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State of the Atlantic Ocean Synthesis Report

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State of the Atlantic Ocean Synthesis Report STATE OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SYNTHESIS REPORT R.Y. Bernier, R.E. Jamieson, and A.M. Moore (Eds.) Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Region 343 Université Avenue P.O. Box 5030 Moncton, NB E1C 9B6 2018 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3167 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technical reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which is not normally appropriate for primary literature. Technical reports are directed primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Technical reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique. Les rapports techniques sont destinés essentiellement à un public international et ils sont distribués à cet échelon. II n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques de Pêches et Océans Canada, c'est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports techniques peuvent être cités comme des publications à part entière. Le titre exact figure au- dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports techniques sont résumés dans la base de données Résumés des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques. Les rapports techniques sont produits à l'échelon régional, mais numérotés à l'échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'établissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les numéros 1 à 456 de cette série ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 457 à 714 sont parus à titre de Rapports techniques de la Direction générale de la recherche et du développement, Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère de l'Environnement. Les numéros 715 à 924 ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 925. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3167 2018 STATE OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SYNTHESIS REPORT by R.Y. Bernier, R.E. Jamieson, and A.M. Moore (Eds.) Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Region 343 Université Avenue P.O. Box 5030 Moncton, NB E1C 9B6 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2018. Cat. No. Fs97-4/3167E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-29124-6 ISSN 1488-5379 Correct citation for this publication: Bernier, R.Y., Jamieson, R.E., and Moore, A.M. (eds.) 2018. State of the Atlantic Ocean Synthesis Report. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 3167: iii + 149 p. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 1 RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Background ............................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 Key messages ............................................................................................................................ 4 3.0 Theme group summaries ........................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Biogeographic overview ....................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Oceanography ..................................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Habitat, coastal, and significant benthic areas .................................................................... 30 3.4 Fish and invertebrate communities ..................................................................................... 51 3.5 Marine mammals ................................................................................................................ 71 3.6 Sea turtles ............................................................................................................................ 82 3.7 Seabirds ............................................................................................................................... 87 4.0 Case studies ............................................................................................................................. 90 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 133 APPENDIX 1 – Agenda ............................................................................................................. 134 APPENDIX 2 – Participant list................................................................................................... 136 APPENDIX 3 – Workshop discussion ....................................................................................... 137 APPENDIX 4 – Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................... 149 SUMMARY Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has committed to informing Canadians on the state of Canada’s oceans and aquatic ecosystems. In 2017/18, DFO committed to producing a scientific synthesis report on the State of the Atlantic Ocean from which a plain language public report would be prepared. DFO scientists and external collaborators (i.e., Environment and Climate Change Canada) prepared summary reports on the current status and trends for seven theme groups: oceanography (physical and lower trophic levels), habitat/coastal and significant areas, fish and invertebrate communities, marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds. Summaries were based on published or peer-reviewed data and integrated over three Atlantic bioregions: Scotian Shelf, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves. Complementary case studies were also developed to illustrate concepts, processes, stressors, or comparisons among bioregions. A synthesis workshop brought together collaborators to present and discuss the draft summaries and case studies. Participants agreed on key messages for each theme, including the nature, connectivity, and causes of both natural and anthropogenic changes that are occurring in the Atlantic Ocean. RÉSUMÉ Pêches et Océans Canada (MPO) s'est engagé à informer les Canadiens sur l'état des océans et des écosystèmes aquatiques du Canada dans le cadre des rapports sur l'écosystème. En 2017– 2018, le MPO avait pour objectif de produire un rapport de synthèse scientifique sur l'état de l'océan Atlantique, à partir duquel un rapport public serait préparé en langage clair. Des scientifiques du MPO et des collaborateurs externes (c.-à-d., Environnement et Changement climatique Canada) ont rédigé des rapports sommaires sur l'état actuel et les tendances selon sept groupes de thèmes : océanographie (physique et niveaux trophiques inférieurs), zones côtières et habitats importants, communautés de poissons et d'invertébrés, mammifères marins, tortues de mer et oiseaux marins. Les sommaires ont été tirés des données publiées ou examinées par des pairs et intégrés pour trois biorégions de l’Atlantique : le plateau néo-écossais, le golfe du Saint- Laurent et les plateaux de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador. Des études de cas complémentaires ont également été élaborées pour illustrer les concepts, les processus, les agents de stress ou les comparaisons entre les biorégions. Un atelier de synthèse a été organisé afin de réunir les scientifiques chargés des différents groupes de thèmes en vue de présenter et d’examiner l’ébauche des sommaires sur l’état et les tendances et les études de cas. Les participants se sont mis d’accord sur les messages clés pour chaque groupe de thèmes portant sur la nature, la connectivité et les causes des changements naturels et anthropiques qui se produisent dans l'océan Atlantique. 1 1.0 BACKGROUND As part of Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s (DFO) commitment to report on the state of Canada’s oceans and aquatic ecosystems, the Department has been tasked with Ecosystem Reporting. The goal of this new Ecosystem Reporting initiative is to inform Canadians about the current status of Canada’s oceans. An initial
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