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The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism
Ivo Carneiro de SOUSA, Lusotopie 2001 : 183-194 The Portuguese Colonization and the Problem of East Timorese Nationalism hen we speak about East Timor, what precisely are we talking about ? Half an island located on the easternmost tip of the Archipelago of the Lesser Sunda Islands, near Australia and New W 2 Guinea, 19 000 km in area, a fifth of the size of Portugal, with approximately 800,000 inhabitants. The territory’s process of decolonization was brutally interrupted in 1975 by a prolonged and violent colonial occupation by Indonesia, which was definitively rejected and dissolved by the referendum of August 1999. It was then followed by brutal violence, terminating with the intervention of the United Nations, which came to administer the transition process to independence, still undeclared but increasingly a reality with the recent elections for the Constituent Assembly, clearly won by Fretilin. Unquestionably, East Timor has became an important issue in political discourse, particularly in Portugal. All expressions of solidarity, with their groups and influences, each with their own motivations and causes, have revealed a growing interest in the East Timorese problem. Consequently, the territory became the object of concern for international politics and solidarities. However, research in social sciences has been lacking. Scientific studies in the fields of history, sociology, anthropology or economics are extremely rare, something which can be largely explained by the difficulty in obtaining free access to the territory of East Timor during the period of the Indonesian occupation, a situation which has yet to be overcome because of the enormous difficulties in organising the reconstruction of a devastated and disorganised territory, confronted with international aid which transports economies, inflation and even social behaviours practically unknown to the local populations. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Seek for Help and Protective Measures
www.ias.gov.mo Seek for Help and Telephone numbers for assistance and Protective Measures information inquiry on family services Domestic Violence influences everyone * Social Welfare Bureau Zero tolerance in a family. Protect yourself and your Family Service Division for against any abuse! children from domestic violence and end the * Types of Domestic Violence * suffering. Be brave and seek help! * Emergency Support Services We can provide the following protective measure for 24 hour helpline for women - Lai Yuen Centre : you and your family Helpline for child protection - Child Protection Centre Life Hope Hotline - Macau Caritas Domestic violence is considered as any 24 hour helpline for victims of sexual harassment - General Sheng Kung Hui physical, mental or sexual ill- treatment in a protective family relationship or in an equivalent measures Temporary shelter service * Integrated Family Support Services relationship, repetitive injury behavior and Family Service Centre “Kin Wa” of Social Service Section of the Methodist Church single injury behavior through strong or Tamagnini of Macao Barbosa serious means. Financial assistance for Joy Family Integrated Service Centre of immediate needs the Salvation Army Lok Chon Centre of the General Union *Physical violence: non-accidentally of Neighborhood Association of Macau causing long-term physical trauma or Immediate judiciary Ilha Verde assistance Fai Chi Kei Family and Community pain, including physical violence, Services Complex of the Macau Federation of Trade Unions using sharps/weapons. Central Family Service Centre of the Women’s Free healthcare service District General Association of Macau sexual abuse of *Sexual abuse: ‘Centro de Apoio Múltiplo à Família children or forcing a partner to “Alegria em Harmonia” da Associação Support services for Geral das Mulheres de Macau have sex. -
Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts
Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Imprint Guidelines on Dealing with Collections from Colonial Contexts Publisher: German Museums Association Contributing editors and authors: Working Group on behalf of the Board of the German Museums Association: Wiebke Ahrndt (Chair), Hans-Jörg Czech, Jonathan Fine, Larissa Förster, Michael Geißdorf, Matthias Glaubrecht, Katarina Horst, Melanie Kölling, Silke Reuther, Anja Schaluschke, Carola Thielecke, Hilke Thode-Arora, Anne Wesche, Jürgen Zimmerer External authors: Veit Didczuneit, Christoph Grunenberg Cover page: Two ancestor figures, Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, about 1900, © Übersee-Museum Bremen, photo: Volker Beinhorn Editing (German Edition): Sabine Lang Editing (English Edition*): TechniText Translations Translation: Translation service of the German Federal Foreign Office Design: blum design und kommunikation GmbH, Hamburg Printing: primeline print berlin GmbH, Berlin Funded by * parts edited: Foreword, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Background Information 4.4, Recommendations 5.2. Category 1 Returning museum objects © German Museums Association, Berlin, July 2018 ISBN 978-3-9819866-0-0 Content 4 Foreword – A preliminary contribution to an essential discussion 6 1. Introduction – An interdisciplinary guide to active engagement with collections from colonial contexts 9 2. Addressees and terminology 9 2.1 For whom are these guidelines intended? 9 2.2 What are historically and culturally sensitive objects? 11 2.3 What is the temporal and geographic scope of these guidelines? 11 2.4 What is meant by “colonial contexts”? 16 3. Categories of colonial contexts 16 Category 1: Objects from formal colonial rule contexts 18 Category 2: Objects from colonial contexts outside formal colonial rule 21 Category 3: Objects that reflect colonialism 23 3.1 Conclusion 23 3.2 Prioritisation when examining collections 24 4. -
The "Decolonization" of East Timor and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression
The "Decolonization" of East Timor and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression Roger S. Clarkt Introduction The island of Timor lies some 400 miles off the northwest coast of Australia, at the tip of the chain of islands forming the Republic of Indonesia. Before World War II, the western half of the island was administered by the Netherlands, the eastern half by Portugal. When Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1949, the western half became Indonesian Timor, a part of Indonesia. Portugal continued to administer the eastern half of the island, East Timor, until 1975. East Timor was evacuated by the Portuguese authorities in Au- gust, 1975 during civil disorders condoned, if not fomented by the In- donesians. Within a few months, Indonesia invaded and annexed East Timor. It is estimated that, since 1975, more than 100,000 East Timorese have died from war, famine, and disease. Most of these deaths oc- curred after the Indonesian invasion and occupation. This Article ana- lyzes Indonesia's actions and concludes that they violated international law, specifically the norms regarding self-determination and aggression.' t Professor of Law, Rutgers, the State University School of Law at Camden, N.J. 1. In his syndicated column dated November 8, 1979, Jack Anderson estimated that about half of the 1975 population, which he gave as 600,000, had been "wiped out by war- fare, disease and starvation." Anderson, IslandLosinga Lonely Infamous War, Wash. Post, Nov. 8, 1979, § DC, at 11, col. 4. Most observers would put the number at less, but there is no doubt that the Indonesians perpetrated a massive human tragedy. -
Political Ecologies of Wood and Wax: Sandalwood and Beeswax As Symbols and Shapers of Customary Authority in the Oecusse Enclave, Timor
Political ecologies of wood and wax: sandalwood and beeswax as symbols and shapers of customary authority in the Oecusse enclave, Timor Laura S. Meitzner Yoder1 Goshen College, USA 1. Introduction: the centrality of beeswax and sandalwood in forest regulation In conversations with villagers about forest regulation in the Oecusse enclave, Timor Leste, two historically important forest trade products on the island of Timor emerge: sandalwood (Santalum sp.) and beeswax. Western Timor was a hub for the lucrative trade in sandalwood and beeswax from the twelfth century onwards.2 Today, both commodities are still produced, from forest types that have been severely depleted elsewhere on the island. The primary reasons given for the protection afforded the extant forests in Oecusse are their critical role in fulfilling ritual obligations to the two local kings—especially that of providing beeswax for the kings' Easter candles—and long-standing norms restricting the harvest of sandalwood.3 These local traditions, which have continued to exist in the face of centuries of resource exploitation, are the central focus of this article. Drawing on ethnographic research, I trace how these forest products came to have their present symbolic value at the local level, the role that wood and wax have played in shaping the customary authorities present in modern Oecusse, and how each product's ecology relates to its tenure regime. The article contends that resource ecology, and concomitant possibilities of customary leaders' economic control, contributed to the commodity-specific constellations of authority and ownership practices that still exist today. In turn, local customary hierarchies have retained control over resources as a cultural anchor, through complex political transitions that have included regional trade links, Portuguese political control beginning in the mid 1500s, Indonesian occupation, and political independence since 1999. -
Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea Voorstellen DEF.Indd 1 11-01-12 14:01 LORDS of the LAND, LORDS of the SEA
Lords of the land, lords sea Lords of the land, lords of the sea 1600-1800 and adaptation in early colonial Timor, Conflict Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800 European traders and soldiers established a foothold on Timor in the course of the seventeenth century, motivated by the quest for the commercially vital sandalwood and the intense competition between the Dutch and the Portuguese. Lords of the land, lords of the sea focuses on two centuries of contacts between the indigenous polities on Timor and the early colonials, and covers the period 1600-1800. In contrast with most previous studies, the book treats Timor as a historical region in its own right, using a wide array of Dutch, Portuguese and other original sources, which are compared with the comprehensive corpus of oral tradition recorded on the island. From this rich material, a lively picture emerges of life and death in early Timorese society, the forms of trade, slavery, warfare, alliances, social life. The investigation demonstrates that the European groups, although having a role as ordering political forces, were only part of the political landscape of Timor. They relied on alliances where the distinction between ally and vassal was moot, and led to frequent conflicts and uprisings. During a slow and complicated process, the often turbulent political conditions involving Europeans, Eurasians, and Hans Hägerdal Timorese polities, paved the way for the later division of Timor into two spheres of roughly equal size. Hans Hägerdal (1960) is a Senior Lecturer in History at the Linnaeus University, Sweden. He has written extensively on East and Southeast Asian history. -
A Case Study of Macau, China
© 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: The Sustainable City II, CA Brebbia, JF Martin-Duque & LC Wadhwa (Editors). ISBN 1-85312-917-8 Urban regeneration and the sustainability of colonial built heritage: a case study of Macau, China L Chaplain School of Language and Translation, Macau Polytechnic Institute, China Abstract This paper presents a case study of late twentieth century urban regeneration in the former Portuguese colonial territory of Macau – now designated as a Special Administrative Region of China (Macau SAR). Regeneration in this context is defined and discussed here under the headings: regeneration through reclamation; regeneration through infi-astructure investment; regeneration through preserva- tion. The new Macau SAR Government continues to differentiate Macau fi-om its neighbors by promoting the legacy of a tourist-historic city with a unique archi- tectural fhsion of both West and East as an integral feature of the destination’s marketing strategy. However, regeneration of urban space through reclamation has led to a proliferation of high rise buildings with arguable architectural merit which diminish the appeal of the overwhelmed heritage properties and sites. Future plans for the development of the territory are outlined, including major projects designed to enhance the tourism product through purpose-built leisure and entertainment facilities. 1 Introduction The urban regeneration of the City of Macau can be attributed to significant developments which occurred in the last century of its four hundred years of exis- tence as a Portuguese occupied territory located in China’s southern province of Guangdong – formerly known as Canton. -
3.Water Environment
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2019 3. Water Environment In 2019, the Government of the Macao SAR put into use the 3.1 Quality of Potable Water fourth water supply pipeline to ensure water supply safety; DPSIR Framework optimized wastewater treatment facilities, launched the Macao Peninsula WWTP optimization project; pushed forward the D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses pollution control and management for the water environment, completed the sewage discharges interception project along the Status coast of Areia Preta. It also published the trial standard for the surface water environment, progressively strengthened water In 2019, water supply in Macao remained unaffected by salt tides, same environment monitoring, conducted microplastics survey in the as 2018. coastal area of Macao, and completed the study on water quality Despite the chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde monitoring scheme for the maritime areas of Macao, in order to Water Treatment Plant increased in 2019 compared to 2018, the quality of strengthen the protection of the water environment. potable water in Macao was maintained at a low salinity level (green)1 (see This chapter will illustrate the status and evolution of the water Figure 3.2 and Table 3.1). environment indicators through the quality and consumption of In 2019, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks potable water, the water quality of maritime areas, and wastewater of Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2018 and was in treatment. compliance with the requirements of relevant law2 (see Figure 3.3 and Table 3.1). -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 368 3rd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2019) A Comparative Study of Portuguese Colonial Architecture: a Case Study of East Timor and Macau Jiaying Fang Institute for Research on Portuguese-speaking Countries City University of Macau Macau, China Abstract—The Democratic Republic of East Timor Pacific islands. Due to the abundance of sandalwood and (hereinafter referred to as East Timor) and the Macau Special spices, this sleeping crocodile is used by the Portuguese Administrative Region of China (hereinafter referred to as colonists as a trade transfer station for extracting money and Macau) have historically been the Portuguese colonies in the is rarely developed. Due to geographical and political Far East area. During the period of Timor and Macau's reasons, East Timor was placed under the jurisdiction of ownership of Portugal, the two colonies brought art from Macau in the 19th century, and the relationship between the South-West Europe, such as songs, dance, architecture, etc. two places is very close. After the unique Western atmosphere collided with the local civilization, it formed a multicultural culture with local At present, there are few researches on Portuguese characteristics. architecture by the academic research. East Timor was brutally suppressed in the last century when it was governed This paper is divided into four parts to discuss the by the Republic of Indonesia (hereinafter referred to as Portuguese architectural styles of East Timor and Macau. The Indonesia), many buildings were damaged or even destroyed first part is the introduction to the background, including the during the past two decades. -
Portuguese Empire During the Period 1415-1663 and Its Relations with China and Japan – a Case of Early Globalization
JIEB-6-2018 Portuguese empire during the period 1415-1663 and its relations with China and Japan – a case of early globalization Pavel Stoynov Sofia University, Bulgaria Abstract. The Portuguese Colonial Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history. It existed for almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the handover of Portuguese Macau to China in 1999. It is the first global empire, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania(Abernethy, 2000). The article considers the contacts between Portugal, China and Japan during the first imperial period of Portuguese Empire (1415-1663). Keywords: Portuguese Colonial Empire, China, Japan Introduction The Portuguese Colonial Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history. It existed for almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the handover of Portuguese Macau to China in 1999. It is the first global empire, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania(Abernethy, 2000). After consecutive expeditions to south along coasts of Africa, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571 a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India and South Asia. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800), when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income (Wikipedia, 2018). -
3.Water Environment
Report on the State of the Environment of Macao 2018 3. Water Environment The Government of the Macao SAR has been taking forward a 3.1 Quality of Potable Water series of management work related to water environment of DPSIR Framework Macao. In 2018, in addition to the ongoing coastal water quality monitoring and ensuring water supply, the Government of the D Driving Forces P Pressures S States I Impacts R Responses Resposta Macao SAR also developed the Macao Sewage Treatment Resposta Facilities Master Plan and issued Law No.7/2018 - Maritime Area Status Management Framework Law, formulated general principles and regulatory framework for maritime area management, which In 2018, water supply in Macao was not affected by salty tide. The included environmental protection of maritime areas. potable water quality of Macao was maintained at a low salinity level This chapter will illustrate the status and variation of the (green)1 through regional cooperation, centralizing the coordination of indicators regarding the water environment in potable water, water diversion in the Pearl River catchment, ensuring the water security quality of coastal waters, maritime areas and wastewater treatment. in Macao. In 2018, the quality of potable water in Macao met all testing standards. The chloride concentration of treated water from the Ilha Verde Water Treatment Plant decreased when compared with that of 2017. In 2018, the qualified rate of coliform bacteria in the distribution networks in Macao was above 99%, which was similar to that of 2017 and was in compliance with the requirements of relevant law2. In 2018, the total rainfall in Macao increased slightly compared with that Indicators for environmental analysis in this chapter of 2017 (see Table 3.1).