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The Vector of Political Relations Between Russia, Ukraine and European Union: What Reasons Led to the Crimean Issue? Chetveryk, Artem Alexandrovich

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The Vector of Political Relations Between Russia, Ukraine and European Union: What Reasons Led to the Crimean Issue? Chetveryk, Artem Alexandrovich www.ssoar.info The Vector of Political Relations between Russia, Ukraine and European Union: What Reasons Led to The Crimean Issue? Chetveryk, Artem Alexandrovich Erstveröffentlichung / Primary Publication Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Chetveryk, A. A. (2019). The Vector of Political Relations between Russia, Ukraine and European Union: What Reasons Led to The Crimean Issue?. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-63068-9 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ The Vector of Political Relations between Russia, Ukraine and European Union: What Reasons Led to The Crimean Issue? Chetveryk Artem Alexandrovich Masters Student, Nankai University 300350, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The current Ukrainian crisis and the “Crimean issue” are both the result of domestic political struggle and regional alienation, and the product of external forces competing for their geopolitical advantages. There are complex historical roots as well as tough practical interests. Internal and external factors interact and cause conflict. The harm of the political crisis in Ukraine and the impact of this crisis on the international community is more than the effect of the “Orange Revolution” that occurred more than ten years ago. This crisis not only worsened the Ukrainian economy, but also undermined the country's international reputation. The dispute about the ownership of the Crimea further aggravated the crisis. In order to stabilize the situation in Ukraine, all parties must remain calm and restrained and seek a political solution through dialogue and negotiations within the framework of the rule of law. The goal of the study is to determine the vector of relations between Russia, Ukraine and Europe during the crisis and to present a probable explanation of decision making process within Russia’s actions, which led to the accession of the Crimea. The principal results that achieved in this paper is that the accession of Crimea to Russian Federation, in fact is the reaction to the European integration processes that out of its sphere of influence. Therefore, it was imposed sanctions on Russia by G7 and other states, so it should be engaged some other steps further to settle this dispute and find solutions to restore relations between European countries and Russia. Keywords: Ukrainian crisis, geopolitics, “Orange Revolution”, Crimea 1. Introduction On November 21, 2013, the Ukrainian government announced the suspension of the signing of the country's association agreement with the EU and the preparation of a «Free trade Agreement» which caused strong protest from the people. This decision angered many Ukrainians who wanted to live better after joining the European Union. The protesters not only camped on Independence Square in Kiev, but also besieged and attacked the presidential palace, government and parliament palace, demanding the resignation of the government and the holding of premature presidential and parliamentary elections. The government entered into a dialogue with the opposition and tried to restore order. In clashes between police and protesters, more than 90 people were killed and hundreds were injured. Under pressure at home and abroad, President Yanukovych on February 21, 2014 signed a peace agreement with the opposition. However, on January 22, Yanukovych was expelled from the parliament. And on January 26, Yanukovych was 1 wanted. On January 28, Yanukovych held a press conference in Rostov that he was still the legitimate president of Ukraine and that the resolution passed by the parliament about his resignation was illegal. On the same day, the Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine officially launched the procedure for extradition of Yanukovych. After Yanukovych resigned, with the intervention of Russia and the United States, three dramatic changes occurred in the political crisis in Ukraine: 1) The “central scene” of the crisis was moved from Independence Square to the Crimea. 2) The crisis has transformed from confrontation between protesters and Yanukovych to confrontation between Russian President Putin and Western countries. 3) The crisis has led to the “Crimean issue” and possible military conflicts. 2. Research question and methodology March 18, 2014 is the official accession of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian Federation. This accession is based on the results of the Crimean referendum. As a result of the referendum, two new subjects were formed - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal subject significance - Sevastopol. This was preceded by the political crisis that began in November 2013 in Ukraine. Nowadays the problem of belonging to the Crimea peninsula is one of the stumbling blocks in relations between Russia and Ukraine. The annexation of the Crimea led to the imposition of sanctions on Russia by the United States, Japan, Canada, the G7 countries, NATO member states and European Union. And therefore the settlement of the "Crimean issue" is extremely relevant for further relations of Russia with these states, and shaping the future vector of international relations. And this settlement is difficult to implement without an understanding of the status of relations between Ukraine, Russia and Europe. The subject of the research is the Crimean issue in modern relations. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, as well as research methods: historical-comparative method (the Crimea in Ukraine and the Russian Federation); historical-genetic method (analysis of the evolution of the status of the Crimea and the reasons for its change); system method (analysis of the status of Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation). The author has used the works of a wide range of scientists on issues both directly related to the topic of the article, and on more general issues. In the course of work on the article the author used the works of such scientists as: S. Yu. Glazyev [1]; V. G. Pavlov [2]; A. A. Grigoryan [3]; N. K. Galitsky [4]; G. Z. Mettan [5]; K. O.Volgin [6]; K. P. Kurylev [7]; N.Y. Azarov [8]; A. R. Manchuk [9]; V.D. Malinkovich [10]; Yu. N. Shevtsov [11]; A. V. Kochetkov [12]; A. R. Manchuk [13]; S. D. Sidorenko [14] ect. The article also analyzes a wide range of international documents of a universal and regional nature, such as international treaties, UN resolutions, documents of international conferences, reports and other documents adopted under the Minsk Agreements. 3. Relations between Ukraine and the European Union: variables of bilateral relations After independence on August 24, 1991, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, P. Dankert officially recognized Ukraine’s independence on behalf of the European Union. In 1992, the European Union adopted a plan to assist Ukraine. In October 1993, the representation of the European Union in Kiev began work. EU eastward expansion is an important part of its global strategy. On July 1, 2013, Croatia joined the European Union and became the 28th member of the EU family, thanks 2 to which the EU partially achieved its geopolitical goal. On November 28, the 3rd EU- Eastern Partnership Summit took place in Vilnius. One of the main events of the summit was the signing of the Agreement between the European Union, Georgia and Moldova. On the eve of this meeting, Ukraine announced that it did not intend to sign the relevant agreements with the EU. At that time, the position of Ukraine was due to the containment of Russia. Therefore, on September 12, 2013, the European Parliament adopted a resolution demanding a ban on Russia to exert pressure on the countries of the Eastern Partnership. European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and European Council President Van Rompuy also indicated in a joint statement released on November 25 that the “EU expressed strong dissatisfaction with Russia’s “position” and “behavior” regarding EU-Ukraine relations”. [1] The EU’s strategy for Ukraine’s accession to the union consists of the following aspects: 1) The geopolitical conditions of Ukraine are extremely special. Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe, bordered with Belarus in the North, with Russia in the Northeast, with Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the West, as well as with Romania and Moldova in the South. Due to the territorial factor, population size and geographic location, Ukraine has the advantage and potential to become a “geostrategic axis”. After the beginning of the EU expansion to the east, the distance between Ukraine and the EU is getting closer. After the EU launched the Eastern Partnership program in 2009, Ukraine’s position in the EU’s eastward expansion strategy has further increased. As the former president of Ukraine Kuchma said: - “Ukraine is located in the geopolitical center of Europe and has the weight of a large European country” [2]; “Ukraine not only has an important geopolitical significance for the security, stability and development of the Commonwealth of Independent States, but also plays an important role in the security, stability and development of Europe”.[2] Former US Secretary of Defense Perry also stressed that “Ukraine’s independence cannot be overestimated because of the importance of security and stability throughout Europe”.[2] 2) The advantages of Ukraine in the economic sphere cannot be ignored. Ukraine has advanced military technology, rich agricultural resources, large market size and high- quality workforce left over from the former Soviet Union. In addition, Ukraine is an “energy corridor” connecting Russia and European countries. Half of Russian gas exports to European countries must be transported through Ukrainian pipelines. 3) In the military sphere, the strategic importance of Ukraine is also obvious.
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