. Kielmeyera cf. variabilis (Spreng.) Mart. Caryocarbrasiliense Cambess. Kielmeyera spp. 6 Caryocarcoriaceum Wittm. Mahurea exstipulata Benth. Cecropiaceae Platonia insignis Mart. Cecropiaadenopus Mart. Symphonia globulifera L. f. Cecropiacinerea Miq. Vismia amazonica Ewan Cecropiacf. cinereaMiq. Vismia brasiliensis Choisy Cecropiaconcolor Willd. Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers. Cecropiaobtus Tr6cul Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy Cecropiapachystachya Tr6cul Vismia magnoliaefolia Cham. & Schltdl. Cecropiacf. pachystachyaTr6cul Vismia spp. 3 Cecropiaspp. 4 Combretaceae Celastraceae Buchenavia grandis Ducke Austroplenckiapopulnea (Reissek) Lundell Buchenavia tomentosa (Mart.) Eichler Austroplenckiasp. Combretum ellipticum Kuhlmann Maytenusalaternoides Reissek Combretum fruticosum(Loefl.) Stuntz Maytenusaff. alaternoides Riessek Combretum leprosum Mart. Maytenuscf. alaternoidesReissek Combretum mellifluumEichler Maytenuscommunis Reissek Combretum sp. Maytenusevonymnoides Reissek Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc. Maytenusobtusifolia Mart. Terminalia brasiliensis (Camb.) Eichler Maytenusrigida Mart. Terminalia fagifolia Mart. ex Zucc. Maytenusspp. 3 Terminalia januariensis DC. Chrysobalariaceae Terminalia phaeocarpa Eichler 2 Couepia grandiflora(Mart. & Zucc.) Benth.ex Hook. f. Terminalia spp Thiloa glaucocarpa (Mart.) Eichler Exellodendrongardneri (Hook. f.) Prance Hirtellaciliata Mart.& Zucc. Unknown 1 Hirtellaglandulosa Spreng. Connaraceae Hirtellagracilipes (Hook. f.) Prance Hirtellahoehnei Pilg. Connarus perrottetii(DC.) Planch. Hirtellaracemosa Lam. Connarus suberosus Planch. Hirtellaspp. 2 Connarus spp. 4 Licania apetala (E. Mey.)Fritsch Rourea induta Planch. Licania blackii Prance Convolvulaceae Licania gardneri(Hook. f.) Fritsch Licania hoehneiPilg. Ipomoea albiflora Moric. Licania humilisCham. & Schltdl. Ipomoea sp. Licania kunthianaHook. f. Merremia aturensis (Kunth) Hallier Licania minusculaCuatrec. Licania octandra(Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.) Cunoniaceae Kuntze Lamanonia ternata Vell. Licania rigidaBenth. Licania spp. 5 Dilleniaceae Parinaricampestre Aubl. Curatella americana L. Parinariobtusifolia Hook. f. Davilla cearensis Huber Clethraceae Davilla elliptica A. St.-Hil. Davilla grandifloraA. St.-Hil. & Tul. Clethrabrasiliensis Cham. & Schltdl. Davilla aff. multifloraA. St.-Hil. Clusiaceae Davilla rugosa Poir. Calophyllumbrasiliense Cambess. Davilla sp. Clusia cf. insignisMart. Clusia microphyllaKlotzsch ex Engl. Ebenaceae Clusia sellowianaSchltdl. Diospyros brasiliensis Mart.

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Diospyrosburchellii Hiern Diospyroscoccolobaefolia Mart. Acosmiumdasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev Diospyroshispida A. DC. Acosmiumlentiscifolium Schott Diospyrossericea A. DC. Acosmiumsubelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev Diospyrosspp. 2 Acosmiumsp. Maba inconstans(Jacq.) Griseb. Aeschynomenepaniculata Willd. ex Vogel Ericaceae Amburanacearensis (Alemao) A. C. Sm. Gaylussaciabrasiliensis Meisn. Andiraanthelmia (Vell.) J. F. Macbr. Gaylussaciapseudo-gaultheria Cham. & Schltdl. Andiracuyabensis Benth. Leucothoepohlii (Don) Sleumer Andirafraxinifolia Benth. Leucothoeserrulata DC. Andirainermis (Sw.) Kunth Andiralaurifolia Benth. Erythroxylaceae Andiralegalis (Vell.) Toledo Erythroxylumambiguum Peyr. Andirananum Erythroxylumncampestre A. St.-Hil. Andirapaniculata Benth. Erythroxylumcitrifolium A. St.-Hil. Andiracf. riverinaArroyo 0. Erythroxylumcuneifolium (Mart.) E. Schulz Andiraspectabilis Saldanha Erythroxylumdaphinites Mart. Andirasurinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Erythroxylumdeciduum A. St.-Hil. Andiravermifuga Mart. ex Benth. Erythroxylumengleri 0. E. Schulz Andiraspp. 7 Erythroxylumflexuosum 0. E. Schulz Ateleia glazioveanaBaill. Erythroxylumgonocladum (Mart.) 0. E. Schulz Bocoa mollis(Benth.) R. Cowan Erythroxylumaff. micranthum Bong. ex Peyr. Erythroxylumorinocense Kunth Bowdichianitida Spruce ex Benth. Erythroxylumcf. orinocenseKunth Bowdichiavirgilioides Kunth Erythroxylumaff. rufum Cav. Camptosemacoriaceum (Nees & Mart.)Benth. Erythroxylumstrobilaceum Peyr. Camptosemapedicellatum Benth. Erythroxylumsuberosum A. St.-Hil. Centrolobiumtomentosum Guill. ex Benth. Erythroxylumtortuosum Mart. Clitoriasp. Erythroxylumspp. 9 Coursetiaarborea Griseb. Dalbergiamiscolobium Benth. Euphorbiaceae Dioclea bicolorBenth. Actinostemoncommunis (Mull. Arg.)Pax Dioclea glabraMart. ex Benth. Alchorneadiscolor Endl. & Poepp. Dioclea huberiiDucke Alchorneaschomburgkii Klotzsch Dioclea reflexaHook. f. Alchorneatriplinervia (Spreng.) Mull. Arg. Dipteryxalata Vogel Alchorneaspp. 2 Dipteryxodorata (Aubl.) Willd. Chaetocarpusechinocarpus (Baill.) Ducke Eriosemaaff. congestum Benth. Cnidosculusvitifolius Pohl Eriosemaspp. 3 Crotonfloribundus Spreng. Galactia glaucescensKunth Crotonpohlianus Mill. Arg. Harpalycebrasiliana Benth. Crotonsalutaris Casar. Indigoferasuffruticosa Mill. Crotonspp. 3 Lonchocarpusararipensis Benth. Mabea fistuliferaMart. Lonchocarpuscf. sericeus(Poir.) Kunth Mabea sp. Luetzelburgiaauriculata (Alemao) Ducke Manihotcoerulescens Pohl Machaeriumacutifolium Vogel Manihotpruinosa Pohl Machaeriumaff. acutifolium Vogel Manihottripartita (Spreng.) Mull. Arg. Machaeriumarobreum Vogel Manihotviolacea Pohl (Jacq.) Machaeriumhirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld Manihotspp. 4 Machaeriumlanatum Tul. Maprouneabrasiliensis A. St.-Hil. Maprouneaguianensis Aubl. Machaeriumopacum Vogel Maprouneasp. Machaeriumstipitatum (DC.) Vogel Pera bicolor(Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. Machaeriumvillosum Vogel Pera ferruginea(Schott) Mull. Arg. Machaeriumspp. 2 Pera glabrata(Schott) Baill. Ormosiaarborea (Vell.) Harms Pera obovata(Klotzsch) Baill. Platymisciumtrinitatis Benth. Pera sp. Platypodiumelegans Vogel Sapiumbiglandulosum Mull. Arg. Platypodiumgrandiflorum Benth. Sapium marginatum(Mull. Arg.)Mull. Arg. Pterocarpusrohrii Vahl Sapium sp. Pterocarpusviolaceus Vogel Savia dictyocarpaMull. Arg. Pterodonemarginatus Vogel Sebastianiabidentata (Mart.) Pax Tephrosiapurpurea (L) Pers. Unknown1 Vataireamacrocapra (Benth.) Ducke

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Vignafirmula (Benth.) Mar6chal, Mascherpa & Stain- Ocotea pulchella(Nees) Mez ier Ocotea spixiana(Nees) Mez Zollerniaparaensis Huber Ocotea velutina(Nees) Rohwer Flacourtiaceae Ocotea spp. 10 Persea caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Banara sp. Persea majorKopp Casearia arborea(Rich.) Urb. Persea pyrifoliaNees & Mart.ex Nees Casearia commersonianaCambess. Persea sp. Casearia decandraJacq. Phoebe erythropus(Mart. & Spix) Mez Casearia gossypiospermaBriq. Unknown12 Casearia grandifloraCambess. Casearia guianensis(Aubl.) Urb. Lecythidaceae Casearia lasiophyllaEichler Eschweilerabrancoensis (R. Knuth)Mori Casearia sylvestrisSw. Eschweileranana (Berg)Miers Casearia spp. 5 Eschweilera sp. Laetia procera(Peoppig) Eichler Lecythissp. Lindackerialatifolia Benth. Logaiiiaceae Ryaniamansoana Eichler Antoniaovata Pohl Hippocrateaceae Mitreolasp. Cheilocliniumcognatum (Miers) A. C. Sm. Strychnosmartii Progel Cheilocliniurnsp. Strychnospseudoquina A. St.-Hil. Peritassacampestris (Camb.) A. C. Sm. Strychnossp. Salacia campestrisWalp. Lythraceae Salacia crassifolia(Mart.) Peyr. Cuphea thymoidesCham. & Schltdl. Salacia micrantha(Mart.) Peyr. Cuphea sp. Salacia spp. 5 Diplusodonramosissimus Pohl Tonteleamicrantha (Mart. ex Schult.)A. C. Sm. Diplusodonvirgatus Pohl Unknown Diplusodonsp. Humfiriaceae Lafoensiadensiflora Pohl Humiriabalsamifera Aubl. Lafoensiapacari A. St.-Hil. Sacoglottisguianensis Benth. Lafoensiapuniciifolia DC. Lafoensiareplicata Pohl Icacinaceae Lafoensiasp. Emmoturnnitens (Benth.) Miers Physocalymmascaberrimum Pohl Emmotumsp. Magitoliaceae Krameriaceae Talaumaovata A. St.-Hil. Krameriaargentea Mart. ex. Sperng. Krameriatomentosa A. St.-Hil. Malpighiaceae Krameriasp. Banisteriaparaisia* Banisteriopsisargirophylla (A. Juss.)B. Gates Lacistemnataceae Banisteriopsiscampestris (A. Juss.)Little Lacistemaaggregatum (Bergius) Rusby Banisteriopsisclausseniana (A. Juss.)W. R. Anderson Lacistemahasslerianum Chodat & B. Gate Lacistemasp. Banisteriopsisirwiing B. Gates Banisteriopsislaevifolia (A. Juss.)B. Gates Hyptiscana Pohl ex Benth. Banisteriopsislatifolia (A. Juss.)B. Gates Hyptiseriophylla Pohl ex Benth. Banisteriopsismalifolia (Nees & Mart.)B. Gates Hyptismacrantha A. St.-Hil.ex Benth. Banisteriopsismegaphylla (A. Juss.)B. Gates Hyptispauliana Epling Banisteriopsisoxyclada (A. Juss.)B. Gates Banisteriopsispubipetala (A. Juss.)Cuatrec. Lauraceae Banisteriopsisschizoptera (A. Juss.)B. Gates MezilauLuscrassiramea (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez Banisteriopsisvariabilis B. Gates Mezilauruslindaviana Schwacke & Mez Banisteriopsisspp. 4 Mezilaurusaff. lindaviana Schwacke & Mez Byrsonimabasiloba A. Juss. Nectandralanceolata Nees & Mart.ex Nees Byrsonimablanchetiana Miq. Nectandramembranaceae (Sw.) Griseb. Byrsonimacoccolobifolia Kunth Nectandranitidula Nees & Mart.ex Nees Byrsonimaaff. coccolobifolia Kunth Nectandrasp. Byrsonimacoccolobifolia f. parvifoliaNied. Ocotea acutifolia(Nees) Mez Byrsonimacoriacea (Sw.) Kunth Ocotea corymbosa(Meisn.) Mez Byrsonimacrassa Nied. Ocotea diospyrifolia(Meisn.) Mez Byrsonimacrassifolia Kunth Ocotea cf. macropoda(Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth)Mez Byrsonimacydoniifolia A. Juss. Ocotea odorifera(Vell.) Rohwer Byrsonimafagifolia Nied.

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Byrsonimnagautherioides Griseb. Miconiaargentea DC. Byrsonimaguilleminiana A. Juss. Mieoniaburehellii Triana Byrsonimacf. guilleminianaA. Juss. Miconiachamissois Nuadin Byrsonimaindorum S. Moore Miconiachartacea Triana Byrsonimaintermedia A. Juss. Miconiacinerea Cogn. Byrsonimaintermedia f. latifoliaNied. Miconiacinnamomifolia (Mart. ex DC) Naudin Byrsonimalancifolia A. Juss. Miconiacuspidata Naudin Byrsonimalaxiflora Griseb. Miconiafallax DC. Byrsonimalinguifera Cuatrec. Miconiaferruginata (Schrank & Mart.ex DC.) DC. Byrsonimaorbignyana A. Juss. Miconiaguianensis (Aubl.) Cogn, Byrsonimapachyphylla A. Juss. Miconiaholosericea (L.) Triana Byrsonimaschomburgkiana Benth. Miconiaibaquensis (Bonpl.) Triana Byrsonimasericea DC. Miconialangsdorffii Cogn. Byrsonimastipulacea A. Juss. Miconialigustroides (DC.) Naudin ByrsonimacEf. umbellata Mart. Miconiaminutiflora (Bonpl.) DC. Byrsonimavacciniifolia A. Juss. Miconiapaulensis Naudin Byrsonimaaff. vacciniifolia A. Juss. Miconiapepericarpa DC. Byrsonimavariabilis A. Juss. Miconiapohliana Cogn. Byrsonimaverbascifolia (L.) Rich. ex A. Juss. Miconiarubiginosa DC. Byrsonimaverbascifolia ssp. discolorf. leiocarpaGri- Miconiarufescens (Aubl.) DC. seb. Miconiasellowiana (Cham.) Naudin Byrsonimaspp. 9 Miconiastenostachya (Schrank & Mart.ex DC.) DC. Galphimiabrasiliensis (L.) A. Juss. Miconiatheaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. Heteropterysacutifolia A. Juss. Miconiatiliaefolia Naudin Heteropterysbyrsonimiifolia A. Juss. Miconiaspp. 17 Heteropteryscf. escalloniifoliaA. Juss. Mouririacutiflora Naudin Heteropteryspteropetala A. Juss. Mouririelliptica Mart. Heteropterystomentosa A. Juss. Mouririguianensis Aubl. Heteropterysumbellata A. Juss. Mouriripusa Gardner Heteropterysxanthophylla A. Juss. Mouririspp. 2 Heteropterysspp. 3 Ossaea congestiflora(Naudin) Cogn. Peixotoahirta A. Juss. Tibouchinaadenostemon (Schrank ex DC.) Cogn. Peixotoaparviflora A. Juss. Tibouchinaaspera Aubl. Peixotoasp. Tibouchinabarbigera (Naudin) Baill. Pterandrapyroidea A. Juss. Tibouchinacandolleana (Mart. ex DC.) Cogn. Tetrapterysramiflora A. Juss. Tibouchinacf. candolleana(Mart. ex DC.) Cogn. Tetrapteryssp. Tibouchinaclidemoides (Berg ex Triana)Cogn. Unknown3 Tibouchinagracilis (Bonpl.) DC. Malvaceae Tibouchinapapyrifera (Pohl ex Naudin)Cogn. Tibouchinapogonanthera (Naudin) Cogn. Hibiscusfurcellatus Lam. Tibouchinasellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. Mollia sp. Tibouchinastenocarpa (Schrank & Mart.ex DC.) Pavoniamalacophylla Garcke Cogn. Marcgraviaceae Tibouchinaspp. 2 Noranteaguianensis Aubl. Tococa formicariaMart. ex DC. Noranteasp. Trembleyaparviflora (D. Don) Cogn. Trembleyaphlogiformis (Mart. & Sehrankex DC.) DC. Melastomataceae Unknown5 Cambessedesiaespora (A. St.-Hil.)DC. Meliaceae Clidemiahirta (L.) D. Don Clidemiarubra (Aubl.) Mart. Cabralea canjerana(Vell.) Mart. Clidemiasp. Cabralea sp. Leandrainvolucrata DC. Cedrelafissilis Vell. Leandralacunosa Cogn. Guarea macrophyllaVahl Leandralancifolia Cogn. Trichiliaelegans A. Juss. Leandrapolystachia (Naudin) Cogn. Trichiliapallida Sw. Leandrapurpurascens (DC.) Cogn. Trichiliasp. Leandracf. solenifera(Schrank ex DC.) Cogn. Menispermaceae Leandracf. xanthopogon(Naudin) Cogn. Abutagrandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith Leandrasp. Abuta selloana (Benth.)Eichler Macaireaaff. calvescens Naudin Cissampelossp. Miconiaadenostemon Cogn. Miconiaalbicans (Sw.) Triana Minosaceae Miconiaalbo-rufescens Naudin Acacia plumosaLowe

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Acacia sp. Brosimumguianensis (Aubl.) Huber Anadenantheracolubrina (Vell.) Brenan Brosimumspp. 2 Anadenantherafalcata (Benth.) Speg. Ficus citrifoliaMill. Anadenantheramacrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan Ficus gomelleiraKunth & Bouche ex Kunth Anadenantheraperegrina (L.) Speg. Ficus guyanensisDesv. ex Ham. Calliandraabbreviata Benth. Ficus obtusifoliaHumb., Bonpl. & Kunth Calliandradysantha Benth. Ficus spp. 9 Calliandrafoliolosa Benth. Pseudolmedialaevigata Tr6cul Calliandramicrophylla Benth. Pseudolmediasp. Calliandraparviflora Benth. ilicifoliaMiq. Chloroleucondumosum (Benth.) G. P. Lewis Sorocea sprucei(Baill.) J. F. Macbr. Chloroleuconfoliolosum (Benth.) G. P Lewis Sorocea sp. Chloroleuconmangense (Jacq.) Britton& Rose Unknown1 Enterolobiumcontortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong Myristicaceae Enterolobiumgummiferum (Mart.) J. F. Macbr. Enterolobiumschomburgkii (Benth.) Benth. Virolamalmei A. C. Sm. Enterolobiumspp. 2 Virolasebifera Aubl. Inga affinisDC. Virolasessilis (A. DC.) Warb. Inga fagifolia(L.) Willd.ex Benth. Virolasurinamensis (Rol.) Warb. Inga heterophyllaWilld. Virolaspp. 3 Inga scabriusculaBenth. Myrsinaceae Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. Cybianthusboissieri DC. Inga spp. 3 Cybianthusdetergens Mart. Mimosaacutistipula (Mart.) Benth. Cybianthusgoyazensis Mez Mimosaalbolanata Taub. Cybianthussp. Mimosacaesalpiniifolia Benth. Rapanea ferruginea(Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Mimosaclaussenii Benth. Rapanea guyanensisAubl. Mimosadolens Vell. ssp. rigida(Benth.) Barneby var. Rapanea lancifolia(Mart.) Mez rigida Rapanea leuconeura(Mart.) Mez Mimosafoliolosa Benth. Rapanea parvifolia(DC.) Mez Mimosalanuginosa Glaz. ex Burkart Rapanea umbellata(Mart.) Mez Mimosalaticifera Rizzini & A. Mattos Rapanea cf. umbellata(Mart.) Mez Mimosamillefoliata Scheele Rapanea spp. 2 Mimosapithecolobioides Benth. Stylogynewarmingii Mez Mimosaplatyphylla Benth. Unknown2 Mimosapteridifolia Benth. Mimosaaff. somnians Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Mimosasonderstromii Barneby* Blepharocalyxsalicifolius (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Mimosaxanthocentra Mart. spp. subsericea(Benth.) Berg Barnebyvar. subsericea Blepharocalyxsp. Mimosaverrucosa Benth. Calycorectesacutatus (Miq.) Toledo Mimosaspp. 3 Campomanesiaadamantium (Camb.) Berg Parkiaplatycephala Benth. Campomanesiadichotoma (Berg) Mattos Piptadeniagonoacantha (Mart.) J. F. Macbr. Campomanesiaeugenioides (Camb.) D. Legrand Piptadeniaobliqua (Pers.) J. F. Macbr. Campomanesialineatifolia Ruiz & Pavon Piptadeniasp. Campomanesiapubescens (DC.) Berg Pithecellobiumincuriale (Vell.) Benth. Campomanesiarufa (Berg) Nied. Pithecellobiummarginatum Spruce ex Benth. Campomanesiaxanthocarpa Berg Plathymeniafoliolosa Benth. Campomanesiaspp. 4 Plathymeniareticulata Benth. Eugenia albo-tomentosaCamb. Stryphnodendronadstringens (Mart.) Coville Eugenia aurataBerg Stryphnodendroncoriaceum Benth. Eugenia bimarginataDC. Stryphnodendroncf. coriaceumBenth. Eugenia chrysanthaBerg Stryphnodendronobovatum Benth. Eugenia dysentericaMart. ex DC. Stryphnodendronpolyphyllum Mart. Eugenia gamaeanaGlaz. Stryphnodendronspp. 2 Eugenia hiemalisCamb. Monfiniaceae Eugenia livida Berg Eugenia mansoniiBerg Siparunacujabana (Mart.)DC. Eugenia cf. mansoniiBerg Siparunaguianensis Aubl. Eugenia aff.oblongata Berg Siparunaspp. 2 Eugenia obversaBerg Unknown1 Eugenia pitanga(Berg) Kiaersk. Eugenia plurifloraMart. Brosimumgaudichaudii Tr6cul Eugenia punicifolia(Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth)DC.

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Eugenia spathulataBerg Siphoneugenaspp. 2 Eugenia unifloraL. Unknown36 Eugenia aff.uniflora L. Nyctaginaceae Eugenia spp. 24 Gomidesiaaffinis (Camb.) D. Legrand Guapiragraciliflora (Mart. ex J. A. Schmidt)Lundell Gomidesialindeniana Berg Guapiranoxia (Netto)Lundell Myrceugeniaaff. alpigena (DC.) Landrum Guapiraopposita (Vell.) Reitz Myrciaalbo-tomentosa DC. Guapirasubferruginea (Mart.) Myrciabella Camb. Guapiratomentosa (Casar.) Lundell Myrciacanescens Berg Guapiraspp. 9 Myrciacastrensis (Berg) D. Legrand Neea macrophyllaBritton Myrciacuprea (Berg)Kiaersk. Neea aff.macrophylla Britton Myrciadaphnoides DC. Neea spruceanaHeimerl Myrciafloribunda Miq. Neea theiferaOerst. Myrciaformosiana DC. Neea spp. 2 Myrciaguajavaefolia Berg Unknown2 Myrciahayneana Berg Ochnaceae Myrciaintermedia (Berg) Kiaersk. Ourateaacuminata (DC.) Engl. Myrciaaff. intermedia (Berg) Kiaersk. Ourateacastanaefolia (DC.) Engl. Myrcialaevigata Berg Ourateaconfertiflora (Pohl) Engl. Myrcialaruotteana Camb. Ourateacuspidata (A. St.-Hil.)Engl. Myrcialasiantha DC. Ourateafieldingiana (Gardner) Engl. Myrcialingua Berg Ourateafloribunda (A. St.-Hil.)Engl. Myrcialongipes (Berg) Kiaersk. Ourateahexasperma (A. St.-Hil.)Baill. Myrciacf. longipes(Berg) Kiaersk. Ourateanana (A. St.-Hil.)Engl. Myrciamultiflora (Lam.) DC. Ourateaschomburgkii (Planch.) Engl. Myrcianigro-punctata DC. Ourateaspectabilis (Mart.) Engl. Myrciaobtusata (Schauer) D. Legrand Ourateaspp. 4 Myrciapallens DC. Myrciapolyantha DC. Olacaceae Myrciapubipetala Miq. Dulacia sp. Myrciarorida (Berg) Kiaersk. Heisteriadensifrons Engl. Myrciarostrata DC. Ximeniaamericana L. Myrciarufipes DC. Oleaceae Myrciaschottiana Berg Myrciastricta (Berg) Kiaersk. Linocierahassleriana Hassl. Myrciasuperba Berg Opiliaceae Myrciaaff. ternifolia Berg Agonandrabrasiliensis Miers Myrciatomentosa DC. Agonandrasp. Myrciaaff. tomentosa DC. Oxalidaceae Myrciacf. tomentosaDC. Myrciacf. tortaDC. Oxalis hirsutissimaMart. & Zucc. Myrciauberavensis Berg Piperaceae Myrciavariabilis DC. Piper spp. 2 Myrciavenulosa DC. Myrciaspp. 20 Poaceae Myrcianthespungens (Berg) D. Legrand Actinocladumverticillatum (Nees) MacClure& Son- Myrciariafloribunda (West ex Willd.) Berg derstron Myrciariaaff. floribunda (West ex Willd.)Berg Arundinariacannavieira Silveira Psidiumacutangulum DC. Guadua sp. Psidiumaerugineum Berg Unknown1 Psidiumaustrale Camb. Polygalaceae Psidiumaff. australe Camb. Psidiumbergianum (Nied.) Burret Bredemeyeraaltissima A. W. Benn. Psidiumcambessedianum* Bredemeyeralaurifolia Klotzch Psidiumcinereum DC. Polygonaceae Psidiumfirmum Berg Coccoloba grandifoliaJacq. Psidiumguajava L. Coccoloba mollisCasar. Psidiumguineense Sw. Coccolobacf. mollisCasar. Psidiummyrsinoides Berg Coccoloba spp. 4 Psidiumrufum DC. Psidiumsubmetrale McVaugh Proteaceae Psidiumspp. 19 Euplassa inaequalis (Pohl) Engl. Siphoneugenadensiflora Berg Roupala brasiliensisKlotzsch

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Roupala montanaAubl. Sabicea cana Hook. f. Roupala spp 3 Sipanea sp. Tocoyenabullata (Vell.) Mart. Rhamnaceae Tocoyenaaff. foetida Poepp. & Endl. Rhamnidiumelaeocarpum Reissek Tocoyenaformosa (Chain. & Schltdl.)K. Schum. Rhamnussphaerosperma Sw. Tocoyenaneglecta N. E. Brown Rosaceae Tocoyenaspp. 2 Prunusbrasiliensis (Cham. & Schltdl.)D. Dietr. Unknown6 Prunusmyrtifolia (L.) Urb. Rutaceae Prunussellowii Koehne Dictyolomaincanescens DC. Rubus brasiliensisMart. Erythrochitonbrasiliensis Nees & Mart. Esenbeckiafebrifuga (A. St.-Hil.)A. Juss.ex Mart. Alibertiaconcolor (Cham.) K. Schum. Esenbeckiapumila Pohl Alibertiaedulis (L. C. Rich.) A. Rich. Fagara sp. Alibertiaelliptica (Cham.) K. Schum. Hortiabrasiliensis Vand. ex DC. Alibertiamacrophylla (Mart.) K. Schum. Spirantheraodoratissima A. St.-Hil. Alibertiacf. macrophylla(Mart.) K. Schum. Zanthoxylumcinereum Engl. Alibertiaobtusa K. Schum. Zanthoxylumcf. cinereumEngl. Alibertiasessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. Zanthoxylumaff. hasslerianum (Chodat) Pirani Alibertiacf. sessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. Zanthoxylumcf. hasslerianum(Chodat) Pirani Alibertiaverrucosa S. Moore Zanthoxylumrhoifolium Lam. Alibertiaspp. 4 Zanthoxylumcf. rhoifoliumLam. Amaiouaguianensis Aubl. Zanthoxylumrieldelianum Engl. Borojoalanceolata (Cham.) Cuatrec. Zanthoxylumrugosum A.-St. Hil. & Tul. Calycophyllummultiflorum Griseb. Sapiudaceae Chimarrhissp. Allophylusquercifolius (Mart.) Radlk. Chiococcanitida Benth. Allophylussericeus (Camb.) Radlk. Chomeliaanisomeris Mull. Arg. Allophylussp. Chomeliaobtusa Cham. & Schltdl. Cupania racemosa(Vell.) Radlk. Chomeliapohliana Mull. Arg. Cupania revolutaRadlk. Chomeliaribesioides Benth. ex A. Gray Cupania cf. scrobiculataRich. Coccocypselumlanceolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Cupania vernalisCamb. Coussareahydrangeaefolia (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. ex Cupania spp. 2 Mull. Arg. Diatenopteryxsorbifolia Radlk. Declieuxialysimachioides Zucc. ex Schult.& Schult.f. Dilodendronbipinnatum Radlk. Farameacrassifolia Benth. Magoniapubescens A. St.-Hil. Farameasp. Mataybaarborescens (Aubl.) Radlk. Ferdinandusaelliptica Pohl Mataybaelaeagnoides Radlk. Genipa americanaL. Mataybaguianensis Aubl. Genipa sp. Mataybasp. Guettardaangelica Mart.ex Mull. Arg. Serjaniaerecta Radlk. Guettardaplatypoda DC. Unknown Guettardaviburnoides Cham. & Schltdl. Guettardasp. Sapotaceae Ixoragardneriana Benth. Chrysophyllumbrevipes (Pierre) T. D. Penn. Ladenbergiachapadensis S. Moore Chrysophyllummarginatum (Hook. & Arn.)Radlk. Palicoureacrocea (Sw.) Roem. & Schult. Chrysophyllumsp. Palicourearigida Kunth Manilkarabidentata (A. DC) Chev. Palicourearigida var. genuina Mull. Arg. Manilkaratriflora (Alemao) Monach. Palicoureaxanthophylla Mull. Arg.* Manilkaraspp. 2 Palicoureasp. Micropholisvenulosa (Mart. & Eichler)Pielre Psychotriacarthagenensis Jacq. Pouteriaramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. Psychotriaofficinalis (Aubl.) Raeusch. ex Sandw. Pouteriatorta (Mart.) Radik. Psychotriasessilis (Vell.) Mull. Arg. Pouteriasp. Psychotriaspp. 2 Sideroxylonaff. venulosum Mart. & Eichler Randia nitida(Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth)DC. Unknown1 Randia sp. Simaroubaceae Remijiaamazonica K. Schum. Remijiaferruginea (A. St.-Hil.)DC. Simaba trichilioidesEngl. Rudgea amazonicaMull. Arg. Simaba warmingianaEngl. Rudgea viburnoides(Cham.) Benth. Simaba sp. Rudgea villosa Benth.ex Glaz. Simaroubaamara Aubl. Rudgea sp. Simaroubaversicolor A. St.-Hil.

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Table 2. Continued. Table 2. Continued.

Solanaceae Tremamicrantha (L.) Blume Cestrumcorymbosum Schltdl. Cestrumobovatum Sendtn. Cestrumsendtnerianum Mart. ex Sendtn. Velloziaflavicans Mait. ex Schult.f. Solanurnbaturitense Huber Velloziaspp. 2 Solanumcordifolium Dunal Verbenaceae Solanumgrandiflorum Ruiz & Pavon Solanumhorridum Dunal Aegiphilaamazonica Moldenke Solanurmjamaicense Mill. Aegiphilaintermedia Moldenke SolanLmlycocarpum A. St.-Hil. Aegiphilalhotszkiana Chain. Solanummacranthum Dunal Aegiphilaparviflora Moldenke Solanumsubinerme Jacq. Aegiphilapernambucensis Moldenke Solanumspp. 2 Aegiphilasellowiana Chain. Aegiphilasplendens Schauer Sterculiaceae Aegiphilaverticillata Vell. Guazumaulmifolia Lam. Aegiphilasp. Helicteresbrevispira A. St.-Hil. Lantanacamara L. Helicterescorylifolia Nees Lantanafucuta Lindl. Helicteresguazumifolia Kunth Lantanatrifolia L. Helicteresmacropetala A. St.-Hil. Lippia corymbosaChain. Helicteresovata Lam. Lippia eupatoriumSchauer Helicteressacarolha A. St.-Hil. Lippia glandulosaSchauer Helicteressp. Lippia gracilisSchauer Melochiahirsuta Cav. Lippia lacunosa Mart.& Schauer Sterculiastriata A. St.-Hil.& Naudin Lippia lasiocalycinaChain. Sterculiasp. Lippia lupulinaCham. Waltheriaindica L. Lippia martianaSchauer Waltheriapolyanthos K. Schum. Lippia salviaefoliaChain. Styracaceae Petrearacemosa Nees Styraxcamporum Pohl Vitexcymosa Bertero Styraxferrugineum Nees & Mart. Vitexflavens Kunth Styraxsp. Vitexmegapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke Vitexpolygama Chain. Syniiplocaceae Vitexcf. polygamaChain. Symplocosfallax Brand Vitexschomburgkiana Schauer Symplocoslanceolata (Mart.) DC. Vitexspp. 2 Symplocoscf. lanceolata(Mart.) DC. Unknown2 Symplocosnitens (Pohl) Benth. Symplocosplatyphylla (Pohl) Benth. Symplocospubescens Klotzsch ex Benth. Callisthenefasciculata Mart. Symplocosrhamnifolia DC. Callisthenehassleri Briq. Symplocostenuifolia Brand Callisthenemajor Mart. Symplocostetrandra Mart. ex Miq. Callisthenemajor var. pilosa Warm. Symplocosuniflora (Pohl) Benth. Callisthenemicrophylla Warm. Symplocosspp. 4 cordataSpreng. Theaceae Qualea densifloraSpreng. Ternstroemiabrasiliensis Cambess. Qualea dichotoma(Mart.) Warm. Ternstroemiaoleaefolia Wawra Qualea grandifloraMalt. Qualea multifloraMart. Tliymnelaeaceae Qualea parvifloraMart. Daphinopsisfasciculata (Meisn.) Nevling Qualea sp. Tiliaceae Salvertiaconvallariodora A. St.-Hil. Apeiba tibourbouAubl. Vochysiacinnamomea Pohl Luehea divaricataMart. Vochysiaelliptica Mart. Luehea paniculataMart. Vochysiaaff. feruLginea Mart. Luehea speciosa Willd. Vochysiagardneri Warm. Luehea spp. 2 Vochysiahaenkeana Mart. Triumfettasemitriloba Jacq. Vochysiaherbacea Pohl Turiiei-aceae Vochysiapetraea Warm. Vochysiapruinosa Pohl Piriquetaaurea (Cambess.)Urb. Vochysiarufa Mart. Ulmiaceae Vochysiathyrsoidea Pohl Celtis iguanea(Jacq.) Sarg. Vochysiatucanorum Mart. Celtis pubescensKunth Vochysiaspp. 2 Celtis sp. Familyunknown-122

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Table 3. Numbers(N) of referencesto taxonomicentities at differentlevels foundin surveysof treesand shrubs in Braziliancerrados.

N % Families Identified 88 41.9 "Unknown" 122 58.1 Total 210 Genera Identified 363 63.3 "Unknown" 209 36.5 Total 572 Species Identified 973 57.1 Dubious 31 1.8 Dubious,but species alreadyidentified at anothersite 36 2.1 Subspecies or varietyof species alreadyincluded 5 0.3 Genus only 455 26.6 "Unknown" 209 12.2 Total 1709

Table 4. Estimatesof the numberof taxa of arboreal and shrubbyplants at differentlevels in Braziliancerra- dos. See textfor details on calculation.

Level Lowerlimit Upperlimit Families 88 210 Genera 363 572 Species 973 1709

Table 5. Estimatesof the numberof terrestrialher- baceous-subshrubbyspecies and total terrestrialangio- spermflora of Braziliancerrados, assuming different pro- portions(1 : 2 and 1: 3) ofwoody: herbaceous-subshrubby componentsand consideringa lower(minimum) and an upper(maximum) limit (see Table 4) forthe woodyflora.

Minimum Maximum 1:2 1:3 1:2 1:3 Herbaceous-subshrubby species 1946 2919 3418 5127 Totalflora 2919 3892 5127 6836

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