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Final Report Preparatory research for the establishment of a National Digital Library of Art, Architecture and Design March, 2010 Report prepared by Rae'ut Stern Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem We wish to thank the following people for their contribution to the research, including our Steering Committee, the many archivists and researchers that have advised and joined this initiative, the researchers of our three pilot-studies, and the colleagues at Bezalel Academy, who have all helped. Acknowledgments Israel National Committee for UNESCO Bar-Elli Daniel Secretary-General, Israel National Commission for UNESCO Achituv Niv, PhD Israel UNESCO Committee for 'Information for All' Pilot Study Collections Arch. Kahana Freddy The Kibbutz Planning Archive (KPA) Chen Anat Hechal Shlomo Jewish Art Museum (HSJAM) Levy-Aldema Yehuda Hechal Shlomo Jewish Art Museum (HSJAM) Sraya Maayan Hechal Shlomo Jewish Art Museum (HSJAM) Bar-El Ido Bezalel Fine Art Department Collection (BFADC) Advisory (Alphabetically) Adler Elhanan, PhD National Library of Israel Amar Ariella The Centre for Jewish Art of the Hebrew University Amitay Dudu Givat Haviva Avital Efrat Avni Haim, PhD Central Zionist Archives Bar-or Galia Ein Harod Museum Bernstein Ilana Ein Harod Kibbutz Archive Caine Moshe Hadassah Academic College Cohen-Mushlin Aliza, PhD The Centre for Jewish Art of the Hebrew University Cohen Reuven Shenkar College of Engineering and Design Drai Dan, PhD beetv Ennis Ruth, PhD Technion Freundlich Yehoshua, PhD the Israel State Archives Hazan Susan, PhD The Israel Museum Hermon Sorin, PhD The Cyprus Institute Kupietzky Allison, PhD The Israel Museum Oren Hadar Tel Aviv Museum of Art Rabina Doron Beit Berl College, Midrasha Schoo of Art Richler Galya National Library of Israel Rimon Hasia Tel Aviv Museumof Art Rubinstein Rachel Central Zionist Archives Simon Orly National Library of Israel Tarazi Ezri Bezalel Academy of Art and Design Tractinsky Assaf The Israel State Archives Vinitsky Maya Tel Aviv Museum of Art Winer Dov National Library of Israel IDEA-ALM: Ory Ainy, Debby Lin, Lior Ekron Bezalel Academy (Alphabetically): Ben Amram Kinneret, Blum Hadas, Brinker Barak, Cohen Sarah, David Lary, Eliav Ruth, Erez Tamar, Etty Levi, Halevi Shai, Levi-Nachman Dane, Levin Shiri, Manor Roni, Naftali Ayden, Szerer Moran, Turgeman Michal, Zaken Elinor, Zfati Ziv, Zeussman Shelly. 1 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 1 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... תקציר EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 10 RESEARCH STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 12 RESEARCH TEAM ................................................................................................................................................ 12 CONCEPTUAL BOUNDARIES AND BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................... 13 RESEARCH PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................... 14 WORKSHOPS ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 AD HOC CHANGES .............................................................................................................................................. 18 DIGITAL LIBRARIES – ANALYZING THE STATE OF THE ART ................................................................... 19 GENERAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 19 DEFINING THE END USER ................................................................................................................................... 29 DIGITIZATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 CATALOGUING ................................................................................................................................................... 39 FUTURE LEADS ................................................................................................................................................... 52 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) ............................................................................................................ 55 USER INTERFACE ................................................................................................................................................ 58 CURATORIAL DECISIONS AND CONTENT CONTRIBUTION ................................................................................ 61 MANAGING WORKFLOW AND PROCESSES AT THE DIGITAL LIBRARY .............................................................. 61 PILOT STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................ 62 HECHAL SHLOMO JEWISH ART MUSEUM (HSJAM) JUDAICA AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN ARCHIVING PILOT STUDY ... 62 THE BEZALEL FINE ART DEPARTMENT COLLECTION (BFADC) ART ARCHIVING PILOT STUDY ............................... 77 THE KIBBUTZ PLANNING ARCHIVE (KPA) ARCHITECTURAL ARCHIVING PILOT STUDY ......................................... 85 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 101 REFERENCE WEBSITES .......................................................................................................................... 104 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................. 109 Photographs and images used in this report were provided by the HSJAM, KPA and Bezalel Academy Archive for the sole use of demonstrating ideas in the report. Use of the images for any other purposes requires obtaining permission from the copyright owners. 2 תקציר רקע תוכנית זיכרון עולם של ארגון אונסקו נועדה לעודד מדינות לשמר את מורשתן התרבותית באופן דיגיטלי. האקדמיה לאמנות ועיצוב, בצלאל, נענתה לאתגר והציעה לבחון את התנאים להקמת ספריה דיגיטלית מקוונת בנושאי אמנות, עיצוב וארכיטקטורה בישראל על בסיס הידע המקצועי הרב שכבר קיים בישראל ומפוזר בין גופים שונים העוסקים בתחום. ייעודה של ספריה דיגיטלית זו לשמש כפלטפורמה שיתופית לתיעוד והנגשת אוספים ופריטים אשר נוצרו בישראל או על ידי יוצרים ישראלים במאה העשרים ואילך ואינם מתועדים באופן דיגיטלי או שאינם זמינים באמצעות האינטרנט. ריכוז מגוון אוספים יאפשר טיפול מקצועי ומקיף הן בתכנים המתועדים והן בהיבטים הטכניים הכרוכים בהפעלת והנגשת הספרייה הדיגיטלית. הקמת הספרייה הדיגיטלית תקדם את שיתוף הידע ושיתוף הפעולה סביב הנושאים בהם תעסוק, בין כלל הגופים הארכיונאים בישראל. לפני כשנתיים הוקמה ועדה בשיתוף נציגי המוסדות המובילים בתחום הארכיונאות והתרבות החזותית בישראל ובהם גנזך המדינה, הספרייה הלאומית, הארכיון הציוני המרכזי ומוזיאון ישראל. ועדה זו בראשות פרופ' יערה בר און, המשנה לנשיא בצלאל לעניינים אקדמיים, יזמה ומלווה פרויקט מחקרי לבחינת התנאים להקמת הספרייה הדיגיטלית. הפרויקט המחקרי נתמך על ידי הוועד הישראלי לאונסקו ותוכנית זיכרון העולם של ארגון אונסקו העולמי ומטרתו ריכוז הידע הקיים בתחום, בחינת הצרכים בשטח ומחקר פיילוט לדיגיטיזציה של פריטים מתוך אוספים ספציפיים. בראש הפרויקט עומד פרופ' מייק טרנר, יו"ר הוועדה הישראלית למורשת עולמית, הקתדרה של אונסקו ללימודי עיצוב אורבני ושימור ואת הפרויקט מרכזת גב' רעות שטרן, חוקרת עיצוב ומרצה בבצלאל. מבנה מחקר השלב הראשון של הפרויקט התקיים בין חודשים מרץ 2002 למרץ 2010 ופעל בשלושה מוקדים: ארכיטקטורה, עיצוב תעשייתי ואמנות. בשלב זה נעשו פעולות בכמה מישורים שונים לאיסוף מידע רלוונטי ובהן מחקרי מקרה של אוספים ספציפיים, סדנאות עבודה גדולות ומצומצמות, ראיונות עם אנשי מקצוע, סקירת ספרות רלוונטית, השתתפות בכנסים מקצועיים ואיסוף דוגמאות ומודלים להשוואה. שלושת האוספים שנבחרו כבסיס למחקר מקרה הינם בעלי מאפיינים שונים מבחינת היקף, סוג תכנים ומצב תחזוקה, דיגיטיזציה וקיטלוג. אוספים אלה כללו את: . ארכיון אדריכל התנועה הקיבוצית, מר פרדי כהנא . אוסף מוזיאון היכל שלמה לאמנות יהודית . אוסף המחלקה לאמנות באקדמיה לאמנות ועיצוב, בצלאל בספטמבר 2002, אורגנה סדנת עבודה מקיפה בנושא "מורשת היברידית": לקראת שיתוף ידע תרבותי". סדנת עבודה זו הפגישה אנשי מקצוע ממגוון תחומים ומוסדות לדיונים פתוחים סביב שולחן 3 עגול בהם נבחנו הצרכים הייחודיים של שימור מורשת התרבות החזותית בתחומי האמנות, העיצוב והאדריכלות. כמו כן נדון הפוטנציאל של שיתוף הפעולה סביב סוגיה זו ונעשה ניסיון לשרטט קו מתאר לעתיד העשייה בתחום. בסדנת העבודה השתתפו נציגי גנזך המדינה; הספרייה הלאומית; הארכיון הציוני המרכזי; מוזיאון ישראל; מוזיאון תל אביב; מוזיאון ארץ ישראל; המרכז לאמנות יהודית באוניברסיטה העברית; היכל שלמה; סינמטק ירושלים; ארכיון יד יערי וספריית השלום, גבעת חביבה; ספריית אוניברסיטת חיפה; הפורום לשימור הזיכרון האודיו-ויזואלי בישראל; רשות העתיקות, בי"ס גבוה להנדסה ועיצוב, שנקר; ספריית החומרים, מוזיאון העיצוב חולון; המוזיאון הישראלי לקריקטורה וקומיקס וכן מוסדות תרבות
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    The Journal of Israeli History Vol. 31, No. 1, March 2012, 147–165 Kibbutz fiction and Yishuv society on the eve of statehood: The Ma’agalot (Circles) affair of 19451 Shula Keshet* The novel Circles (1945) by David Maletz, a founding member of Kibbutz Ein Harod, created a furor both in kibbutz society and among its readers in the Yishuv. The angry responses raise numerous questions about the status of kibbutz society at the time and the position of the writer in it. This article examines the reasons for the special interest in Maletz’s book and considers its literary qualities. On the basis of the numerous responses to the book, it analyzes how kibbutz society was viewed in that period, both by its own members and by the Yishuv in general, and addresses the special dynamics of the work’s reception in a totally ideological society. The case of Circles sheds light on the ways in which kibbutz literature participated in the ideological construction of the new society, while at the same time criticizing its most basic assumptions from within. Keywords: David Maletz; Berl Katznelson; kibbutz; Hebrew literature; kibbutz literature; Yishuv society; readers’ response; ideological dissent Introduction The novel Circles by David Maletz, a founding member of Kibbutz Ein Harod, created a furor both within and outside kibbutz society upon its publication in 1945, in many ways marking the start of an internal crisis in kibbutz society that erupted in full force only some forty years later, in the late 1980s. Reading this novel in historical perspective provides insight into the roots of this crisis.
  • Handbook on Judaica Provenance Research: Ceremonial Objects

    Handbook on Judaica Provenance Research: Ceremonial Objects

    Looted Art and Jewish Cultural Property Initiative Salo Baron and members of the Synagogue Council of America depositing Torah scrolls in a grave at Beth El Cemetery, Paramus, New Jersey, 13 January 1952. Photograph by Fred Stein, collection of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, USA. HANDBOOK ON JUDAICA PROVENANCE RESEARCH: CEREMONIAL OBJECTS By Julie-Marthe Cohen, Felicitas Heimann-Jelinek, and Ruth Jolanda Weinberger ©Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, 2018 Table of Contents Foreword, Wesley A. Fisher page 4 Disclaimer page 7 Preface page 8 PART 1 – Historical Overview 1.1 Pre-War Judaica and Jewish Museum Collections: An Overview page 12 1.2 Nazi Agencies Engaged in the Looting of Material Culture page 16 1.3 The Looting of Judaica: Museum Collections, Community Collections, page 28 and Private Collections - An Overview 1.4 The Dispersion of Jewish Ceremonial Objects in the West: Jewish Cultural Reconstruction page 43 1.5 The Dispersion of Jewish Ceremonial Objects in the East: The Soviet Trophy Brigades and Nationalizations in the East after World War II page 61 PART 2 – Judaica Objects 2.1 On the Definition of Judaica Objects page 77 2.2 Identification of Judaica Objects page 78 2.2.1 Inscriptions page 78 2.2.1.1 Names of Individuals page 78 2.2.1.2 Names of Communities and Towns page 79 2.2.1.3 Dates page 80 2.2.1.4 Crests page 80 2.2.2 Sizes page 81 2.2.3 Materials page 81 2.2.3.1 Textiles page 81 2.2.3.2 Metal page 82 2.2.3.3 Wood page 83 2.2.3.4 Paper page 83 2.2.3.5 Other page 83 2.2.4 Styles
  • Article No.1 Voices

    Article No.1 Voices

    Voices From Israel is a new column that The Jewish Federation is proud to contribute as part of our Israel Program Center. In order to develop closer ties between Las Vegas and Israel there will be occasional submissions from Las Vegans who have participated in programs in Israel or made Aliyah (moved to Israel) with the help of the Israel Program Center. The article below is written by Jonathon Berman, a Las Vegas native who recently made Aliyah with the help of the Israel Program Center. Voices From Israel: Article 1 Following a Dream I am Jonathon Berman. I am 26 years old, Jewish, a Las Vegas Native, and almost one year ago I made Aliyah to Israel. Along with some personal goals and a desire to experience life and culture outside the U.S. since my Birthright trip in 2011, I have had a dream of giving back to Israel through service in the IDF (Israeli Defense Force). It was a long process, but as of right now I am a Chayal Boded (Lone Soldier- A soldier with no family within Israel). Initially, I looked into volunteer options but hit roadblocks due to my age, 24 at that time. I found an alternative way to join the IDF by making Aliyah and completing the 6-month mandatory service. I was given a spot in a 5 month Hebrew course on a Kibbutz in the north of Israel. I packed my bags and last November I boarded an El-AL flight to begin my journey. I remember landing at Ben Gurion Airport in Tel-Aviv with a deep fear that for some reason my friend was not going to be there to pick me up.