A Brief Introduction 1 the Emerging Cultural Turn in Peace Research

Notes

A Brief Introduction

1 Examples are the Correlates of War (CoW) project that was founded in 1963 by a political scientist at the University of Michigan and that has immensely fostered quantitative research into the causes of war (see http://www.corre- latesofwar.org/); the International Conflict Research (ICR) group, based at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ) and the Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS), that conducts research on international and domestic conflict and mainly relies on statistics and com- putational methods for its analyses (see http://www.icr.ethz.ch/); or the European Network of Conflict Research (ENCoRe) at ETHZ that aims at preparing researchers and policy makers for future conflicts by coordinating and accelerating ‘the construction and maintenance of conflict datasets with the help of an integrated online portal that allows researchers and policy makers to analyze and predict the outbreak and course of conflict processes around the world’ (see http://www.encore.ethz.ch/index, 14.1.2014). The majority of contributions in influential journals such as the Journal of Peace Research and the Journal of Conflict Resolution rely on such quantitative data and analyses.

1 The Emerging Cultural Turn in Peace Research

1 For a comprehensive overview of transitional justice see, for example, Kritz (1995). See also Daly and Sarkin (2007), Kayser-Whande and Schell-Faucon (2008), Merwe (2003), Minow (1998), and Rigby (2001). 2 See Fischer and Ropers (2004: 11), Galtung (2001), and Huyse (2008: 2–3). The problematic nature of the term ‘reconciliation’ and its elements and instruments are discussed by, among others, Bar-Tal and Bennink (2004: 28–29), Bloomﬁeld (2003b, 2006), Huyse (2003b), Lederach (1995, 1997), and Pankhurst (1999). 3 Given the vagueness and unspeciﬁcity of the word ‘traditional’ and ‘tradition’, some authors suggest using a different terminology instead, such as ‘community justice’, ‘informal systems’, ‘customary law’, or ‘local justice systems’ (Huyse 2008: 8, Mearns 2002: 8, 11). Since all these terms themselves involve terminological inaccuracies – what, for instance, is ‘a community’ and what is ‘the local’ – I intentionally continue using the term ‘traditional’ and the enduring discourses related to it. In the course of this work, however, I use some of the other terms interchangeably. 4 For more examples where traditional mechanisms have been integrated into broader justice-seeking structures after massive violence in various countries in Africa, see, for example, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, IDEA (2006), Gibbs (1997: 232), Ocen (2007), and Tom (2006).

209 210 Notes

5 For the most salient features of traditional justice systems, see Stevens (2001). Despite these common features, there are also signiﬁcant socioculturally determined differences in how the various mechanisms deal with the past, how they try to restore the victims, and whether or not offenders need to be identiﬁed and sanctioned. 6 Various authors have criticized the original terminology and have suggested the use of more neutral terms such as ‘construction’ instead of ‘invention’ (Jolly & Thomas 1992: 243, Linnekin 1992: 249). In 1993, Ranger (1993: 82) himself revisited the debate and argued that he would now prefer the term ‘imagined’ to ‘invented’ since it lays much more stress upon ideas, images, and symbols – so central to traditions and identity – which ‘invention’ does not. 7 For Northern Uganda, for example, see Baines (2007: 98, 107); for Bougainville, see Boege (2006); for Indonesia, see Clark and Stephens (2011: 1–2).

2 Decentra lization, Revitalization, and Reconciliation in Indonesia

1 This is only a brief outline, as a rich literature exists on the history of decentralization, the legislation and decentralization process, and revival movements throughout Indonesia (see e.g. Aspinall & Fealy 2003, Davidson & Henley 2007, Hadiz 2010, Holtzappel & Ramstedt 2009, Kivimäki, Jacobsen, & Kartasasmita 2002, H. Schulte Nordholt & Klinken 2007). 2 Most national laws and government regulations are by now available on the Indonesian government website (Law Regulations): http://www.indonesia. go.id/en/law-regulations. 3 Rosaldo (2003: 6) rightly criticizes Benedict Anderson’s notion of the Indonesian nation as an imagined community, as he fails to notice that the minorities in the peripheries have not been invited to take part in this imagi- nation process. 4 This is only a very cursory historical introduction to the area. For more in-depth accounts see, for example, Andaya (1993), Chauvel (1990), Fraassen (1972), and Knaap (1987). 5 Due to immigration and conflict dynamics and the difficulties of data surveys under such conditions, there were huge fluctuations in the population statistics of Maluku Province over the last years. Whereas in 2000 approximately 44% out of a population of 1.2 million were Muslim and 56% Christian, 2003 government statistics claim that approximately 65% were Muslim and 35% Christian out of 1.27 million, and 2008 statistics report 50% were Muslim and 50% Christian out of 1.44 million (Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku 2000, 2003, Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku & Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah 2010). In Indonesia as a whole, Muslims constitute some 87% of the population. 6 Data provided in the annual provincial government statistics and by the provincial government (Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku 2000, 2005/2006, Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku & Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah 2010, Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku 2010). See also Pieris (2004). 7 By March 2011, village perdas had only been passed for the districts of Central Maluku and Ambon City. Only drafts existed for other districts in Maluku Notes 211

Province (e.g. for Seram Bagian Barat, Seram Bagian Timur, Maluku Tenggara, and Maluku Tenggara Barat) or no efforts had been taken yet to sketch such regulations. This is in stark contrast to other provinces such as West Sumatra, where the Provincial Regulation on Nagari (village) Government came into effect in 2000 and district regulations were ﬁnalized in 2001 (F. v. Benda- Beckmann & K. v. Benda-Beckmann 2007b: 226–227). 8 For examples that illustrate that prevailing confusion, the continuous argu- ments over jurisdiction, and the disputes about areas of competence between regional governments and local actors, see Bräuchler (2014b: 71–73). 9 This is a reference to the Saniri Tiga Batang Air, a structure meant to govern the regions of the three rivers Eti, Tala, and Sapalewa in West Seram in the past, which is also subject to current revival for peace initiatives.

3 Conﬂict and Peacebuilding in Maluku

1 This outline of the Moluccan conflict is based on parts of chapter 3 in Bräuchler (2013), but has been shortened, updated, and revised. As the background to the conflict and how it took place differed widely from one Moluccan region to the next (North, Central, and Southeast Maluku), here I will mainly con- centrate on Central Maluku and Ambon City. 2 I am well aware that such a short note cannot do justice to the much broader phenomenon of war economies. However, its exploration would go beyond the scope of this book. In her book Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Centuryy (2004), Carolyn Nordstrom goes beyond the local level of war economy and throws light on the international profiteering going on in the shadows of African wars. 3 Ambon is the name both of the capital city of Maluku (Kota Ambon) and of the island (Pulau Ambon) where the eponymous city is located. 4 The PDS is one level below martial law and places the police directly under the person commanding the PDS, the then governor of Maluku, Saleh Latuconsina. 5 For an overview of the various factors, see Bertrand (2002), Brown, Wilson, and Hadi (2005), Goss (2004). For a list of references, see Bräuchler (2013: 90, fn 25). 6 The reason is that usually an entire village joined a religion. Back in colonial days, to avoid conflict, villages with populations of mixed religions, such as Tial (Pulau Ambon) and Sirisori (Saparua), had been divided into a Christian and a Muslim village respectively, that were then called Tial Serani and Tial Islam or Sirisori Kristen and Sirisori Islam (Kraemer 1927: 82). 7 See e.g. Ajawaila (2000b), Bartels (2003), Lee (1997), Manuhutu (2000), Pariela (2005: 187), Pattiselanno (1999), Taylor (2001). On the impact of Muslim immigration on the Christian–Muslim relations in Ambon, see also Mearns (1999). As part of state-supported transmigration programs between 1969 and 1999, 97, 422 people emigrated to Maluku, more than half of them to Central Maluku. Given a total population of two million, this amounts to almost 5%. The majority came from Buton and Java and was Muslim. There are no figures on spontaneous migration. Estimates range from 50,000 to 200,000 (Regional Office of the Ministry of Transmigration and Forest Settlers Province of Moluccas, http://www.websitesrcg.com/ambon/transmig.htm, 22.7.2002 212 Notes

and 13.1.2012). While in 1930 about 60% of the Moluccan population was Christian, prior to the unrest the proportion had fallen to only 40%. In 2008, it had risen again to almost 50% (see also chapter 2, note 5). 8 Provokatorr is a more commonly used term in the Suharto era to describe those whom the authorities believed to be behind a conflict triggered in a society that is regarded ‘as a pressure cooker in which the pressure of amok, rage and frustration builds up until it erupts in violence’ (Panggabean 2006: 220). 9 For a critique of the program, see Amirrachman (2012). For an initiative by local academics that resulted in a publication on Central Moluccan cultural values to be used in local-content curriculum (muatan lokal), see Putuhena et al. (2009). In 2007, the mayor of Ambon City, Jop Papilaya, asked each adat village on Ambon to write down its history. Those documents would then be used in muatan lokal to teach the younger generations their history and their cultural heritage (Pesiwarissa 2007). No reflection took place about what the codification of oral history and culture could imply. 10 For another description of an NGO workshop culture in peacebuilding in Liberia and its positive and negative effects, see Fuest (2010). 11 During the Moluccan conflict (1999–2003/4) the Indonesian presidency changed three times: J. B. Habibie until October 1999, Abdurrahman Wahid until July 2001, and then Megawati Sukarnoputri until October 2004. 12 Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (2010), Muis et al. (2010), Ralahalu (2006, 2007), Widoyoko (2008). The Banda Sail, an annual yacht race that takes competitors from Darwin, Australia, to the Banda Islands in Maluku, for example, was suspended due to the conflict. In 2010, it was taken up again with literally dozens of new hotels mushrooming in Ambon City (see also Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Maluku 2010). 13 Similar to the Maluku case, truth was strategically put aside in the Helsinki peace process for Aceh, as its crucial task was to put an end to the decades- long hostilities – resulting in the so far successful MoU in 2005. As Aspinall (2008) suggests, the urgency of the case made justice take second place to peace. 14 Latu and patih were terms used for traditional leaders before the introduction of other titles of Malay or Javanese origin. 15 See LAIM’s website http://www.maluku-interfaith.blogspot.com/ (still available in March 2015, but inactive). 16 The regional and local governments also frequently supported such ball game competitions between villages of different faiths as an incentive to restore interreligious activities.

4Reconciliation and the Revival of Tradition

1 According to a BakuBae survey in March/April 2002 almost 60% of res- pondents in Maluku believed that the conﬂict was solved by people from the bottom up (masyarakat dari bawah), 22.6% opted for civil and military elites, 4.3% for middle-range groups, and 13.6% for a combination of two or more options. The survey shows that 79.2% considered measures taken by the government as insufﬁcient or ineffective (Baku Bae Movement 2002: 6–7). Notes 213

2 More generally, it has rarely been truth that determined historical memory in Indonesia due to the decade-long oppressive Suharto regime (Zurbuchen 2005). 3 See also Bartels’ (1977: 30a) impressive sketch of pela relationships on and between the islands of Ambon, Lease, and Western Seram. 4 However, I think it is highly problematic to speak of a redeﬁnition of ‘an interreligious identity of Moluccan brotherhood and sisterhood as syncretically Christian-Muslim’, as Braithwaite et al. do (2010: 192), since no Moluccan would claim to be ‘syncretic’, but rather a good Christian or Muslim, no mat- ter how orthodox she or he is. 5 Ajawaila (2005: 170), Pattikayhatu, Talakua, and Ririhena (1993: 49), Renwarin (1986). 6 In some cases in the eastern part of Central Maluku, however, afﬁliation is not clear or contested (Ellen 2003). 7 For a detailed reconstruction of the myth, see Jensen (1939). 8 The data in this section resulted out of personal communications between 2005 and 2011 with the founding fathers of the BakuBae movement such as Bob Birahy and Ricky Chris Palyama (Hualopu), Abdullah Ely (LEMM), Justus Pattipawae (EWSC), Ichsan Malik (ITP), and other members and local NGOs involved, who supplied me with their reports – too many to be listed here – and added interesting details and personal experiences.

5 The Reinvention of Traditional Leadership

1 This chapter is based on an article published in a special issue of the Asian Journal of Social Sciences (Bräuchler 2011a) and has been profoundly adapted, restructured, complemented, updated, and embedded into this book. 2 This historical analysis is based on both secondary (e.g. Chauvel 1990, Knaap 1987, Leirissa, Pattikayhatu, & Kartadarmadja 1982/1983) and primary sources, such as the extensive compilation of Dutch colonial documents and corre- spondence edited by Chris van Fraassen and P. Jobse in 1997 and the writings of people involved in colonial administration, such as Holleman (1923) and van Hoëvell (1875). For more substantive references, see Bräuchler (2011a). 3 Due to the notoriously conflict-prone succession management of the raja, article 85 of the famous decree of 1824 (Staatsblad No. 19a) that formalized and institutionalized the Moluccan title hierarchy and status symbols outlawed any post-installation debates about the legitimacy of an office holder. 4 According to Cooley (1987: 238) and Bartels (1994: 308), the raja also used to be the head of the village council before UU No. 5/1979, but, as adatt experts in a variety of Central Moluccan villages affirmed to me, the raja then was not able to make any decisions without the approval of the saniri – in contrast to the situation after 1979. 5 There were other issues involved as well, but further analysis would go beyond the scope of this chapter. Members of the raja’s family destroyed the house of the young murderer, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison. 6 Ichsan Malik promotes the partnership between adatt and government, rather than their separation, and compares the MLM with the Majelis Rakyat Papua (MRP, Papuan People’s Council) (Institut Titian Perdamaian, Forum Maluku Baru, & Banda’s Culture and Heritage Foundation 2006: 51). The members 214 Notes

of the MRP, according to Widjojo et al. (2008: 15), ‘were chosen exclusively from the ranks of indigenous Papuans, from traditional institutions, religious groups and women’. For more details, see http://www.mrp.go.id/. 7 As outlined above, the Perda Negeri of Central Maluku (§ 23(b)) complies with national regulations, while subversion takes place rather unofﬁcially at the village level. 8 http://latupatimaluku.blogspot.de. The website is updated only very irregu- larly due to ﬁnancial and personnel issues.

6 Indigenous People, Migrants, and Refugees: A Clash of Individual and Cultural Human Rights

1 To a minor extent, this chapter draws on a formerly published article (Bräuchler 2010c). Case studies used in that article have been updated and expanded here, put in a comparative and broader perspective, and embedded in further theoretical discourses. 2 This was pointed out to me by Karin Klenke in 2010, based on her ethnographic research in 2009. 3 As many migrants had to flee during the Moluccan war, there is a strong over- lap of these categories. 4 See General Explanations (Penjelasan Umum) of UU No. 32/2004, Section I, No. 10 (Desa). 5 Interestingly, adat figures involved in the negotiations referred to a mysterious book that they tried to make use of in their reconstruction efforts. As it is published in a foreign language, they did not want to make this public yet, as they wanted to have the book translated first in order to verify and legitimize the content. As it turned out in a later stage of my field research in the area, they had most probably referred to an ethnographic study by Adolf Ellegard Jensen (1939, 1948), who had visited Seram with an ethnographic expedition of the Frankfurt Frobenius Institute in 1937/38. In an even later stage of my research, I returned to the field with the books, which had still not been translated into Indonesian or the local dialect. 6 Another group notoriously left out of ‘traditional’ conflict regulation are young people, which is rather counterproductive in Maluku, as Keebet von Benda-Beckmann (2004) argues, as they were key actors in the fighting on the ground. 7 Things are in flux, however. Due to the increasing numbers of migrants in Amahusu (approximately 40% of the village population in 2011), it is no longer possible to isolate them in the former soa burgerr, as Raja Amahusu pointed out in March 2011. They are integrated into the soa where they live, that is, according to territorial and not genealogical aspects. As land has become rare, they cannot acquire more than use rights (hak pakai). Although Amahusu was one of the few villages that tried to not get involved in the Moluccan conflict, the Butonese people living in Amahusu before the unrests nonetheless fled and will most probably not return. 8 Interestingly, in the memoirs of the outgoing Assistant Resident van Wijk of Ambon in August 1937, it was mentioned that Muslim Batumerah mainly con- sisted of foreigners (mainly from Hoamoal) and in ‘old times’ (seventeenth century) has not been considered a separate village (Fraassen 1997b: No. 73, 555). Notes 215

9 As the secretary of a Butonese organization in Ambon City (KKBSW) told me in 2011, the majority of votes for the raja of Batumerah came from immi- grants, as his father’s lineage also hailed from outside the area. 10 An estimate by Palmer (2004: 89) is 160,000. According to the secretary of the Butonese organization KKBSW in Ambon City in 2011, approximately 70% of them returned to Maluku after a while. 11 As Butonese on Seram and Haruku told me, some of them prefer living on the margins of Christian villages, with which they maintain good relations. 12 Another problem in seeking an official land certificate is that the government charges a high fee for it, approximately a million Rupiah in 2011. 13 One problem is the unreflected copying of regulations from one district to the other; another problem is insufficient if not a total lack of communication between the various teams employed by the government to do research for and draft the respective district perdas. The Perda was still not finalized by the end of 2014. 14 The current vice bupati of SBB is a Butonese (2011–2016). 15 According to the head of the Butonese dusun (village district) Pakarena, Kairatu, there were 37 Butonese dusun in SBB in 2011; among them were Butonese whose parents and grandparents had been born in Maluku whereas some were new arrivals. 16 Phillip Winn’s research on the Banda Islands is one of the few existing studies on Butonese people in Maluku. Whereas Butonese living in mixed communities with non-Butonese people on Banda argued that adatt primarily belongs to a certain place and the earth and not to people, taking this as an excuse to give up their traditions and participate in local rituals and ceremonies, enclave Butonese in Banda see adatt as a relevant body of practices to be main- tained in exile (Winn 2008: 96–97). 17 The first pernegs passed in the villages usually focused on what concerned the respective village most at the moment. In Suli this was the reconstruction of adatt governmental structures and the integration of refugees, in Horale and Rutong on Ambon it was protection of the environment and resource exploitation to the disadvantage of the masyarakat adatt, and in Kariu it was physical reconstruction and economic rehabilitation. 18 I do not mean to say that there is one ethnic group in Maluku. There are several ethnic groups ‘indigenous’ to Maluku that I here subsume under ‘ethnic Moluccans’. 19 In the Kei Islands (Southeast Maluku), migrants from Banda (Central Maluku) try to provide proof for ancestral kinship and alliance between their ances- tors and local power holders in order to construct a shared history, frame themselves as insiders, and legitimize their access to land on Kei (Kaartinen 2009: 61–65). As Timo Kaartinen argues, in certain contexts, these Maluku- internal migrants help to mediate between the ‘indigenous’ population and migrants from outside Maluku.

7 Concluding Reﬂections: Toward a New Anthropology of Peace

1 For a very critical review of the UN-initiated statebuilding process in East Timor, see Chopra (2000). 216 Notes

2 Buckley-Zistel (2006: 150) interprets what she refers to as ‘chosen amnesia’ as ‘the deliberate eclipsing of particular memories, [which] allows people to avoid antagonism and enables a degree of community cohesion necessary for the intimacy of rural life in [post-genocide] Rwanda’. 3 Central to this approach is the development of methods for aid organizations and external peacebuilders to judge the positive and negative impact of their activities in societies that underwent civil war or mass violence. The aim is to identify dividers (local actors widening the gap between the conﬂict parties) and connectors (those putting emphasis on common ground beyond the expe- rienced violence) and to empower the latter (Anderson 2004). Bibliography

Acciaioli, Greg. 2001. Grounds of Conflict, Idioms of Harmony: Custom, Religion, and Nationalism in Violence Avoidance at the Lindu Plain, Central Sulawesi. Indonesia 72 (October): 81–114. Adam, Jeroen. 2009. Communal Violence, Forced Migration & Social Change on the Island of Ambon, Indonesia. [Dissertation, Ghent University, Ghent] Aditjondro, George Junus. 2000. The Tragedy of Maluku. Lecture and Seminar at the Institute of Aboriginal Studies and Research at Macquire University, Sydney, 2 May 2000 (last update). http://www.infomaluku.net/res/views/000503GA. htm (13.12.2000). —— 2001. Guns, Pamphlets and Handie-Talkies: How the Military Exploited Local Ethno-religious Tensions in Maluku to Preserve their Political and Economic Privileges. In I. Wessel and G. Wimhöfer (eds), Violence in Indonesia. Hamburg: Abera-Verlag, 100–128. Ajawaila, Jacob W. 2000a. Eksistensi Hak Petuanan di Maluku Tengah: Suatu Tinjauan Sosial Budaya. Paper presented at the Workshop “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-hak Masyarakat Adat Atas Tanah Petuanan Di Maluku Tengah”, Saparua, 26–27 April 2000. Yayasan Sala Waku Maluku. —— 2000b. Orang Ambon dan Perubahan Kebudayaan. Antropologi Indonesia XXIV (61): 16–25. —— 2003. Dinamika Kebudayaan Ambon: Sebuah Proses Perubahan. Ambon: Universitas Pattimura. —— 2004. Orang Ambon Dahulu dan Sekarang (Desa adat dalam tinjauan budaya). Ambon: Universitas Pattimura. —— 2005. Dinamika Budaya Orang Maluku. In Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (ed.), Maluku Menyambut Masa Depan. Ambon: Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku, 159–179. Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN). 2010. Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues: INDONESIA. http://www.ifad.org/english/indigenous/ pub/documents/tnotes/indonesia.pdf (13.8.2012). Amirrachman, Alpha. 2012. Peace Education in the Moluccas, Indonesia: Between Global Models and Local Interests. [Dissertation, Amsterdam]. http://dare.uva.nl/ document/363593 (14.6.2012). Andaya, Leonard Y. 1993. The World of Maluku. Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. Anderson, Mary B. 2004. Experiences with Impact Assessment: Can We Know What Good We Do? Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. http://www.berghof-handbook.net (6.11.2011). Anthias, Floya. 2001. New Hybridities, Old Concepts: The Limits of ‘Culture’. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (4): 619–641. Antlöv, Hans. 2003. Not Enough Politics! Power, Participation and the New Democratic Polity in Indonesia. In E. Aspinall and G. Fealy (eds), Local Power

217 218 Bibliography

and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation & Democratisation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 72–86. Aragon, Lorraine V. 2001. Communal Violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi: Where People Eat Fish and Fish Eat People. Indonesia 72 (October): 45–79. Askandar, Kamarulzaman. 2006. The Role of Cultures and Religions in Promoting Peace. Paper presented at the International Workshop of the International Center for Islam and Pluralism (ICIP) “Promoting Peace: The Role of Peace Cultures and Local Wisdoms”, Jakarta-Depok, 25–27 April 2006. Aspinall, Edward. 2008. Peace without Justice? The Helsinki Peace Process in Aceh. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Aspinall, Edward & Greg Fealy (eds). 2003. Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation & Democratisation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Atapary, Samson, Yohanes Balubun, Dominggus Huliselan, Meiske Luhulima & Tenny Latekay. 2006. Laporan Penelitian Pembaharuan Hukum di Kepulauan Maluku (Kei Kecil, Halmahera Utara, Haruku, Nusalaut, Ambon, Seram). Ambon: HUMANUM – Jaringan Baileo Maluku & Kelompok Kerja Pembaharuan Hukum Indonesia. Attaminy, Muhammad, Dwi Hardianto & Misbah. 2002. “Kami Menolak Tegas Kesepakatan Malino”: Wawancara Drs. Muhammad Attamimy, MAg. Sabili 2 (18) March: 62–64. Avonius, Leena. 2003. Reforming Adat. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 4 (1): 123–142. —— 2009. Reconciliation and Human Rights in Post-conflict Aceh. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 121–137. Avonius, Leena & Damien Kingsbury (eds). 2008. Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Avruch, Kevin. 1998a. Culture and Conflict Resolution. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. —— 1998b. Introduction: Culture and Conflict Resolution. In K. Avruch, P. W. Black and J. A. Scimecca (eds), Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1–17. Babo-Soares, Dionisio. 2004. Nahe Biti: The Philosophy and Process of Grassroots Reconciliation (and Justice) in East Timor. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 5 (1) April: 15–33. Bach, Jan-Michael. 2003. Dezentralisierung und Lokalregierung in Indonesien seit 1998: Der Fall Riau. Studien zur Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients 11. Münster: LIT. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku. 2000. Maluku Dalam Angka 2000 (Maluku in Figures 2000). Ambon: BPS. —— 2003. Maluku Dalam Angka 2003 (Maluku in Figures 2003). Ambon: BPS. —— 2005/2006. Maluku Dalam Angka 2005/2006 (Maluku in Figures 2005/2006). Ambon: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Maluku & Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah. 2010. Maluku Dalam Angka 2010 (Maluku in Figures 2010). Ambon: BPS. Baines, Erin. 2005. Roco Wat I Acoli – Restoring Relations in Acholi-land: Traditional Approaches to Reintegration and Justice. Liu Institute for Global Issues & Gulu District NGO Forum & Ker Kwaro Acholi. —— 2007. The Haunting of Alice: Local Approaches to Justice and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1: 91–114. Bibliography 219

Baku Bae Movement. 2000. Suara Hati Korban Kerusuhan Maluku. Jakarta. —— 2002. Mayoritas Masyarakat Maluku Mendukung Pendekatan Penyelesaian Konflik “Dari Bawah” (Jajak Pendapat Masyarakat Maluku, March–April 2002). Baku Bae Movement & Early Warning System Conflict (EWSC). 2007. Informasi Proses dan Hasil Audensi Majelis Latupati Maluku (MLM) dengan Wakil Presiden RI (disampaikan kepada Gubernur Maluku/Perwakilan Rakyat Propinsi Maluku), 27 February 2007, Jakarta. Bar-Tal, Daniel & Gemma H. Bennink. 2004. The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process. In Y. Bar-Siman-Tov (ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 11–38. Barnard, Alan. 2006. Kalahari Revisionism, Vienna and the ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Debate. Social Anthropologyy 14 (1): 1–16. —— 2012. Widening the Net: Returns to the Field and Regional Understanding. In S. Howell and A. Talle (eds), Returns to the Field: Multitemporal Research and Contemporary Anthropology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 230–249. Bartels, Dieter. 1977. Guarding the Invisible Mountain: Intervillage Alliances, Religious Syncretism and Ethnic Identity among Ambonese Christians and Moslems in the Moluccas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. —— 1994. In de Schaduw van de Berg Nunusaku: Een Cultuur-historische Verhandeling over de Bevolking van de Midden-Molukken. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Educatie Molukkers (LSEM). —— 2003. Your God Is No Longer Mine: Moslem-Christian Fratricide in the Central Moluccas (Indonesia) After a Half-Millennium of Tolerant Co-Existence and Ethnic Unity. In S. Pannell (ed.), A State of Emergency: Violence, Society and the State in Eastern Indonesia. Darwin: Northern Territory University Press, 128–153, e-version available at http://www.nunusaku.com. Baumann, Gerd. 1999. The Multicultural Riddle. Rethinking National, Ethnic and Religious Identities. New York/London: Routledge. Bedner, Adriaan & Stijn van Huis. 2008. The Return of the Native in Indonesian Law: Indigenous Communities in Indonesian Legislation. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 164 (2/3): 165–193. Beeck, Christine. 2007. Re-paving the Road to Peace: Analysis of the Implementation of DD&R in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Brief 35. Bonn: Bonn International Centre for Conversion (BICC). Benda-Beckmann, Franz von. 1990. Ambonese Adat as Jurisprudence of Insurgency and Oppression. Law & Anthropology. Internationales Jahrbuch für Rechtsanthropologie 5: 25–42. —— 2009. Human Rights, Cultural Relativism and Legal Pluralism: Towards a Two-Dimensional Debate. In F. v. Benda-Beckmann, K. v. Benda-Beckmann and A. Griffiths (eds), The Power of Law in a Transnational World: Anthropological Enquiries. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 115–134. Benda-Beckmann, Franz von & Keebet von Benda-Beckmann. 1994. Texts in Context: Historical Documents as Political Commodity on Islamic Ambon. In W. Marschall (ed.), Texts from the Islands. Oral and Written Traditions of Indonesia and the Malay World. Ethnologica Bernensia 4/1994. The University of Bern, Institute of Ethnology, 223–244. —— 2001. Recreating the Nagari: Decentralisation in West Sumatra. Working Paper No. 31, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle/Saale. 220 Bibliography

—— 2003. Die Revitalisierung von Tradition im Recht: Rückfall in die Vergangenheit oder zeitgemäße Entwicklung? In Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (ed.), Jahrbuch 2003. München: MPG. e-version. —— 2007a. Ambivalent Identities: Decentralization and Minangkabau Political Communities. In H. Schulte Nordholt and G. v. Klinken (eds), Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, 417–442. —— 2007b. Between Global Forces and Local Politics: Decentralisation and Reorganisation of Village Government in Indonesia. In C. Antons and V. Gessner (eds), Globalisation and Resistance: Law Reform in Asia since the Crisis. Oxford/ Portland, OR: Hart, 211–252. —— 2007c. Social Security Between Past and Future: Introduction. In F. v. Benda- Beckmann and K. v. Benda-Beckmann (eds), Social Security Between Past and Future: Ambonese Networks of Care and Support. Münster: LIT, 1–24. —— 2008. Transforming Traditions: Myths and Stereotypes about Traditional Law in a Globalizing World. Paper presented at the EASA conference “Experiencing Diversity and Mutuality”, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 26–30 August 2008. —— 2009. Recentralization and Decentralization in West Sumatra. In C. J. G. Holtzappel and M. Ramstedt (eds), Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenges. Singapore/Leiden: ISEAS/IIAS, 293–328. —— 2010. Unity and Diversity: Multiple Citizenship in Indonesia. In M.-C. Foblets, J.-F. Gaudreault-Desbiens and A. Dundes Renteln (eds), Cultural Diversity and the Law: State Responses from Around the World. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 889–917. Benda-Beckmann, Franz von, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann & Bertram Turner. 2007. Umstrittene Traditionen in Marokko und Indonesien. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 132 (Special issue: Die Revitalisierung von Tradition/The Revitalisation of Tradition, edited by Birgit Bräuchler and Thomas Widlok): 15–35. Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von. 1984. The Broken Stairways to Consensus: Village Justice and State Courts in Minangkabau. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. —— 2001. Legal Pluralism. Tai Culture VI (1&2, Special issue: Baan-müang: Traditional Law and Values in Tai Societies): 18–40. —— 2004. Law, Violence and Peace Making on the Island of Ambon. In M.-C. Foblets and T. v. Trotha (eds), Healing the Wounds: Essays on the Reconstruction of Societies After War. Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart, 221–239. —— 2007. Law, Violence and Peace Making on the Island of Ambon. In F. v. Benda-Beckmann and K. v. Benda-Beckmann (eds), Social Security Between Past and Future: Ambonese Networks of Care and Support. Münster: LIT, 281–298. Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von & Franz von Benda-Beckmann. 2008. Traditional Law in a Globalising World: Myths, Stereotypes, and Transforming Traditions. Van Vollenhoven Lecture 2008, Leiden, 16 May 2008. http://media.leidenuniv. nl/legacy/Text%20Van%20Vollenhoven%20Lecture%202008.pdf (17.7.2009). Bertrand, Jacques. 2002. Legacies of the Authoritarian Past: Religious Violence in Indonesia’s Moluccan Islands. Paciﬁc Affairs 75 (1): 57–85. —— 2004. Nationalism and Ethnic Conﬂict in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beversluis, A. J. & A. H. C. Gieben. 1929. Het Gouvernement der Molukken (Meet een voorwoord van den Gouverneur der Molukken L.H.W. van Sandick). Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij. Bhabha, Homi K. 1990. Introduction: Narrating the Nation. In H. K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration. London/New York: Routledge, 1–7. Bibliography 221

—— 1995. Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences. In B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin (eds), Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences (reprint 2001). London/New York: Routledge, 206–209. Bielefeldt, Heiner & Wilhelm Heitmeyer. 1998. Einleitung: Politisierte Religion in der Moderne. In H. Bielefeldt and W. Heitmeyer (eds), Politisierte Religion. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 11–33. Biggar, Nigel. 2003a. Conclusion. In N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 307–324. —— 2003b. Making Peace or Doing Justice: Must We Choose? In N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 3–24. Bloomfield, David. 2003a. The Context of Reconciliation. In D. Bloomfield, T. Barnes and L. Huyse (eds), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 40–48. —— 2003b. Reconciliation: An Introduction. In D. Bloomfield, T. Barnes and L. Huyse (eds), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 10–18. —— 2006. On Good Terms: Clarifying Reconciliation. Berghof Report No. 14. Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. Boege, Volker. 2006. Traditional Approaches to Conflict Transformation – Potentials and Limits. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Manage- ment. http://www.berghof-handbook.net (23.3.2007). Böhm, Kees J. 2002. Kerusuhan di Maluku: Pertengahan Bulan November 2001 Hingga Akhir Bulan Maret 2002. Warta Keuskupan Amboina Tahun XXXII (No. 1) January–April: 15–30. —— 2005. Brief Chronicle of the Unrest in the Moluccas 1999–2005. Ambon: Crisis Centre Diocese of Amboina. Bokova, Irina. 2013. The Power of Culture for Development. UNESCO. http:// en.unesco.org/post2015/sites/post2015/files/The%20Power%20of%20 Culture%20for%20Development.pdf (6.1.2014). Bonacker, Thorsten & Peter Imbusch. 2005. Zentrale Begriffe der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung: Konflikt, Gewalt, Krieg, Frieden. In P. Imbusch and R. Zoll (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktforschung: Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 69–144. Bonta, Bruce. 2007. Peaceful Societies Today – News, Reviews and Clues. Anthro- pology News (October): 13–14. Bourchier, David. 2007. The Romance of Adat in the Indonesian Political Imagi- nation and the Current Revival. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 113–129. Bowen, John R. 1986. On the Political Construction of Tradition: Gotong Royong in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies 45 (3) May: 545–561. —— 2005. Normative Pluralism in Indonesia: Regions, Religions, and Ethnicities. In W. Kymlicka and B. He (eds), Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 7. Braithwaite, John. 2011. Partial truth and reconciliation in the longue durée. Con- temporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences 6 (1): 129–146. 222 Bibliography

Braithwaite, John, Valerie Braithwaite, Michael Cookson & Leah Dunn. 2010. Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding. Canberra: ANU E Press. Bräuchler, Birgit. 2003. Cyberidentities at War: Religion, Identity, and the Internet in the Moluccan Conflict. Indonesia 75 (April): 123–151. —— 2004. Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan Mission of the Laskar Jihad in Cyberspace. The Australian Journal of Anthropologyy 15 (3): 267–285. —— 2005. Cyberidentities at War: Der Molukkenkonflikt im Internet. Bielefeld: Transcript. —— 2006. Constructed Identities Online: The Performance of the Moluccan Crisis on the Internet. In F. Heidemann and A. d. Toro (eds), New Hybridities: Societies and Cultures in Transition. Hildesheim: Olms, 161–177. —— 2007. Religious Conflicts in Cyberage. Citizenship Studies 11 (4) September: 329–347. —— 2009a. Cultural Solutions to Religious Conflicts? The Revival of Tradition in the Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Sciences 37 (6): 872–891. —— 2009b. Der Molukkenkonflikt im Internet: Globale Dimension eines lokalen Konflikts. In M. Slama (ed.), Konflikte – Mächte – Identitäten: Beiträge zur Sozial- anthropologie Südostasiens. Wien: ÖAW-Verlag, 87–116. —— 2009c. Introduction: Reconciling Indonesia. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 3–33. —— 2009d. Mobilising Culture and Tradition for Peace: Reconciliation in the Moluccas. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 97–118. —— (ed.). 2009e. Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge. —— 2010a. Integration and Exclusion: Islam Adatt in Central Moluccas. Indonesia and the Malay Worldd 38 (110) March: 65–93. —— 2010b. Religions Online: Christian and Muslim (re)presentations in the Moluccan Conflict. In S. Schröter (ed.), Christianity in Indonesia. Reihe Southeast Asian Modernities Berlin: LIT, 203–224. —— 2010c. The Revival Dilemma: Reflections on Human Rights, Self- Determination and Legal Pluralism in Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Laww 62: 1–42. —— 2011a. Kings on Stage: Local Leadership in the Post-Suharto Moluccas. Asian Journal of Social Sciences 39 (2, Special issue: Eastern Indonesia under Reform: The Global, the National and the Local, edited by Birgit Bräuchler and Maribeth Erb): 196–218. —— 2011b. The Transformation of the Media Scene: From War to Peace in the Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia. In K. Sen and D. T. Hill (eds), Politics and the Media in 21st Century Indonesia. London: Routledge, 119–140. —— 2013. Cyberidentities at War: The Moluccan Conflict on the Internet. New York: Berghahn Books. —— 2014a. Christian-Muslim Relations in Post-Conflict Ambon, Moluccas: Adat, Religion, and Beyond. In B. Platzdasch and J. Saravanamuttu (eds), Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict. Singapore: ISEAS, 154–172. —— 2014b. A Cultural Turn in Peace Research? Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia. [Habilitation thesis, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt] Bibliography 223

—— 2014c. Modes of Interreligious Coexistence and Civility in Maluku. In V. Gottowik (ed.), Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 193–215. Bräuchler, Birgit & Maribeth Erb. 2011. Introduction – Eastern Indonesia under Reform: The Global, the National and the Local. Asian Journal of Social Sciences 39 (2, Special issue: Eastern Indonesia under Reform: The Global, the National and the Local, edited by Birgit Bräuchler and Maribeth Erb): 113–130. Bräuchler, Birgit & Thomas Widlok (eds). 2007. Die Revitalisierung von Tradition/ The Revitalisation of Tradition (Special issue of the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 132). Bräunlein, Peter J. & Andrea Lauser. 1995. Auf dem Weg zu einer Ethnologie des Krieges und des Friedens: Hindernisse, Annäherungen. kea (Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaft) Sonderband II: Krieg und Frieden. Ethnologische Perspektiven: I-XXII. http://www.kea-edition.de/einlei~4.htm (22.1.2009). Breman, Jan. 1996. The Village on Java and the Early Colonial State. In M. C. Hoadley and C. Gunnarsson (eds), The Village Concept in the Transformation of Rural Southeast Asia. Richmond: Curzon, 3–28. Brown, Graham, Christopher Wilson & Suprayoga Hadi. 2005. Peace and Development Analysis in Maluku and North Maluku. Overcoming Violent Conflict, Volume 4. Jakarta: CPRU-UNDP. Bubandt, Nils. 2002. Decentralisation, Conflict, and the New Politics of Tradition in North Maluku. In T. Kivimäki, M. Jacobsen and P. S. Kartasasmita (eds), Democracy, Decentralization, Identity and Conflict in Indonesia. Helsinki/ Copenhagen: CTS-Conflict Transformation Service, 114–127. Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. 2005. “The Truth Heals”? Gacaca Jurisdictions and the Consolidation of Peace in Rwanda. Die Friedens-Warte 80 (1–2): 113–129. —— 2006. Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Africa 76 (2): 131–150. —— 2008. Transitional Justice als Weg zu Frieden und Sicherheit: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. SFB-Governance Working Paper Series Nr. 15, July 2008, Berlin. Burns, Peter. 2004. The Leiden Legacy: Concepts of Law in Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. —— 2007. Custom, that is before All Law. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 68–86. Caldwell, Ian & David Henley (eds). 2008. Stranger-kings in Indonesia and beyond (Special issue of Indonesia and the Malay World 36 (105)). Certeau, Michel de. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chauvel, Richard. 1980. Ambon’s Other Half: Some Preliminary Observations on Ambonese Moslem Society and History. Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 14 (1): 40–80. —— 1990. Nationalists, Soldiers and Separatists. The Ambonese Islands from Colonialism to Revolt, 1880–1950. Leiden: KITLV Press. Chopra, Jarat. 2000. The UN’s Kingdom of East Timor. Survival 42 (3): 27–39. Chopra, Jarat & Tanja Hohe. 2004. Participatory Intervention. Global Governance 10: 289–305. Chua, Beng Huat. 2004. Communitarian Politics in Asia. In B. H. Chua (ed.), Communitarian Politics in Asia. London/New York: Routledge, 1–24. 224 Bibliography

Clark, Samuel & Matthew Stephens. 2011. Reducing Injustice? A Grounded Approach to Strengthening Hybrid Justice Systems: Lessons from Indonesia. Working Paper No. 5, International Development Law Organization (IDLO). http://www.idlo.int/Publications/WP2clarkstephens.pdf (2.11.2011). Coleman, Simon & Peter Collins. 2006. Introduction: ‘Being … Where?’ Performing Fields on Shifting Grounds. In S. Coleman and P. Collins (eds), Locating the Field: Space, Place and Context in Anthropology. Oxford/New York: Berg, 1–21. Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. Cooley, Frank L. 1961. Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies: A Study of the Relationship between the Institutions of Religion and the Institutions of Local Society Undergoing Rapid Social Change. [Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven] —— 1969. Village Government in the Central Moluccas. Indonesia 7 (April): 138–163. —— 1987. Mimbar dan Takhta: Hubungan Lembaga-lembaga Keagamaan dan Pemerintahan di Maluku Tangah. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Cowan, Jane K. 2006. Culture and Rights After Culture and Rights. American Anthropologistt 108 (1): 9–24. Cowan, Jane K., Marie-Bénédicte Dembour & Richard A. Wilson. 2001a. Claiming Cultural Rights. In J. K. Cowan, M.-B. Dembour and R. A. Wilson (eds), Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 149–151. —— (eds). 2001b. Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. —— 2001c. Introduction. In J. K. Cowan, M.-B. Dembour and R. A. Wilson (eds), Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–26. Culbertson, Roberta & Beatrice Pouligny. 2007. Re-imagining Peace After Mass Crime: A Dialogical Exchange between Insider and Outsider Knowledge. In B. Pouligny, S. Chesterman and A. Schnabel (eds), After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press, 271–287. Dalsgaard, Steffen. 2013. The Field as a Temporal Entity and the Challenges of the Contemporary. Social Anthropologyy 21 (2): 213–225. Daly, Erin & Jeremy Sarkin. 2007. Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Darby, John & Roger Mac Ginty. 2003. Conclusion: Peace Processes, Present and Future. In J. Darby and R. Mac Ginty (eds), Contemporary Peacemaking: Conﬂict, Violence and Peace Processes. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 256–274. Davidson, Jamie S. 2007. Culture and Rights in Ethnic Violence. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 224–246. Davidson, Jamie S. & David Henley (eds). 2007. The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge. Davies-Vengoechea, Ximena. 2004. A Positive Concept of Peace. In G. Kemp and D. P. Fry (eds), Keeping the Peace: Conﬂict Resolution and Peaceful Societies Around the World. New York/London: Routledge, 11–18. Bibliography 225

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH & Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung. 2005. Regional Report Working Group: Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the International Conference “From Dealing with the Past to Future Cooperation: Regional and Global Challenges of Reconciliation”, Berlin, 31 January–2 February 2005. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/Regional- Report-SE-Asia-en.pdf (10.5.2006). Dinas Informasi dan Komunikasi Provinsi Maluku. 2005. Semangat Siwalima: Semangat Mempertahankan Keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Ambon: Dinas Infokom Provinsi Maluku. Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Maluku (ed.). 2010. Journal Sail Banda 2010 (Edisi 2 Juni). Ambon. Dinnen, Sinclair (ed.). 2003a. A Kind of Mending: Restorative Justice in the Pacific Islands. Canberra: Pandanus Books. —— 2003b. Restorative Justice in the Pacific Islands: An Introduction. In S. Dinnen (ed.), A Kind of Mending: Restorative Justice in the Pacific Islands. Canberra: Pandanus Books, 1–34. Doe, Samuel Gbaydee. 2009. Indigenizing Postconflict State Reconstruction in Africa: A Conceptual Framework. Africa Peace and Conflict Journall 2 (1) June: 1–16. Duncan, Christopher R. 2000. The Politics of Going Home: The Future of North Moluccan Internally Displaced Persons. Cakalele 11: 81–108. —— 2009. Monuments and Martyrdom. Memorializing the Dead in Post-conflict North Maluku. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 165 (4): 429–458. Durutalo, Alumita. 2003. Informal Justice in Law and Justice Reform in the Pacific Region. In S. Dinnen (ed.), A Kind of Mending: Restorative Justice in the Pacific Islands. Canberra: Pandanus Books, 165–176. Dwyer, Leslie & Degung Santikarma. 2007. Speaking from the Shadows: Memory and Mass Violence in Bali. In B. Pouligny, S. Chesterman and A. Schnabel (eds), After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press, 190–214. Early Warning System Conflict (EWSC) (ed.). 2007a. Laporan Musyawarah Besar I Majelis Latupati Maluku Periode 2007–2010, Baileo Siwalima, Ambon, 29–31 Oktober 2007 (3 volumes). Buku I: Kumpulan Keputusan dan Rekomendasi. Ambon: EWSC. —— (ed.). 2007b. Laporan Musyawarah Besar I Majelis Latupati Maluku Periode 2007–2010, Baileo Siwalima, Ambon, 29–31 Oktober 2007 (3 volumes). Buku III: Prosiding. Ambon: EWSC. Ellen, Roy F. 1997. On the Contemporary Uses of Colonial History and the Legitimation of Political Status in Archipelagic Southeast Seram. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 28 (1) March: 78–102. —— 2003. On the Edge of the Banda Zone: Past and Present in the Social Organization of a Moluccan Trading Network. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Ellis, Donald G. 2006. Transforming Conflict: Communication and Ethnopolitical Conflict. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Elwert, Georg. 2003. Hilfe und Intervention in Gewaltmärkten. In U. Kievelitz and R. Poeschke (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktarbeit in Forschung und EZ-Praxis und der Beitrag der Entwicklungsethnologie. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Entwicklungsethnologie e.V., Heft 1+2, 2003, 12. Jg. Saarbrücken: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik Saarbrücken GmbH, 96–108. Eppang, Lince. 2009. Sebuah Asa dari Negeri Rempah-rempah. Suara Pembaruan Nusantara, 26 November 2009: 13. http://epaper.suarapembaruan.com/default. aspx?iid=31391&startpage=page0000013 (15.4.2010). 226 Bibliography

Erb, Maribeth. 2007. Adat Revivalism in Western Flores: Culture, Religion, and Land. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 247–274. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2001. Between Universalism and Relativism: A Critique of the UNESCO Concept of Culture. In J. K. Cowan, M.-B. Dembour and R. A. Wilson (eds), Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 127–148. Far-Far, D. C., A. G. Wokanubun & E. Rahantoknam. 1999. Laporan Pelaksanaan Tugas Tim 19 Ambon – Jakarta dalam Misi Kemanusiaan di Maluku Tenggara. 8–14 April 1999. Ambon/Tual. Fasseur, C. 2007. Colonial Dilemma: Van Vollenhoven and the Struggle between Adat Law and Western Law in Indonesia. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 50–67. Fauzi, Noer & R. Yando Zakaria. 2002. Democratizing Decentralization: Local Initiatives from Indonesia. Paper presented at the 9th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000818/01/fauzin170502. pdf (7.11.2005). Finnström, Sverker. 2005. Carolyn Nordstrom, Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). Anthropological Quarterlyy 78 (2): 491–496. —— 2010. Reconciliation Grown Bitter? War, Retribution, and Ritual Action in Northern Uganda. In R. Shaw and L. Waldorf (eds), Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 135–156. Fischer, Martina & Norbert Ropers. 2004. Introduction: Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. http://www.berghof-handbook.net (23.3.2007). Forsberg, Tuomas. 2003. The Philosophy and Practice of Dealing with the Past. In N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 65–84. Foster, Mary LeCron. 1988. Conclusion – Expanding the Anthropology of Peace and Conflict. In R. A. Rubinstein and M. L. Foster (eds), The Social Dynamics of Peace and Conflict: Culture in International Security. Boulder/London: Westview Press, 179–191. Fox, James J. 1995. Installing the ‘Outsider’ Inside: The Exploration of an Epistemic Austronesian Cultural Theme and its Social Significance. Paper presented at the First Conference of the European Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, 29 June–1 July 1995. http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/foxxj_rspas/outsider.pdf (20.5.2011). Fraassen, Chris Frans van. 1972. Ambon-Rapport. Doktoraalskriptie. Leiden: Stichting Werkgroep Studiereizen Ontwikkelingslanden. —— 1987. Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Van Soa-organisatie en Vierdeling: Een Studie van Traditionele Samenleving en Cultuur in Indonesie. Deel II. [Dissertation, Leiden University, Leiden] —— 1997a. Bronnen betreffende de Midden-Molukken 1900–1940. Deel 2. Den Haag: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Bibliography 227

—— 1997b. Bronnen betreffende de Midden-Molukken 1900–1940. Deel 3. Den Haag: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Fraassen, Chris Frans van & P. Jobse. 1997. Bronnen betreffende de Midden-Molukken 1900–1940. Deel 4. Den Haag: Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Freeman, Michael. 2000. Universal Rights and Particular Cultures. In M. Jacobsen and O. Bruun (eds), Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia. Surrey: Curzon, 43–58. Front Islam Maluku. 1999. Pernyataan Sikap, 16 April 1999, Jakarta. Fuest, Veronika. 2008. ‘This is the Time to Get in Front’: Changing Roles and Opportunities for Women in Liberia. African Affairs 107/427: 201–224. —— 2009. Liberia’s Women Acting for Peace: Collective Action in a War-affected Country. In S. Ellis and I. v. Kessel (eds), Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 114–137. —— 2010. Contested Inclusions: Pitfalls of NGO Peace-Building Activities in Liberia. Africa Spectrum 45 (2): 3–33. Galtung, Johan. 1969. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6 (1): 167–191. —— 2001. After Violence, Reconstruction, Reconciliation, and Resolution: Coping with Visible and Invisible Effects of War and Violence. In M. Abu- Nimer (ed.), Reconciliation, Justice, and Coexistence: Theory & Practice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 3–23. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. Gerakan BakuBae Maluku, Universitas Pattimura, Yayasan Kemala & Yayasan Tifa. 2003. Berpijak di Atas Bumi Kultural Menata Masa Depan Maluku. Sebuah Paparan Hasil Musyawarah Raja/Latupati di Maluku untuk Resolusi Konﬂik dan Menata Masa Depan Maluku (Kampus Universitas Pattimura, 9–11 January 2003). Jakarta. Gerakan Perempuan Peduli. 1999. Laporan Kegiatan Gerakan Perempuan Peduli: Dalam Membantu Menanggulangi Masalah Kerusuhan di Maluku Secara Khusus di Ambon. Ambon. Gibbs, Sara. 1997. Postwar Social Reconstruction in Mozambique: Reframing Children’s Experiences of Trauma and Healing. In K. Kumar (ed.), Rebuilding Societies After Civil War: Critical Roles for International Assistance. London/ Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 227–238. Giesen, Bernhard. 2004. Noncontemporaneity, Asynchronicity and Divided Memories. Time & Societyy 13 (1): 27–40. Goodale, Mark. 2006. Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights. Current Anthropologyy 47 (3): 485–511. Goss, Jon D. 2004. Understanding the “Maluku Wars”: Overview of Sources of Communal Conﬂict and Prospects for Peace. Cakalele 11: 7–39. Green, Reginald Herbold & Ismail I Ahmed. 1999. Rehabilitation, Sustainable Peace and Development: Towards Reconceptualisation. Third World Quarterly 20 (1): 189–206. Guenther, Mathias, Justin Kenrick, Adam Kuper, Evie Plaice, Trond Thuen, Patrick Wolfe, Werner Zips & Alan Barnard. 2006. Discussion: The Concept of Indigeneity. Social Anthropologyy 14 (1): 17–32. Hadar, Ivan A. (ed.). 2000a. Ambon Damai, Lebe Bae. Jakarta: IDe & The British Council Jakarta. 228 Bibliography

—— 2000b. Search Conference on Ambon. In I. A. Hadar (ed.), Ambon Damai, Lebe Bae. Jakarta: IDe & The British Council Jakarta, xv. Hadiwinata, Bob S. 2003. The Politics of NGOs in Indonesia: Developing Democracy and Managing a Movement. Rethinking Southeast Asia 3. London/New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Hadiz, Vedi R. 2010. Localising Power in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Hamengkubuwono X, Sri Sultan. 2007. Merajut Kembali Keindonesiaan Kita. Jakarta: Gramedia. Hann, Chris. 2010. Civil Society. In A. Barnard and J. Spencer (eds), Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London/New York: Routledge, 122–123. Harlacher, Thomas. 2009. Traditional Ways of Coping with Consequences of Traumatic Stress in Acholiland. Northern Ugandan Ethnography from a Western Psychological Perspective. http://ethesis.unifr.ch/theses/downloads. php?file=HarlacherT.pdf (12.12.2010). Harrison, Graham. 1999. Conflict Resolution in a ‘Non-Conflict Situation’: Tension & Reconciliation in Mecúfi, Northern Mozambique. Review of African Political Economyy 26 (81) September: 407–414. Hastrup, Kirsten & Karen Fog Olwig. 1997. Introduction. In K. F. Olwig and K. Hastrup (eds), Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object. London/New York: Routledge, 1–14. Hayden, Robert M. 2002. Antagonistic Tolerance: Competitive Sharing of Religious Sites in South Asia and the Balkans. Current Anthropologyy 43 (2): 205–231. Hayner, Priscilla B. 2002. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York/London: Routledge. Heesterman, J. C. 1986. State and Adat. In C. A. Bayly and D. H. A. Kolff (eds), Two Colonial Empires: Comparative Essays on the History of India and Indonesia in the 19th Century. Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 189–201. Henley, David & Jamie S. Davidson. 2007. Introduction: Radical Conservatism – The Protean Politics of Adat. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 1–49. Hidayat, Syarif. 2007. Too Much Too Soon: Local State Elite’s Perspective on and the Puzzle of Contemporary Indonesian Regional Autonomy Policy. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada. Hobsbawm, Eric. 1983. Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition. London: Cambridge University Press, 1–14. Hobsbawm, Eric & Terence Ranger (eds). 1983. The Invention of Tradition. London: Cambridge University Press. Hoëvell, G. W. W. C. Baron van. 1875. Ambon en meer Bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers: Geographisch, Ethnographisch, Politisch en Historisch Geschetst. Dordrecht: Blussé en van Braam. Hohe, Tanja & Rod Nixon. 2003. Reconciling Justice: ‘Traditional’ Law and State Judiciary in East Timor. Washington, DC. United States Institute of Peace. Holleman, F. D. 1923. Het Adat-Grondenrecht van Ambon en de Oeliasers. Delft: W. D. Meinema. Holleman, J. F. (ed.). 1981. Van Vollenhoven on Indonesian Adat Law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Bibliography 229

Holtzappel, Coen J. G. & Martin Ramstedt (eds). 2009. Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenges. Singapore/ Leiden: ISEAS/IIAS. Honwana, Alcinda. 1999. Review: A Different Kind of War Story. Carolyn Nordstrom (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997). American Ethnologistt 26 (2) May: 504–505. Hornbacher, Annette. 2009. Global Conflict in Cosmocentric Perspective: A Balinese Approach to Reconciliation. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 34–53. Howell, Signe. 2012. Cumulative Understandings: Experiences from the Study of Two Southeast Asian Societies. In S. Howell and A. Talle (eds), Returns to the Field: Multitemporal Research and Contemporary Anthropology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 153–179. Howell, Signe & Aud Talle (eds). 2012. Returns to the Field: Multitemporal Research and Contemporary Anthropology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Howell, Signe & Roy Willis. 1989. Introduction. In S. Howell and R. Willis (eds), Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives. London/New York: Routledge, 1–28. Huyse, Luc. 2003a. Justice. In D. Bloomfield, T. Barnes and L. Huyse (eds), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 97–115. —— 2003b. The Process of Reconciliation. In D. Bloomfield, T. Barnes and L. Huyse (eds), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 19–33. —— 2008. Introduction: Tradition-based Approaches in Peacemaking, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Policies. In L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1–22. Huyse, Luc & Mark Salter (eds). 2008. Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Institut Tifa Damai Maluku. 2010. Profil Majelis Latupati Kota Ambon. Ambon: ITDM. Institut Titian Perdamaian, Forum Maluku Baru & Banda’s Culture and Heritage Foundation. 2006. Prosiding Hasil Musyawarah Latupati Maluku untuk Menata Kembali Masa Depan Maluku, 12–14 November 2006. Ambon: Hotel Amans. International Crisis Group. 2002. Indonesia: The Search for Peace in Maluku. Asia Report No. 31, 8 February 2002, Jakarta/Brussels. —— 2011. Indonesia: Trouble Again in Ambon. Asia Briefing No. 128, 4 October 2011, Jakarta/Brussels. —— 2012. Indonesia: Cautious Calm in Ambon. Asia Briefing No. 133, 13 February 2012, Jakarta/Brussels. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). 2006. Reconciliation and Traditional Justice: Learning from African Experiences – Project Methodology Workshop, Pretoria, 26–27 September 2006 (Workshop Report). http://www.idea.int/conflict/traditional_justice.cfm (8.1.2008). International Labour Organization (ILO). 1989. Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. http://www.unhchr. ch/html/menu3/b/62.htm (5.8.2006). 230 Bibliography

Jacobsen, Michael. 2002. ‘To be or what to be – that is the question’: Decentralization and Identity in North Sulawesi. In T. Kivimäki, M. Jacobsen and P. S. Kartasasmita (eds), Democracy, Decentralization, Identity and Conflict in Indonesia. Helsinki/ Copenhagen: CTS-Conflict Transformation Service, 225–255. Jacobsen, Michael & Ole Bruun (eds). 2000. Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia. Surrey: Curzon. Jayal, Niraja Gopal. 2011. A False Dichotomy? The Unresolved Tension between Universal and Differentiated Citizenship in India. Oxford Development Studies 39 (2): 185–204. Jensen, Ad. E. 1939. Hainuwele. Volkserzählungen von der Molukken-Insel Ceram. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann. —— 1948. Die Drei Ströme: Züge aus dem Geistigen und Religiösen Leben der Wemale, einem Primitiv-Volk in den Molukken. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. Jenson, Jane & Martin Papillon. 2001. The Changing Boundaries of Citizenship. A Review and a Research Agenda. http://www.rcrpp.org/documents/2096_fr. pdf (22.5.2013). Joint-Committee Baku Bae Maluku. 2000. Prosiding Workshop Masyarakat Menuju Rekonsiliasi di Maluku II (Baku Bae di Maluku), Bali, 22–27 Oktober 2000. Jakarta. —— 2002. Workshop Baguala – Leihitu Dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan Zona Netral di Nania dan Pembukaan Jalur Jalan, Ambon, 17 September 2002. Ambon. —— 2004. Kerangka Prioritas Program Conflict Resolution di Maluku untuk 2004– 2006. 30 October 2004. Ambon. Jolly, Margaret & Nicholas Thomas. 1992. The Politics of Tradition in the Pacific: Introduction. Oceania 62 (4) June: 241–248. Joppke, Christian. 2006. Staatsbürgerschaft und kulturelle Differenz. In K.-S. Rehberg (ed.), Soziale Ungleichheit, Kulturelle Unterschiede. 2. Frankfurt/Main, New York: Campus, 797–812. Kaartinen, Timo. 2007. How Civility Constitutes Its Publics. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Societyy 32 (3, Special issue: Civility and Social Relations in South and Southeast Asia) Autumn: 39–49. —— 2008. Questions of Scale: Violence, Insecurity, and Community in Kei (Eastern Indonesia). Paper presented at the Conference of the European Association of Social Anthropologists, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 26–30 August 2008. —— 2009. Urban Diaspora and the Question of Community. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Societyy 34 (3) Autumn: 56–67. Kadir, Hatib Abdul. 2012. Sapa Bale Batu, Batu Bale Dia: Politik Revivalisme Tradisi Siwa Lima Orang Ambon Pasca Konflik. LAKON. Jurnal Kajian Sastra & Budaya 1 (1) July: 61–75. Kayser-Whande, Undine & Stephanie Schell-Faucon. 2008. Transitional Justice and Civilian Conflict Transformation: Current Research, Future Questions. CCS Working Papers No. 10, Marburg: Zentrum für Konfliktforschung, Philipps- Universität Marburg. http://www.uni-marburg.de/konfliktforschung/pdf/ccs_ wp10.pdf (5.11.2010). Keesing, Roger M. & Robert Tonkinson (eds). 1982. Reinventing Traditional Culture: The Politics of Kastom in Island Melanesia (Special issue of Mankind 13 (4) August): The Anthropological Society of New South Wales. Kelman, Herbert C. 2004. Reconciliation as Identity Change: A Social- Psychological Perspective. In Y. Bar-Siman-Tov (ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 111–124. Bibliography 231

Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia. 2010. Daftar Provinsi, Kabupaten/ Kota Seluruh Indonesia Edisi: Juni 2009. Ditjen Otda KEMDAGRI. http://www. depdagri.go.id/basis-data/2010/01/28/daftar-provinsi (2.9.2012). Kemp, Graham. 2004. The Concept of Peaceful Societies. In G. Kemp and D. P. Fry (eds), Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies Around the World. New York/London: Routledge, 1–10. Kent, Lia. 2004. Unfulfilled Expectations: Community Views on CAVR’s Community Reconciliation Process. Dili, East Timor: Judicial System Monitoring Programme. http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/jsmpreports/CAVR_Reports/cavr_ report_2004_e.pdf (29.3.2006). Kievelitz, Uwe. 2003. Strategic Conflict Assessments in German Development Cooperation: Approaches, Experiences, Impacts. In U. Kievelitz and R. Poeschke (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktarbeit in Forschung und EZ-Praxis und der Beitrag der Entwicklungsethnologie. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Entwicklungsethnologie e.V., Heft 1+2, 2003, 12. Jg. Saarbrücken: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik Saar- brücken GmbH, 165–178. Kipnis, Andrew. 2004. Anthropology and the Theorisation of Citizenship. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropologyy 5 (3): 257–278. KITLV. 1922. Adatrechtbundels XXI: Groote Oost en Philippijnen. ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. Kivimäki, Timo, Michael Jacobsen & Pius Suratman Kartasasmita (eds). 2002. Democracy, Decentralization, Identity and Conflict in Indonesia. Helsinki/ Copenhagen: CTS-Conflict Transformation Service. Klinken, Gerry van. 2001. The Maluku Wars: Bringing Society Back In. Indonesia 71 (April): 1–26. —— 2010. “Ale Rasa Beta Rasa”: Menyusun Sejarah Bersama di Ambon. Paper presented at a workshop on “Dialogue and Reflecting Together on 10 Years Maluku Conflict” (Dialog dan Refleksi Bersama 10 Tahun Konflik Maluku), Ambon, 19 January 2010. —— 2014. “Ale Rasa Beta Rasa”: Menyusun Sejarah Bersama di Ambon. In J. Manuputty, Z. Salampessy, I. Ali-Fauzi and I. Rafsadi (eds), Carita Orang Basudara. Kisah-kisah Perdamaian dari Maluku. Ambon: Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku, 1–11. Knaap, G. J. 1987. Kruidnagelen en Christenen. De Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie en de Bevolking van Ambon 1656–1696. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 125. Leiden: KITLV Press. Kohl, Karl-Heinz. 2009. Die Ethnologie und die Rekonstruktion traditioneller Ordnungen. In J. Fried and M. Stolleis (eds), Wissenskulturen. Über die Erzeugung und Weitergabe von Wissen. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus Verlag, 159–180. Kolig, Erich. 2005. The Politics of Indigenous – or Ingenious – Tradition: Some Thoughts on the Australian and New Zealand Situation. In T. Otto and P. Pedersen (eds), Tradition and Agency: Tracing Cultural Continuity and Invention. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 292–326. Kopong Medan, Karolus. 2006. Peradilan Rekonsiliatif: Konstruksi Penyelesaian Kasus Kriminal Menurut Masyarakat Lamaholot di Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. [Dissertation, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang] Koppe, Karlheinz. 2005. Zur Geschichte der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung im 20. Jahrhundert. In P. Imbusch and R. Zoll (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktforschung: Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 17–67. 232 Bibliography

Kraemer, Hendrik. 1927. Mededelingen over den Islam op Ambon en Haroekoe. Djawa 7 (2): 77–88. Kritz, Neil J. (ed.). 1995. Transitional Justice. 3 Vols. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. Kuper, Adam. 2003. The Return of the Native. Current Anthropologyy 44 (3): 389–402. Kurtenbach, Sabine. 2007. Why is Liberal Peace-building so Difficult? Some Lessons from Central America. GIGA Working Paper Series 59. Hamburg: GIGA. Kyed, Helene Maria & Lars Buur. 2006. Recognition and Democratisation: ‘New Roles’ for Traditional Leaders in Sub-Saharan Africa. DIIS Working Paper No. 2006/11, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). Kymlicka, Will. 1996. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. —— 2001. Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kymlicka, Will & Baogang He. 2005. Introduction. In W. Kymlicka and B. He (eds), Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–21. Kymlicka, Will & Wayne Norman. 1994. Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. Ethics 104 (2) January: 352–381. —— 2000. Citizenship in Culturally Diverse Societies: Issues, Contexts, Concepts. In W. Kymlicka and W. Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1–41. Laboratorium Sosiologi FISIP UNPATTI & PTD Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB) (eds). 2010. Sejarah Tala Batai: Sebuah Perspektif Kekinian Masyarakat Batang Aer Tala. Ambon/Yogyakarta: Peace Through Development Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (printed by Percetakan UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta). Laksono, P. M. 1996. Exchange and Its Other. In D. Mearns and C. Healey (eds), Remaking Maluku. Social Transformation in Eastern Indonesia. Northern Territory University, Australia, 156–176. —— 2002. We are All One: How Custom Overcame Religious Rivalry in Southeast Maluku. Inside Indonesia 70 (April–June): 7/8. http://www.insideindonesia.org/ edit70/Laksono1.htm (20.9.2004). Lange, Kirk. 2000. Prospects for Conflict Transformation in Maluku: Mapping Assets, Spaces, and Moments for Peacebuilding. Cakalele 11: 131–153. Lange, Kirk & Jon D. Goss. 2000. Impacts of Violence and Prospects for Peace. Cakalele 11: 1–5. Laplanche, J. & J.-B. Pontalis. 1972. Aggression, Aggressivität, Aggressionstrieb. In J. Laplanche and J.-B. Pontalis (eds), Das Vokabular der Psychoanalyse. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 40–46. Larcom, Joan. 1982. The Invention of Convention. Mankindd 13 (4, Special issue: Reinventing Traditional Culture: The Politics of Kastom in Island Melanesia, edited by Roger M. Keesing and Robert Tonkinson) August: 330–337. Lawalata, Julius. 2004. Fakta Tak Terlihat Posisi Perempuan dalam Konflik Sosial di Maluku. Jurnal Perempuan 33: 7–20. Lederach, John Paul. 1995. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. —— 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. Lee, Juliet Patricia. 1997. The Changing Face of the Village in Ambon. Cakalele 8: 59–77. Bibliography 233

—— 1999. Out of Order: The Politics of Modernity in Indonesia. [Dissertation, University of Virginia, Virginia] Leirissa, R. Z., John A. Pattikayhatu & Soenjata Kartadarmadja, 1982/1983. Sejarah Sosial di Daerah Maluku. Ambon: Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional. Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (ed.). 2005. Maluku Menyambut Masa Depan. Ambon: LKDM. —— 2007. Kekayaan Seni Ukir di Maluku/The Richness of Maluku’s Art of Carving. Ambon: LKDM. —— 2010. The Magnificant Underwater World of Ambon Island, Maluku – Indonesia. Ambon: LKDM. Li, Tania Murray. 2000. Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot. Berkeley Workshop on Environmental Politics, Working Paper 7, Berkeley. http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/EnvirPol/WP/07-Li. pdf (24.10.2005). —— 2007. Adat in Central Sulawesi: Contemporary Deployments. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 337–370. Linnekin, Jocelyn. 1992. On the Theory and Politics of Cultural Construction in the Pacific. Oceania 62 (4) June: 249–263. Littik, S. A. M., E. Baadila, M. B. Pattimahu, E. R. M. Toule, O. Lasol, A. Anwar & Z. Samal. 2005a. Access to Justice Assessment Maluku Province. Phase I – Mapping Report. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura, Pusat Studi Pedesaan dan Kawasan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS), United Nations Development Program (UNDP). —— 2005b. Access to Justice Assessment Maluku Province. Phase II. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura, Pusat Studi Pedesaan dan Kawasan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS), United Nations Development Program (UNDP). —— 2005c. Access to Justice Assessment Maluku Province. Phase III. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura, Pusat Studi Pedesaan dan Kawasan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS), United Nations Development Program (UNDP). —— 2005d. Access to Justice Assessment Maluku Province. Site Selection Report. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura, Pusat Studi Pedesaan dan Kawasan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS), United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Loch, Alexander & Vanessa Prueller. 2011. Dealing with Conflicts After the Conflict: European and Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Transformation in East Timor. Conflict Resolution Quarterlyy 28 (3) Spring: 315–329. Luhmann, Niklas. 1975. Legitimation durch Verfahren [2nd ed.]. Darmstadt: Luchterhand. Lutz, Dieter S. 2004. Friedensforschung – Normativ, Interdisziplinär, Praxisorientiert. In U. Eckern, L. Herwartz-Emden and R.-O. Schultze (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktforschung in Deutschland: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 23–32. Mac Ginty, Roger. 2008. Indigenous Peace-Making Versus the Liberal Peace. Cooperation and Conflictt 43 (2): 139–163. —— 2010. Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. Security Dialogue 41: 391–412. 234 Bibliography

Majelis Latupati Kota Ambon. 2008. Memory Penggelaran dan Pengukuhan “Kapala Adat Kota Ambon”, 7 September 2008. Ambon: MLKA. Malik, Ichsan. 2003. BakuBae: Gerakan dari Akar Rumput untuk Menghentikan Kekerasan di Maluku/BakuBae: The Community Based Movement for Reconciliation Process in Maluku. Jakarta: BakuBae Maluku. Malik, Ichsan, Max Pattinaja, Saleh Putuhena, Teuku Yakob et al. (eds). 2003. Breaking the Violence with Compassion: BAKUBAE. Jakarta: Civil Society Alliance for Democracy (YAPPIKA). Maluku Reconciliation and Reconstruction Meeting. 2004. Recommendations for Reconciliation and Reconstruction in Maluku. London. Islamic Christian Organisation for Reconciliation and Reconstruction (IICORR Ltd) and British Foreign Office. Manuhutu, Wim. 2000. Een Jaar Geweld op de Molukken: Een Terugblik. In W. Manuhutu, J. Meuleman, N. Schulte Nordholt and J. Willemse (eds), Maluku Manis, Maluku Menangis. De Molukken in Crisis. Een Poging tot de Verklaring van de Geweldsexplosie op de Molukken. Utrecht: Moluks Historisch Museum/Moluccan Information and Documentation Center, 7–18. Manuputty, Jacky. 2004. Community/Brotherhood Education: An Effort for Development of Education Model for Peace during Post Maluku Conflict. 19 December 2004. Ambon: Masariku Network. —— 2006. Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku/Maluku Interfaith Institution (PowerPoint Presentation). Ambon: Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku (LAIM). —— 2010a. The Maluku Conflict and the Process of Gaining Peace (A Coconut Leaf Plaited-Mat Strategy). Paper presented at the 60th General Assembly of Eukumindo, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 21–23 October 2010. —— 2010b. Membuka Pintu Dialog: Pembelajaran Dari Pengalaman ELAIEMM (unpub- lished MS). Ambon. —— 2014a. Gandong’ee, Mari Manyanyi! In J. Manuputty, Z. Salampessy, I. Ali- Fauzi and I. Rafsadi (eds), Carita Orang Basudara. Kisah-kisah Perdamaian dari Maluku. Ambon: Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku, 357–363. —— 2014b. Titik-titik Balik di Jalan Orang Basudara. In J. Manuputty, Z. Salampessy, I. Ali-Fauzi and I. Rafsadi (eds), Carita Orang Basudara. Kisah-kisah Perdamaian dari Maluku. Ambon: Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku, 141–150. Manuputty, Jacky, Zairin Salampessy, Ihsan Ali-Fauzi & Irsyad Rafsadi (eds). 2014. Carita Orang Basudara. Kisah-kisah Perdamaian dari Maluku. Ambon: Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku. Marcus, George E. 1995. Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropologyy 24: 95–117. Marut, Donatus K. 2010. Adat Community Movement in Maluku – Current Situation and Developments. http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/bali/papers/ Maret_D.pdf (5.7.2010). McCarthy, John F. 2004. Changing to Gray: Decentralization and the Emergence of Volatile Socio-legal Configurations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Australia. http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/ wp/wp101.pdf (11.11.2004). McEvoy, Kieran & Lorna McGregor. 2008a. Transitional Justice from Below: An Agenda for Research, Policy and Praxis. In K. McEvoy and L. McGregor (eds), Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change. Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart, 1–13. Bibliography 235

—— (eds). 2008b. Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change. Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart. McWilliam, Andrew. 2005. Houses of Resistance in East Timor: Structuring Sociality in the New Nation. Anthropological Forum 15 (1): 27–44. —— 2007a. Introduction: Restorative Custom: Ethnographic Perspectives on Conflict and Local Justice in Timor. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropologyy 8 (1): 1–8. —— 2007b. Meto Disputes and Peacemaking: Cultural Notes on Conflict and its Resolution in West Timor. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropologyy 8 (1): 75–91. —— 2011. Marginal Governance in the Time of Pemekaran: Case Studies from Sulawesi and West Papua. Asian Journal of Social Sciences 39 (2, Special issue: Eastern Indonesia under Reform: The Global, the National and the Local, edited by Birgit Bräuchler and Maribeth Erb): 150–170. Mead, Margaret. 2000. Warfare is Only an Invention – Not a Biological Necessity (originally published in Asia, XL, 1940: 402–5). In D. P. Barash (ed.), Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19–22. Mearns, David. 1996. Class, Status and Habitus in Ambon. In D. Mearns and C. Healey (eds), Remaking Maluku. Social Transformation in Eastern Indonesia. Northern Territory University, Australia, 95–105. —— 1999. Urban Kampongs in Ambon: Whose Domain? Whose Desa? The Australian Journal of Anthropologyy 10 (1): 15–33. —— 2002. Looking Both Ways: Models for Justice in East Timor. Sydney: Australian Legal Resources International. http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Traditional%20 Justice/Reports/Mearns%20Looking%20Both%20Ways%20Report/Mearns%20 Looking%20both%20ways.pdf (25.9.2009). Meier, Barbara. 2011. Mato Oputt – Karriere eines Rituals zur sozialen Rekonstruktion in Norduganda. In S. Buckley-Zistel and T. Kater (eds), Nach Krieg, Gewalt und Repression: Vom schwierigen Umgang mit der Vergangenheit. Baden-Baden: NOMOS, 185–203. Meitzner Yoder, Laura S. 2007. Hybridising Justice: State-Customary Interactions over Forest Crime and Punishment in Oecusse, East Timor. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropologyy 8 (1): 43–57. Merry, Sally Engle. 2005. Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle. http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/csls/Merry_AA_ Transnational_Human_Rights_2006.pdf (12.12.2010). —— 2006. Human Rights & Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Merwe, Hugo van der. 2003. National and Community Reconciliation: Competing Agendas in the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 101–124. Messer, Ellen. 1993. Anthropology and Human Rights. Annual Review of Anthropologyy 22: 221–249. Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Interior & UNDP Cambodia. 2007. A Case Study of Indigenous Traditional Legal Systems and Conflict Resolution in Rattanakiri and Mondulkiri Provinces, Cambodia (Executive Summary). UNDP. http:// www.un.org.kh/undp/media/files/indig_es_eng.pdf (2.11.2011). Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press. 236 Bibliography

Mitchell, Jon P. 2010. Ritual. In A. Barnard and J. Spencer (eds), Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London/New York: Routledge, 617–620. Molenaar, Arthur. 2005. Gacaca: Grassroots Justice After Genocide – The Key to Reconciliation in Rwanda? African Studies Centre Research Report 77/2005. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Montagu, Ashley. 1994. Foreword. In L. E. Sponsel and T. Gregor (eds), The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, ix–xiv. Moore, Sally Falk. 1986. Social Facts & Fabrications: Customary Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mouffe, Chantal. 2004. Pluralism, Dissensus and Democratic Citizenship. In F. Inglis (ed.), Education and the Good Society. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Muis, M. Noer, Prita Laura, Harum Sekartaji, Ria Qorina Lubis, Harry Susanto & Yvonne Armanto. 2010. Amazing Ambon – Above, Under and Beyond. Jakarta: NMbooks. Nee, Ann & Peter Uvin. 2010. Silence and Dialogue: Burundians’ Alternatives to Transitional Justice. In R. Shaw and L. Waldorf (eds), Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 157–182. Nic Craith, Máiréad. 2004. Culture and Citizenship in Europe. Questions for Anthropologists. Social Anthropologyy 12 (3): 289–300. Nordstrom, Carolyn. 1997a. A Different Kind of War Story. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. —— 1997b. The Eye of the Storm: From War to Peace – Examples from Sri Lanka and Mozambique. In D. P. Fry and K. Björkqvist (eds), Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution: Alternatives to Violence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 91–103. —— 2004. Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. Oberschall, Anthony. 2007. Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies: Responses to Ethnic Violence. London/New York: Routledge. Ocen, Julius. 2007. Can Traditional Rituals Bring Justice to Northern Uganda? AR No. 123, 25 July 2007. London: Institute of War & Peace Reporting. http://iwpr. net (29.8.2007). Ortner, Sherry B. 2006. Anthropology and Social Theory: Culture, Power, and the Acting Subject. Durham/London: Duke University Press. Orywal, Erwin. 1996. Krieg und Frieden in den Wissenschaften. In E. Orywal, A. Rao and M. Bollig (eds), Krieg und Kampf: Die Gewalt in unseren Köpfen. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 13–43. Ospina, Sofi & Tanja Hohe. 2001. Traditional Power Structures and the Community Empowerment and Local Governance Project (Final Report presented to CEP/ PMU, ETTA/UNTAET and the World Bank). Dili. http://info.worldbank.org/ etools/docs/library/139608/finalreport.pdf (4.12.2007). Ott, Martin & Roman Poeschke. 2003. Mtendere – Peace – Frieden: Friedensent- wicklung und Kulturarbeit in Malawi. In U. Kievelitz and R. Poeschke (eds), Friedens- und Konfliktarbeit in Forschung und EZ-Praxis und der Beitrag der Entwicklungsethnologie. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Entwicklungsethnologie e.V., Heft 1+2, 2003, 12. Jg. Saarbrücken: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik Saarbrücken GmbH, 266–283. Bibliography 237

Otto, Ton & Poul Pedersen. 2000. Tradition Between Continuity and Invention: An Introduction. Journal of the Danish Ethnographic Societyy 42 (Special issue: Anthropology and the Revival of Tradition: Between Cultural Continuity and Invention): 3–17. —— 2005. Disentangling Traditions: Culture, Agency and Power. In T. Otto and P. Pedersen (eds), Tradition and Agency: Tracing Cultural Continuity and Invention. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 11–49. Paffenholz, Thania. 2009. Civil Society and Peacebuilding (Summary of Results for a Comparative Research Project). CCDP Working Paper 4, Geneva: Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP). Palmer, Blair. 2004. Memories of Migration: Butonese Migrants Returning to Buton After the Maluku Conflicts 1999–2002. Antropologi Indonesia (Special issue): 87–99. http://www.jai.or.id/jurnal/2004/sv/08bp_sv04.pdf (28.1.2006). Panggabean, Samsu Rizal. 2006. Educating to Handle Conflict and Avoid Violence. In C. A. Coppel (ed.), Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution. London/New York: Routledge, 217–228. Panitia Acara Pelantikan Raja Negeri Hutumuri. 2005. Buku Panduan Pelantikan Raja Negeri Hutumuri, 5 April 2005. Hutumuri. Pankhurst, Donna. 1999. Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies: Conceptualising Reconciliation, Justice and Peace. Third World Quarterlyy 20 (1): 239–256. Pariela, Tonny D. 1996. Social Transformation in Soya Atas Village. In D. Mearns and C. Healey (eds), Remaking Maluku. Social Transformation in Eastern Indonesia. Northern Territory University, Australia, 106–120. —— 2000. Otonomi Desa/Negeri Dalam Pengelolaan Wilayah Petuanan. Paper presented at the Workshop “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-hak Masyarakat Adat Atas Tanah Petuanan Di Maluku Tengah”, Saparua, 26–27 April 2000. Yayasan Sala Waku Maluku. —— 2005. Orde Baru, Reformasi dan Konflik Sosial di Maluku. In Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (ed.), Maluku Menyambut Masa Depan. Ambon: Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku, 180–197. Pariela, Tonny D. & Tontji Soumokil. 2003. Konflik dan Dampaknya serta Upaya- upaya Rekonsiliasi. [Penelitian Kerusuhan, Laporan Akhir, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon] Pattikayhatu, John A. 2005. Sekilas Sejarah Provinsi Maluku. In Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (ed.), Maluku Menyambut Masa Depan. Ambon: Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku, 30–38. Pattikayhatu, John A. & Florence Sahusilawane. 2001. Dampak UU 22 Tahun 1999 Terhadap Status dan Eksistensi Desa Adat di Wilayah Kotamadya Ambon. Laporan Penelitian. Ambon: Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional. Pattikayhatu, John A., J. Talakua & J. Ririhena. 1993. Sejarah Daerah Maluku. Ambon: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Pattiselanno, J. Th. F. 1999. Tradisi Uli, Pela dan Gandong pada Masyarakat Seram, Ambon dan Uliase. Antropologi Indonesia XXIII (58): 58–70. Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Maluku. 2004a. Kebijakan dan Program-Program Rehabilitasi, Rekonstruksi, Rekonsiliasi dan Pembangunan Maluku Pasca Pertikaian (Disampaikan oleh Brigjen TNI (Pur) Karel A. Ralahalu, Gubernur Maluku, pada Peace and Development Analyses UNDP), 7–9 July 2004, Jakarta. —— 2004b. Rencana Strategis (RENSTRA) Provinsi Maluku Tahun 2003–2008. Ambon: Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Maluku. 238 Bibliography

—— 2009. SBY Diberi Gelar Raja Besar Maluku, Kunyah Sirih Pinang Saat Digelari Adat. http://www.malukuprov.go.id/index.php/berita/67-seputar-maluku/108- sby-diberi-gelar-raja-besar-maluku-kunyah-sirih-pinangsaat-digelari-adat (15.4.2010). Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku. 2003. Keputusan Gubernor Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Penanganan Pengungsi (Nomor 413, 15 November 2003). Ambon: Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku. —— 2007. Rapat Kerja Aparatur Pemerintah Desa dan Kelurahan Povinsi Maluku Tahun 2007: Panduan, 10–13 April 2007. Ambon: Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku. —— 2009. Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Provinsi Maluku Tahun 2008–2013 (RPJMD 2008–2013). Ambon: Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku. —— 2010. Keputusan Gubernur Maluku tentang Penetapan Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan Provinsi Maluku Tahun 2010, Nomor: Tahun 2010. Ambon: Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku. Pemerintah Provinsi Maluku, PMU-PTD Provinsi Maluku & Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku. 2009. Laporan Proses Seminar Pendalaman Pemahaman Falsafah Hidup Orang Maluku Perihal Satu Budaya Siwalima Dengan Penerapan di Semua Bidang Kehidupan, 19–21 October 2009. Ambon: Kantor Gubernur Maluku. Penguasa Darurat Sipil Daerah Maluku (PDSDM). 2002. Laporan Konﬂik Maluku. November 2002. Ambon: PDSDM. Perwakilan Dialog Masyarakat Huamual Depan dan Masyarakat Pulau Manipa. 2002. Memorandum of Understanding: Pernyataan atas Pengertian Bersama. Masohi: Yayasan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (YPPM). Pesiwarissa, Dian N. 2007. Walikota Ambon: Negeri Adat Harus Punya Sejarah Tertulis. Radio Vox Populi/Radio Baku Bae 23 March 2007. http://www.geocities. com/rumah3poka/rvp260307a.htm (26.3.2007). Pieris, John. 2004. Tragedi Maluku: Sebuah Krisis Peradaban – Analisis Kritis Aspek Politik, Ekonomi, Sosial-Budaya dan Keamanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Pietersz, Jemmy. 2002. Kedudukan Lembaga Saniri Negeri Dalam Undang- Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999. TANOAR – Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 1 (2) December: 11–18. Pigou, Piers. 2004. The Community Reconciliation Process of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation. Dili: UNDP Timor-Leste. http://www.jsmp. minihub.org/Reports/otherresources/UNDP_ReportOnCRP%5B1%5D.pdf (23.9.2009). Platenkamp, J. D. M. 2001. Intercultural Conﬂicts in Indonesia. Paper presented at the Symposium on “Integrating Others: The Appropriation of Modernity”, Institut für Ethnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 21–23 November 2001. Pottier, Johan. 2003. Negotiating Local Knowledge: An Introduction. In J. Pottier, A. Bicker and P. Sillitoe (eds), Negotiating Local Knowledge: Power and Identity in Development. London: Pluto Press, 1–29. Pouligny, Beatrice, Bernard Doray & Jean-Clément Martin. 2007. Methodological and Ethical Problems: A Trans-disciplinary Approach. In B. Pouligny, S. Chesterman and A. Schnabel (eds), After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press, 19–40. Pouligny, Beatrice, Simon Chesterman & Albrecht Schnabel (eds). 2007. After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press. Bibliography 239

Provincial Government of Maluku. 2004. Strategic Planning (RENSTRA) Maluku Province 2003–2008. Ambon: Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Maluku. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster. Putranto, Hendar. 2007. Perempuan dan Perjuangan Mewujudkan Perdamaian: Model Resolusi Konflik Pasca Orde Baru. http://hendar2006.multiply.com/ journal/item/29/Perempuan_dan_Resolusi_Konflik (8.11.2010). Putuhena, Saleh & Abidin Wakano. 2008. Laporan Penelitian Pemerintahan Negeri dan Kampung di Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat. Ambon. Putuhena, Saleh, Abidin Wakano, Hasbollah Toisuta, Rudy Rahabeat, Syaipudin Sapsuha & Muhamad Patty. 2009. Sejarah dan Kearifan Hidup Masyarakat Maluku Bagian Tengah. Ambon: Pusat Studi Sejarah dan Budaya Maluku (PS2M) & Peace Through Development (PTD) Maluku. Ralahalu, Karel Albert. 2004. Rekonstruksi dan Transformasi Sosial Budaya: Perkuatan Posisi Masyarakat Adat di Maluku Dalam Dinamika Masyarakat Modern. Paper presented at the conference “Dialog Budaya Maluku Tahun 2004”, Yogyakarta, 23–25 August 2004. —— 2006. Otonomi Daerah di Tengah Konflik: Merencang Success Story Implementasi Otonomi Daerah di Provinsi Maluku. Ambon: Media Otda. —— 2007. Manajemen Pembangunan Provinsi Maluku sebagai Provinsi Kepulauan dengan Berbasis Kearifan (Budaya) Lokal. Paper presented at the Seminar Memperingati Dies Natalis ke 44 dan Wisuda Sarjana Tahun I 2007, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, 13 April 2007. Ranger, Terence. 1993. The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa. In T. Ranger and O. Vaughan (eds), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth- Century Africa. Oxford: St. Anthony’s College, 62–111. Rawls, John. 1971. Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Reckwitz, Andreas. 2001. Multikulturalismustheorien und der Kulturbegriff: Vom Homogenitätsmodell zum Modell kultureller Interferenzen. Berliner Journal für Soziologie 11 (2): 179–200. Renwarin, W. P. 1986. Tea-Bel: Een Cultuursymbool van Etnische Identiteit. Over Enkele Bloed- en Vriendschapsverbonden van de in Nederland Wonende Keiezen. Den Haag: Pattimura. Richmond, Oliver P. 2009. Becoming Liberal, Unbecoming Liberalism: Liberal- Local Hybridity via the Everyday as a Response to the Paradoxes of Liberal Peacebuilding. Journal of Intervention and Statebuildingg 3 (3) November: 324–344. —— 2011. A Post-Liberal Peace. London: Routledge. Richmond, Oliver P. & Jason Franks. 2007. Liberal Hubris? Virtual Peace in Cambodia. Security Dialogue 38 (1): 27–48. Rigby, Andrew. 2001. Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Riry, Abubakar & Pieter George Manoppo. 2007. Menantang Badai, Menabur Damai: Napak Tilas Raja dan Latupati Merajut Kembali Jaring Basudara. Depok: INSOS Books. Roberts, David. 2008. Hybrid Polities and Indigenous Pluralities: Advanced Lessons in Statebuilding from Cambodia. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2 (1) March: 63–86. Rohdewohld, Rainer. 2003. Decentralisation and the Indonesian Bureaucracy: Major Changes, Minor Impact? In E. Aspinall and G. Fealy (eds), Local Power 240 Bibliography

and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation & Democratisation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 259–274. Rosaldo, Renato. 1994. Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy. Cultural Anthropologyy 9 (3): 402–411. —— 1995. Foreword. In N. García Canclini (ed.), Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, xi–xvii. —— 2003. Introduction: The Borders of Belonging. In R. Rosaldo (ed.), Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1–15. Ross, Marc Howard. 2004. Ritual and the Politics of Reconciliation. In Y. Bar- Siman-Tov (ed.), From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 197–223. Rothermund, Dietmar. 1997. Nationalism and the Reconstruction of Traditions in Asia. In S. Kuhnt-Saptodewo, V. Grabowsky and M. Grossheim (eds), Nationalism and Cultural Revival in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from the Centre and the Region. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 13–28. Rubinstein, Robert A. & Mary LeCron Foster. 1988. Introduction – Revitalizing International Security Analysis: Contributions from Culture and Symbolic Process. In R. A. Rubinstein and M. L. Foster (eds), The Social Dynamics of Peace and Conflict: Culture in International Security. Boulder/London: Westview Press, 1–14. Rumphius, Georgius Everhardus. 1910. De Ambonsche Historie (Deel I). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. ‘s Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. Sahuberua, Z. 2005. Pemekaran Wilayah Dalam Perspektif Demokratisasi dan Otonomi Daerah. In Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku (ed.), Maluku Menyambut Masa Depan. Ambon: Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah Maluku, 148–158. Salmon, Hendrik. 2010. Teknik Penyusun Peraturan Negeri, Peraturan Kepala Pemerintah Negeri, dan Keputusan Kepala Pemerintah Negeri. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura. Sangaji, Arianto. 2007. The Masyarakat Adat Movement in Indonesia: A Critical Insider’s View. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 319–336. Sawyer, Amos. 2004. Social Capital, Survival Strategies and their Implications for Post-Conflict Governance in Liberia. Paper presented at the Workshop “Political Theory and Policy Analysis”, Indiana University, Bloomington, 2–6 July 2004. Saya, Izaak (ed.). 2003. Bunga Rampai: Surat Perdamaian. Ambon: Pemerintah Ambon, Perpustakaan Nasional Provinsi Maluku, UNICEF. Schirch, Lisa. 2001. Ritual Reconciliation. In M. Abu-Nimer (ed.), Reconciliation, Justice, and Coexistence: Theory & Practice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 145–161. Schirmer, Jennifer. 2006. Comment on Mark Goodale’s “Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights”. Current Anthropologyy 47 (3): 504–505. Schreiber, Wolfgang. 1995. Friede und Friedfertigkeit in der Ethnologie. kea (Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaft) Sonderband II: Krieg und Frieden. Ethnologische Perspektiven: 224–236. Bibliography 241

Schulte Nordholt, Henk. 2003. Renegotiating Boundaries: Access, Agency and Identity in Post-Soeharto Indonesia. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 159 (4): 550–589. Schulte Nordholt, Henk & Gerry van Klinken (eds). 2007. Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. Schulte Nordholt, Nico. 2000. De Molukken als Oefenterrein van een Jakartaans Machtsspel. Allerwegen 31 (37): 24–36. Sen, Amartya. 2009. The Idea of Justice. New York: Penguin Books. Senier, Amy. 2008. Traditional Justice as Transitional Justice: A Comparative Case Study of Rwanda and East Timor. PRAXIS XXIII: 67–88. Shaw, Rosalind. 2010. Linking Justice with Reintegration? Ex-Combatants and the Sierra Leone Experiment. In R. Shaw and L. Waldorf (eds), Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 111–132. Shaw, Rosalind & Lars Waldorf. 2010a. Introduction: Localizing Transitional Justice. In R. Shaw and L. Waldorf (eds), Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 3–26. —— (eds). 2010b. Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Sieder, Rachel & Jessica Witchell. 2001. Advancing Indigenous Claims through the Law: Reflections on the Guatemalan Peace Process. In J. K. Cowan, M.-B. Dembour and R. A. Wilson (eds), Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 201–225. Smyth, Marie. 2003. Putting the Past in its Place: Issues of Victimhood and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland’s Peace Process. In N. Biggar (ed.), Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice After Civil Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 125–153. Soselisa, Ina. 2004. Perempuan Cacat Konflik di Ambon dan Upaya Pemulihan. Jurnal Perempuan 33: 51–60. Sponsel, Leslie E. 1994. The Mutual Relevance of Anthropology and Peace Studies. In L. E. Sponsel and T. Gregor (eds), The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence. Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1–36. Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2007. Justice as Peace? Liberal Peacebuilding and Strategies of Transitional Justice. Global Societyy 21 (4): 579–591. Stamatopoulou, Elsa. 2007. Cultural Rights in International Law. Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond. Leiden/Bosten: Martinus Nijhoff. Stanley, Elizabeth. 2008. The Political Economy of Transitional Justice in Timor- Leste. In K. McEvoy and L. McGregor (eds), Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change. Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart, 167–187. Stephens, Matt & Samuel Clark. 2008. Forging the Middle Ground: Engaging Non- State Justice in Indonesia. Jakarta: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank. org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1235115695188/5847179- 1242977239903/Full.Report.pdf (29.1.2011). Stevens, Joanna. 2001. Access to Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Traditional and Informal Justice Systems. London: Penal Reform International. http://www. penalreform.org/publications/access-justice-sub-saharan-africa-0 (3.7.2007). 242 Bibliography

Stover, Eric & Harvey M. Weinstein (eds). 2004. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Strathern, Andrew J. & Pamela J. Stewart. 1997. The Problems of Peace-makers in Papua New Guinea: Modalities of Negotiation and Settlement. Cornell International Law Journal 30 (3): 681–699. Stresemann, E. 1923. Religiöse Gebräuche auf Seram. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde LXII, Aflevering 2 (April–June): 305–424. Subagya, Y. Tri. 2009. Women’s Agencies for Peace Building and Reconciliation: Voices from Poso, Sulawesi. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 155–172. Sulichah, Lilik. 2010. Jenderal George Toisutta, Kepala Staf TNI AD RI. WOM (World of Maluku) XL (November–December): 39–41. Taman Budaya Provinsi Maluku & PMU-PTD Provinsi Maluku. 2008. Laporan Proses Kegiatan Festival Budaya Maluku Untuk Perdamaian. Ambon: Taman Budaya Provinsi Maluku. Taylor, Charles. 1994. The Politics of Recognition. In C. Taylor and A. Gutmann (eds), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 25–74. Taylor, Paul Michael. 2001. Underlying Sources of a Complex, Multilayered, Historic Conflict. Testimony on Religious-Freedom Violations in the Moluccas, Indonesia. Paper presented at the US Commission on International Religious Freedom, Washington, 13 February 2001. Teitel, Ruti G. 2003. Transitional Justice Genealogy. Harvard Human Rights Journal 16 (Spring): 69–94. Telle, Kari. 2009. Swearing Innocence: Performing Justice and ‘Reconciliation’ in Post-New Order Lombok. In B. Bräuchler (ed.), Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency for Peace. London/New York: Routledge, 57–76. Teubner, Gunther. 2009. Self-subversive Justice: Contingency or Transcendence Formula of Law? Modern Law Revieww 72 (1): 1–23. Theidon, Kimberly. 2006. The Micropolitics of Reconciliation in Postwar Peru. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (3) June: 433–457. —— 2007. Intimate Enemies: Reconciling the Present in Post-war Communities in Ayacucho, Peru. In B. Pouligny, S. Chesterman and A. Schnabel (eds), After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University Press, 97–121. Thorburn, Craig C. 2007. The Acehnese Gampong Three Years On: Assessing Local Capacity and Reconstruction Assistance in Post-Tsunami Aceh. Aceh Community Assistance Research Project (ACARP). http://www.indo.ausaid.gov. au/featurestories/acarpreport.pdf (31.7.2008). —— 2008. Adat Law, Conflict and Reconciliation: The Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku. In T. Lindsey (ed.), Indonesia: Law and Society. Sydney: The Federation Press, 115–143. —— 2009. Maluku: The Long Road to Recovery. In B. P. Resosudarmo and F. Jotzo (eds), Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS, 269–304. Thufail, Fadjar I. 2007. Transactions in the Reconciliatory Forum: Islah and the Legacy of State Violence in Indonesia. Paper presented at the Conference on Bibliography 243

“In Search of Reconciliation and Peace in Indonesia and East Timor”, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 18–20 July 2007. —— 2010. The Social Life of Reconciliation: Religion and the Struggle for Social Justice in Post-New Order Indonesia. Working Paper No. 127, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle/Saale. Tim Peneliti Pusat Kajian Konstitusi. 2002. Draft Akademik Perda Malra. Ambon: Universitas Pattimura. —— 2005–10. Laporan Penelitian Sistem Pemerintahan Adat di Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura. —— 2006/07. Laporan Hasil Penelitian Sistem Pemerintahan Adat di Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat. Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura. TIRUS. 1999. “Program Emergency” untuk Maluku Tenggara (PP Kei). Ambon: TIRUS. Titahelu, Ronald Zelfianus. 2005. Hukum Adat Maluku Dalam Konteks Pluralisme Hukum: Implikasi Terhadap Manajemen Sumber Daya Alam Maluku (Pidato Pengukuhan, 13 Agustus 2005). Ambon: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pattimura. Tom, Patrick. 2006. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Uganda. Boulder, CO: The Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project, University of Colorado. http://www.beyondintractability.org/case_ studies/acholi_traditional_approach.jsp?nid=6792 (29.8.2007). Tomagola, Tamrin Amal, Cornelis Lay, Lies Marantika, Ricky Palijama, Rosa Pentury & Yusup Madubun. 2008. Format Ulang Birokrasi Kota Ambon (Eddy O. S. Hiariej, ed.). Makassar: Ininnawa. Tomsa, Dirk. 2009. Electoral Democracy in a Divided Society: The 2008 Gubernatorial Election in Maluku, Indonesia. South East Asia Research 17 (2): 229–259. Trijono, Lambang. 2001. Keluar Dari Kemelut Maluku: Refleksi Pengalaman Praktis Bekerja untuk Perdamaian Maluku. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Trindade, Jose. 2008. An Ideal State for East Timor: Reconciling the Conflicting Paradigms. February 2008. Dili. http://www.indopubs.com/An_Ideal_State_for_ East_Timor.pdf (7.9.2011). Trindade, Jose & Bryant Castro. 2007. Rethinking Timorese Identity as a Peacebuilding Strategy: The Lorosa’e – Loromonu Conflict from a Traditional Perspective. 6 June 2007. Dili, Timor-Leste: EU/gtz. http://www.indopubs.com/Trindade_Castro_ Rethinking_Timorese_Identity.pdf (15.2.2012). Trisasongko, Dadang. 2003. To You I Belong. In I. Malik, M. Pattinaja, S. Putuhena, T. Yakob et al. (eds), Breaking the Violence with Compassion: BAKUBAE. Jakarta: Civil Society Alliance for Democracy (YAPPIKA), 89–95. Trotha, Trutz von. 2004. In Search of Peace. History, Basic Narrative, the Future of War, and the Rise of the Local. An Introduction with a Short Overview of the Contributions. In M.-C. Foblets and T. v. Trotha (eds), Healing the Wounds: Essays on the Reconstruction of Societies After War. Oxford/Portland, OR: Hart, 1–12. —— 2005. Der Aufstieg des Lokalen. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (APuZ) 28–29/2005: 32–38. Tunny, M. Azis. 2007. Artists Labor to Change Maluku’s Image. The Jakarta Postt, 13.2.2007. Turner, Kathleen. 2006. Competing Myths of Nationalist Identity: Ideological Perceptions of Conflict in Ambon, Indonesia. [Dissertation, Murdoch University, Perth]. http:// wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060713.204930 (19.3.2008). 244 Bibliography

Turner, Victor. 1967. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Twikromo, Y. Arga. 2008. The Local Elite and the Appropriation of Modernity: A Case in East Sumba, Indonesia. [Dissertation, Radboud University, Nijmegen]. http:// dare.ubn.kun.nl/dspace/bitstream/2066/73424/1/73424_locaelant.pdf (27.3.2010). Uar, Eka Dahlan. 2005. Larvul Ngabal Sebagai Sistem Adat Dalam Penyelesaian Konﬂik Sosial di Maluku Tenggara. [Thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta] Ubink, Janine. 2011. Stating the Customary: An Innovative Approach to the Locally Legitimate Recording of Customary Justice in Namibia. Working Paper No. 8, International Development Law Organization (IDLO). http://www.idlo. int/Publications/WP2clarkstephens.pdf (2.11.2011). Ubink, Janine & Benjamin van Rooij. 2011. Towards Customary Legal Empowerment: An Introduction. International Development Law Organization (IDLO). http:// www.idlo.int/ (2.11.2011). Ubink, Janine & Thomas McInerney (eds). 2011. Customary Justice: Perspectives on Legal Empowerment. Rome: International Development Law Organization (IDLO). UN Children’s Fund. 2002. UNICEF Humanitarian Action: Indonesia Donor Update 19 November 2002. http://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/unicef- humanitarian-action-indonesia-donor-update-19-nov-2002 (5.4.2013). UNDP. 2000. Maluku Crisis: Umbrella Support Project for the Relief, Reconciliation and Recovery Strategy of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. http:// www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/312FA 65ECFD1F46B802570B70059400A/$file/UNDP_unmbrella_March_00.pdf (7.4.2007). UNESCO. 1982. Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies. World Conference on Cultural Policies, Mexico City, 26 July–6 August 1982. http://portal.unesco. org/culture/en/files/12762/11295421661mexico_en.pdf/mexico_en.pdf (6.1.2014). —— 2012. Culture: A Driver and an Enabler of Sustainable Development. Thematic Think Piece by the UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda. http://www.unesco.org/new/ﬁleadmin/MULTIMEDIA/ HQ/post2015/pdf/Think_Piece_Culture.pdf (6.1.2014). United Nations. 2007. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/declaration.htm (10.12.2007). Vel, Jacqueline. 2008. Uma Politics: An Ethnography of Democratization in West Sumba, Indonesia, 1986–2006. Leiden: KITLV Press. Villa-Vicencio, Charles & Erik Doxtader (eds). 2004. Pieces of the Puzzle: Keywords on Reconciliation and Transitional Justice. Cape Town: Compress. Vollenhoven, C. van. 1905. Geen Juristenrecht Voor Den Inlander. http:// ia600401.us.archive.org/24/items/geenjuristenrech00voll/geenjuristenrech- 00voll.pdf (20.9.2012). —— 1918/1931. Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indië. Eerste Deel, Leiden: Brill. —— 1928. De Ontdekking van het Adatrecht. Leiden: Brill. —— 1931. Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indië. Tweede Deel, Leiden: Brill. Waldorf, Lars. 2010. “Like Jews Waiting for Jesus”: Posthumous Justice in Post- Genocide Rwanda. In R. Shaw and L. Waldorf (eds), Localizing Transitional Bibliography 245

Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 183–202. Warren, Carol. 2007. ‘Adat’ in Balinese Discourse and Practice: Locating Citizenship and the Commonweal. In J. S. Davidson and D. Henley (eds), The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London/New York: Routledge, 170–202. Wasonga, Joseph. 2009. Rediscovering Mato Oput: The Acholi Justice System and the Conflict in Northern Uganda. Africa Peace and Conflict Journal 2 (1) June: 27–38. Weinstein, Harvey M. & Eric Stover. 2004. Introduction: Conflict, Justice and Reclamation. In E. Stover and H. M. Weinstein (eds), My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–26. Werbner, Pnina. 1998. Exoticising Citizenship: Anthropology and the New Citizenship Debate. Canberra Anthropologyy 21 (2): 1–27. Widjojo, Muridan S., Adriana Elisabeth, Amiruddin, Cahyo Pamungkas & Rosita Dewi. 2008. Papua Road Map: Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present and Securing the Future. Jakarta: The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Widoyoko, Yoyok (ed.). 2008. The Wonderful Islands Maluku: Membangun Kembali Maluku Dengan Nilai-Nilai dan Khazanah Lokal, serta Prinsip Entrepreneurial Government, Beragam Potensi dan Peluang Investasi. Jakarta/Ambon: Gibon Books/Pemprov Maluku. Wilhelm, Jürgen. 2011. Kultur als notwendige Dimension der Entwicklungspolitik. giz Brieff 4 (Kultur und Entwicklung): 8–10. http://www.giz.de/de/downloads/ giz2011-de-gizbrief04-gesamt.pdf (5.1.2014). Wilson, Richard Ashby. 1997. Human Rights, Culture & Context: An Introduction. In R. A. Wilson (ed.), Human Rights, Culture & Context: Anthropological Perspectives. London/Chicago, IL: Pluto Press, 1–27. —— 2006. Afterword to “Anthropology and Human Rights in a New Key”: The Social Life of Human Rights. American Anthropologistt 108 (1): 77–83. Winn, Phillip. 2008. Butonese in the Banda Islands: Departure, Mobility and Identification. In P. Graham (ed.), Horizons of Home: Nation, Gender and Migrancy in Island Southeast Asia. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 85–100. Woriwun, Lisa. 2003. Penobatan Raja Hulaliu di Pulau Haruku Momen Rekonsiliasi Alamiah Pela-Gandong. 14 October 2003. Ambon: Maluku Media Centre. Wouden, F. A. E. van. 1968. Types of Social Structure in Eastern Indonesia (English Translation by Rodney Needham). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Young, Marion Iris. 1989. Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship. Ethics 99 (2): 250–274. Zips, Werner & Markus Weilenmann, 2011. Introduction: Governance and Legal Pluralism – An Emerging Symbiotic Relationship. In W. Zips and M. Weilenmann (eds), The Governnance of Legal Pluralism. Wien/Münster: LIT, 7–34. Zurbuchen, Mary S. 2005. Historical Memory in Contemporary Indonesia. In M. S. Zurbuchen (ed.), Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 3–32. Zurschmitten, Sabine. 2012. Kommerzialisierung, Inszenierung und Revital- isierung: Gegenwärtige Auseinandersetzungen um adatt im Distrikt West Manggarai (West Flores). ASIEN 123 (April): 28–47. Index

Note: General topics of this volume such as reconciliation, culture, adatt, conflict, and peacebuilding, or places such as Indonesia and Maluku are not or only partly indexed and not all occurrences are listed. In the Indonesian context, terms such as adatt, adat law, customary law or traditional justice can be used interchangeably, which also affects the index. access to justice continuity and change 46 in Maluku 89, 202 definition 43–44 in post-Suharto Indonesia 54, 55 flexibility/adaptability 44, 46, 66, Aceh (Indonesia) 19–20, 34, 40, 43, 96, 101, 145, 190, 197 56, 131, 132, 183, 212 functionaries 64 Acholi (Northern Uganda) 7, 34, history 43–49 194, 195 insiders versus outsiders 50 adat local specificities 134 adatt titles (honorary) 130–31, migrant–adatt interface 160–70 135–37, 138, 145 Moluccan conflict 77–78 and decentralization 49–50, reinstallation as adatt people 34, 53–55, 62 66, 105 and democracy 176 revival see revival of tradition and positive peace 66 traditional justice 45–46 and state law 47, 48, 90, 149, weakening 65 180, 186, 191 adat istiadat see adat and the state 54, 55, 62, 152, adat law see adat 189–90 adat villages 53, 63–65, 151–52, 153, and truth 45 162, 163, 167, 169, 212 as colonial construction 46 criteria 152 as divider 50 immigration (Batumerah as harmony 50, 57 Village) 162–63 as holistic concept 135 immigration (Honitetu as invention 50 Village) 158–59, 164–65 as myth 46 immigration (Kairatu Village) 167 as peace force migrants’ status 163–64 (ambivalences) 118–20 adat–religion see religion–adat as peace force (limitations) 181 administrative villages 53, 134, as resource 51 151–52, 153, 168, 169 as social capital 50, 87 agency see local agency as symbol for liberation 50 aggression theory 28 authenticity 57 agonistic pluralism 200 codification versus AMAN (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat flexibility 43–49, 54, 62, Nusantara) 57–58, 149–51 180–81 definition indigenous peoples colonial government 44 (masyarakat adatt) 58 conflict resolution 56 Maluku 58

247 248 Index ancestry (asal usul) 49, 62, 76, 99, BBM (Buginese, Butonese, 106, 128, 152 Makassarese) 59, 72, 75–76, 80, anthropologists 165, 173, 196 as knowledge broker 197 as second class citizens (Maluku) 165 as translators and mediators 208 in post-conflict Maluku 165–66 anthropology Benda-Beckmann, Franz 165 conflict and peace 28–30 Benda-Beckmann, Franz and contributions xvii, xviii, 1, 27, 37 Keebet 47, 151, 165, 174, 175 deconstruction of reconciliation Benda-Beckmann, Keebet 54, 120, toolkit 27 184, 214 ethnographic methods see Bhinneka Tunggal Ika 47 methodology Burundi 6, 7 human rights 148–49 Butonese migrants 107, 151, 165–70, indigenous peoples debate 57, 171 214, 215 relevance for peace studies 31–33 Banda Islands 215 revival of tradition 24–26 symbols and rituals 33–35 cakalele 78 anthropology of peace xvii, 182, Cambodia 4, 8, 198 205–8 Certeau, Michel de xx, 208 Aru Islands (Maluku) 108, 133–34 Chauvel, Richard 124 Asian values debate 22, 149 citizenship 147–48, see also multiple Avruch, Kevin 12, 13, 183 citizenship and anthropology 176 baileo 64, 106, 108, 141, 152, 154, cultural 172, 174 155 group-differentiated 169, 170–72, baku bae 43, 110, 114 174 BakuBae Legal Aid Institute group-differentiated (criticism) 174 (LBH BakuBae) 89, 114 group-differentiated BakuBae movement (Indonesia) 172–74 beginnings 110 group-differentiated criticism 113, 114–15 (Maluku) 173–74 neutral spaces 113 liberalism and its critics 170 pela (gandong) 113 revival of tradition 187 philosophy 110 civil emergency 72, 85 raja 112–13, 128–31 civil society 15, 32 revival of tradition 110–15 concept 13–14 siwalima 107, 113 Coalition of Moluccan IDPs (KPM) supporters 110–11 see Koalisi Pengungsi Maluku survey 212 coexistence 7, 73, 74, 96, 199, 200 underground 111 collective identities 27, 34 workshops and other de-essentalization 195 activities 111–12 instrumentalization 207 Bali (Indonesia) 9, 40, 50 integrative and exclusivist Banda Islands (Maluku) 71, 215 potential 195 Banda Sail 141, 212 intra-state violence xvii Bartels, Dieter 73, 74, 103, 196, 213 reconstruction 153 Basic Agrarian Law (BAL) 48 collective rights 23, 147, 148, 164, Batumerah Village (Central see also human rights (cultural) Maluku) 128, 162–63, 164, 214 challenges 171–72 Index 249 conflict (Maluku) 70–80 and peacebuilding see peacebuilding conflict resolution see peacebuilding and traditional leaders 23, 121 conflict resolution (Maluku) 80–100 contradictions 151 conflicts (post-Suharto) 40, 55 customary and state law 186 conflicts (Suharto era) 39, 40, 55 dealing with imbalances 202–3 Cooley, Frank 48, 63–65, 123, 124, 213 fragmentation 52–53 cultural rights see human rights implementation 152–53 (cultural) implementation (Honitetu Village) cultural turn in peace studies 52–53, 153–55 definition xvii implementation (Hutumuri Village) outline 11–37 65 culture implementation (Latuhalat Village) and change 18–19 155 as capital (post-Suharto) 51, 56 implementation (Maluku) 61–62, as obstacle to development 5, 26 166 as social capital 15, 195–96 in Indonesia 41–43 as social capital (Maluku) 87, 116, integration of cultural outsiders 120 175 in countries in transition 206 laws (1999) 41 misconceptions 1, 31 laws (2004) 134 power politics 12–13 migrants’ position 166–70 reification 13 of corruption 51, 202 the rise of culture in peace studies/ of the school curriculums 84 peacebuilding 12–14 reconstruction of history and UNESCO 18 genealogy 153 Culture Institute of Maluku Region relationship adatt and non-adat (Lembaga Kebudayaan Daerah people 169 Maluku, LKDM) 117 revival of tradition 39, 50–51 culture of violence 12, 76 space for mutual accommodations customary law 17, see also traditional (local–state) 196 justice; adat traditional leaders see raja and other normative orders 180, village categories (genealogical and 184–89 administrative) 151–52 constructedness 18, 197 village level 49–50 contextuality 15, 18 democracy fostering 15 and indigenous organizations incorporation into the formal 198 justice system 37, 184–85 as good governance 42 Indonesia 186 Indonesian-style48 institutionalization 18–20 local notions 54 instrumentalization 19–20 revival of tradition 187–88 orality 16 traditional leaders 132, 171 pragmatic pluralism 187 Western notion 3, 4, 5, 120 self-recording 185–87 displacement see refugees decentralization Early Warning System for Conflict administrative partitioning (EWSC) 115 see pemekaran East Timor xxi, 4, 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, ambivalences 49–52 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 54, 131, 161, 250 Index

East Timor – continued Hobsbawm, Eric 25 184, 185, 187–88, 193–94, 195, Honitetu Village (Central Maluku) 202, 215, see also nahe biti 52–53, 58, 153–55, 155–56, Commission on Truth and 158–59, 164–65 Friendship 20 Hualoi Village (Central Maluku) 105, Community Reconciliation Process 140, 158, 159, 201 (CRP) 19, 20 hukum adat see adat uma lulik 193–94 human nature 3, 5, 9, 27, 28, 32 era reformasi 39–40, 41–43, see also Maluku 66, 105 decentralization human rights 176–77 ethnographic research xvii, xviii–xxii, abuses 19, 20, 40 24, 27, 31, 32, 35, 37, 182, 206–7, and traditional justice 21–23 208, see also methodology cultural translation 153, 154, ethnography 176–77 of Moluccan peace scape xix individual versus cultural sitesxix, xx 147–77 law (Indonesia, 1999) 42 Flores (Indonesia) 43 masyarakat adat 58 forgiveness 3, 4, 10 revival of tradition 187–88 Forum Latupati Pulau Haruku 94 human rights (cultural) 15, 23, forum shopping 54, 184 147–49, 179 Freud, Sigmund 28 and democracy 176 Friendship Forum of Indonesian essentializations 148–49 Royal Houses 137 Indonesia 149–51, 176 Front Kedaulatan Maluku (FKM) 78, integrative and exclusivist 85, 87 potential 180, 195 human rights culture 3 gacaca (Rwanda) 11, 20, 37, 183, Maluku 116 184, 185 Hutumuri Village (Central Maluku) Galtung, Johan 29–30, 36, 66, 182 65 gandong 102, 103, 105, 113, 127, hybrid identities 36 see also pela hybrid justice 11, 17, 20, 36, 185 as conflict prevention 119 hybrid peace 35–37, 198, 205, 208 garap (Lombok, Indonesia) 43 definition 36 geneological villages see adatt villages hybrid polity 198 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) 19 hybridity 35–37 MoU (2005) 42 as participative concept 198 Gerakan Perempuan Peduli (GPP) 99 local–liberal 32 gotong royongg (Indonesia) 48, 103–4, 113 identity transformation 11, 16, 34 group-differentiated rights Maluku see Moluccan identity see collective rights; citizenship inclusion of cultural outsiders (group-differentiated) see also revival of tradition Guatemala 8 decentralization (Indonesia) 175 dualism in Eastern hak ulayat 48, 50, 58 Indonesia 161–62 Hatuhaha union (Central Maluku) MLM approach 163 104–5, 128, 192–93 New Order approach 162–63 Hobbes, Thomas 28 village segments in Maluku 161 Index 251 independent team of investigators kastom (Melanesia) 13, 66 (Tim Penyelidik Independen Keesing, Roger 25 Nasional, TPIN) 85, 91 Kei Islands (Maluku) 9, 58, 71, 81, indigenization of peace 198–99 103, 108, 113, 118, 130, 186, indigenous peoples 188, 215 Central Maluku 150 keto ajaa (Acholi, Northern Uganda) 7 debate in anthropology 171, 206 kewang 64, 65, 132, 133, 155 in Indonesia 148, 149–51, see also Klinken, Gerry van 73, 204 masyarakat adat Koalisi Pengungsi Maluku (KPM) 97, movement 40, 57 158, 159–60 UN definition 57 Kupang (Indonesia) 56 UNDRIP see UN Declaration on the Kymlicka, Will 170–72, 174 Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the LAIM (Lembaga Antar Imam Maluku) Indonesian Archipelago see AMAN see Moluccan Interfaith Council Indonesian Constitution 47 land issues 17, 45, 61, 63, 77, 89, 94, Institut Tifa Damai Maluku 105, 137, 139, 140, 158, 160, 162, (ITDM) 115, 141, 142, 155 163–64, 165, 168, 169, 173, 181, Institut Titian Perdamaian (ITP) 114, 190–91, 201 115 larvul ngabal (Southeast Maluku) 81, internally displaced persons (IDPs) 118 see refugees Laskar Jihad 72, 78, 79, 85, 91, 93, 111 international aid organizations in latu 212 Moluccan peacebuilding 81–84, latupati 90, 112–13, 129, 134 93, 111 Latupati Council Maluku see Majelis International Crime Tribunal Latupati Maluku (MLM) (former Yugoslavia) 11 law enforcement 3, 179 International Criminal Court (ICC) 3 in Maluku 88–90 islah 20 LBH BakuBae see BakuBae Legal Aid Institute (LBH BakuBae) Java (Indonesia) 40, 46, 48, 97, 211 Lederach, Paul 12, 81 Jensen, Adolf Ellegard 103, 213, 214 legal pluralism 54, 151, 170, 174, juridical landscape (this 180, 181, 184–89 volume) 189–90 in Indonesia 189–93 justice see access to justice; restorative, in Indonesia (history) 189 retributive, traditional, and strong 189 transitional justice weak 189 subjectivity 202 Leiden legacy 46–47 justice and law in post-Suharto Lembaga Musyawarah Desa Indonesia 53–55 (LMD) 132, 162, 167–68 justice and truth in Moluccan liberal peace 4–5, 12, 14, 32, 36 peacebuilding 200–5, see also complementation through peacebuilding in Maluku indigenization 198–99 Liberia 14, 24, 30, 98, 212 Kairatu Village (Central Maluku) 167–69 lineage (keturunan or mata rumah) 22, Kalimantan (Indonesia) 50, 169, 173 50, 58, 63, 64, 78, 123, 124, 125, Kalla, Jusuf 90, 129, 130 126, 132–33, 153, 154, 167 Kariu Village (Central Maluku) 94, LKDM see Culture Institute of Maluku 104–6, 107, 157, 192, 201 Region 252 Index local masyarakat adat 163 agency 12, 30–33, 36, 47, 127, means for reintegration 121, 194 197, 205 mobile phones/Internet 140–41, 143 as discursive space 198 predecessors 122 concepts of reconciliation 43 representativeness 133–34, culture as construction 13 142–44, 145 denial of agency 4 Malino II see Malino peace agreement misconceptions of the local 1, 12, Malino peace agreement 66, 72, 85, 24, 31 90–93, 105, 140, 160 notions of democracy 42, 54 criticism 91 notions of justice and post-Malino 92–93 reconciliation 66 preparations 92 redefinition 27 socialization and resistance 91–92 reimagining the local–state Maluku see also Moluccan conflict; relation 206 Moluccan identity; Moluccan rise of the local in peacebuilding 1, Interfaith Council; Moluccan village 12, 15, 205, 208 leaders; peacebuilding in Maluku the everyday in peacebuilding 32, background information 59–61 205, 208 conflict resolution 80–100 the local xvii, 4, 35 current tensions 69–70 timing and tempo 41 implementation of local ownership 1, 13, 15, 40 decentralization 61–62 as invention 37 peace and reconciliation 65–67 local wisdom (kearifan lokal) 83, 116, population statistics 210 117 religion–adat 74–80 Lombok (Indonesia) 40, 43 traditional village constitution 63–65 Mac Ginty, Roger 4, 32 Maluku Ambassadors for Peace Majelis Latupati Kota (MAP) 83, 97 Ambon 137–39 Maluku Media Center (MMC) 100, 112 Majelis Latupati Maluku Maluku Reconciliation and (MLM) 121–22 Reconstruction Meeting 96, 140, adat–government interface 163 134–35, 145 Manuputty, Jacky 84, 96–98, 108 as construction 196 masohi 87, 113, 117 as political instrument 135 masyarakat adat 54, 57, 58, 81, 86, beginnings 128–29 94, 116, 134, 135, 138, 143, 149, conflict prevention 139–40, 194 150, 152, 176, 190, 215 constituting declaration 129–30 and migrants 160–70 criticism 141–42 masyarakat asli 162, 167 district councils 137–39 mato oput (Acholi, Northern Uganda) government–masyarakat adat 183, 195 interface 129 mauweng 64, 65, 77 head (Raja Mamala) 128, 142–44 Mead, Margaret 28 implementing meka sareka (Lamaholot, Indonesia) 43 decentralization 144, 145 methodology xviii–xxii, 206–7, installation of functionaries 130 see also multi-sited and internal struggles 142–44 multi-temporal fieldwork; localization of ethnographic research democratization 145 processual approach xx Index 253 migrants 110, 151, 173–75, 181, 187, multiculturalism 117, 173 190, see also adatt villages; BBM; multiple citizenship 170–77, 195 Butonese migrants; inclusion of definition 174 cultural outsiders in Indonesia 174–75 as refugees 73, 155, 214 representational rights 175 exclusion 50, 103, 116 multi-sited fieldwork xvii, xix–xxi, Honitetu Village 164–65 206 in the decentralization era multi-temporal fieldwork xvii, 166–70 xix–xxi, 206 integrative mechanisms 155 musyawarah 42, 48, 65, 88, 126 land access in adatt villages 163–64, 165, 168 nahe biti (East Timor) 34, 43, 194, migrant–adatt interface 160–70, 195 191 Namibia 185–86, 186–87 modernity see tradition versus National Dialogue on Revitalizing modernity Local Culture for Rehabilitation Moluccan conflict 67, 70–80 and Development in the adat 77–78 Moluccas towards a New analyses 73 Indonesia (Symposium Kei escalation 71–72 Island) 118–19 instrumentalization of religion 74 negeri 52, 63, 122, 126, 197, Laskar Jihad 72, 78, 85, 91, 93 see also Perda Negeri military and police 78–79 as cultural community 64 military intervention 85 ethymology 64 mutual accusations between history of the concept 47 Christians and Muslims 78 pemekaran 61 phases 72 return to 62, 64 provocateur theory 79–80 negeri adat see adatt villages refugees 155–60 negeri induk 52, 134, 168 religion 77 New Order see Orde Baru results 70–71 NGOs 58, 73 root causes 190, 202 civil society 13–14 statistics 72–73 NGOs (Moluccan peacebuilding) Moluccan identity xix, 66, 75, 76, 54, 80, 81, 82, 83, 89, 93–94, 84, 102, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 100, 110, 115, 141 119, 130, 182, 188, 201 Arikal Mahina (Smart Women) 99 Moluccan Interfaith Council 96–98, as knowledge brokers 153 192, 204 Baileo 62, 93–94, 154 cultural dimension of revival of tradition 51 reconciliation 96 YPPM 94 setup and mission 96–97 non-truth 203, 212 Moluccan village leaders see also raja and reconciliation 67, 79, 182 raja, patih, orang kaya 63–64 Nordstrom, Carolyn xix, 30, 205, Moluccas see Maluku 211 Montagu, Ashley 28 criticism xix motambu tanah (Central Sulawesi, normative orders see also customary Indonesia) 43 law; legal pluralism Mouffe, Chantal 200 peacebuilding in Maluku 189–90 Mozambique xix, 8, 30, 34 North Maluku 50, 61, 71, 72, 74, 93, mufakat 42, 48, 65 156 254 Index

Nunusaku 103, 108–9, 150 award of honorary adatt titles Nuremburg Trials 2 130–31, 135–37, 138 corruption 202 orang kaya 63, 123 culture festivals 83 Orde Baru 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 111, daily interaction 199 118, 121, 124, 131, 138, 162–63, dealing with imbalances 202–3 165, 167, 172 decentralization of the school reconciliation 39 curriculums 84, 116, 212 government 85–88 Pacific Islands 13 informal justice 88, 89–90 pancasila 48 international aid Papilaya, Jopie (then mayor of Ambon organizations 81–84, 93, 111 City) 138, 212 international aid organizations Papua (Indonesia) 40, 52, 213 (critique) 84 Papua New Guinea 29 interreligious dialogue 96 paradigm shift in peace studies 1, 12, justice and truth 200–5 14, 179, 197 land issues 201, see also land issues Passo Village (Central Maluku) 106, law enforcement 88–90 107, 113, 128 media use 87 patih 63, 123, 212 mobile phones/Internet 140–41, Peace Building Institute see Institut 143 Titian Perdamaian (ITP) Movement of Concerned Women peace concept (this volume) 28–30 (GPP) 99 Peace Gong (gong perdamaian) 86, National Dialogue on Revitalizing 131, 204 Local Culture for Rehabilitation peace scapes xviii and Development in the creation 182, 195–96, 205 Moluccas towards a New ethnography xix Indonesia (Symposium Kei Moluccan xx–xxi, 36 Island) 118–19 peacebuilding in Maluku 80–100, neutral spaces 83, 100, 113 see also BakuBae Legal Aid normative orders 189–90, Institute; BakuBae Movement; see also legal pluralism Culture Institute of Maluku overview 80–81 Region (LKDM); Early Warning Pattimura (national hero) 102 System for Conflict; independent peace education 84, 117 team of investigators; Institut Tifa politik berimbangg (balancing out) Damai Maluku; Malino peace 87–88 agreement; Moluccan Interfaith post-conflict justice 181–82 Council; NGOs (Moluccan public spaces 100 peacebuilding); Peace Gong; Radio Pelangi – The Reconciliation revival of tradition; (non-)truth Station 100 access to justice 89, 202 reinvention of traditional leadership adat as peace force 118–20 see raja adat as peace force revealing conflict narratives 203–4 (limitations) 181 seminar on siwalima alternative articulations of philosophy 84 truth 204 Tiga Batang Air 102, 117, 211 ambivalences of a revival of traditional alliances 102–5 tradition119–20 truth-seeking 203–5 Index 255

Wayame 107 as absolute rulers 123 women and children 98–100 as interface government–masyarakat workshop on the revival of local adat 86 wisdom 83 as peace agents 111, 139 peacebuilding in Southeast as peace symbols 127–31 Maluku 118–19 as primus inter pares 122 peaceful societies 28–29, 205 as symbols for brotherhood 141 pela 73, 87, 101, 102–4, 105, 127, BakuBae movement 112–13 128, 213 Batumerah Village 162, 215 adaptation and expansion 103, colonial ethic policies 123–24 181, 193, 196, 205 colonial as conflict prevention 119 instrumentalization 122–23 as pan-Moluccan concept 103 criticism 141–42 BakuBae movement 113 decentralization era 125–27 criticism 103 dishonoring 142–44 gandong 102–3 during Orde Baru 124–25 government 117 feudal hierarchical system 131 Nunusaku religion 103 historical retrospective 122–27 reunification 109, 127 Honitetu Village 154–55 Pelauw Village (Central Maluku) 94, Hutumuri Village 65 105, 106, 137, 192, 201 implementing decentralization 62, pemekaran 52 126–27, 132–33, 138–39 Central Maluku 167 in independent Indonesia 124 Honitetu Village 52–53, 164–65 inauguration as peace Kairatu Village 168–69 event 127–28 Maluku 61 Indonesian independence West Papua 52 movement 124 Perda Negeri 62, 126–27, 132, 138, installation (Hulaliu 139, 152, 155, 166–67, 169, 210, Village) 127–28 214, 215 installation (Sirisori Villages) 128 Perneg 53, 62, 127, 152–53, 155, installation (Sirisori Islam 167, 169, 215 Village) 106 perpetrators 3, 6, see also installation (Tulehu Village) 127 victim–perpetrator interface with masyarakat adat 144 Peru 8, 33 inventive adaptation 144–45 petuanan 152, 168 Kairatu Village 167–68 peusijuek (Aceh, Indonesia) 19–20, Kariu Village 162, 163 34, 43, 56, 183 Latuhalat Village 155 positive peace 9, 29, 66, 182 Mamala Village 128, 131, 135, provokator 73, 77, 79–80, 115, 212 142–44 putra daerah 52 murder (Hulaliu Village) 132–33 Passo Village 114 quantitative research xvii, 209 post-conflict 125–26 power politics and raja 64, 119, 152, 161, 213, representation 131–37 see also Majelis Latupati Maluku pre-colonial times 63 Amahusu Village 214 revitalization 121–45 and conflict prevention 89, 120 status hierarchy (raja, patih, and and conflict resolution 139–42 orang kaya) 123 256 Index raja – continued religion succession 125, 181, 187, 190, 213 and the state (Indonesia) 48, succession (decentralization era) 189–90 126–27 in Moluccan peacebuilding 96–98 the return of the 121–22 instrumentalization xvii, 59, 74, title 63 77, 180 Tulehu Village 106, 128, 139, religion–adatt (Maluku) 74–80, 141, 162 189–90, 191–93 raja council see Majelis Latupati arrival of world religions 74–75 Maluku (MLM) colonialism and independence 75 raja council (district) 137–39 disempowerment of adat 76 Ambon City 137–39 interreligious violence and raja council (subdistrict) see also harmony 76–77 Forum Latupati Pulau Haruku Islamization during the Orde Haruku Island 137 Baru 75–76 Saparua Island 137 reimagination in post-conflict Ralahalu, Albert (then Moluccan society 206 governor) 86, 87, 130, 135 Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) Ranger, Terence 25, 210 75, 78, 85, 87, 90, 111, 114, 115, Rawls, John 5 124, 133 reconciliation 9–11 restorative justice 3, 5–9, 16, 21, from below (Indonesia) 39, 22, 34, 36, 45, 111, see also 40–41 traditional justice in Maluku 65–67, see also retributive justice 2, 5–9, 15, 45, peacebuilding in Maluku 66, 181 local concepts 10, 43 revitalization of tradition see revival of micropolitics 32 tradition terminology 10, 43, 209 revival of tradition xvii, xviii, 24–26, reconciliation toolkit xvii, 4, 5, 11, 41, see also BakuBae movement 14, 179 adatt and politics 191 deconstruction 27 adat as peace force 118–20 Indonesia 80 adjustment 145, 181, 182–84, Reconciling Indonesia: Grassroots Agency 193–200 for Peace 40 ambivalences 180, 182 refugees 71, 147, see also Koalisi and change 197 Pengungsi Maluku (KPM) and reconciliation 101–20 challenging their return 157–59 as cultural capital 55 government approach 156–57 criticism 101 Honitetu Village 155–56, 158–59 current issues 190–92 international aid 82 decentralization 39, 50–51 land issues 158, 201 democracy 187–88 Malino peace agreement 91 economy, family ties and other misappropriation of aid 159–60 interdependencies 105–7 negotiating their return 155–60 equal citizenship 187 return enabled by adat 120 exclusivism 164, 193 statistics 73, 159–60 for peace xviii, 59, 77 rekonsiliasi 43 for peace (ambivalences) 119–20 relationship-building 6, 11, 16, 30, for peace (limitations) 181 34, 43 government and scholars 116–18 Index 257

Honitetu Village 153–55 Sirisori Kristen Village (Central human rights 187–88 Maluku) 72, 85, 106, 157 inclusion and exclusion of cultural Sirisori Villages (Central Maluku) 63, outsiders 160–66 106, 128, 211 instrumentalization xviii, 194–95 siwalima 107–10 international organizations 83 adaptation 181, 193, 205 knowledge gaps 144 BakuBae movement 113 land issues 190–91 challenges 109–10 larvul ngabal 118 government 108, 116, 117 Latuhalat Village 155 Museum Siwalima 108 legalization 49, 65, 196 mythical and historical memory politics 66 explanation 108–9 motivations 21 pan-Moluccan concept 107–10 negeri 47 philosophy 108 pela (gandongg) 102–4 workshop 84, 109–10 representation and legitimacy 195 social capital 15, 50, 87, 116, 120, return to orderly society see also culture; revival of (beradab) 101 tradition siwalima 107–10 Somalia 98 social capital 196 South African TRC 3, 7 supporting factors 101 Southeast Maluku 71, 81, 103, traditional alliances 118–19, 133, 186, 188, 215 (pela, gandong, uli) 102–5 Sponsel, Leslie 29, 30, 31 transferability 193 Sri Lanka 30 Uli Hatuhaha 104–5 State of Eastern Indonesia (Negara Richmond, Oliver 4, 32, 205, 208 Indonesia Timor, NIT) 61 rituals 11, 25, 33–35, 105, 127, 128, stranger king 135 196, see also mato oput; nahe biti; structural violence 15, 27, 29, 30 peusijuek Sulawesi 40, 43, 59, 72, 90, 150, 166, Rosaldo, Renato 172, 174, 210 187 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 28 Sultan of Yogyakarta 112, 130 rujuk sintuwu maroso (Central Sulawesi, Sumba 44, 56 Indonesia) 43 summary (lessons learned) 179–82 Rwanda xxi, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 20, 37, symbols 11, 25, 33–35, 50, 183, 184, 185, 216, see also gacaca 66, 103, 105, 108, 113, 127, 128, 130, 131, 141, 142, 154, saniri 62, 64–65, 86, 89, 122, 123, 193, 198 126, 127, 132, 139, 152, 154, 155, 162, 163, 167, 213 Tanjung Priok (Jakarta, Indonesia) 20 ethymology 64 tapan holo (Lamaholot, Indonesia) 43 SARA (Suku, Agama, Ras, dan Teitel, Ruti 2–3 Antargolongan, ethnicity, religion, terra nullius 4, 46, 145, 183 race, or class) 39, 55 The Idea of Justice 5 Sen, Amartya 5 The Invention of Tradition 25 Seriholo Village (Central Maluku) Theory of Justice 5 158, 159, 201 Tiga Batang Air (West Seram, Sierra Leone 9, 16, 21 Maluku) 102, 117, 211 Sirisori Islam Village (Central Maluku) TIRUS 80, 94, 110 106 Tonkinson, Robert 25 258 Index tradition xviii, 25–26, see also traditional justice 1, 21, 182, culture; revival of tradition see also traditional justice adjustment 35, 181, 193–200 traditional leaders 23–24 codification 26 World Wars 2 in peacebuilding xvii transmigration 48, 50, 60, 75, 158, instrumentalization 12 161, 162, 164, 172, 173, 187, 211 invention xxi Trotha, Trutz 12, 13, 205 misconceptions 1 truth 1, 31 politics 26 alternative articulations 203, 204 terminology 209 in post-conflict Maluku 182 versus modernity 5, 26 subjectivity 45, 202 traditional justice 11, 14–16, 36, 43, truth and reconciliation commission see also customary law (TRC) see truth commission adaptation 176 Indonesia 42 adjustment 182–84 truth commission (TC) 2–3, 6–8, 179 and change 18–19 truth-seeking 3, 6–8 and human rights 21–23, 54 truth-seeking in Maluku 203–5 challenges 16–23 tuan tanah 64, 65, 78, 161, 163 characteristics 16, 210 Tulehu Village (Central Maluku) 92, for sustainable peace 182–84 105, 106, 127, 163 Indonesia 40–41, 55 Turner, Victor 25, 33 instrumentalization 21, 56, 183 rise of 14–15 Uganda 7, 24, 34, 183, 194, 195, 210 traditional means for conflict uli 63, see also Hatuhaha union resolution xviii uma lulik (East Timor) 193–94 transferability 19–20, 53, 55 UN agencies in Maluku 82 van Vollenhoven 45–46 UN Declaration on the Rights of traditional leaders 23–24, 34, 62, Indigenous Peoples (2007) 42, see also raja 57, 148, 150 in post-conflict settings UN Transitional Administration in (Indonesia) 131–32 East Timor (UNTAET) 184 raja council see Majelis Latupati UN World Peace Day 86 Maluku (MLM) UNDP 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 97 revitalization of traditional UNESCO 82 leadership (raja) 121–45 culture concept 18 traditional village conflicts in UNICEF 82, 83, 84, 99, 100 Maluku 77, 137, 140–41, 142 Universitas Pattimura 62, 72, 87, 89, traditional village constitution in 91, 100, 112, 117, 139, 186 Maluku 63–65 transitional justice 1, 2–4 van Vollenhoven, Cornelis 44–46, democracy 3 62, 145, 185 from below 11 critique 46–47 overview 209 traditional justice 45–46 post-Cold War 2–3 victim–perpetrator 3, 6, 8–9, 16, rule of law 3 41, 88 the rise of culture in peace studies/ victims peacebuilding 12–14 as objects 6 today 3–4 as part of collectives 45 Index 259

human rights 22 warzone ethnography xix lack of protection 20 Wayame (Central Maluku) 107 passivity 31 West Seram (Maluku) 166–70, restoration 16 see also Honitetu Village; women 98 Kairatu Village Village Law No. 5/1979 48–49, 124, women and children in Moluccan 132, 133, 152, 213 peacebuilding 98–100 annulment 49 VOC (Vereenigde Oost Indische Young, Marion Iris 170, 175 Compagnie) 44, 61, 63, 122 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang (SBY) 87, 90 war economy 71, 211 award of honorary adatt title war scapes 205 130–31, 136