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Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony?

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Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony? Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony? Jasmine Underwood Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Underwood, Jasmine, "Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony?" (2016). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1679. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1679 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEMINIST INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND “EPISTEMIC BLANK SPOTS”: ENTRENCHING HEGEMONY? A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By JASMINE UNDERWOOD B.A. International Studies, The Ohio State University, 2009 2016 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL November 8, 2016 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Jasmine Underwood ENTITLED Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony? BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________ December A. Green, Ph.D. Co-Director ______________________ Hope E. Jennings, Ph.D. Co-Director ______________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: Approved by Thesis Committee: ________________________ December A. Green, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ________________________ Hope E. Jennings, Ph.D. Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies ________________________ Vaughn Shannon, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ________________________ Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Underwood, Jasmine, M.A. Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2016. Feminist International Relations and “Epistemic Blank Spots”: Entrenching Hegemony? Feminist International Relations (IR) theory and literature critiques the traditional theoretical foundations of international politics, policy, and academia. Viewing the world as a dynamic set of socioeconomic systems and structures, feminists look at the foundations of these institutions, their interactions, and how they impact marginalized groups. Although given that a few of the most prominent feminist International Relations scholars share some of the same socioeconomic and regional roots as their counterparts within mainstream IR, these feminist theorists may have their own sociocultural epistemological issues. Using a critical discourse analysis, this study analyzed if—and how—the background of several leading feminist IR scholars affected their discourse, particularly as it related to their discussion of women outside of the “western” world. This study finds that “western” hegemonic discourse is challenged and entrenched in various ways, most notably in the use of hierarchical dualisms and dichotomies and how they inherently (dis)privilege specific societies. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 The Foundations of International Relations Theory ............................................................................. 1 Feminism and IR Theory: The Gendered State ..................................................................................... 2 Appreciation without Inclusion: The Marginalization of Feminist IR .................................................. 4 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Research Design...................................................................................................................................... 17 What is Discourse Analysis? ............................................................................................................... 18 Conceptualization and Operationalization ......................................................................................... 20 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Data..................................................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST IR LITERATURE ................................................................. 29 Critical Discourse Analysis part I ........................................................................................................... 29 Discursive Themes and Categories ..................................................................................................... 30 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF POLICY LITERATUE ............................................................................. 59 Critical Discourse Analysis Part II.......................................................................................................... 59 Women’s Development Policy Literature: An Overview ................................................................... 60 Discursive Themes and Categories ..................................................................................................... 68 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 92 Summarizing the Research and Findings ................................................................................................ 92 Feminist International Relations Literature ....................................................................................... 92 Women's Development Policy Literature ............................................................................................ 96 Summary and Comparison of the Discourse ....................................................................................... 98 Importance and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 101 Future Research .................................................................................................................................... 104 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................................. 105 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 107 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1: Feminist IR Literature Timeline .................................................................................... 29 Figure 2: Feminist Theorists Cited in Sampled Feminist IR Texts .............................................. 39 Figure 3: Hierarchal Dichotomies of Mainstream International Relations ................................... 50 Figure 4: Women’s Development Policy Literature Timeline ..................................................... 59 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Feminist International Relations (IR) theory and literature focuses on critiquing the traditional theoretical foundations of international politics, policy, and academia. Feminist scholars argue that using a feminist approach provides a deeper, more complex analysis, which highlights previously unseen issues and consequences. Viewing the world as a dynamic set of socioeconomic systems and structures, feminists look at the foundations of these institutions and how they interact to impact the most marginalized groups. Although, given that some of the most prominent feminist International Relations scholars share similar socioeconomic roots as their counterparts within mainstream IR, these feminist scholars may have their own sociocultural epistemological issues. This study will analyze if—and how—the background of feminist IR scholars affects their discourse, particularly as it relates to their discussion of women outside of the “western” world. First, however, to grasp the importance of a feminist perspective to International Relations, it is necessary to give a brief background of the development of feminist IR literature and where it is situated in IR theory and mainstream international relations discourse. The Foundations of International Relations Theory International Relations is a sub-field of Political Science which focuses on the interactions and relationships between global political entities, including states, multi-lateral institutions, and non-state actors. The development of International Relations
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