Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

3. Water Environment

The Government of the Macao SAR has been taking forward a 3.1 Quality of Potable Water series of management work related to water environment of DPSIR Framework Macao. In 2018, in addition to the ongoing coastal water quality monitoring and ensuring water supply, the Government of the D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses Resposta Macao SAR also developed the Macao Sewage Treatment Resposta Facilities Master Plan and issued Law No.7/2018 - Maritime Area Status Management Framework Law, formulated general principles and regulatory framework for maritime area management, which  In 2018, water supply in Macao was not affected by salty tide. The included environmental protection of maritime areas. potable water quality of Macao was maintained at a low salinity level This chapter will illustrate the status and variation of the (green)1 through regional cooperation, centralizing the coordination of indicators regarding the water environment in potable water, water diversion in the Pearl River catchment, ensuring the water security quality of coastal waters, maritime areas and wastewater treatment. in Macao.  In 2018, the quality of potable water in Macao met all testing standards. The chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant decreased when compared with that of 2017.

 In 2018, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks in Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2017 and was in compliance with the requirements of relevant law2.

 In 2018, the total rainfall in Macao increased slightly compared with that Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter of 2017 (see Table 3.1). Quality of Potable Water Potable Water Consumption 1 It is divided according to the Salinity Scale for Potable Water. For more information, please refer to the Maritime Areas website of Macao Water Supply Co., Ltd.. 2 Wastewater Treatment According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao (RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that the qualified rate of tested samples reaches 95%.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Decadal trends

 In the past decade, the annual average chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant showed an overall downward trend, while the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks was maintained above 99%. Besides, the rainfall in Macao remained at a stable level.

Figure 3.2 Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant in the past years (Data source: IAM, 2019) Notes: 1 The standard limit on chloride concentration in the abstraction for hunman consumption according to GB 3838-2002 is 250mg/L. 2 The gray line is the trend line.

Figure 3.1 Rainfall in Macao in the past years (Data source: SMG, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line. 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 3.3 Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of Macao in the past years (Data source: IAM, 2019)

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Table 3.1 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease or difference of 3.2 Potable Water Consumption rainfall, chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant and qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the DPSIR Framework

distribution networks of Macao between 2017 and 2018 D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses Percentage Resposta increase/ Resposta 2017 2018 decrease Status or difference Rainfall (mm) 1,783.2 1,795.6 +0.7%  In comparison with 2017 data, billed water consumption increased Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment slightly, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased, and Plant domestic water consumption per capita was similar in 2018 (see Table 3.2). Annual average chloride concentration (mg/L) 18.4 17.7 -3.8% Highest chloride concentration (mg/L) 36.4 30.7 -15.7%  Among different types of water consumption, all types of water consumption increased in 2018 as compared to those of 2017, except a Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks 1 decrease recorded in industrial water consumption. Wherein, commercial • Coloane distribution network (%) 100.0 100.0 － water consumption, which is also the major driving factor for the increase • Macao Peninsula distribution network (%) 99.6 99.7 +0.1% in the volume of water flowing through the distribution networks and billed water consumption, accounted for a higher proportion and the increase • Taipa distribution network (%) 99.4 99.7 +0.3% was large. It is believed that such increases might be attributed to the (Data sources: SMG, IAM, 2019) Note: 1 According to Decree Law No.46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao booming economy, successive operations of large-scale tourism and (RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water that qualified rate of entertainment facilities and steady increase in visitor arrivals (see Table coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of tested samples reaches 95%. 3.3).

 In terms of water consumption in different districts, water consumption of all districts increased in varying degrees in 2018 as compared with those of 2017. Specifically, the increases in Coloane and the Cotai Reclamation Zone were more significant (see Table 3.4).  In 2018, leakage rate in the distribution networks was similar to that of 2017 (see Table 3.6).

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Decadal trends

 Although billed water consumption in Macao has been on an overall upward trend in the past decade, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP has shown a downward trend. In 2018, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP was reduced by nearly 50% of that of 2009. Besides, leakage rate in the distribution networks also tended to decrease, representing that water consumption efficiency was improved.

 In the past decade, domestic water consumption per capita maintained at

150-160 L/capita·day. Figure 3.4 Volume of water flowing through the distribution networks, billed water consumption and domestic water consumption in the past  In the past decade, all types of water consumption, except industrial years (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) water consumption, increased to varying degrees; with the most notable Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. increase in commercial water consumption. In terms of water consumption in different districts, the upward trend in water consumption of the Cotai Reclamation Zone was the most obvious in the past decade.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Figure 3.6 Volume of billed water consumption by sector in the past years Figure 3.5 Billed water consumption per capita, domestic water consumption (Data source: DSAMA, 2019) per capita and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption. (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. Notes: 1 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-yearpopulation × days of the year). 2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year). 3 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water supply for the whole year. 4 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

Figure 3.7 Volume of billed water consumption by geographical area in the past years (Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of total billed water consumption. 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Table 3.2 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed/domestic Table 3.3 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water water consumption, billed/domestic water consumption per capita, consumption by sector between 2017 and 20181 and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP between 2017 Percentage

and 2018 (Unit: m3) 2017 2018 increase/ Percentage decrease 2017 2018 increase/ Industrial sector 4,780,408 (5.4%) 4,536,947 (5.0%) -5.1% decrease Public sector 5,684,786 (6.4%) 5,762,152 (6.3%) +1.4% Water consumption per ten thousand MOP r 1 3 2.40 2.28 -5.0% GDP (m /10,000 MOP) Domestic sector 37,391,197 (42.3%) 38,283,332 (42.1%) +2.4% Domestic water consumption per capita2 156.9 157.2 +0.2% Commercial sector 40,579,426 (45.9%) 42,361,984 (46.6%) +4.4% (L/capita·day) (Data source: DSAMA, 2019) 3 Billed water consumption per capita Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by sector 371.0 373.3 +0.6% (L/capita·day) over total billed water consumption in Macao.

Domestic water consumption (ʼ000 m3) 37,391 38,283 +2.4%

3 Table 3.4 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of billed water Billed water consumption (ʼ000 m ) 88,436 90,944 +2.8% 1 consumption by geographical area between 2017 and 2018 (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2019) Percentage Notes: 1 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for 3 producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water (Unit: m ) 2017 2018 increase/ supply for the whole year. decrease 2 Domestic water consumption per capita = domestic water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year). Macao Peninsula 56,075,398 (63.4%) 56,925,411 (62.6%) +1.5% 3 Billed water consumption per capita = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year). Taipa 12,422,886 (14.0%) 12,885,638 (14.2%) +3.7% r Revised figure. University of

Macau in Hengqin 858,369 (1.0%) 894,155 (1.0%) +4.2% Island Cotai Reclamation 15,188,698 (17.2%) 16,047,531 (17.6%) +5.7% Zone Coloane 3,890,466 (4.4%) 4,191,680 (4.6%) +7.7% (Data source: DSAMA, 2019) Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by geographical area among total billed water consumption in Macao.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Environmental knowledge

Table 3.5 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita in recent years1

Water Domestic water consumption per consumption per City/Region Data source capita capita (L/capita·day) (L/capita·day) Report on the State of Macao 373.3 2 157.2 2 the Environment of Macao 2018, Macao

Water Supplies Figure 3.8 Leakage rate in the distribution networks in the past years

3 3 Department Annual (Data source: SAAM, 2019) Hong Kong 368.9 200.4 Report 2016/2017, Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line. Hong Kong 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. Guangzhou Statistical 4 4 Guangzhou 368.7 279.0 Yearbook 2018, Table 3.6 Numerical data and difference of leakage rate in the distribution Guangzhou networks between 2017 and 2018 Notes: 1 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita are estimated based on the official data of different regions, with the calculation methods in Notes 2-4. (Unit: %) 2017 2018 Difference 2 (Billed) water consumption per capita in Macao = billed water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = domestic Leakage rate in the distribution networks 9.0 9.4 +0.4 water consumption for the whole year ÷ (end-year population × days of the year). (Data source: SAAM, 2019) 3 This is 2016 data, excluding sea water consumption. Water consumption per capita = water consumption per capita (m3/year) ÷ days of the year; domestic water consumption per capita = domestic potable water consumption ÷ (population served with potable water × days of the year). 4 This is 2017 data. Water consumption per capita = volume of water sales ÷ (end-year resident population × days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = water consumption per capita per day.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

3.3 Maritime Areas Status DPSIR Framework  In terms of eutrophication index, the indices of all monitoring points D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses Resposta increased in varying degrees except those recorded at Inner Harbor, Resposta Cheoc Van and Airport monitoring points. High index was recorded at Status Inner Harbor (see Table 3.9 and Figure 3.13).

 The quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with that of  In terms of water quality of maritime areas, the DSPA has been 2017, however, heavy pollution was still observed in Inner Harbor (see conducting the “Studies on Water Quality Monitoring Scheme of Maritime Figure 3.9). Areas of Macao”, serving as scientific references for developing the related water quality monitoring schemes of maritime areas in the future.  The evaluation3 of the quality of coastal waters in Macao in 2018 shows According to relevant studies, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphorus that the total evaluation index, non-metal evaluation index and heavy are the primary factors that affect the quality of sea water of Macao. In metal evaluation index all decreased to varying degrees compared with addition, open sea water, Pearl River surface runoff, surrounding those of 2017. Specifically, the heavy metal evaluation index remained far land-based pollution and hydrodynamic conditions also affect the water below the standard value, but the non-metal evaluation index was still quality of maritime areas in Macao. higher than the standard value (see Table 3.7 and Figure 3.10).

 In terms of chlorophyll a concentration4, data recorded at all monitoring points decreased in 2018 except those recorded at Sanitary Landfill and Cheoc Van monitoring points. Decrease at the Inner Harbor was the most

notable, which was more than 50% (see Table 3.10 and Figure 3.14).

3 Sea Water Quality Standards - Category III (applicable to general industrial water consumption zones and coastal resort zones) (GB3097-1997) of China was adopted for the analysis of the water quality. Additionally, due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. 4 Organic pollution and eutrophication are key factors of red tide outbreak. Therefore, the eutrophication index can reflect the level of eutrophication in the waters, with chlorophyll a concentration as supporting data to determine the richness of planktonic algae. 36

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Decadal trends

 In the past decade, the total evaluation index of quality of coastal waters in Macao showed an overall downward trend. Wherein, the heavy metal evaluation index showed a downward trend, but the upward trend and exceedance of the non-metal evaluation index is notable.

 In the past decade, the eutrophication index at each monitoring point (except Praia Grande and Inner Harbor) indicated an overall upward trend, while improvement was recorded in the chlorophyll a concentration with a significant decrease.

Figure 3.9 Distribution of monitoring points of coastal waters in 2018 (Data source: DSPA, 2019) Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2018.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Figure 3.10 Evaluation indices of coastal waters in Macao in the past years Figure 3.12 Heavy metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) point in 2018 Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00). (Data source: DSPA, 2019) 2 The gray line is the trend line. Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00) 3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017. 2 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.

Figure 3.11 Non-metal evaluation index for water quality by monitoring point in 2018 (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)

Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00). Figure 3.13 Eutrophication index by monitoring point in the past years 2 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Table 3.8 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of non-metal evaluation index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018 Percentage 2017 2018 increase/ decrease Airport 0.89 0.71 -20.2% Inner Harbor 2.28 1.89 -17.1% Cheoc Van 0.81 0.69 -14.8% Hac Sa 0.77 0.68 -11.7%

Tam Kong Temple 0.96 0.93 -3.1% Figure 3.14 Chlorophyll a concentration by monitoring point in the past years Reference Point 0.89 0.87 -2.2% (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Pac On 1.09 1.08 -0.9% Note: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. Outer Harbor 1.13 1.13 -

Table 3.7 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of comprehensive Sanitary Landfill 1.03 1.04 +1.0% evaluation index of coastal waters of Macao between 2017 and 2018 Taipa 1.05 1.15 +9.5% Percentage 2017 2018 increase/ Praia Grande 1.12 1.24 +10.7% decrease Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note1 Note2 Heavy metal evaluation index 0.03 0.02 -33.3% (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring Total evaluation index 0.50 0.47 -6.0% point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. 2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot Non-metal evaluation index 1.11 1.05 -5.4% be calculated for Reclamation Zone A. (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019)

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

Table 3.9 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of eutrophication Table 3.10 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of chlorophyll a index by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018 concentration by monitoring point between 2017 and 2018 Percentage Percentage 2017 2018 increase/ (Unit: μg/L) 2017 2018 increase/ decrease decrease Inner Harbor 190.4 137.8 -27.6% Inner Harbor 21.3 10.2 -52.1% Cheoc Van 13.5 11.0 -18.5% Pac On 4.7 3.1 -34.0%

Airport 17 14.7 -13.5% Praia Grande 6.9 4.6 -33.3% Tam Kong Temple 27.4 27.6 +0.7% Reference Point 3.6 2.5 -30.6% Hac Sa 11.4 11.6 +1.8% Taipa 5.6 4.3 -23.2% Sanitary Landfill 30.5 36.2 +18.7% Hac Sa 3.9 3.0 -23.1% Outer Harbor 36.4 44.4 +22.0% Outer Harbor 4.2 3.6 -14.3% Reference Point 18.4 23.7 +28.8% Tam Kong Temple 3.8 3.3 -13.2% Praia Grande 35.5 47.4 +33.5% Airport 3.4 3.2 -5.9% Taipa 26.7 41.7 +56.2% Cheoc Van 3.2 3.3 +3.1% Pac On 28.7 46.0 +60.3% Sanitary Landfill 4.4 4.6 +4.5% 1 1 2 Reclamation Zone A Note1 Note1 Note2 Reclamation Zone A Note Note Note (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2019) Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring Notes: 1 Due to the impact of maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Recleamation Zone A monitoring point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. point was not carried out in 2017 and 2018. 2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot 2 Considering the comparability and insufficient data, the percentage increase/decarease cannot be calculated for Reclamation Zone A. be calculated for Reclamation Zone A.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

3.4 Wastewater Treatment Decadal trends

DPSIR Framework  In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was on an overall upward trend, which had been in line with the trend of D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses Resposta potable water consumption. With the increase of resident population in Resposta Coloane and the operation of tourism and entertainment facilities in the Status Cotai Reclamation Zone, the treated volume of wastewater of the Coloane WWTP has been increased by over three times in the past  In 2018, the daily mean treated volume of each WWTP/WWTS of Macao decade.

and the total treated volume of wastewater increased compared with  Regarding the overall effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS in the past those of 2017. decade, the pollutant concentration of the effluent of Macao Peninsula WWTP was improved, those recorded at Coloane WWTP and Taipa  In respect of effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS, the effluent quality WWTP tended to increase, while no comparison could be made at the recorded at Macao Peninsula WWTP and TIP WWTS of 2018 met the TIP WWTS due to the adjustment of testing indicators. design standard and the requirements of relevant law. However, some exceedances5 were recorded at Taipa WWTP and Coloane WWTP, Table 3.11 Numerical data and percentage increase/decrease of daily mean treated volume by WWTP/WWTS of Macao between 2017 and 20181 owing to the discharge of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater Percentage into public sewage network beyond the design capacity of wastewater (Unit: m3 ) 2017 2018 increase/ treatment. decrease Daily mean treated 210,850 223,274 +5.9% Tendência volume • Macao Peninsula 144,338 (68.5%) 147,839 (66.2%) +2.4% WWTP • Taipa WWTP 2 22,174 (10.5%) 24,837 (11.1%) +12.0% 5 Exceedances in COD and SS were observed in the effluent of Coloane WWTP, and exceedance in SS (20.5%) (21.8%) was recorded in the effluent of Taipa WWTP. Such exceedances were primarily attributed to the following • Coloane WWTP 43,159 48,770 +13.0% aspects: frequent inflow of oil waste and high concentrated wastewater into the above WWTPs through (0.5%) (0.8%) public sewage network; Taipa WWTP suffered from a lack of standby capacity of wastewater treatment • TIP WWTS 1,179 1,828 +55.0% due to the upgrading project; the inffluent quality of Coloane WWTP exceeded frequently the maximum (Data source: DSPA, 2019) design capacity because oil waste from kitchen grease traps of eating houses as well as chemical Notes: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of daily mean treated volume by wastewater from temporary toilets collected by mobile suction sewage trucks in the entire city are to be WWTP/WWTS in Macao. treated at the Coloane WWTP. 2 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport WWTS. 41

Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

The quality of potable water was maintained at a low salinity level (green) in 2018, and the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks complied with the requirements of relevant laws. Driven by the increase in commercial water consumption, billed water consumption in 2018 increased slightly compared with that of 2017, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP decreased compared with that of 2017, and domestic water consumption per capita was similar to that of 2017.

The overall quality of coastal waters in 2018 was improved compared with

Figure 3.15 Daily mean treated volume by WWTP/WWTS in the past years that of 2017, but it is notable that non-metal evaluation index was still higher (Data source: DSPA, 2019) than the standard value. In addition, the eutrophication index recorded at Notes: 1 The treated volume of Taipa WWTP includes the treated volume of Macau International Airport WWTS. several monitoring points increased in varying degrees compared with 2017 2 The gray line is the trend line of the total treated volume of wastewater. data, with the highest index recorded at Inner Harbor. 3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2018 and 2017.

In the past decade, the overall quality of coastal waters and chlorophyll a

concentration in Macao were improved. However, the trend of non-metal evaluation index, which exceeded the standard value, should be a concern.

In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was

on an overall upward trend, which was in line with the trend of potable water consumption.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018

It is suggested to strengthen water environmental protection and pollution control, enhance the separation system for rainwater and wastewater as well as network management, optimize continuously the coastline remediation, step up the management of coastal waters, conduct monitoring of water quality of maritime areas, formulate the emergency response plan and precautionary measures against marine pollution, as well as promote maritime functional zones during the detailed work related to the implementation of the Maritime Area Management Framework Law. In the meantime, it is also recommended to continuously reduce the leakage rate in the distribution networks in an orderly manner, implement the Macao Sewage Treatment Facilities Master Plan, promote the construction and upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities, also to revise relevant regulations and standards as well as promote the publicity and education of water conservation, so as to protect the water environment and water resources more effectively.

= Good = Equal or Similar = Bad

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