Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of

Polygonal walls and fortified land- scape: the medieval castle of Arpino Sabrina Pietrobono

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Fig. 1: Arpino (, ). Satellite image showing the two medieval fortifications standing at the opposite corners of the settlement. Flash-earth, 1:5000.

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the The settlement in its whole extent was once a medieval castle of Arpino Volscian and Roman oppidum. Still partially Sabrina Pietrobono enclosed by polygonal walls and medieval for- tifications, it reveals itself as a complex archi- Nowadays the ancient town of Arpino [Fig. 1], tectural and archaeological palimpsest from known primarily for having been the birthplace antiquity to the present day, which has attracted of the Roman orator (e.g. in Dench a long lasting antiquarian interest developed 2013, 122-137), is a picturesque municipality during the 19th century (e.g. Candidi Dionigi on the east of the River , province of Frosi- 1809 [Fig. 02]; Starke 1837, 373-374; Blewitt none, in Southern (Italy). With more 1853, 49-50; Stieler, Paulus; Kaden 1877, 309). than 7,500 inhabitants, it is located on the slope of two hills, one called (Civita Arpinum first appears in the documents in 314 Vecchia, meaning “the old town”), and Pesco BC (Leoni 2008, 137), and around that time it Falconario (later referred to as Civita Falco- was presumably already closed by remarkable nara, Falconaria or Falconiera). Both hills pre- massive polygonal-masonry walls with the ex- serve medieval fortifications at the top, and ception of its southern side, protected with a both were recorded as ruined in 1548.1 huge slope [Fig. 03]. Their exact chronology is still debated (perhaps 4th - 3rd centuries BC), 1 Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Archivio Boncompagni but, in the 1st century BC, restorations to walls Ludovisi, b..11, n. 17, ff. 557-945, specifically ff. and a tower - without specifying their locations 559-702; in 1548 a complex judgement published - had already been attested.2 by Mariano Staybano, Royal commissioner of the emperor Charles V, on behalf of the D’Avalos fam- nato lo castello Falconaro», and many other fea- ily, listed the inventory of the properties recovered tures; cfr Orlandi 1772, 196 – 203 (197). in Arpino after local wars. It describes inside the 2 Sommella 1966, 33, 21. Primary and epigraphical town (ff. 567v): «2. Item habet castrum dirutum in sources in Leoni 2008, 127-190, with previous loco de Civita vecchia cum terreno vacuo circum bibliographical references; cfr Picuti 2009, 133- circa; 3. Item habet alium castrum dirutum nomi- 162; see Gregori and Nonnis 2013, 491-524.

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Fig. 2: Plan of the town at the beginning of the 19th century, according to Candidi Dionigi 1809. BELOW: Fig. 3: Civita Falconara, 1876, after Kaden 1877, p. 309, who depicted the great southern slope of Civita Falconara.

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The first complete ‘description’ of this articulat- of the settlements, sometimes the polygonal ed system of fortification dates back to the mid- walls show a more accurate profile (so called dle of the 17th century, with the series of the ‘IV style’) thanks to a particular regularity due remarkable high-reliefs in stucco preserved in to the different building material (‘calcare a the ‘Salone dei 18 paesi’, inside Castello Bon- libretto’; Sommella 1966, 28; also Polito 2011, compagni Viscogliosi at ; one de- 29-35). This extended and long defence was the picts Arpino and its fortifications [Fig. 4] (cfr basis of the complex medieval fortification of Carbone 1971; cfr Cedrone 1997, 243-263),3 Arpino since the Byzantine period. included within a long line of curtain walls, Between Civitavecchia and Civita Falconiera, equipped with streams, semi-circular towers, to the west, in the Arco quarter, the settlement and gates, erected in order to protect the town. preserved two main gates: the gate of the ‘Tor- The area called Civitavecchia is an internal rione’ (‘great tower’), to the north, protected on inhabited nucleus at the top of the main forti- the right side by a medieval semi-circular tower fied hill (627 m) [Fig. 5]. The great walls com- with plain profile still in situ [Fig. 9], and the posed of the polygonal masonry, which enclose ‘Porta dell’Arco’ (Gate of the Arch) or ‘Porta it to the north, east and south, left unprotected Romana’, lower to the south, which was de- the western side of this upper village; these stroyed at the beginning of the 20th century massive walls are built using the so-called type (Leoni 2008, 150). In the Boncompagni relief, II and III, an irregular masonry made with great the demolished gate was visible between build- blocks of local stones (a conglomerate with ings on both sides, and the ‘Quartiere Arco’, travertine locally called puddinga , which did was delimited on the south side through palaces not help regular cutting) [Fig. 6] (Sommella built up against the polygonal walls, with one 1966; Leoni 2008). Visible restorations reveal prominent quadrangular building (a tower?) long term concerns about its preservation. The next to the gate to the west; the stucco shows possibility of gathering materials in the sur- the crenellated profile, running parallel to the rounding area from outcrops around Civitavec- main road; this track of walls still stands in chia has allowed constant repair of the curtains loco, although without crenellations. when needed, also of re-using the same blocks, On the south-eastern side of the town, remains which were often reduced in shape and dimen- of other polygonal walls (Leoni 2008) located sions to be relocated and to fill the gaps created at different altitudes are possibly terraced struc- by collapses [Fig. 7]. tures rather than defensive walls. Only one of The ancient fortification leaves Civitavecchia these sections of walls was reinforced through and runs toward the adjacent medieval nucleus a medieval tower, nowadays a modern building of Civita Falconara. There, a length of wall is (Sommella 1966), confirmed in the Boncom- well preserved at the south side of a road called pagni high-relief, which shows the presence of ‘Via Caio Mario’ and heading to the west [Fig. a disappeared southern access protected by a 8]. The walls did not enclose the whole hill of semi-circular structure. Civita Falconara, and this is confirmed by the The eastern part of the curtain partially col- Boncompagni high-relief, although a problem- lapsed or was destroyed over the centuries; its atic basement in irregular blocks has been rec- line can be reconstructed thanks to another ognised under the ‘Castel Ladislao’ (490 m) at semi-circular tower in the quarter of Colle, to its top (it might be related either to a part of the the east, which emerged from the walls (but is walls or to ancient towers on the hill, also a hardly visible nowadays; Sommella 1966, 29- free-standing fortification). In these lower parts 30; Leoni 2008, 156-162). The Boncompagni 3 As a useful terminus ante quem, the bell tower of relief suggests that five semi-circular / circular the church of St. Michael - still depicted in the medieval towers or salients reinforced the walls stucco - collapsed in 1654, 24 July: Cartelli, Palma up to the top of Civitavecchia, where the castle 2002, c38r, year 1654. still stands; the last circular tower of this line

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Fig. 4: From Castello Boncompagni Viscogliosi, Isola del Liri (FR); high-relief in stucco (about the middle of the 17th century), preserved in the ‘Salone dei 18 Paesi’ (‘Hall of the 18 villages’), The Salone is closed to the public. The castle of Civitavecchia (at the right top corner of the picture) is effectively represented in almost all its parts: 1 - the great tower M, with square base, plain façades, battlements surrounded by a wall; the tower α; the internal wall fence marked by the quadrangular tower γ. (Fig. 6).

The Castle of Civita Falconara (at the left bottom) is depicted as a quadran- gular massive tower in stone blocks, although it was made with regularly cut smaller blocks; lower buildings are visibly attached to the south-western side of the castle.

In the middle of the relief, the bell tower of the church of St Michael stands: on its right, the Quartiere Arco (‘quarter of the arch’) extends from west to east, whereas to the its left, two roads run toward east and north-east; the first reaches the ‘Porta del Ponte’ (‘gate of Ponte’); the second stretches across the Quartiere Colle (‘the quarter of hill’) and exits through the ‘Porta del Colle’ or ‘Porta Saturno’.

Courtesy of the management of the Castle (thanks to D. Ferrante). http://www.castelloboncompagniviscogliosi.it/images/ilsalone_02.jpg.

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ABOVE: Fig. 5: Civitavecchia: ‘Porta a Ogiva’, with the attached 14th - 15th century tower; the polygonal-masonry walls; the church of the St. Trinity (18th century) and the great tower M in the background. BELOW: Fig. 6: Civitavecchia. Plan of the fortifications of Civitavecchia (after Sommella 1966, elaborated by Pietrobono 2016); below: particular of the fortification (after Fiorani 1998, elabo- rated by Pietrobono 2016); particular of polygonal masonry (Photo Pietrobono).

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ABOVE: Fig. 7: Civitavecchia. The northern polygonal-masonry wall, collapsed and repaired in modern times (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 8: Civita Falconara, or Falconaria, or Falconiera, from the church of St. Mary (visible bell-tower) on the left, to the Castle of Pesco Falconario and the church of St. Mary of Loreto (top-right); long polygonal-masonry walls, in several tracks, stretch from the circular tower at the bottom of the settlement, once part of the Porta St. Rocco (‘gate of St. Roch’), to the left, enclosing the hill (Photo Pietrobono).

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNALTHE CASTLE NO 29:298 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17 Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino towards to the top was also due to strengthen Guidus, along with Sora and other oppida of the defence of the upper enclosure. the Comino Valley (historical sources in De Acutis; Pietrobono 2012, 336-341). Overall, a series of at least 12 towers and/or salient towers (with the internal side open) When the Norman knights became lords of the were added to the ancient/medieval walls en- land, Civitavetere, with the already mentioned closing both hills. Some of them may be dated angular tower, was already marking the land- back to the 13th century, e.g. ‘il Torrione’ [Fig. scape of power of a local family, which admin- 9], and a circular tower to the east [Fig. 10], istrated the settlement during the 11th century. both with plain profile. However, most of the In 1103 a massive Norman attack led to the semi-circular towers appear to be late construc- destruction of the border town of Sora, which tions, possibly from the late 14th century to the was set on fire with its seven churches (Annal- middle of the 15th century [Fig. 11], with loops es Ceccanenses, 281: ‘Sora cremata est cum 7 perhaps dated between the end of the 14th ecclesiis in sanctae Mariae’; cfr Howe 1997, century and the first half of the 15th century 153). In 1127 the pope was forced to reach (Ø 22>25 cm); a tower upon the ‘Porta del Arpinum “killing many men”, whereas the king Ponte’ (Gate of the Bridge), with an added of Sicily, Roger II, arrived at Sora and Arce in structure on one side [Fig. 12] may be dated by 1140, with his sons, to conquer both border the end of the 15th century, as well as the last settlement (Annales Ceccanenses, 307); at that tower towards Civitavecchia, which shows a stage, the town was not attested, because it was similar composite articulation [Fig. 13]. already conquered by 1139, when the Norman knight Nicolaus Frainella appears as its lord Similar chronology - by the first half of the (Tescione 1987, 70-71; Pietrobono 2008). 15th century - perhaps by 1425 - should be Shortly after, Arpinum was given to the Nor- considered for the tower that closed the en- man count Robbertus of Caserta, in , trance of ‘Porta a Ogiva’ at Civitavecchia, or becoming the main Norman stronghold along “Porta Scea”, built with two remarkable small the middle course of the river Liri (De Acutis; chambers for cannons with interesting loops, Pietrobono 2012, 338-340; Jamison 1972, 172, which can fit the size of the variable earliest n. 964; Cuozzo 1984, 271-275). examples of guns, perhaps by 1425 (cfr Pieri 1933, 114; Corolla, Lo Pilato, Santoro 2006, After the transitional creation of the papal Earl- 612; Scordato 2009/2010, 10-12) [Fig. 14]. As dom of Sora, the subsequent dominion of two the main castles were abandoned in the first other earls of Caserta in this area was finally half of the 16th century, the towers could have affirmed: Thomas was lord of Arpino in 1221 been left unguarded by the same time. (Tescione 1956, 221); the castellanus of Arpi- no eventually made his first official appearance Nevertheless, an intriguing example of an early in historical sources on 27th April 1222 (Fari- tower is the practically ignored rectangular and na, Fornari 1983, 21; Antonelli 1986, 232), angular tower α (plan fig. 6) that cut the north- probably Stabile, mentioned elsewhere east corner of the polygonal walls of Civitavec- (Magliari 1897, doc. XI, 36-7): he should have chia (cfr Rizzello 1990, 78-9); this tower should been, first of all, the castellanus of Civitavec- have had a Byzantine phase related to the first chia. Consequently, a main tower at Civitavet- early medieval history of the oppidum; soldiers ere can be supposed standing at the top of the could control the northern-east side of the castle hill, on the place of the ‘Torre di Cicerone’ through at least one destroyed loop perhaps bet- (main tower, M) since Norman times [Fig. 17]. ter recognisable on the left [Figs. 15 - 16]. The wars between the pope and the emperor Around 702 AD, the Byzantine oppidum of Frederick II (1229 – 1230; Ryccardi de Sancto Hirpinum was conquered by the Longobards of Germano Chronica, 157 – 162) and the earth- Gisulf, Duke of Benevento; after 858 AD, it quake in 1231 had strong impacts on the town: was given to the Frankish duke of Spoletium, soon after the castle (Castrum Arpini) was re-

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Fig. 9: Left: The ‘torrione’ (Fig. 6, n. 6, alias Sommella 1966, n. 4), early example of tower built at Arpino now transformed into a modern dwelling; it is located at the Quartiere Arco, along the north path of the walls (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 10: Top Right: Civitavecchia. A second ‘torrione’ (‘great tower’) with plain surface (Fig. 6, n. 8), without scarp revetment (perhaps 13th century), on the eastern side, below the main fortification (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 11: Civitavecchia. Circular-based tower on the northern path, main view from south-west; above, view from north-east (Fig. 6, n. 3). This is one of the best preserved examples of a tower that can be dated to 14th – 15th centuries; the external circular loops are about 20>23 cm in diameter.

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ABOVE: Fig. 12: Ponte. A circular-based tower above the gate; it is possible to recognise a linked structure on its side (Fig. 6, n. 9, alias Sommella 1966, n. 25); dimensions might suggest a later construction date, perhaps late 15th - early 16th centuries (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 13: Civitavecchia. This circular-based tower was attached to the polygonal walls of the upper fortification (Fig. 6, n. 7, alias Sommella 1966, n 31); it is comparable with the tower near the porta del Ponte because of its similar linked structure (Photo Pietrobono).

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Fig. 14: Civitavecchia. The semi-circular based tower No. 1, which closed the passage through the ancient gate; visible is the embrasure for early guns on the left; Inset: above: the external loop (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 15: Civitavecchia. The ancient tower of the polygonal walls (north-east corner), view from the inside of the castle (Tower α) (See also Fig. 16, Inset) (Photo Pietrobono).

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Fig. 16: Top left: Inset: Civitavecchia. The ancient tower of the polygonal-masonry walls (north- east corner), view from outside the castle walls. (Tower α fig. 6) (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 17: Civitavecchia. The main tower (M) or so-called ‘Torre di Cicerone’ (‘tower of Cicero’), before recent restoration. View from the west: quadrangular base; linear surfaces; only a narrow loop, to light the lower internal spaces; scarped revetment; two small windows at different levels, and remains of two merlons. Below left, the late-medieval or modern gate (Photo Pietrobono). The tower is not open to the public..

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNALTHE CASTLE NO 29:303 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17 Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino ported inside the Statutum de Reparatione Cas- The castle under Frederick II trorum, enacted in its final version around Under Frederick II, the mentioned ‘castle of 1241/1246, which lists the castle that had to be Arpino’ certainly involved Civitavecchia, with repaired (Sthamer 1914, 95). The internal area the main gate to enter the town, the so-called immediately related to the tower M was already Porta a Ogiva [Fig. 23] (6.40 m high and 3.20 fortified before the Normans came in the region, m). Only later, perhaps late 14th - early 15th but finally shaped as an impressive castle by the century, the gate was integrated within a protec- time of the death of Frederick II, in 1250. tive structure and its entrance barred by the The castle of Civitavecchia circular-based tower No. 1 to the north site (Ø On the eastern side of the acropolis of Civi- 3. 70 m; wall thickness max 2. 70 m); this gate tavecchia, the tower M (‘of Cicerone’, ca 16 x was watched over by a guardroom attested by 16 m) with its annexes stands in front of the two preserved loopholes for guns (Ø external “Porta a Ogiva”. This castle, so-called in 1803 23 cm; internal 25 cm) and related rooms [Fig. (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 17, 14]. Before 1961, only one battlement remained f. 1229v: “Alla torre seu castello”), has been at the top of the wall (1.80 m x 0.48 cm)(Fortini classified as a ‘’ with enclosure, tower 1988, 172). and dwellings (Fiorani 1998, 78), but further The current gate of Civitavecchia is a small research was needed in order to understand its entrance in existence before 1704 (“Porta di complex design. Civita Vecchia ove sta la torre”) (Fortini 1986, Recently restored, the tower M is located to the 60-61; Fiorani 1996, 224-225): this narrower west of the tower , and is in line with the passage is surmounted by an external round regularly shaped rock that runs from north-east arch with an internal segmental arch; however, to south-west [Fig. 18]; the latter reveals inter- the Boncompagni relief (middle of the 17th esting signs of ancient definition, as square century) shows a line of wall with battlement, blocks under the medieval enclosures that de- instead; on this basis, it is hardly believable that fine its perimeter. The remains of the internal it was opened along with the transformation of mantlet, whose dimension is clearly recognisa- the ‘Porta a Ogiva’ into a guardroom. ble from the satellite picture, still stands on the Leaving the ‘Porta a Ogiva’ and its tower, both south side [Fig. 19]. not visible in the Boncompagni relief, four tow- There are three interesting features that help in ers are applied to the northern circuit in polygo- understanding the development of this area: nal masonry; they present circular and semicircular bases [Fig. 11; figs. 24-25]. It still 1: An internal wall to protect the tower M an open question whether they are built on the [Fig. 20], characterised by crenellations with place of previous towers. arrow loops. A tradition, already declared erroneous, reports 2: Another tower, , at the corner of the mant- that Arpino and other settlements were de- let, wrapped inside the massive late-scarped stroyed in 1252 by Conrad IV, Frederick II’s revetments [Fig. 21], which was extensively son, in rebellion against the Empire (1251/2, added to the overall fortified complex (the Niccolò Iamsilla and Matteo Spinelli da Gio- tower M and the internal mantlet). vinazzo, in Del Re 1868, 117; 634; Ebanista 2007, 48-49). However, that Arpino’s fortifica- 3: An irregular quadrangular tower , still pre- tions were still in use has been proved by three served at the south-west corner of a final ter- documents: on the 1st January 1257, the two race, but never covered with scarped revetment castles of Pesclifalconari et Civitavecle were [Fig. 22]. Slight traces of buildings and tanks given to Richard of Caserta (and to his mother have been registered, with the visible half sec- Siffredina, members of the Lauro family) by tion of an open window (cfr Rizzello 1990). Manfred, and both were managed by Rogerio

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ABOVE: Fig. 18: Civitavecchia. The castle, from the Tower M and late-medieval (?) gate; the revetted enclosure running south-west to the tower (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 19: Civitavecchia. The internal mantlet, view from the interior of the castle, from east towards north-east; inside, a part of scarp revetment of the mantlet is still visible; in the background, a part of the medieval elevation on the external wall (Fig. 6, W) is still preserved (Photo Pietrobono).

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Fig. 20: Civitavecchia. The main tower M, view from the southeast (Photo Pietrobono); its remarkable structure was surrounded with an external curtain, later reinforced through scarp- revetment.

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Fig. 21: Civitavecchia. Tower , wrapped and embodied in the internal mantlet of the fort; it is currently under examination, perhaps built under Frederick II (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 22: Civitavecchia. Tower (Photo Pietrobono); as in the case of the tower , , it is possibly built under Frederick II, but the castle is under further investigation.

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Fig. 23: Civitavecchia. The Tower No.1 and the Porta a Ogiva (Photo Pietrobono; plan after Sommella 1966). Fig. 24: Civitavecchia. Tower No. 2. Fig. 25: Civitavecchia. Tower No. 4 (Photos: Pietrobono).

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNALTHE CASTLE NO 29:308 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17 Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino de Byiano, regio et principali castellano cas- obtained rights on the land of Arpino: Cantelmo, trorum (Brantl 1994, 289-291, nn. 173-175; Étendard, Gaulard, de Aquino, besides old links Tescione 1959, 64): one main castellanus for kept by the former counts of Caserta.4 two castles, who was in charge of the manage- On the 9th September 1349 a terrible earth- ment of the whole of the defences of the town, quake happened: several buildings collapsed from Civitavecchia to Pesco Falconara, until and many people died (Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. the Angevin reorganisation. In the list on the 37v e f. 41v; Pierleoni 1911, 649-657). 28th November 1269, in fact, the Castrum Pes- cli Falconarie and the Castrum Civite Veteris At the beginning of the 15th century, James de Arpino were managed by two different cas- Étendard/Stendardo was still the lord of Arpino tellani: the former by a scutifer with eight ser- (Magliari 1897, XXXIII, 90, 19th October vientes (servants); the second by a scutifer with 1400). Possibly, the rights of the Aquinas fam- six servientes (Sthamer 1914, 60; 131; Registri ily on the castle grew after the confiscation of Angioini, vol. I, 1950, anni 1265-1269, 68; the Earldoms of Sora and Alvito from the Can- Magliari 1897, doc. XXIII, 67-69). So, it is telmo family, around 1398, although given to possible to suggest that the first castle at Civita Andrea and Giovannello Tomacelli, brothers of Falconara was erected before 1257, by decision the Pope Boniface IX, until his death (Di Cos- of the late Norman kings or the new Swabia tanzo 1839, 210). dynasty’s members. However, on 24th February 1409, the so-called The castle of Civita Falconara “Captain” of Arpino was the Earl of Popoli (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, f. 17, Richard, Thomas of Caserta’s son, was still f. 99r), a member of the Cantelmo family. In lord of Arpino on 31st December 1263 July 1409, King Ladislaus of Durazzo entered (Tescione 1959, 64; Magliari 1897, doc. VII, Arpino with his soldiers and many noble Nea- 20-22; 1898, II, 19-21, n. XLI); however, after politans along with the flags "of the Lord"; then the death of Manfred, Arpino was assigned to a they went to the church "Matrice" (Pierleoni French knight, Rainaldo (or Rinald) Gaulard 1911, 649-657; Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 41v). (or Galard, Galardo, Gagliardo) de Pies, who According to an established tradition, king appeared in 1271 (Mazzoleni 1939, 171, n. Ladislaus would have granted the town the 243). On 24th January 1270, a local clerk, privilege of remaining in the Royal demesne James, was the rector of the church of St. Nico- (Orlandi 1772, 197; Galanti 1787-94, 143; las, chapel of the castle of Pesco Falconaro ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 17, f. (Magliari 1897, XXIV; also 14th November 97v): however, this privilege was considered 1270, XXV, 70), perhaps on the site of the untruthful in the same trial judgement carried modern St. Mary of Loreto, which is normally out by Mariano Staybano in 1548. Neverthe- considered (Leoni 2008, 166) - but it is hardly less, tradition said that Ladislaus spent many believable - to be a previous tower. months in Arpino, even by building the castle of Civita Falconaria, which was instead already On the 11th May 1280, the lord of Arpino, erected. Consequently, it is more than hypo- Rainald Gallard, married Giacoma, member of thetical that the presence of the King could the local family de Aquino (Magliari 1898, n. have been justified by the necessity of person- XXXVII, 9). He died by 12th June 1305 ally supervising the reinforcement works that (Magliari 1898, doc. LI, 53-54). many castles along the frontier needed; works By 16th May 1314, Galotto Étendard /Stendardo specifically ordered by the king himself and was lord of Arpino after his marriage with Filip- 4 pa Gaulard (Magliari 1897, doc. XX, 54-55): 15th November 1402. King Ladislaus confirmed a gift of 24 “tumuli” of wheat and 24 of spelt to the following the marriage of their daughter, Ange- church of St. Mary of Arpino from the earl of Caserta, la, with John II Cantelmo, four different families Thomas; Magliari 1898, doc. LIII, 55-56.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNALTHE CASTLE NO 29:309 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17 Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino that can be identified with the construction of observed that the walls were joined to the castle the series of towers at Civitavecchia, as previ- of Civita Falconara, but he did not specify ously analysed, with possibly the restoration to whether the polygonal-masonry curtain existed the castle of Civita Falconara. also on the southern side of this hill. In 1623 Clavelli released “L’Antica Arpino”, attesting As already noted, Civita Falconara preserves a that the polygonal walls were “senza alcuna part of the ancient curtain: a long section of the essential diminutione e quasi tutte in piedi” wall is incorporated into the base of later medi- (“without any diminution and almost all stand- eval and modern houses, where a prominent ing”), adding that the walls of Arpino “stretch- five-floor square-based tower rises from the top ing down towards of the hill and the bridge” of the fortification [Fig. 26]. A semi-circular (quartier ‘Ponte’), reached Civita Falconiera tower, instead, was added to the wall and later until they joined the castle at the top (Clavelli transformed into the church of St. Rocco (Leo- 1623, 16). ni 2008). His personal description does not match the The castle of ‘Pesco (meaning ‘rock’) Falconar- visual representation of the relief of Palazzo io’ (490 m), now called “Castel Ladislao” [Fig. Boncompagni Viscogliosi, depicted in the 27], is located at the highest point of the quarter same 17th century, which shows a gap in the of the Civita; it had a regular plan with double circuit, and more important, that the structure symmetrical courts which demonstrate a more of the castle was a significant compact quad- advanced design compared with the main tower rangular structure. This is also confirmed by at Civita Falconara. Besides, the term Falconaria the Giovanni Andrea Primo Campione’s 1704 or Falconaro might be a legacy from Norman - map (Fortini 1986, 47-61, and table), where the Svevian period (Pietrobono 2011, 245- 247; De castle was depicted as a sizable rectangular Acutis, Pietrobono 2012): either the late Norman structure, with a central ‘spina’. king or even Frederick II might have suggested a castle called “Falconario” at the top of the hill, The castle of Arpino since the 15th century and, only after the death of the Emperor, did the In May 1410 (1411) Ladislaus was defeated by castle appear in the sources. Clarifications are King Louis II of , an Angevin, during a needed in order to explain whether this castle has conflict nearby, at (De Tummulillis been reconstructed ab imis fundamentis or only (1343-1467), 11). After his defeat, the Cantelmo restored from a previous structure having possi- and Aquinas families were persecuted, but, after bly been seriously damaged during the earth- the king’s death, Francis of Cantelmo was again quakes in 1349. earl of Arpino on 22th February 1422 (ASV, The structure of the castle has a modern appear- Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, 17, f. 99r; cfr ance thanks to later additions. Only the northern Giustiniani 1797, I, 311). side of the palace fully reveals a residual wall The 16th century historian Di Costanzo stresses that can be attributed to a medieval phase [Fig. that the transition from one lord to another 28], and which is similar to other examples of during these wars was usual practice, conse- late medieval castles from the Italian Southern quently in one year two lords from different Kingdom. Its original structure is probably de- families could appear in documents related to fined by two cornices: the lower one was contin- the same land, depending on the momentary ued by the extension of the modern building to victory of one or other of the contenders (Di the east, while the upper marks a different level. Costanzo 1839, 370). The remains of two arched windows with differ- ent sizes break the simple design of the wall. In 1429, the papal troops arrived at Arpinum, Atina and Aquinum; therefore, in 1437, a docu- The first published descriptions of the fortifica- ment shows the town in the hands of Eugene IV tions of Civita Falconaria are dated to the 17th (Magliari 1897, doc. XXVII, 72-75), who ap- century. The local historian Bernardo Clavelli parently created a new earldom. The trium-

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Figure 26: Civita Falconara. Quadrangular tower on the northern façade. (Photo Pietrobono).

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A

Fig. 27: A: Civita Falconara. Castel Ladislao, the modern building; east façade. (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 28: Civita Falconara. Castel Ladislao, the survived medieval wall to the north (Photo Pietrobono).

B

C

B-C: plans (after Fondazione Mastroianni and Cingoli websites). C: South façade.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNALTHE CASTLE NO 29:312 2015-16 STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17 Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino phant entrance of Alfonso of Aragon in Unfortunately, on 24th November 1475, Ferdi- in 1443 is recalled in a list of barons in 1445, nand I of Aragon granted John della Rovere, the within which Francis II Aquinas, 5th Earl of duchies of Sora and Arce, with the lands of Loreto, appeared as the local lord (Magliari Arpino (Magliari 1899, 19-25, doc. LXII). 1899, 16). In 10th October 1441 (or before, in In 1494 the king died and Alfonso II, his heir, 1341) the Duke Cantelmo with others visited abdicated in favor of Ferdinand II, also called Arpino (Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 48v), but on Ferrandino. Charles VIII of France invaded 25th November 1443 a privilege of Alfonso I Italy, and his troops occupied Arpino during his of Aragon confirmed the possession of the land attack on the castle of Monte San Giovanni in to Berardo Gaspare de Aqui- (Cayro 1808, 252; Pélissier 1903, 168-9). no (Scandone 1959, doc. CLII, 33). Finally, on 10th May 1504 Ferdinand of On 5th December 1456 a great earthquake Aragon and Isabella of Castile, granted the happened during the night, and hit the whole ancestral lands to Francesco Ferrante de Aquino , especially in Benevento D'Avalos (Scandone 1959, doc. 2, 42): Arpino and the province Comini (Cartelli, Palma returned to the Aquinas family. 2002, f. 37v.). In 27th June 1458, on the death of King Alfonso the Magnanimous, the barons In 1528, during the war between France and of the kingdom arose against his illegitimate , the French commander Lautrec harried son and heir, Ferdinand I. Among the rebel- the country, and Arpino was seriously involved lious, the Duke of Cantelmo, Pier Giampaolo, (Santoro 1908, 130-133), however the local allied with John of Anjou, son of the former lord still retained the propriety of ancient build- King of Naples Rene d'Anjou; on 18th August ings that were part of the fortified oppidum of 1458 King Ferdinand I confirmed to Berardo Arpinum: on the 27th February 1577, Donna Gaspare his possessions in Terra di Lavoro, Isabella Gonzaga d'Avalos d'Aquino provided which were expressly listed Arpino (Jacobilli Giangiacomo Reale and Vincenzo Leo, canoni- 1645, 30; Pietrobono 2012, 395-404; Scan- cal priests of St. Mary of Civita, with a dwelling done 1959, doc. CLII, 33; Magliari 1897, n. inside an abandoned castle located in town, for XXI, 55-60). all their lives; the castle was described as deser- to and ruino, and the priests were willing to From 1460 to 1464, the valley was involved build a room inside that castle by improving with the Angevin - Aragon War (De Tummulil- that place (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludo- lis (1343-1467), 110) arose along the borderline visi, b. 16, n. 4, ff. 16-18, specifically f. 17). It between the Kingdom and Papal State: the Duke is likely that this is the first mention of re-use of of Sora, Pier Giampaulo Cantelmo was defeated the abandoned structure of the castle called by the papal troops, led by Frederick Duke of Falconario. Urbino (Branca 1847, 129). The final treaty sanctioned the temporary transfer of Sora, Arpi- In 1583 the state of Aquino and Arpino was sold no, Isola, Castelluccio, and Fontana in its entirety to the Boncompagni family (Bi- to the Church of (Santoro 1908, 90). anchi 1590, 66-67; Venditti, Quaglieri 2008, I, CCXLIII-VII). Decades later, in 1654, when a On 17th March 1461 King Ferdinand I of powerful earthquake hit Arpino, the quarter of Aragon granted Francesco Antonio de Aquino, Civitavecchia was deeply damaged and conse- son of Berardo Gaspare, the paternal feudal quently mostly abandoned (De Cesare 2014, lands (Arpinum cum Turri s. Dominici, etc. 102): according to the Boncompagni high-relief, Scandone 1959, doc. CLIII, 33); in 1472, fol- the castle of Civita Falconara was developed lowing his imprisonment and the subsequent with lower buildings; this was perhaps the conse- death, his sister Antonella de Aquino inherited quence of the permission of improvement previ- his lands. They were then incorporated into the ously given by the Marchioness of Pescara. house of d’Avalos, by her husband Iñigo I.

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In 1803, a platea (inventory) revealed that “al Cuozzo E. (ed.), Catalogus Baronum, Commentari- castello di Civita” (‘at the castle of Civita’) um, Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio- members of the Quadrini family were the own- evo, 1984, pp. 271-275. ers of a «terreno olivetato con palazzo cortile e Del Re G. (ed.), Cronisti e scrittori sincroni della giardino» (“land with olive trees, with palace, dominazione normanna nel regno di Puglia e Si- court and garden”, ASV, Archivio Boncompagni cilia, II, Napoli: Stamperia dell' Iride, 1868. Ludovisi, b. 17, f. 1241r.), which confirmed a De Tummulillis da Sant’Elia A. (15th century), No- previous mention (in 1749) of a «Rocca della tabilia temporum, C. Corvisieri (ed.), Roma- corte fuori della mura castellane» (“Rocca of the Livorno, Tip. Francesco Vigo, 1890. Court outside the castle’s walls”, ASV, Archivio di Costanzo A. (1507-1591), Storia del Regno di Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 16, f. 518-521). Napoli, Napoli: Borel e Bompard, 1839 In the 19th century, the original fabric of the Jamison, E. (ed.), Catalogus Baronum, Roma: Istitu- castle of Civita Falconara was incorporated in to Storico Italiano per il Medioevo, 1972, p. 172, a large wool factory. After that, the castle was n. 964. finally transformed, at last into a school and, Farina F.; Fornari B., Storia e documenti nowadays, hosts the Fondazione Mastroianni dell'Abbazia di Casamari: 1036 – 1152, Casamari: (Cingoli, final report, U. Iannazzi). Abbazia di Casamari, 1983. Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Ti- Summary pografia G. Fraioli, 1897 The castle of Arpino boasts two connected main Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Ti- fortifications, which stood at the top of the pografia G. Fraioli, 1898 neighbouring hills marking the development of Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Ti- the secular lordships, which ruled the town. Both pografia G. Fraioli, 1899 of them likely had Norman phases as simple Mazzoleni B. (ed.), Gli atti perduti della cancelleria towers, required to control the two key points of angioina, trasuntati da Camillo de Lellis, parte I, the ancient fortifications. Civitavecchia and Civ- Il regno di Carlo I, vol. I. Roma: Regio Istituto ita Falconara, with the addition of the semi-cir- Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 1939. cular towers, fix the slow transformation of a Pélissier P., Lettres de Charles VIII, roi de France, pre-Roman and Roman settlement into a strong- IV, 1494-1495, Paris: Renouard, 1903. ly fortified border castle in the Middle Ages. Registri Angioini - I registri della Cancelleria An- Archival and historical sources: gioina ricostruiti da Riccardo Filangieri con la collaborazione degli Archivisti napoletani, Napo- Annales Ceccanenses, Pertz G. H. (ed.), MGH, li: Accademia Pontaniana, v. I, (1950). Scriptores, 19, Hannoverae 1866, pp. 275-302. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, in Garufi Annales Casinenses, Pertz G. H. (ed.), MGH, Scrip- C.A. (ed.), «Rerum Italicarum Scriptores», VII, tores, 19, Hannoverae 1866, pp. 303-320. I-II, Bologna: N. Zanichelli, 1937-1938. Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV), Archivio Bon- Santoro D., Pagine sparse di storia alvitana, I-II compagni Ludovisi. (Documenti), Chieti: Tip. Nicola Jecco, 1908 (rist. Brantl M., Studien zum Urkunden- und Kanzleiwes- 1974). en König Manfreds von Sizilien. (1250) 1258 Scandone F., Roccasecca patria di S. Tommaso de 1266. Inaugural Dissertation zu Erlangung des Aquino, in «Archivio Storico di Terra di Lavoro», Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig II (1959), 2, pp. 7-51. Maximilians-Universität München, 1994. https://edoc.ub.uni Sthamer E., Die Verwaltung der Kastelle im Konig- muenchen.de/1806/1/Brantl_Markus.pdf. reich Sizilien unter Kaiser Friedrich II und Karl I von Anjou, Leipzig 1914, rist. Tübigen, 1997. Cartelli A.; Palma M. 2002. Martirologio dell' As- sunta di Arpino. Venditti, G. (ed), Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi. http://dida.let.unicas.it/dida/links/didattica/pa Inventario, con la collaborazione di B. Quaglieri, lma/martirol.html vv. I-V, Città del Vaticano, 2008

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