Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON STHAVARA VISHA ( POISON) LANGALI ( SUPERBA) Dr. Chavhan Kalpana R.1, Dr. Suryawanshi Shama S.2 1Assistant Professor, 2Professor; Department of Agadtantra, Government Ayurveda College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, ABSTRACT Langali (Gloriosa superba) is an irritant plant poison which is mentioned Sthavara mula Visha in ancient Ayurveda texts. This plant belongs to Liliaceae family. It is elegant; climbing hedge grows in Mysore and in low jungles throughout India. Popularly it is known as Kalahari in Hindi and Glory lily in English. This plant is a part of folk medicine from ancient time. Popularly it is used as abortifacient by quacks. Rasshastra texts include this plant in category of mild poisons i.e. called Upavisha. These Upavisha are low in toxic potency. Beside the toxic impact Langali is having therapeutic uses mentioned in Ayurveda. It is used in treatment of external swelling, wounds, Haem- orrhoids, Arthritis and many more diseased conditions. Langali also poses forensic importance as it is popularly used for criminal abortion, used as a suicidal agent and accidental poisoning may occur when the of Gloriosa superba is mistaken for . This article helps in telling about description of most common Upavisha i.e. Langali, its therapeutic usage, fatal dosage and various toxicological aspects mentioned in Ayurveda science. Keywords: Langali,Gloriosasuperba,Sthavara Visha, Plant Poison

INTRODUCTION Poisons have been classified into two Rasendrasar Sangraha [5], Rasa Ratna Samuc- kinds-Sthavara (vegetable and mineral poi- chaya, [6]and Rasatarangini[7]. Langali is an son)and Jangam(Animal poison) in ancient elegant, climbing hedge plat grows in Mysore Ayurveda texts. [1] Inanimate i.e. Vegetable and & in low Jungles throughout India. [8]It is mineral poisons termed as Sthavara Visha and Known as Kalahari in Hindi. The glory lily animate poisons termed as Jangam visha. (Gloriosa superba L.) is a vine that blossoms InAshtang Hrudaya visha is again classified as with exotic, patterned flowers. Glory lilies natural i.e. Krutrim vishaand artificial poison grow in many parts of tropical Africa and i.e.Akrutrim visha,andAkrutrim vishais again Asia, especially India. This spectacular lily is classified as Sthavara and JangamaVisha.[2] native of Africa and is the national flower of Basic texts of Rasa Shastra also classifies . [9] Though Ayurveda and Unani visha based on toxic potency as Visha and Up- medicine traditions say that glory lilies have visha. Upavisha are considered as less potent medicinal value, all parts of these plants are as compared to Visha.[3] The substances which toxic. This makes them dangerous plants to are not so lethal but produces certain toxic have in a house or garden with young children symptoms are categorised under Upavisha. [4] or pets. They are considered perennial herbs Langali (Gloriosa superba) is one of the mild and climbing vines, with tendrils on the ends poison mentioned in Rasa Shastratexts like of the leaves that allow them to attach them-

How to cite this URL: Dr. Chavhan Kalpana R & Dr. Suryawanshi Shama S: A Review Article On Sthavara Visha (Plant Poison)Langali (Gloriosa Superba). International Ayurvedic medical Journal {online} 2016 {cited 2016 July} Available from: http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/34468_3475.pdf selves to support structures as they climb. [10] long, the tip is deflexed. Perianth: 6.3cmX8- Physical Characteristics: - [11] This plant Be- 13cm long, linear lanceolate. With crispy longing to family Liliaceous is a large, herba- waved margins at first, then turn yellow pass- ceous, climbing annual. An herbaceous tall ing through orange and scarlet to crimson red. glabrous branching climber Filament: 3.8-4.5cm long, anthers/spreading Root Stock: -Arched, solid, fleshy white, cy- 13mm long, style-5cm long, and arms about lindrical tuber, 15-30cm (length) X 2.5-3.8 cm 6mmlong. Fruit: Capsule about 2X4.5 cm, (diameter), tapering at both the end, bifur- linear oblong, three celled. cately branched forming 'V-shape, roots Seed: Sub-globose: Testa spongy, wing like. fibrous. Stem: -Annual 3-6 mts long, herba- Taxonomical Classification of Langali [12] ceous, given off from the young . Kingdom:Plantae Leaves: -Sessile or nearly so, 7.5cm to15cm X Sub Kingdom: Tracheobiophyta 2 to 4.5 cm, scattered or opposite. Sometimes Division: Magnoliophyta arises from the separation of the internodes, Sub- Division: Angiospermae ternately whorled, ovate/ lanceolate, acumi- Class: nate tip ending in a tendril like spiral, base Sub-class: Liliidae cordate and nerves parallel. Order: Flowers: -Large axillary, solitary or sub- Family: Liliaceae corymbose towards the end of the branches Sub-family: Wurmbeodideae from the nearness of the leaves, remain about Genus: Gloriosa 7 days without withering, Pediciles-7.5-15 cm Species: superba

TUBERS OF LANGALIFLOWER OF LANGALI Botanical Name: Gloriosa superba Linn. Botanical Name: -Gloriosa Superba Family: -Liliaceae, Rasonkula[13] Vernacular Names: - Synonyms: - Agni shikha, Kalihari, Garbhanut Sanskrit Names: - Langali, Kalikari,Vishalya[14]Agnimukhi, Garbhapatani Agnisikha, Garbha- nut[15]Kaliharika, Agnijivha, Swarnapushpa, Dipta, Naktendupushika,Vddujwala,Vhanhishikha Hali, Langalini[16]Halini, Shukrapushpi, Ananta,Vanhivaktra[17] English: -Climbing-lily, Glory-lily, Tiger’s "Mauve beauty", "Purple prince", "Modest", claw, Creeping-lily, Flame-lily, Gloriosa lily "Orange gem “, "Salman Glow", and "Orange Malabar Glory [18] Glow"[19] Hindi: -Kalahari, [20] Kathari, Kulhari, Languli,Kaliyari[21] FLOWER 3469 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016 OF LAN- GALI Telagu:- Adavi-nabhi, Potti much of tropical Asia including: India, Sri Dumpa[22]Kalappagadda, Ganjeri Lanka, Malaysia and Burma. It occurs in Bangala: -Vishalangaliya,Eshalangal[23] thickets, forest edges and boundaries of culti- Marathi: -Khadyanaag,Kal-lavi[23] vated areas in warm countries up-to height of Gujarati: -Dudhio,Bacchanaag[23] 2530 m. In temperate countries, Gloriosa su- Malayalam: - Medoni[24] perba is grown as an ornamental in conserva- Tamil: - Kala [24] tories and greenhouses. Places known for its Classification: - distribution are Nasik, Ratnagiri, Savanthwadi Ayurveda: -Sthavar Visha (Vegetable Poison) (Maharashtra); Uttara Kannada, Hassan, [25]Kanda visha[26]Upa visha[27] Chikmangalur, Coorg, Mysore (Karnataka); Gana: -Shak varga[28] Cannanore, Palakkad, Trivandrum (Kerala); Guduchyadu varga[29 ] and Goa. Tamil Nadu has the Mishrakadi varga –Upvisha gana[30] largest area under glory lily cultivation (up-to Modern toxicological classification: 6000 acres) spread over seven districts viz., -Irritant, Organic Vegetable Poison [31] Karur, Tirupur, Dindigul, Salem, Ariyalur, -Gastric Irritant Plant [32] Perambalur and Nagapattinam and holds mo- Plant Description: - nopoly in production of glory lily seeds with [33]Gloriosa Superba L. is a perennial climber, an annual production of over 600 -700 tonnes. extensively scattered in the tropical and sub- Gloriosasuperba contains active principle tropical parts of the India, including the foot- which is mainly present in tuber- hills of Himalayas. This spectacular lily is na- ous roots and leaves of plant and so there are tive of Africa and is the national flower of the parts which are used for medicinal and Zimbabwe. In India, it is widely distributed other purposes. and is the state flower of Tamil Nadu. Glori- Properties: -[34] osa derives its name from the word ‘glorious’, Guna- Laghu, Tikshana which means handsome and superba from the Rasa- Katu, Tikta word ‘superb’ means splendid or majestic. The Virya- Ushna fondness for floral beauty has also placed Glo- Vipak- Katu riosa as a pot plant in gardens. It is known as Prabhav- Garbhapatan ‘Malabar glory lily’ in English, ‘Kalihari’ in Doshakarma- Kaphavaatshamak Hindi, ‘Agnisikha’ in Sanskrit. Earlier than Part Used: -Tuberous root/corm [35], Leaves 1980, the tubers were indiscriminately har- [36] vested from the wild and utilized for medicinal Medicinal Dose: - 1-2 Ratti[ 37] applications. Because of continuous overex- Active principle (Chemical composition): - ploitation of tubers from wild, the species was Colchicine, Puteolin, -sitosterol, Isoper- on the verge of and was one of the lolyrine, Cornigerine, Bbechuanine, Colchi- endangered species among the most valued camide, Colchicoside etc. [38] medicinal plants. Until this period, up to 75% LangaliShodhana (Detoxification / Purifica- of raw material required by pharmacies and tion method):- drug manufacturers was fulfilled only from 1] Pieces of Langali tuber socked in Saind- wild. Gloriosa superba has been reported to hava and buttermilk for 4 to 5 days. Later occur naturally in Africa, India and South washed with hot water & dried. Change the eastern Asia and distributed widely throughout buttermilk every day. [39] the tropics. It has natural occurrence through

3470 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016 2]Dip the Langali tuber in Cow -urine for 1 sion, coagulopathy, ECG changes, and death day, it will also reduce the toxic potency [40]. have been reported less commonly. Controversial Aspects of Langali: - Common toxic symptoms: - (Acute poison- 1. Puga.c. speciosus having synonym Kebuka ing) is used as a substitute for Langali (Gloriosa  Severe [41] Superba).  Diarrhoea 2.Vaidya Bapalalji claims it to be non-  Abdominal pain poisonous. He quotes that Vagabhata in 'As-  Hypotension tang Hrdaya' has it as Rasayan so it should  Respiratory Failure not be considered as Upavisha. The word  Akshep(Convulsions) [46] Languli which synonym, may be confused  Annanalika Daha (Burning in GI track) with Langali. Even in Amarkosh, he gives  Burning in Uterus synonym for Jalapippali as Langali. Charaka,  Circulatory embarrassment, collapse and Sushruta, and Vagabhata have not mentioned death [47] the term Langali, latter writers like Fatal Dose: -[48] Bhavprakash gave it. [42] Pure colchicine-7 to 60 mg 3. Bapalalji reported that by mistake the term Tubers of Langali- 2.5 to 5 gm. Langali or Languli is identified with Forensic Significance of Plant: - M.Pruries.Langali without any controversy  Accidental poisoning may occur when the identified as Gloriosa superba and there is no tuber of Gloriosa Superba is mistaken for second opinion over this issue.Languli may be sweet potato. the synonym of kapikacchu,however the name  Generally used as abortifacient. [49] Langula indicates a variety of rice i.e.Sali [50] Dhanya.[43]  Used as suicidal. 4.In Charak Smhita Sutrasthana Langalaki is Medicinal uses: - mentioned as a vegetable (shaka). Butit is not 1. It is used as appetizer in medicinal dose, clear whether Gloriosa leaves are used or cos- skin disorders, scorpion & snake venom, Leprosy, Haemorrhoids, & in worm infes- tus be used.It is possible that the [51] term Langala and Langalakhya are indicative tations. of Costus.It is observed that Costusspeciosus 2. Root of this plant is used as an ingredient is often used as substitute for Gloriosa Su- in many Ayurveda classical formulations perba in market.[44] and indicated for various clinical condi- Toxic Effects: -[45] tions such as, Shotha (inflammation / oe- The toxicity reported from ingesting colchi- dema), Vrana (wound), Gandamala (lym- cine-containing plants has in general been less phadinitis), Charmaroga (skin diseases), severe than that reported after overdose with Khalitya (), Aagnimandya (loss of appetite), Aarsha (piles), Vatavyadhi (joint the drug colchicine. Common effects after [52] plant ingestion includes , vomiting, di- pain / arthritis) and many others. 3. Root of Langali is enlisted as an essential arrhoea, abdominal pain, tachycardia and chest [53] pain in a series of nearly 50 patients with Glo- drug, to be kept in delivery room and especially indicated in delayed labour and riosa Superba poisoning,16% developed chest [54] pain. More severe effects such as hypotension, expulsion of placenta. bradycardia, seizures, bone marrow suppres- 4. In the Indian Systems of Medicine, the tu- bers are used as tonic, antiperiodic, anthelminthic and against snake bites. In 3471 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016 1992, Duke has reported the abortifacient whom plants are accessible and attractive. action of the plant . It is used as Langali (Gloriosa Superba) is one of such poultices to relieve neuralgia, used in topi- plant which is commonly found in many parts cal applications to treat arthritic condi- of India. Besides the poisonous properties it is tions, swellings of the joints, sprains and a well-known drug with therapeutic uses in dislocations. The tuber is traditionally used Indian system of medicine. It is included for the treatment of and sprains, among the Irritant, Organic Vegetable Poison colic, chronic ulcers, haemorrhoids, can- in modern toxicology and Sthavara Mula cer, and leprosy and for inducing labour Visha in Ayurveda toxicological classification. pains. Paste of the tuber is externally ap- Rasshastra texts include this plant in category plied for parasitic skin diseases. [55] of mild poisons i.e. called Upavisha. These 5. Tubers of herb Gloriosa superba is having Upavisha are low in toxic potency than Visha. significant antimicrobial and anthelminthic Beside the toxic impact Langali is having activity [56] therapeutic uses mentioned in Ayurveda. It is 6. Bahyashotha (external swelling) Langali used in treatment of external swelling, mula lepa is indicated [57] wounds, Haemorrhoids, Arthritis and many 7. It is clearly indicated in Rastarangini that more diseased conditions. Langali also poses Langali should be always used externally. forensic importance as it is popularly used for 8. It is used in treatment of Bhagandar (Fis- criminal abortion, used as a suicidal agent and tula)[58] accidental poisoning may occur when the tu- 9. Langalyadi Taila (oil) is indicated as Gan- ber of Gloriosa superba is mistaken for sweet damala (Mumps)nashak.[59] potato. The juice from leaves is used as pedi- Other Uses: - [60] culicide i.e. to kill head lice and root is used to  The juice from leaves is used as pediculi- treat various ailments in folk medicines. Popu- cide i.e. to kill head lice. larly it is used as abortifacient by quacks. It  Root is used to treat various ailments in possesses strong abortifacient action so named folk medicines. as Garbhapatini, Garbhanutetc. In ancient Medicinal preparations: - Ayurveda texts, Root of Langali is enlisted as  Kasisadi Taila an essential drug, to be kept in delivery  Langali Rasayana[61] roomand especially indicated in delayed la-  Langalyadivati[62] bour and expulsion of placenta. Langali is part of medicinal formulations like Kasisadi Taila, DISCUSSION Langali Rasayana and Langalyadivati. Since India is a tropical country, it is Acharya Charaka mentioned that an acute poi- host to rich and varied flora of thousands of son can become an excellent drug if it is prop- plants, some of which are extremely poison- erly administered, and similarly even a drug, if ous. Most people in ruler areas depend for not properly administered, becomes an acute their food upon farms and gardens. Cases of poison. Likewise, Langali is a plant poison accidental poisoning occur not infrequently which having the medicinal properties and can due to mistaken ingestion of toxic plant prod- be used with the therapeutic intensions for ucts or contamination of food stuffs. Some treating diseased conditions. cases are related to intake of harmful herbal remedies and traditional medicines. A substan- CONCLUSION tial number of cases involve children for Langali (Gloriosa Superba) mild poison mentioned in Ayurveda and modern toxicol- 3472 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016 ogy.Rasshastra texts categorised the plant as 9. S Padmapriya, K Rajamani, V A Sathiya- mild poison i.e. Upavisha and described its murthy Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba L.) - medicinal preparations and other theopoetic A Review, ISSN: 0976 822X, December, uses. It is mentioned as essential drug to be 2015. kept in labour room in Charka Samhita espe- 10. htpp://homeguides.sfgate.com/ cially indicated in delayed labour and expul- 11. Dr. SatejBanne, Dr. Hemant Toshikhane sion of placenta. It is a popular abortifacient ,Dr.Hetal Amin , Dr. Amit UpasaniPhar- plant known practiced by quack and accidental macognostic And Phytochemical Study Of poisoning is very common due to frequent Langali (Gloriosa Superba Linn.): An Ex- availability of it as garden plant; cases involve perimental Study,ISSN-2321- children for whom plants are accessible and 0974,july2016,Pharmagene attractive &mistaken for sweet potato. 12. htpp://www.classification of medicinal plants .com REFERENCES 13. Sharma P. Dravyaguna-Vigyana,2nd part, 1. ShastriA., Forwarded by Dr.Mehata P.M., Chukhambha Bharti Academy, Varanasi, Sushrut Samhita Chukhambha Sanskrit Ed 2nd 1969,peg.No.603. sansthana,Vranasi, Ed. Reprint 2012, Kal- 14. 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3474 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 11; November- 2016 45. Pillay V.V., Comprehensive Medical perba Tubers, Advance Research in Phar- Toxicology, Paras Medical Publisher, Hy- maceuticals & biologicals ISSN 2250- drabad, Ed 2nd,2008,peg no.849. 0774, Vol -2 (1) JAN- March 2012 46. Mishara Edited by Shree shastry B.& Vai- 57. Pt.Kashinath Shastri,Rasatarangini, Moti- shya R., Bhavaprakasha, Purwardhwam, lala Banarasidas, Dilhi,Ed.- Chukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Vara- 11,1979,ChaturvinshatiAdhyaya,peg.no.74 nasi, Ed.8, 1993, peg no.314 1. 47. Nandy A., Principles of Forensic Medicine 58. ShastriA., Forwarded by Dr.Mehata P.M., , New Central agency(P) Ltd., Calcutta, Sushrut Samhita Chukhambha Sanskrit Ed.2nd, 2000, Ch.39,peg 558 sansthana,Vranasi, Ed.Reprint 2012, 48. Pillay V.V.,Comprehensive Medical Toxi- Chikitsasthana, Ch. 08,peg.47. cology,Paras Medical Publisher, Hydra- 59. Pd.Shastrey D., Sharangdharsmhita, bad, Ed 2nd, 2008, peg no.849. Madhyam Khanda, Chukhambha Vidyab- 49. Dr. Namburi Shekhar U.R, A Textbook Of havan,Varanasi, Ed.reprint 2002, Agadtantra, Chukhambha Sanskrit peg.no.428. Sansthan,Varanasi,Reprint2013,peg 60. Pillay V.V.,Textbook of Forensic Medi- no.143 . cine & Toxicology, Paras Publication, Hy- 50. Prof. Nishteswar K., Dr.Anil Kumar drabad, Reprint 2007,Ch.05.peg 427. A.,Agadtantra & Vyavhar Ayurveda, 61. Dr. Deshpande A.P., Dr.Jawalgekar, Dr. Chaukhambha Surabharti Prakashan, Va- Ranade S.,Dravyaguna Vigyana, Anmol- ranasiEd.1st,2009,ch.04 Peg 113. Prakashana,Pune,Reprint 2003,peg no.984 51. Mishara Edited by Shree shastry B.& Vai- 62. Dr.J.L.N. Shastry, Prof. K.C. Chunekar, shya R., Bhavapraka- DravyagunaVijnana, Ed.3rd,2008, Chuk- sha,Purwardhwam,Chukhambha Sanskrit hambha orientaliavaranasi, peg.no. 1003. Sansthana, Varanasi, Ed.8, 1993, peg CORRESPONDING AUTHOR no.314 Dr. Chavhan Kalpana R. 52. Bhide B., Acharya R.,Uses of Langali ( Email: [email protected] Gloriosa s uperba Linn.): An Ethnomedi- cinal Perspective, AyurpharmInt J Ay- Source of Support: Nil urAlli Sci., Vol.1, No.3 (2012) Pages 65 - Conflict of Interest: None Declared 72 ,ISSN: 2278-4772 53. Dr.TripathiB. Dr.Panday G.S.,Charak Samhita , Chaukhambha Surabhart Praka- shan, Varanasi,Ed,7th 2000, sharirsthana ch.08,peg 957. 54. Ibidem 1. Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, Vol. 4. p.342 55. S Padmapriya, K Rajamani, V A Sathiya- murthy Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba L.) - A Review, ISSN: 0976 822X, December, 2015. 56. Suryavanshi S., Rai G., Malviya S.N. Evaluation Of Anti-Microbial And Anthelmintic Activity Of Gloriosa Su-

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