Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019 3. Water Environment

In 2019, the Government of the Macao SAR put into use the 3.1 Quality of Potable Water fourth water supply pipeline to ensure water supply safety; DPSIR Framework optimized wastewater treatment facilities, launched the Macao Peninsula WWTP optimization project; pushed forward the D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses pollution control and management for the water environment, completed the sewage discharges interception project along the Status coast of Areia Preta. It also published the trial standard for the surface water environment, progressively strengthened water  In 2019, water supply in Macao remained unaffected by salt tides, same environment monitoring, conducted microplastics survey in the as 2018. coastal area of Macao, and completed the study on water quality  Despite the chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde monitoring scheme for the maritime areas of Macao, in order to Water Treatment Plant increased in 2019 compared to 2018, the quality of strengthen the protection of the water environment. potable water in Macao was maintained at a low salinity level (green)1 (see This chapter will illustrate the status and evolution of the water Figure 3.2 and Table 3.1). environment indicators through the quality and consumption of  In 2019, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks potable water, the water quality of maritime areas, and wastewater of Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2018 and was in treatment. compliance with the requirements of relevant law2 (see Figure 3.3 and Table 3.1).

 In 2019, the rainfall in Macao increased significantly compared with that of 2018 (see Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1).

Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter

Quality of Potable Water 1 It is divided based on the “Salinity Scale for Potable Water”. For more information, please refer to the website of Macao Water Supply Company Limited. Potable Water Consumption 2 In accordance with Decree Law No. 46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao Water Quality of Maritime Areas (RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water when the qualified rate of tested samples reaches 95%. Wastewater Treatment

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Decadal trends

 In the past decade, the annual average chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant showed an overall downward trend, indicating the continuous improvement in the overall salinity of potable water, while the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks was maintained at a level of above 99%.

Figure 3.2 Chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant in the past years (Data source: IAM, 2020) Notes: 1 The standard limit on chloride concentration in centralized potable water sources according to GB3838-2002 is 250mg/L. 2 The gray line is the trend line.

Figure 3.1 Rainfall in Macao in the past years (Data source: SMG, 2020) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line. 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2019 and 2018.

Figure 3.3 Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks of Macao in the past years (Data source: IAM, 2020)

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Table 3.1 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease or 3.2 Potable Water Consumption difference of rainfall, chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant, and qualified rate of coliform DPSIR Framework bacteria in the distribution networks of Macao between 2018 and D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses 2019 Annual percentage Status 2018 2019 increase/ decrease  Billed water consumption and water consumption per ten thousand MOP Rainfall (mm) 1,795.6 2,248.0 +25.2% GDP increased slightly in 2019 compared with 2018, while domestic water Chloride concentration of treated water Annual consumption per capita was similar to that of 2018. The continuous growth percentage from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment 2018 2019 increase/ of the local population and visitor arrivals were the main factors for the Plant decrease increases in the volume of water flowing through the distribution networks Annual average chloride concentration 17.7 20.0 +13.0% and billed water consumption (see Figure 3.4, Figure 3.5, and Table 3.2). (mg/L)  In 2019, all types of water consumption increased in varying degrees Highest chloride concentration (mg/L) 30.7 58.7 +91.2% compared with 2018. Industrial water consumption showed a significant Qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the Annual 2018 2019 growth but it accounted only for the smallest proportion (see Figure 3.6 distribution networks1 difference and Table 3.3). • Taipa distribution network (%) 99.7 100.0 +0.3% • Macao Peninsula distribution network (%) 99.7 99.9 +0.2%  In terms of water consumption in different districts, water consumption in all districts increased in 2019 compared to that of 2018. Water • Coloane distribution network (%) 100.0 100.0 － consumption in Coloane, owing to the growth of population and

(Data sources: SMG, IAM, 2020) commercial activities, increased most significantly but it accounted for a Note: 1 In accordance with Decree Law No. 46/96/M, Regulation of Water and Wastewater Drainage of Macao (RADARM), the water is conformed to the requirement of potable water when the qualified relatively small proportion (see Figure 3.7 and Table 3.4). rate of coliform bacteria in tested samples reaches 95%.  In 2019, the leakage rate in the distribution networks decreased compared with that of 2018 (see Figure 3.8 and Table 3.6).

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Decadal trends

 Despite an overall upward trend in billed water consumption in Macao in the past decade, water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP and the leakage rate in the distribution networks showed a general downward trend, indicating the improvement in water consumption efficiency.

 In the past decade, domestic water consumption per capita maintained at 150-160 L/capita‧day.

 In the past decade, all types of water consumption increased in varying degrees, with the most notable increasing trend in commercial water consumption. As for billed water consumption in different districts, the  Figure 3.4 Volume of water flowing through the distribution networks, billed upward trends in water consumption of the Cotai Reclamation Zone and water consumption, and domestic water consumption in the past Coloane were obvious. years (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2020) Note: 1 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2019 and 2018.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Figure 3.6 Volume of billed water consumption by sector in the past years

Figure 3.5 Billed water consumption per capita, domestic water consumption (Data source: DSAMA, 2020) per capita, and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line of the total billed water consumption. 2 The percentages in the figure is the variations between 2019 and 2018. (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2020) Notes: 1 Billed water consumption per capita = annual billed water consumption ÷ (end-year population × number of days of the year). 2 Domestic water consumption per capita = annual domestic water consumption ÷ (end-year population × number of days of the year). 3 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water supply of the whole year. 4 The percentages in the figure is the variations between 2019 and 2018.

Figure 3.7 Volume of billed water consumption by district in the past years (Data source: DSAMA, 2020) Notes: The gray line is the trend line of the total billed water consumption. 2 The percentages in the figure is the variations between 2019 and 2018.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Table 3.2 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of billed Table 3.3 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of billed /domestic water consumption, billed water/domestic water water consumption by sector between 2018 and 20191 consumption per capita, and water consumption per ten thousand Annual

MOP GDP between 2018 and 2019 3 percentage (Unit: m ) 2018 2019 increase/ Annual decrease percentage 2018 2019 increase/ Commercial 42,361,984 (46.6%) 43,030,729 (46.3%) +1.6% decrease sector Billed water consumption per capita1 373.3 374.2 +0.2% Domestic sector 38,283,332 (42.1%) 39,152,259 (42.2%) +2.3% (L/capita·day) Public sector 5,762,152 (6.3%) 5,923,962 (6.4%) +2.8% Domestic water consumption per capita2 157.2 157.8 +0.4% (L/capita·day) Industrial sector 4,536,947 (5.0%) 4,707,933 (5.1%) +3.8% Billed water consumption (’000 m3) 90,944 92,815 +2.1% (Data source: DSAMA, 2020) Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by each sector Domestic water consumption (’000 m3) 38,283 39,152 +2.3% in total billed water consumption in Macao. Water consumption per ten thousand MOP Table 3.4 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of billed 2.26r 2.32 +2.7% GDP3 (m3/10,000 MOP) water consumption by district between 2018 and 20191 (Data sources: DSAMA, DSEC, 2020) Annual percentage Notes: 1 Billed water consumption per capita = annual billed water consumption ÷ (end-year population (Unit: m3) 2018 2019 × number of days of the year) increase/ 2 Domestic water consumption per capita = annual domestic water consumption ÷ (end-year decrease population × number of days of the year) 3 Water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP refers to the volume of water consumed for Macao Peninsula 56,925,411 (62.6%) 57,719,776 (62.2%) +1.4% producing ten thousand MOP GDP (at current prices), calculated based on the volume of water supply of the whole year. Taipa 12,885,638 (14.2%) 13,100,485 (14.1%) +1.7% r Revised figure. Cotai Reclamation 16,047,531 (17.6%) 16,468,062 (17.7%) +2.6% Zone University of Macau 894,155 (1.0%) 927,808 (1.0%) +3.8% in Hengqin Island Coloane 4,191,680 (4.6%) 4,598,752 (5.0%) +9.7% (Data source: DSAMA, 2020) Note: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of billed water consumption by each district in total billed water consumption in Macao.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Environmental knowledge

Table 3.5 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita in recent years1 Water Domestic water City/ consumption consumption Region per capita per capita Data source (L/capita‧day) (L/capita‧day) Report on the State of Macao 374.2 2 157.8 2 the Environment of Macao 2019, Macao Water Supplies Department Annual Hong Kong 364.4 3 199.8 3 Report 2017/2018, Figure 3.8 Leakage rate in the distribution networks in the past years Hong Kong (Data source: SAAM, 2020) Notes: 1 The gray line is the trend line. Guangzhou Statistical 2 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2019 and 2018. Guangzhou 372.3 4 261.4 4 Yearbook 2019, Table 3.6 Numerical data and difference of leakage rate in the distribution Guangzhou networks between 2018 and 2019 Notes: 1 Water consumption per capita and domestic water consumption per capita are estimated based on the official data from each region in the ways shown in Notes 2-4. Annual 2(Billed) water consumption per capita in Macao = annual billed water consumption ÷ (end-year (Unit: %) 2018 2019 difference population × number of days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = annual domestic water consumption ÷ (end-year population × number of days of the year). Leakage rate in the distribution 9.4 7.5 -1.9 3 Data of 2017 is cited, seawater consumption excluded. Water consumption per capita = water networks consumption per capita (m3/year) ÷ number of days of the year; domestic water consumption per capita = domestic potable water consumption ÷ (population served with potable water × (Data source: SAAM, 2020) number of days of the year). 4 Data of 2018 is cited. Water consumption per capita = volume of water sales ÷ ((end-year) resident population × number of days of the year); domestic water consumption per capita = water consumption per capita per day.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

3.3 Water Quality of Maritime Areas Status DPSIR Framework  According to the Annual Report on the Regular Monitoring of Radiation of the Macao Atmospheric Environment 20185, the seawater radiation in D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses 2018 remained at the same level in the past five years, no significant difference was observed. Status  In 2019, Macao recorded only one red tide, less than 2018.  A higher total evaluation index of coastal waters in Macao in 20193 compared to that of 2018, indicated that the quality of coastal waters  In 2019, the amount of solid waste and water lettuce collected from the deteriorated. Among the three evaluation indices, only the heavy metal sea was about 384.6 tons (with 2.9 tons of water lettuce), representing a evaluation index decreased compared with the level of 2018 and significant increase compared to that of 2018 (237.4 tons). remained at its lowest level over the past decade, while the non-metal  In 2019, the DSPA had conducted two basic surveys on microplastics6 evaluation index, mainly due to the influence of inorganic nitrogen and around the coastal water and the quantity of microplastics found was at labile phosphate, exceeded the standard value. The total evaluation around 69.7-1,790.5 pieces per cubic meter. The highest quantity was index in 2019 increased mainly because of the growth of the non-metal recorded in Inner Harbor. The microplastics found were mainly from the evaluation index (see Figure 3.9, Figure 3.10 and Table 3.7). materials of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and  In terms of eutrophication index, Outer Harbor and Cheoc Van recorded ethylene/acrylic acid etc. higher eutrophication indices in 2019 than those of 2018, while all the other monitoring points recorded different levels of decrease in the eutrophication index. The eutrophication index recorded at Inner Harbor was the highest in 2019 (see Figure 3.13 and Table 3.9).

 For the chlorophyll a concentration4, the Sanitary Landfill monitoring point recorded a significant decrease, while the rest monitoring points recorded higher chlorophyll a concentrations in 2019 than 2018 levels, 3 Water quality is evaluated according to the Seawater Quality Standards - Category III (GB3097-1997) of among which the Inner Harbor recorded the highest chlorophyll China (applicable to general industrial water consumption zones and coastal resorts). Due to maritime concentration (see Figure 3.14 and Table 3.10). traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A was not conducted in 2017 and 2018. 4 Eutrophication and organic pollution are important factors resulting in the outbreak of red tides. An analysis of the eutrophication index can reflect the level of eutrophication in waters. In addition, the chlorophyll a concentration is also analyzed to decide the richness of planktonic algae in waters. 5 Annual Report on the Regular Monitoring of Radiation of the Macao Atmospheric Environment 2018 of the SMG: https://www.smg.gov.mo/zh/subpage/192/pdf/radiation-report/0 6 Microplastics are plastic pieces or granules with a diameter smaller than 5 mm.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Decadal trends

 In the past decade, the total evaluation index and the heavy metal evaluation index showed a downward trend, while the non-metal evaluation index exceeded the standard value and showed an upward trend.

 In the past decade, except Praia Grande and Inner Harbor, all the other monitoring points showed an overall upward trend in the eutrophication indices. Except Pac On, all the other monitoring points reported overall downward trend in the chlorophyll a concentration.

Investigation on the Water Quality of Maritime Areas in Macao

 In order to cope with the management of maritime areas of Macao, DSPA conducted a study on water quality monitoring scheme of maritime areas of Macao from 2017 to 2019, provided a relative comprehensive analyses of the status of water quality of the areas, and established appropriate water quality monitoring scheme.

 The study mentioned above revealed that the self-purification of the maritime areas of Macao were poor, with inorganic nitrogen (mainly from land-based activities) and labile phosphate being the major pollutants. Meanwhile, it also indicated that external pollution was the major factor affecting the background value of the water quality and internal pollution sources and local geographical conditions (e.g., the Inner Harbor waters) aggravated the pollution of the coastal water areas of Macao.

Figure 3.9 Distribution of monitoring points of coastal waters in 2019 (Data source: DSPA, 2020)

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Figure 3.10 Evaluation indices of coastal waters in Macao in the past years (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2020) Figure 3.12 Heavy metal evaluation index of water by monitoring point in Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00). 2019 2 The gray line is the trend line of the related indices. (Data source: DSPA, 2020) 3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2019 and 2018. Note: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).

Figure 3.11 Non-metal evaluation index of water by monitoring point in 2019 (Data source: DSPA, 2020) Figure 3.13 Eutrophication index by monitoring point in the past years Notes: 1 The red dotted line represents the upper limit of the standard (the standard value is 1.00).  2 Due to maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A was not conducted in 2018. (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2020) Note: 1 Monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A began in 2016, but due to maritime traffic control, monitoring at this point was not conducted in 2017 and 2018.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Table 3.8 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of non-metal evaluation index by monitoring point between 2018 and 2019 Annual percentage 2018 2019 increase/ decrease Praia Grande 1.24 1.20 -3.2% Taipan 1.15 1.13 -1.7% Tam Kong Temple 0.93 0.93 - Reference Point 0.87 0.89 +2.3% Sanitary Landfills 1.04 1.07 +2.9%

Inner Harbor 1.89 1.96 +3.7% Figure 3.14 Chlorophyll a concentration by monitoring point in the past years (Data sources: SS, DSPA, 2020) Pac On 1.08 1.12 +3.7% Note: 1 Monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A began in 2016, but due to maritime traffic control, monitoring Outer Harbor 1.13 1.27 +12.4% at this point was not conducted in 2017 and 2018. Hac Sa 0.68 0.77 +13.2%

Table 3.7 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of Cheoc Van 0.69 0.79 +14.5% evaluation indices1 of coastal waters in Macao between 2018 and Airport 0.71 0.84 +18.3% 2019 1 2 Annual Reclamation Zone A note 1.12 note percentage 2018 2019 (Data source: DSPA, 2020) increase/ Notes: 1 Due to maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A was not conducted in 2018. decrease 2Due to insufficiency of data and lack of comparability, no calculation of percentage Heavy metal evaluation index 0.02 0.01 -50.0% increase/decrease is made for the Reclamation Zone A.

Total evaluation index 0.47 0.49 +4.3%

Non-metal evaluation index 0.02 0.01 -50.0% (Data source: DSPA, 2020) Note: 1 The Reference Point was not included in the calculation of index values.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Table 3.9 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of Table 3.10 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of eutrophication index by monitoring point between 2018 and 2019 chlorophyll a concentration by monitoring point between 2018 and 2019 Annual percentage Annual 2018 2019 increase/ percentage decrease (Unit: μg/L) 2018 2019 increase/ decrease Praia Grande 47.4 32.2 -32.1% Sanitary Landfills 4.6 3.9 -15.2% Tam Kong Temple 27.6 19.2 -30.4% Taipa 4.3 4.7 +9.3% Taipa 41.7 29.6 -29.0% Tam Kong Temple 3.3 4.1 +24.2% Sanitary Landfills 36.2 26.3 -27.3% Cheoc Van 3.3 4.1 +24.2% Reference Point 23.7 17.5 -26.2% Inner Harbor 10.2 13.7 +34.3% Pac On 46.0 35.0 -23.9% Airport 3.2 4.6 +43.8% Hac Sa 11.6 10.4 -10.3% Pac On 3.1 4.6 +48.4% Inner Harbor 137.8 129.5 -6.0% Hac Sa 3.0 5.0 +66.7% Airport 14.7 14.1 -4.1% Outer Harbor 3.6 6.1 +69.4% Outer Harbor 44.4 44.8 +0.9% Praia Grande 4.6 7.9 +71.7% Cheoc Van 11.0 12.1 +10.0% Reference Point 2.5 5.5 +120.0% Reclamation Zone A note1 29.8 note2 Reclamation Zone A note1 4.8 note2 (Data source: DSPA, 2020) Notes: 1 Due to maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A was not conducted in 2018. (Data source: DSPA, 2020) 2 Due to insufficiency of data and lack of comparability, no calculation of percentage Notes: 1 Due to maritime traffic control, monitoring at the Reclamation Zone A was not conducted in 2018. increase/decrease is made for the Reclamation Zone A. 2 Due to insufficiency of data and lack of comparability, no calculation of percentage increase/decrease is made for the Reclamation Zone A.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

3.4 Wastewater Treatment Decadal trends

DPSIR Framework  In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was

D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses on an overall upward trend. With regional development, the treated volume of wastewater at the Coloane WWTP almost tripled in the past Status decade.

 In 2019, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was similar to  In terms of the effluent quality of WWTP in the past decade, the overall that of 2018. Except the Macao Peninsula WWTP which recorded a slight effluent pollutant concentrations were improved at the Macao Peninsula decrease in the treated volume of wastewater, all other wastewater WWTP but those recorded at the Taipa WWTP showed a general upward treatment facilities recorded an increase. The treated volume of trend. wastewater at the TIP WWTS increased most significantly but it

accounted for a relatively small proportion (see Table 3.11 and Figure 3.15).

 For the effluent quality of WWTP/WWTS, the effluent quality from the Coloane WWTP and the TIP WWTS met the design standards and the requirements of regulations. After process improvement and the optimization project, the effluent quality of the Coloane WWTP was improved. However, some parameters of the effluent quality at the Macao Peninsula WWTP and the Taipa WWTP exceeded the standards due to lack of capacity for processing grease wastewater discharged from public sewage networks as well as old facilities7.

Figure 3.15 Daily mean wastewater treated volume by WWTP/WWTS in the 7 Exceedances in COD, BOD and SS were observed in the effluent of Macao Peninsula WWTP and the past years Taipa WWTP. The exceedances in the Macao Peninsula WWTP were mainly due to outdated facilities (Data source: DSPA, 2020) used for key processes. Currently, an optimization project is being implemented to improve the effluent Notes: 1 The treated volume of the Taipa WWTP includes that of the Macau International Airport WWTS. quality. The exceedances in the Taipa WWTP were mainly attributed to the frequent inflow of grease via 2 The gray line is the trend line of the total treated volume of wastewater. public sewage networks into the plant, which could not be properly handled by the plant with its design 3 The percentage in the figure is the variation between 2019 and 2018. and influenced the handling capacity of its systems. Another reason is that with a system optimization project going on, the plant had no spared capacity for such sewage loading. Now that the optimization project has been completed, the overall effluent quality water has improved.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

Table 3.11 Numerical data and annual percentage increase/decrease of daily In 2019, the quality of potable water in Macao was maintained at a low mean volume of wastewater treated by WWTP/WWTS between 2018 and 20191 salinity level (green) and the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution Annual networks complied with the requirements of relevant laws. Due to the 3 percentage increases in varying degrees of all types of water consumption, billed water (Unit: m ) 2018 2019 increase/ decrease consumption and water consumption per ten thousand MOP GDP increased slightly compared with that of 2018, while domestic water consumption per Daily mean volume of 223,274 223,299 - wastewater treated capita was similar to that of 2018. Moreover, billed water consumption was on an overall upward trend in the past decade. • Macao Peninsula WWTP 147,839 (66.2%) 144,382 (64.7%) -2.3% • Taipa WWTP2 24,837 (11.1%) 24,963 (11.2%) +0.5% In 2019, the total evaluation index of coastal waters increased compared with that of 2018, indicating that the quality of coastal waters deteriorated. • Coloane WWTP 48,770 (21.8%) 51,523 (23.1%) +5.6% Although the heavy metal evaluation index remained at a low level, the non- • TIP WWTS 1,828 (0.8%) 2,431 (1.1%) +33.0% metal evaluation index increased and exceeded the standard value. In 2019,

(Data source: DSPA, 2020) the eutrophication index recorded at most monitoring points decreased in Notes: 1 Numerical data in the brackets refers to the percentage of daily mean treated volume of varying degrees compared with 2018, while the chlorophyll a concentration wastewater by each WWTP/WWTS in the total daily mean treated volume of wastewater. 2 The treated volume of the Taipa WWTP includes that of the Macau International Airport WWTS. increased. It is notable that the highest value of eutrophication index and chlorophyll a concentration were recorded at Inner Harbor in 2019.

In the past decade, the overall quality of coastal waters in Macao was improved trend, but it is worth noting that the non-metal evaluation index (mainly the inorganic nitrogen and labile phosphate) exceeded the standard value and showed an upward trend.

In the past decade, the total treated volume of wastewater in Macao was on an overall upward trend. The overall effluent pollutant concentrations were improved at the Macao Peninsula WWTP, but those recorded at the Taipa WWTP showed a general upward trend. The sewage discharges interception project along the coast of Areia Preta has been completed.

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Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019

In line with the Maritime Area Management Framework Law, it is suggested Comparison to strengthen the protection of marine environment by sewage discharges Trends of the between interception, dredging and ecological restoration measures to improve the past decade 2019 and 2018 environment of coastal waters. To monitor comprehensively the water quality of the maritime areas in Macao as well as to carry out study for the Annual average chloride concentration of treated water establishment of seawater environmental quality standards and survey on the from the Ilha Verde Water marine ecological environment are recommended. In addition, it is advisable Treatment Plant to upgrade and optimize the current wastewater treatment plants, improve rain and sewage collection networks, and improve the maintenance of relevant Billed water consumption per capita facilities. It is necessary to fully consider and ensure the land demand for wastewater treatment facilities and relevant networks in the urban master plan Total evaluation index of of Macao. Meanwhile, public and corporate awareness about saving water, quality of coastal waters discharging sewage lawfully and education on protecting the water Non-metal evaluation index of environment should be strengthened and promoted. For water supply, it is quality of coastal waters suggested to optimize water supply networks and facilities, to accelerate the construction of the Seac Pai Van water purification plant, to ensure water Heavy metal evaluation index supply security and promote the recycling of water resources in Macao. of quality of coastal waters

Moreover, it is also suggested to strengthen regional exchange and joint Eutrophication index of cooperation of the pollution control and prevention management as well as coastal waters monitoring of water environment. Attention should be paid about the problem of marine debris, so to create a cleaner marine environment for the Greater Chlorophyll a concentration of Bay Area. coastal waters

Good Equal or Similar Bad

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