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Resumen …………………..……………………………………….…………..V Lista De Cuadros ………………………………………………………………Xi Lista De Figuras ………………………………………………………………..Xiii

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Resumen …………………..……………………………………….…………..V Lista De Cuadros ………………………………………………………………Xi Lista De Figuras ………………………………………………………………..Xiii UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS. FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA. CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA. TESIS DE GRADO COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTRUCTURA DE UN BOSQUE MONTANO PLUVIAL EN DOS RANGOS ALTITUDINALES DE LAS SERRANÍAS DE PEÑALITO-NORESTE DE APOLO, ÁREA NATURAL DE MANEJO INTEGRADO MADIDI. (ANMI-MADIDI) Freddy Canqui Magne La Paz - Bolivia 2006 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS. FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA. CARRERA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA. COMPOSICIÓN FLORÍSTICA Y ESTRUCTURA DE UN BOSQUE MONTANO PLUVIAL EN DOS RANGOS ALTITUDINALES DE LAS SERRANÍAS DE PEÑALITO-NORESTE DE APOLO, ÁREA NATURAL DE MANEJO INTEGRADO MADIDI. (ANMI-MADIDI) Tesis de Grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar el Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo. Freddy Canqui Magne Tutor: Ing. For. Luis Goitia Arze. .......................................................... Asesor: Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo Murakami. .......................................................... Comite Revisor: Ing. M. Sc. Félix Rojas Ponce. .......................................................... Ing. M. Sc. Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez. .......................................................... Ing. Ramiro Mendoza Nogales. .......................................................... Decano: Ing. M. Sc. Jorge Pascuali Cabrera. ……………………………………….... DEDICATORIA: Dedicado al amor de mi abnegada madre Eugenia Magne Quispe y padre Francisco Canqui Aruni como a mis queridas hermanas Maria y Yola. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecer al supremo creador por darnos la vida y la naturaleza que nos cobija. Al Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (HNB) que permitieron hacer posible el presente trabajo como la continuidad de otros más, a través del proyecto Inventarios Florísticos de la Región del Madidi con el Missouri Botanical Garden (MOBOT) y los financiadores del NSF bajo coordinación de los biólogos Ph. D. Peter JØrgensen y Alfredo Fuentes. Agradecer a los Ing. For. Alejandro Araujo, Ing. For. Luis Goitia quienes orientaron asesorando con su experiencia la presente tesis, las sugerencias y correcciones de la bióloga Paula Gismondi, como también agradecer a M Sc. Félix Rojas, Wilfredo Peñafiel y al Ing. Ramiro Mendoza como tribunales que coadyuvaron con sus acertadas observaciones y sugerencias; además de las biólogas; M. Sc. Carla Maldonado, Narel Paniagua y Renate Seidel, que en su momento fueron de gran ayuda para el desarrollo, ampliando mis bases en la ecología. Así también el apoyo a los personeros del HNB; Ph. D. Stephan Beck siempre alentándome en concluir el presente trabajo, bióloga Mónica Zeballos colaborando siempre a todos en la biblioteca y todas aquellas personas de esta institución. Agradecer a los amigos; Egr. Gonzalo Paredes, los Ingenieros; Maria Quispe, Jaime Quispe, Tomas Flores, al Ing. For. M. Sc. Cleto Cahuaya y varios compañeros de la Facultad de Agronomía y Biología, quienes de alguna manera apoyan mi constate superación como ser humano y profesional. ÏNDICE Resumen …………………..……………………………………….…………..v Lista de Cuadros ………………………………………………………………xi Lista de Figuras ………………………………………………………………..xiii I. INTRODUCCIÓN …….…….………………………………..…………………………. 1 1.1. Antecedentes ……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2. Justificación …………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.3. OBJETIVOS …………………………………………………………………………. 4 1.3.1. Objetivo general …………..………………………….………….…….…………. 4 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos ……………………………………………………………. 4 II. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRAFICA ..…………………….…….….………..…….………. 5 2.1. Importancia y características de los bosques montanos ...…...…………..……. 5 2.1.1. Gradiente altitudinal …................................................................................... 7 2.2. Clasificación de los bosques montanos …………………………………….……. 9 2.2.1. Biogeografía y distribución de los bosques montanos en Bolivia ……........... 10 2.2.1.1. Región andina ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.1.2 Provincia biogeográfica de los yungas peruano-bolivianos ………………… 12 2.2.1.3. Vegetación del sector biogeográfico de los yungas del Beni ……………… 14 2.2.1.4. Vegetación de los yungas montanos .......................................................... 15 2.2.1.5. Vegetación de los yungas montanos pluviales …………………………....... 15 2.2.1.6. Bosques pluviales montanos de los yungas del Beni …………………..….. 15 2.3. Composición florística ....................................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Diversidad y riqueza en los bosque del Neotrópico ....................................... 17 2.3.2. Diversidad y riqueza del bosque montano en Bolivia ………………………… 18 2.4. Estructuras del bosque …………………………………………………………….. 20 2.4.1. Estratos ……………………………………………………………………………. 21 2.4.1.1. Estructura vertical ………………………………………………………………. 22 2.4.1.2. Estructura horizontal ................................................................................... 23 III. LOCALIZACIÓN …………………………………………………………………....... 24 3.1. Características del Parque Nacional y Área Natural Manejo Integrado– Madidi……………………………………………………………………………………… 24 3.2. Fisiografía y geología ........................................................................................ 26 3.3. Suelos ............................................................................................................... 27 3.4. Hidrografía ........................................................................................................ 28 3.5. Clima ................................................................................................................. 28 3.6. Vegetación y biogeografía ................................................................................ 29 IV. MATERIALES Y METODOS .............................................................................. 32 4.1. Materiales ......................................................................................................... 32 4.1.1. de campo ....................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2. de gabinete ..…………….……………………………………………………….... 32 4.2. Métodos ............................................................................................................ 32 4.2.1. Sitios de instalación de las parcelas temporales de muestreo (PTMS) …….. 32 4.2.2. Diseño y establecimiento de las parcelas temporales de muestreo de las parcelas tipo Gentry de 0.1 ha con DAP≥2.5 cm ………………………………... 34 4.2.3. Toma de datos ……………………………….…………………………………… 36 4.2.4. Colecta de muestras ...……………………….………………………………...... 37 4.2.5. Identificación taxonómica .…..……………………………………………..…….. 37 4.2.6. Muestreo del suelos ....................................................................................... 38 4.2.7. Procesamiento de datos ................................................................................ 38 4.2.8. Análisis de datos ...………………………………………………………….……. 39 4.2.8.1. Composición florística …………………………………………………………. 39 4.2.8.2. Diversidad florística y Riqueza ……………….……………………………….. 39 4.2.8.2.1. Índices de diversidad ............................................................................... 40 4.2.8.3. Importancia ecológica de las taxa ……………………………………………. 42 4.2.8.3.1. Índice de importancia de familias (IVIF) ................................................... 42 4.2.8.3.2. Índice de valor de importancia (IVI) ……………………………….……….. 43 4.2.8.4. Estructuras totales del bosque .................................................................... 44 4.2.8.4.1. Estructura Horizontal ………………………………………………………… 44 4.2.8.4.2. Estructura Vertical …………………………………………….……………… 44 4.2.8.5. Diversidad beta ( β )…………………………………………………………….. 44 4.2.8.5.1. Similitud florística de la riqueza de especies ……………………………… 45 4.2.8.5.2. Similitud o disimilitud jerárquica de las parcelas temporales de muestreo ….………………………………………………………………………………. 45 4.2.8.5.3. Relación estructural entre las parcelas y las especies …….…..………… 46 4.2.8.5.4. Relación entre la diversidad beta y las variables ambientales ….………. 47 V. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES ….…….…………………………………..…..... 48 5.1. Composición florística ...………………………………………………………....…. 48 5.1.1. Composición florística: fondos de valle ………………………………………… 48 5.1.2. Composición florística: laderas ...................................................................... 54 5.2. Diversidad (α) y riqueza .................................................................................... 57 5.2.1. Índices de diversidad: fondos de valle y laderas ........................................... 57 5.2.2. Rango abundancia-especie: fondos de valle ………………………………….. 60 5.2.3. Rango abundancia-especies: laderas ………………………………………….. 61 5.2.4 Curva área especie: fondos de valle y laderas ….………………………...…... 63 5.3. Importancia ecológica de las taxa ……………………………………….............. 67 5.3.1. Índice de importancia de familias (IVIF): fondos de valle ……………………. 67 5.3.2. Índice de importancia de familias (IVIF): laderas ....…………………….…….. 70 5.3.3. Índice valor de importancia de las especies (IVI): fondos de valle ………….. 73 5.3.4. Índice valor de importancia de las especies (IVI): laderas ..………………..... 75 5.4. Estructuras totales del bosque ..…………………………………………………… 77 5.4.1. Estructura horizontal ……………………………………………………………… 77 5.4.1.1. Estructura horizontal: fondos de valle ......................................................... 77 5.4.1.2. Estructura horizontal: laderas ..................................................................... 82 5.4.2. Estructura vertical ………………………………………………………………… 87 5.4.2.1. Estructura vertical: fondos de valle ……….................................................
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