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PHYS 133 Academic Honesty Worksheet - Fall 2015

The University of Delaware’s Code of Conduct clearly outlines a general expectation for students to act honestly and professionally within the classroom. Plagiarism, fabrication, cheating, or any other forms of academic dishonesty will NOT be tolerated, and students found in violation of the University’s code will be penalized and reported through the appropriate channels. A brief description of our expectations pertaining to labs are defined below: Plagiarism: The University’s Code of Conduct1 defines plagiarism as “the inclusion of some else’s words, ideas, images, or data as one’s own,” and states that “[w]hen a student submits academic work that includes anothers words, ideas, images, or data...the source of that information must be acknowledged with complete and accurate references and, if verbatim statements are included, with quotation marks as well (Section A.2.a.).” Any graded work that results from shared ideas must give credit to all authors involved. Practically, this means that submitted lab reports should contain the names of all lab partners involved. It also requires that any definitions or ideas borrowed from another source be properly quoted and cited. Fabrication: This is defined by the Code of Conduct to be “the use of information or the falsification of research or other findings (Section A.2.b.).” In lab, this clause prohibits the invention of data or the falsification of results. Forgery of any kind will also not be tolerated. Cheating: The University’s Code of Conduct defines cheating in detail, including but not limited to the “copying [of] another’s academic work, [or] allowing another person to copy one’s own academic work (Section 2.A.c).” In PHYS 133, this means if you work with someone else, you are allowed to submit a joint paper that is the product of both individuals’ thoughts and reflections, as long as both authors receive credit. It is also acceptable to discuss ideas as a group. However, work that is required to be submitted individually must be written in your own words, even if you discussed the concepts with a partner. In PHYS 133 Lab, we take academic honesty violations very seriously, including but not limited to: • Copying another student’s data, prelab, or lab work • Allowing another student to copy your data, prelab, or lab work • Plagiarism of any form • Fabrication of any kind (this includes forged data) Should your TA and/or your Professor determine that you are in violation of the PHYS 133 cheating policy, you will be subject to the following sanctions, at the discretion of your TA and/or your Professor, that include but are not limited to: • Losing credit for the plagiarized (copied, etc.) part of the assignment • Losing credit for the whole assignment in question • Losing a fraction of your total PHYS 133 lab grade • Receiving penalties issuing from a report made to the University of Delaware’s Office of Student Conduct At any point this semester, if you are unsure of how to proceed on an assignment or avoid plagiarism, ask your TAs, and we will be happy to help you. The following exercises are designed to help you learn to recognize and avoid plagiarism, to help you better succeed in the PHYS 133 labs. Complete the rest of this worksheet and return it to your TA in your first scheduled lab session.

1“Student Guide to University Policies : Code of Conduct.” Student Guide to University Policies : Code of Conduct. University of Delaware, 2015. Web. 10 Aug. 2015. . Name:

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Part 1

Directions: Read the article “Direct-Image Discovery of a Young Jupiter” by Monica Young2, then identify which of the following statements (if any) are plagiarized. If you think the statement isn’t plagiarized, write “ok” in the box below the question; if plagiarized, write “plagiarized” and state why.

1. (2 points) The direct-imaging instrument Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) recently found a baby-Jupiter in a solar system only 100 light-years away.

2. (2 points) The new planet Eridani b may bear similarities to Jupiter, but it certainly isn’t an exact copy. As Young writes, “Even through methane is present on Jupiter as well, its detection in 51 Eridani b was a surprise, since previously direct-imaged planets haven’t shown clear methane signatures” (Young, par. 6).

3. (2 points) The difference between a cold-start model and a hot-start model is that in the former, “gas giants begin as dense, solid cores that then gather gas around them,” while in the latter “planets don’t use a rocky seed but begin as instabilities in the star’s gaseous protoplanetary disk.”

4. (2 points) The dozen or so exoplanets found so far have all been so hot, astronomers have had difficulty developing a definite system for identifying formation mechanisms.

5. (2 points) Caltech’s Davy Kirkpatrick states that scientists are unsure of the formation mechanism for the new-found exoplanet (Young, par. 10).

2Young, Monica. “Direct-Image Discovery of a Young Jupiter.” Sky and Telescope Magazine (2015): n. pag. 17 Aug. 2015. Web. F+W Media, Inc, 24 Aug. 2015.

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Part 2

Directions: Read the article “Robotic Flyers: The Future of Space Exploration?” by David Dickinson3, and answer the following questions. Be careful to NOT plagiarize! 6. (2 points) What is an EAF? What makes it so useful for space exploration?

7. (2 points) Why can’t you use a GPS with an EAF?

8. (2 points) Which foreign worlds would these robots explore?

9. (2 points) Why is Swamp Works an “ideal laboratory for extreme flyers” (Davidson, par. 7)?

10. (2 points) According to the article, is the new robot technology exclusively for space exploration? If not, where else could it be used?

3Dickinson, David. “Robotic Flyers: The Future of Space Exploration?” Sky and Telescope Magazine (2015): n. pag. F+W Media, Inc, 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 24 Aug. 2015. This worksheet was developed by Christiana Erba for the University of Delaware’s PHYS 133 Lab Class, last updated by the author on September 1, 2015.

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Direct­Image Discovery of a Young Jupiter By: Monica Young | August 17, 2015

The Gemini Planet Imager has discovered its first exoplanet, a young Jupiter still glowing with the heat of its formation.

Only 100 light­years away, a just­formed gas giant orbits a Sun­like star, the infant equivalent of Jupiter in the solar system — and the first exoplanet discovery for the direct­imaging instrument Gemini Planet Imager (GPI).

The discovery image from Gemini Planet Imager of 51 Eridani b, a gas giant orbiting a star 100 light­years away. Gemini Observatory / J. Rameau / C. Marois

GPI is part of the next­gen suite of direct­imaging instruments, which also includes SPHERE, ScEX­AO, and Project 1640. It captures infrared light from stars and their young (less than 1 billion years old) planets. The star­planet contrast is better at infrared wavelengths than in visible light, at least for young systems, since giant planets still glow appreciably with the leftover heat of their formation.

GPI operates with a coronagraphic mask, to block most of a star’s light, and silicon microchip deformable http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/direct-image-discovery-of-a-young-jupiter-0817201567/?et_mid=777854&rid=247463745 1/4 8/24/2015 Direct-Image Discovery of a Young Jupiter - Sky & Telescope mirrors, whose shape can bend to cancel out atmospheric turbulence. Some diffracted starlight still leaks through in a speckled pattern, but thanks to the adaptive optics, the instrument can make out planets as long as they are big, young, and hot enough, and far enough from their parent star to escape from its glare.

GPI is imaging 600 young, nearby stars in a sweeping search for exoplanets between 2014 and 2016. The discovery of 51 Eridani b came as the team was about 20% of the way through the survey.

A Young Jupiter?

51 Eridani b is a gas giant 13 astronomical units from its 20 million­year­old star, which, if it were orbiting our Sun, would put it farther out than Jupiter — somewhere between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus. As directly imaged planets go, this one is relatively cool at 750 Kelvin (900°F).

Near­infrared spectra show that this planet’s atmosphere contains methane and water vapor. Even though methane is present on Jupiter as well, its detection in 51 Eridani b was a surprise, since This artist's conception of 51 Eridani b shows the hot layers deep in its atmosphere glowing through the clouds. Because this system is only 20 previously direct­imaged planets million years old, the planet still radiates the heat of its formation. haven’t shown clear methane DanielleFutselaar and Franck Marchis signatures.

Though the team obtained two images of the planet, one in December 2014 and one in January 2015, not enough time had elapsed between the two observations to track the planet’s motion around its star. So its mass is still a bit of a mystery. Plugging its temperature into models, Bruce Macintosh (Stanford University and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) and colleagues estimate its mass could be anywhere between 2 and 12 Jupiter masses.

Forming Planets: Cold­Start vs. Hot­Start

Because the researchers base their mass estimate on the exoplanet’s temperature, the estimate depends on how the team assumes the planet formed. There are two main scenarios: cold start and hot start.

The cold­start model suggests that gas giants begin as dense, solid cores that then gather gas around them. The hot­ start model instead proposes that planets don’t use a rocky seed but begin as instabilities in the star’s gaseous protoplanetary disk that collapse quickly and directly into planets.

“In the case of 51 Eridani, since there is just the one close­in companion, it's not clear what the formation scenario is,” says Davy Kirkpatrick (Caltech). “The newly found 51 Eri b could have formed as the only planet from a protoplanetary This diagram depicts two leading scenarios for planet formation. Core accretion is another name for the cold­start scenario and disk disk, or it might have formed like stars instability is another name for the hot­start scenario. do.” : NASA / ESA / A. Feild

If the team assumes 51 Eri b formed via the hot­start model, the planet’s mass is roughly twice that of Jupiter. The cold­start model gives a wider range, between 2 and 12 Jupiter masses.

The dozen or so exoplanets found so far have all been so hot, astronomers have had difficulty explaining their formation via either scenario. (We’ve been limited to very hot planets in large part because first­generation instruments haven’t been sensitive enough to detect cooler, dimmer exoplanets.) In fact, 51 Eridani b is the first directly imaged planet that is roughly consistent with both scenarios.

But, Kirkpatrick cautions, “At the moment, planetary . . . modeling is not just in its infancy — it’s downright fetal. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/direct-image-discovery-of-a-young-jupiter-0817201567/?et_mid=777854&rid=247463745 2/4 8/24/2015 Direct-Image Discovery of a Young Jupiter - Sky & Telescope “The theory doesn't yet have any predictive power because the models are still too crude and too simplistic,” he adds. “Exoplanet and brown dwarf science will continue to be led by observations, and whatever tests the models might deliver should be taken with a grain of salt.”

Nevertheless, better mass estimates in the near future will help narrow down formation scenarios for young 51 Eridani b and other Jupiter­like planets.

Babak Tafreshi contributed to the reporting of this article.

Direct­imaging exoplanets is the wave of the near­future. Read about how we could one day image an exo­ Earth in the October issue of Sky & Telescope. Subscribe now!

CATEGORIES Exoplanets, News

About Monica Young

Monica Young, a professional astronomer by training, is web editor of Sky & Telescope, where she creates, manages, and maintains website content, and contributes to the magazine. View all posts by Monica Young →

All comments must follow the Sky & Telescope Terms of Use and will be moderated prior to posting. Please be civil in your comments. Sky & Telescope reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter’s username, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

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Robotic Flyers: The Future of Space Exploration? By: David Dickinson | August 18, 2015

Flying robot explorers could one day grace the skies of other worlds. Quadcopters, the four­propeller drones that have become a familiar sight in terrestrial skies, may be the next big thing in space exploration. Engineers based at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on the Florida Space Coast are working on the next generation of robotic scouts to take planetary exploration airborne.

The facility, known as Swamp Works, is designing small flying probes which will be An Extreme Access Flyer Prototype. capable of reaching hard­to­access spots, NASA/Swamp Works such as crater walls or crevasses.

Engineers are designing these prototypes for use in harsh environments. Navigation based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) would be unavailable for an EAF based on Mars or an asteroid. Moreover, the flyers would have to be completely autonomous, able to make snap decisions on their own as they operate on surfaces of worlds several light­minutes away from Mission Control here on Earth.

Drones to Explore the Solar System

NASA is looking to develop these flying scouts as the next logical evolution in planetary exploration, following the success of its rover program. Lunar and Mars rovers trace a lineage all the way back to the Soviet Union’s first Lunokhod 1 Moon rover in 1970 and the Prop­M rovers aboard the ill­fated Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions. NASA has fielded four successful rovers on Mars, starting with Sojourner in 1997 and continuing with Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, and Insight, a Curiosity look­alike with all­new instruments set to head to the Red Planet in 2020.

Though Swamp Works is conducting initial tests using ducted fan motors, the flyers will ultimately maneuver in the mostly airless environments of the Moon, Mars, or an asteroid using cold­gas jets. The flyers would utilize steam or nitrogen gas to maneuver as they venture out for small samples, returning to a larger base vessel for periodic recharging.

“One of the reasons we chose the propellant systems that we did is so they could replenish themselves via a method known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU),” says Mike DuPuis, co­investigator for the Extreme Access Flyer (EAF) project. Future missions could ultimately scale up this technology to mine for vital resources — such as water — ahead of the arrival of astronauts. “Every kilogram mined on­site is a kilogram that astronauts wouldn’t have to bring with them,” DuPuis said.

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A prototype Asteroid Prospector Flyer. NASA / Swamp Works

NASA's Asteroid Prospector Flyer Prototype Test

Swamp Works is an ideal laboratory for extreme flyers, as it houses capabilities used to simulate otherworldly environments, such as the Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations Laboratory, the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, and the Regolith Activities Testbed. These facilities simulate the kind of conditions an EAF might encounter on the surface of an asteroid or Mars. Engineers are also working on giving the flyers the ability to recognize the terrain in order to plot a course using laser guidance and autonomous onboard navigational systems.

“An example is Shackleton crater on the south pole of the Moon, which is in permanent shadow,” DuPuis said. “Such a region is cold enough to freeze a rover, whereas an EAF could do repeated quick ‘dash and grab’ missions.”

The advent of 3D printing has also streamlined the development of a successful prototype flyer. Often, off­the­ shelf components for one­of­a­kind prototypes simply didn’t exist, and in the A side view of Shackleton Crater. NASA past, off­site fabrication was a time­ http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/robotic-flyers-drones-the-future-of-space-exploration-0818201544/?et_mid=777854&rid=247463745 2/5 8/24/2015 Robotic Flyers: The Future of Space Exploration? - Sky & Telescope consuming process. Now engineers can often custom­order and 3D­print any needed parts on­site.

Flyers Now and in the Near­Future

Swamp Works engineers began the project about two years ago and are currently testing one large quadcopter as well as several smaller prototypes, working out the drones’ control capabilities. Honeybee Robotic Spacecraft Mechanisms and Embry­Riddle Aeronautical University also help with guidance and control systems.

Extreme Access Flyer technology may have Earthly applications as well. Researchers could send a remote flyer into zones dangerous for humans, such as a caldera of an active volcano. Emergency first responders could also deploy a flyer to survey the site of a toxic spill or nuclear catastrophe.

Robotic flyers could also pave the way for human habitation on other worlds. Lava tubes on the Moon and Mars provide natural shielding from micrometeorites and dangerous radiation, and such sites would be ideal for a future outpost on the Moon or Mars. An extreme access flyer may give us our first glimpses inside these lava tubes, and open them up for further exploration.

Certainly, the pipeline from mission development and proposal to approval is a long one, but designers might incorporate Extreme Access Flyers aboard future missions in the decades to come.

One such proposal calls for a balloon­based quadcopter to explore the atmosphere and surface of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Unlike Mars, Titan has a dense enough atmosphere to allow rotor propulsion. The quadcopter would make trips to the frigid surface of Titan, returning periodically to the balloon to recharge, using its nuclear­powered Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator.

Extreme Access Flyers promise to open up new planetary vistas and usher in a new generation of planetary exploration.

An artist’s conception of the proposed Titan balloon with quadcopter. NASA / JPL

CATEGORIES Astronomy in Space with David Dickinson, Blogs, News, Spacecraft and Space Missions

About David Dickinson

David Dickinson is a freelance science writer, high school science teacher, retired enlisted U.S. Air Force veteran and avid stargazer. He currently resides with his wife Myscha in the Tampa Bay area and Florida. David also writes science fiction in his spare time, and shares the universe and more on his own website, www.astroguyz.com. View all posts by David Dickinson →

One thought on “Robotic Flyers: The Future of Space Exploration?”

jsheff August 21, 2015 at 1:06 pm

Insight is not the name of the 2020 rover. Insight is a stationary lander that will be launched – and land on Mars – in 2016.

As far as I know, the 2020 rover has not yet received a formal name.

– John Sheff Cambridge, MA

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