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Il Carpione Del Garda: Tutela Di Una Specie a Rischio Di Estinzione

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Il Carpione Del Garda: Tutela Di Una Specie a Rischio Di Estinzione www.regione.lombardia.it IL CARPIONE DEL GARDA: TUTELA DI UNA SPECIE A RISCHIO DI ESTINZIONE IL CARPIONE DEL GARDA: TUTELA DI UNA SPECIE A RISCHIO ESTINZIONE Quaderni della Ricerca n. 149 - febbraio 2013 Agricoltura Sperimentazione condotta nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca n. 1220 “Sviluppo di metodi e strumenti per la tutela di una specie a rischio di estinzione: il carpione del Garda (Salmo trutta carpio) – SALVACARPIO” ¿QDQ]LDWRFRQLO3URJUDPPD5HJLRQDOHGLULFHUFDLQFDPSRDJULFRORGL5HJLRQH/RPEDUGLD Testi a cura di: .DWLD3DUDWL*DHWDQR*HQWLOL*LRYDQQL/RULV$OERUDOL0DULDSLD9LJOLRQH Foto a cura di: .DWLD3DUDWLH*DHWDQR*HQWLOL Hanno realizzato le attività sperimentali: 3URYLQFLDGL%UHVFLD$VVHVVRUDWR&DFFLDH3HVFD8I¿FLR3HVFD 3529%6 9LD0LODQR%UHVFLD %6 7HO)D[ 3URSRQHQWH'RWW0DULD3LD9LJOLRQH(PDLOPYLJOLRQH#SURYLQFLDEUHVFLDLW ,VWLWXWR6SHULPHQWDOH,WDOLDQR/6SDOODQ]DQL ,6,/6 /RF/D4XHUFLD5LYROWDG¶$GGD &5 7HO)D[ 5HIHUHQWH'RWW.DWLD3DUDWL(PDLONDWLDSDUDWL#LVWLWXWRVSDOODQ]DQLLW ,VWLWXWR=RRSUR¿ODWWLFR6SHULPHQWDOHGHOOD/RPEDUGLDHGHOO¶(PLOLD5RPDJQD ,=6%6 9LD%LDQFKL%UHVFLD %6 7HO)D[ 5HIHUHQWH'RWW/RULV$OERUDOL(PDLOODOERUDOL#EVL]VLW *5$,$6UO 9LD5HSXEEOLFD9DUDQR%RUJKL 9$ 7HO)D[ 5HIHUHQWH'RWW*DHWDQR*HQWLOL(PDLOJDHWDQRJHQWLOL#JUDLDHX 5HVSRQVDELOHVFLHQWL¿FR.DWLD3DUDWL Per informazioni: 5HJLRQH/RPEDUGLD'LUH]LRQH*HQHUDOH$JULFROWXUD 82,QQRYD]LRQHFRRSHUD]LRQHHYDORUL]]D]LRQHGHOOHSURGX]LRQL 6WUXWWXUD5LFHUFDLQQRYD]LRQHWHFQRORJLFDHVHUYL]LDOOHLPSUHVH 3DOD]]R/RPEDUGLDSLD]]D&LWWjGHOOD/RPEDUGLD0LODQR 7HO)D[(PDLODJULBULFHUFD#UHJLRQHORPEDUGLDLW 5HIHUHQWL*LDQSDROR%HUWRQFLQL*LRYDQQD3UDGHULR 820XOWLIXQ]LRQDOLWjHVRVWHQLELOLWjGHOWHUULWRULR 6WUXWWXUD6YLOXSSRGHOO¶DJULFROWXUDGLPRQWDJQDHGHOO¶XWLOL]]RVRVWHQLELOHGHLWHUUHQLDJULFROL 3DOD]]R/RPEDUGLDSLD]]D&LWWjGHOOD/RPEDUGLD0LODQR 7HO)D[(PDLOSHVFD#UHJLRQHORPEDUGLDLW 5HIHUHQWL*LXVHSSLQD&RORPER$QWRQHOOD)RUQL &RS\ULJKW5HJLRQH/RPEDUGLD Finito di stampare nel mese di aprile 2013 SUHVVR$UWL*UD¿FKH9DQQLQLVUO%DJQROR0HOOD %6 Agricoltura IL CARPIONE DEL GARDA: TUTELA DI UNA SPECIE A RISCHIO DI ESTINZIONE Quaderni della Ricerca n. 149 - febbraio 2013 PRESENTAZIONE Il carpione (Salmo trutta carpio) è una specie endemica presente unicamente nel lago di Garda, ricercata per la qualità della sua carne e per l’alto valore commerciale che mantiene sui mercati locali; inoltre contribuisce a fare del bacino del Po una delle regioni più ricche d’Europa in specie endemiche di salmonidi. Un tempo abbondante, da un trentennio a questa parte la sua popolazione è invece in forte sofferenza, tanto da essere inserita nella lista rossa dell’IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) delle specie in grave pericolo di estinzione. Le attività svolte nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca “Sviluppo di metodi e strumenti per la tutela di una specie a rischio di estinzione: il carpione del Garda (Salmo trutta carpio) (SALVACARPIO)” hanno studiato le condizioni di DOOHYDPHQWRGHOFDUSLRQHDSDUWLUHGDHVHPSODULVHOYDWLFLDL¿QLGLGLVSRUUHGLHVHPSODULDGDWWLSHULSURJUDPPLGL ripopolamento. In particolare sono stati raggiunti questi risultati: ƒ PHVVDDSXQWRGLXQQXRYRSURWRFROORDOLPHQWDUHFKHVLqULYHODWRHIILFDFHQHOODGHOLFDWDIDVHGLVYH]]DPHQWR degli avannotti; ƒ FRVWUX]LRQHGLXQHIILFDFHSURWRFROORGLDVVHJQD]LRQHGLSDUHQWHODSHUHYLWDUHIHQRPHQLGLLQEUHHGLQJ ƒ PHVVDDSXQWRGLXQSURWRFROORGLFULRFRQVHUYD]LRQHGHOVHPHHDOOHVWLPHQWRGLXQDFULREDQFD ƒ GHILQL]LRQHGLXQSURWRFROORGLFRQWUROORHWUDWWDPHQWRVDQLWDULR ƒ FUHD]LRQHGLXQDSRSROD]LRQHGLULIHULPHQWRTXDOHSRWHQ]LDOHIXWXURVWRFNGLULSURGXWWRULDGDOWDYDULDELOLWj genetica. I risultati ottenuti possono essere quindi di grande rilievo per incrementare la presenza del Carpione attraverso i ripopolamenti che, uniti a misure di tutela rigorosa delle aree di frega e all’applicazione di norme più restrittive dell’attività di pesca, contribuiscono a conservare nel bacino del Po la forte diversità genetica della superspecie Salmo trutta. /DULSRSROD]LRQHGHOFDUSLRQHqLQ¿QHIXQ]LRQDOHDQFKHDOOHDWWLYLWjGHOODSHVFDVRVWHQLELOHHDOOD¿OLHUDWXULVPR ristorazione, che costituisce una delle più importanti voci economiche del lago di Garda. L’Assessore all’Agricoltura Regione Lombardia SOMMARIO PRESENTAZIONE ................................................... .................................. 3 RIASSUNTO................................................... ........................................... 7 PREMESSA ................................................... ............................................ 9 IL LAGO DI GARDA ................................................... ..............................10 ͳǤ ǧ ................................................... ..........11 ʹǤ ǧ ................................................... ...........12 2.1 Tempo di ricambio................................................... .............................12 2.2 Temperatura e ossigeno disciolto ................................................... .............12 2.3 Fosforo ................................................... .........................................13 ................................................... ....................14 3. ʹǤͶSTATO ϐDzdz ECOLOGICO................................................... ..................................15 4. EVOLUZIONE DELLO STATO TROFICO DEL LAGO DI GARDA ......................................16 5. COMUNITÀ ZOOPLANCTONICA................................................... ....................17 6. COMUNITÀ ITTICA................................................... ..................................17 7. PESCA PROFESSIONALE ................................................... ...........................19 IL CARPIONE DEL GARDA ................................................... ...................24 8. IL CARPIONE DEL GARDA................................................... ..........................24 8.1 Sistematica ................................................... .....................................24 8.2 Geonemia ................................................... ......................................24 8.3 Morfologia ................................................... .....................................24 8.4 Filogenesi ................................................... ......................................24 8.5 Habitat ................................................... .........................................25 8.6 Alimentazione ................................................... .................................25 8.7 Biologia riproduttiva ................................................... ..........................25 8.8 Minacce ................................................... ........................................26 8.9 Protezione ................................................... .....................................26 8.10 Conservazione e gestione ................................................... .....................26 PROBLEMI CHE IL PROGETTO SI PROPONE DI AFFRONTARE ...............27 FINALITÀ DELLA RICERCA................................................... ..................28 CAMPIONAMENTO DEL MATERIALE BIOLOGICO E CREAZIONE DI POPOLAZIONI DI RIFERIMENTO ................................................... ........30 9. CAMPIONAMENTO DEL MATERIALE................................................... ..............30 9.1 Incontro coi pescatori ................................................... .........................30 9.2 Campionamento del materiale biologico ................................................... .....30 9.3 Andamento della pesca ................................................... ........................31 9.4 Esami biometrici dei soggetti pescati ................................................... .........32 10. CRIOCONSERVAZIONE................................................... ..............................33 10.1 Prelievo delle gonadi ................................................... ..........................33 10.2 Analisi del seme ................................................... ...............................34 10.3 Prove di crioconservazione ................................................... ...................35 10.3.1 Discussione e limiti riscontrati ................................................... .........36 11. PROVE SPERIMENTALI DI ALLEVAMENTO ................................................... .......37 .....................37 11.1.1 La struttura ................................................... .............................37 ͳͳǤͳ ϐ ǯ 11.1.2 Il materiale ittico di partenza ................................................... ..........38 11.1.3 Le spremiture ................................................... ...........................38 11.1.4 Produzione della progenie ................................................... ..............40 11.1.5 Primo svezzamento e gestione dello stock di riproduttori ................................42 ....................................44 11.2.1 La struttura ................................................... .............................44 ͳͳǤʹ ǯǯ 11.2.2 Produzione della progenie ................................................... ..............45 11.2.3 Sviluppo di un nuovo protocollo di svezzamento ..........................................47 12. VARIABILITÀ GENETICA E ASSEGNAZIONE DI PARENTELA .......................................48 12.1 Estrazione del materiale genomico e genotipizzazioni .........................................49 12.2 Ricostruzione della parentela e misura della variabilità ........................................50 13. OPERAZIONE DI RIPOPOLAMENTO ..................................................
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