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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03512-6 - Operation Typhoon: Hitler’s March on Moscow, October 1941 David Stahel Index More information

INDEX

Afrikakorps 308 losses 26, 294 Air Fleet 245, 60, 96, 183, 206, 222–224 Operation Barbarossa 32 II Air Corps 61, 206 Fourth Panzer 73 VIII Air Corps 61, 131, 149, 165, 206 Sixth 8, 32, 49, 76, 121, 256 Air Fleet 460 Ninth Aktion T4 programme 264 deployment 62, 73, 131, 179, 182, Aleksin 304 276 Alexander I, tsar 3, 239 horses 194 Anatolia 52 Kalinin 184–189, 252–254, 287–289 Antonescu, Ion 109, 198, 278–279 losses 26 Archangel 233–234 Operation Barbarossa 32, 84 Armies (British) Viaz’ma encirclement 146 Eighth 308 Eleventh 32, 301 Armies (German) Sixteenth 32 First Panzer 76, 198, 230 Seventeenth 32–33, 84, 277, 280 Second Eighteenth 32 Briansk encirclement 77, 87, 118, 159 Armies (Romanian) deployment 62, 76, 260 Third 32, 279 drive on Moscow 177 Fourth 32, 278 Second Panzer Armies (Soviet) Briansk encirclement 119, 159–160 Third 77, 118–119 deployment 179, 182 Fifth 139, 218–219 drive on Tula 241, 257–261, 283 Ninth 198, 301 establishment 76 Thirteenth 77, 87, 119 logistics 95–97, 123, 126, 195–196 Sixteenth 78, 139, 156, 218 Mtsensk 189–192 Eighteenth 198, 301 Fourth Nineteenth 78, 156 deployment 62, 276 Twentieth 62, 78, 153, 156 drive on Moscow 165, 173–174, Twenty-Second 140, 161, 183 177–179, 241–246, 260–261, Twenty-Fourth 62, 78, 153, 156 282–285 Twenty-Ninth 140, 161, 183

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03512-6 - Operation Typhoon: Hitler’s March on Moscow, October 1941 David Stahel Index More information

401 / Index

Thirtieth 140, 183 Bagration, Petr 13 Thirty-Second 78, 153, 156 Baltic Sea 33, 49 Thirty-Third 161, 219 Bär, Heinz 61 Forty-Third 62, 139, 218–219 Barbarossa, Operation 1, 16, 32–33, Forty-Ninth 139, 218 272, 290 Fiftieth 77, 118–119, 158–159, 258 Barclay de Tolly, Andreas 13–14 Coastal Army 198 Barents Sea 32, 235 Army Group Centre Baromykin, Boris 244 BBC radio 238 Bätcher, Hans-Georg 223 Briansk encirclement 119, 157–162 Battleaxe, Operation 237 drive on Moscow 173–179, 239–246 Becker, Hans 171 foreign armies 275–278 Belarus (Belorussia) 8, 70, 272 Grosstransportraum 20, 35, 92, Belgium 278 187–188, 250, 257 Below, Nicolaus von 100 horses 193–195 Belyasnik, Petr 236 logistics 187–189, 195–196 Beria, L. P. 69–70, 216 morale 206–208 Berlin 6, 57–58, 105, 200, 225–226 objectives 76, 191 Bessarabia 70, 277–278 Operation Barbarossa 32, 40–41 Bezhetsk 253–255, 259–260 operational problems 25–26, Bidermann, Gottlob 131, 154, 169, 35–39, 92–94, 290–291, 207–208, 228, 248 303–304 Bismarck, Georg von 55 optimism 111–112 Bittrich, Wilhelm 176 orders 131 Black Sea 32–33, 49, 278 partisans 122–124, 293 Black Sea Fleet 198 railways 20–21, 92 Bletchley Park 273 reinforcement for Typhoon 2, Blue, Operation 256 43–45 Blumentritt, Günther sickness/losses 192–193, 246–249, drive on Moscow 165, 240 262–266, 268–270 Operation Barbarossa 26–27 Viaz’ma encirclement 71, 88–89, post-war correspondence 306 150–151, 153–154 propaganda 105, 287, 304 weather problems 166–172 strategic thinking 90, 97, 111, 150 Army Group North 8, 32, 64, 275 Bock, Fedor von 1 treatment of Jews 170 Briansk encirclement 88–89, 158–159 in Typhoon planning 81 impact of weather 81, 239–241 Army Group South 8, 32, 49, Kalinin 184–185, 188, 252–254 256, 301 new operations 259–262, 287–289 Axis formations within 278–281 October operations 298–300 disputes within 84 optimism for Typhoon 21, 56–57, Reichenau’s order 121 294–296 Army Group Vistula 374 planning for Typhoon 49–50 Arnim, Hans-Jürgen von 76 relationship with commanders 71–76, 84 Auchinleck, Claude 308, 361 Soviet POWs 162 Auleb, Helge 94 Spanish Blue Division 275–276 Austerlitz, battle of 13 strategic thinking 81, 120, 127, 165, Austria 12 179, 182, 196, 282–283, 290–291 Avdotnya 267 Viaz’ma encirclement 78–80, 89–92, Azov, battle of Sea of 301 115–116, 118, 143, 150–151

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Bogolyubskaya, Irina 216 Caulaincourt, Armand de 27–28, 83 Bolshoi Theatre 216, 224 Cavallero, Ugo 279 Bomber Command 200 Central Asia 5 Bonaparte, Napoleon 3, 13–15, 19, 27, Chales de Beaulieu, Walter 43, 176 83, 97–98, 142, 176–177, 239, Charles XII, King 11–12, 15, 269, 297 27, 297 Borodino, battle of 14, 176 Cherevichenko, I. T. 198 Brauchitsch, Walter von 64 Chern 257 logistics 197 China 271 Luftwaffe losses 225 Churchill, Winston 99, 156, 232–237, new operations 259–262 308, 361 OKH directives 81, 230 Ciano, Galeazzo 58, 99, 102, 181–182, strategic thinking 49, 111, 179, 199, 279 239–240, 253 Ciuperca, Nicolae 32 Braun, H. E. 144–145 Clausen, battle of 11–12 Breith, Hermann 189 Clausewitz, Carl von 9–10, 15, 19, 30, Bremen 201 150, 198, 258 Brest fortress 33, 216 Clössner, Heinrich 87 Brest(-Litovsk) 205, 352 Cochenhausen, Conrad von 159 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 69 Cologne 200 Briansk 49, 62, 73, 195–197, 212, Conrad III, king 52 258, 293 Constantinople 52 Briansk, battle of 2, 305 corps (German army) encirclement 76–78, 86–88 II 267 ﬁghting to escape pocket 118–120, V 146, 282 157–162 VI 253 Britain 3, 31, 107, 156, 204, 224, 233, VIII 146 236–238 IX 58, 153, 195 Britain, battle of 235 XII 177, 245 Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt, Walter Graf von XIII 177, 245 266 XX 246 Bruch, Gerhard von 250, 286 XXIII 253 Bucharest 199, 222, 278 XXXIV 76, 192, 260 Budak, Mile 53 XXXV 76, 86–87, 192, 260 Budenny, S. M. 45 XXXXIII 36, 86, 193, 257 Bug, River 205 LIII 119, 193–194 Bukovina 70 corps (Hungarian) Bumke, Ludwig 166 Mobile Corps 279–280 Busch, Ernst 32 corps (Italian) CSIR (Italian Expeditionary Corps in Canaris, Wilhelm 270 Russia) 33, 279, 371 Carpathian Group 33 Crimea 16, 198, 214, 237, 290 Case Blue 1 Cripps, Stafford 140, 233, 237 Case Yellow 1 Croatian Air Force Legion (Hrvatska Cassidy, Henry 5, 223 Zrakoplovna Legija) 61 Catherine II, tsarina 13 Croatian Infantry Regiment 277 Catloš, Ferdinand 33 Crusader, Operation 237, 309 Caucasus 112, 245 Czechoslovakia 201

403 / Index

Deck, Josef 162 ‘Grossdeutschland’ (Infantry Regiment) Degrelle, Léon 97, 165, 206, 370 118, 158 Denisova, Maria 148, 152 ‘Polizei’ 229 Denmark 278 ‘Das Reich’ 37, 173–177, 243–245, Desna River 45, 49, 77 247, 262 Detschino 178 ‘Wiking’ 33, 277 Dietrich, Otto 100–101, 105–106, divisions (Slovakian) 165–166, 181, 304 Mobile Division 280–281 divisions (German) divisions (Soviet) 176 1st (Cavalry) 80, 87, 194, 206, 275 3rd Communist Division 218 3rd (Motorised) 125 17th Riﬂe Division 215 6th (Infantry) 94, 103, 130, 269 107th Motorised Riﬂe Division 128 7th (Infantry) 276 divisions (Spanish) 8th (Infantry) 206 250th (Infantry) 275 10th (Motorised) 87, 119 Dmitriev 82 15th (Infantry) 246–247 Dmitriev-Lgovskiy 191 23rd (Infantry) 114, 282 Dmitrovsk 60 25th (Motorised) 80, 87, 103, 119–120, Dnepr River 16, 32, 56, 62, 115, 278 203 Dnepropetrovsk 133, 184, 216 28th (Infantry) 206 Don Basin 86, 108 29th (Motorised) 87, 119–120, 158 Dorokhovo 151, 304 30th (Infantry) 195 Dose, Wolf 54 35th (Infantry) 60, 146 Dukhovshchina 49 36th (Motorised) 130, 183–184, 188, Dukhovshchina offensive 300 252, 255, 288 Dumitrescu, Petre 32 46th (Infantry) 262 Dunkirk 156 52nd (Infantry) 118, 159 Dvina River 32 56th (Infantry) 194 58th (Infantry) 54 East Prussia 12 79th (Infantry) 50 Eberbach, Heinrich 126, 257–258 86th (Infantry) 73, 289 Eden, Anthony 237 87th (Infantry) 115 Efferbergen, Hans 193 98th (Infantry) 178, 239, 246, 263 Efremov, M. G. 219 112th (Infantry) 118 Egypt 112 129th (Infantry) 252, 255, 288–289 Ehrenburg, Ilya 220 131th (Infantry) 57 Elizabeth, empress 83 134th (Infantry) 159 Eremenko, A. I. 45, 58, 77, 87, 119–120, 137th (Infantry) 26 158 161st (Infantry) 89, 287 Erfurth, Waldemar 26 162nd (Infantry) 289 Ershakov, A. N. 153 163rd (Infantry) 201 Esebeck, Hans-Karl Freiherr von 95 167th (Infantry) 118 252nd (Infantry) 117 Far East 5 263rd (Infantry) 26 Fausten, Heinz Otto 55, 131 267th (Infantry) 114 Fehn, Gustav 18, 68 268th (Infantry) 282 Felber, Hans-Gustav 177 293rd (Infantry) 87, 119 Feldt, Kurt 194 707th (Infantry) 123 Filaret, Patriarch 10

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Fili 212 Grossman, Vasily 59, 62, 76, 81, 220 Finland 168, 236, 271, 278, 281 Guderian, Heinz 18 First Protocol 233, 237 Briansk pocket 86–88, 119–120, Fischer, Wolfgang 78 158–160 Foreign Armies East 271–272 drive on Tula 257–262 Foreign Armies West 271 logistics 195 Förster, Otto-Wilhelm 253 operational problems 61, 64–65, 126 Four-Year Plan Organisation 108 planning for Typhoon 49–50 Fourth Crusade 53 relations with fellow commanders France 13, 22, 199, 205–206, 276–277 73, 285 Franco, Francisco 102 strategic thinking 27, 67, 82, 190–191, Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) 104 241, 367 Frederick I, Kaiser 30, 52–53 weather affecting operations 80, legend of Barbarossa 30–31 169–170 Frederick II, king 13 Guicking, Ernst 51, 118, 159, 193, Fremerey, Max 87 205, 231 Friedland, battle of 13 Günther, Helmut 205, 262, 268 Frisch, Franz 92, 97 Gzhatsk 174 Fritzsche, Hans 106 Fromm, Fritz 24, 40 Haape, Heinrich 55, 80, 269, 368 Fuchs, Karl 147, 149, 251, 268, 291 Hager, Erich 58, 86, 203, 269 Funck, Hans Freiherr von 35, 77 Halder, Franz 17 Funk, Walter 108 Briansk 86 command disputes 84, 88, 254 Gablenz, Eccard Freiherr von 276 drive to Moscow 165 Gareis, Martin 246, 292 motorised forces 42, 60 Germany new operations 259–261 war economy 23–24 Operation Barbarossa 24, 27–28, 40, Geyer, Hermann 58, 194 184, 208, 272 Giese, Hans-Albert 51 optimism for Typhoon 21, 181, 196 Goebbels, Joseph planning for Typhoon 49 optimism about the war 3, 50–52, 78, strategic thinking 306 99–100, 240 Viaz’ma 89 private doubts 179–181, 198–200, 286 Hartmann, Hans Jürgen 58 in propaganda 201 Harz Mountains 30 propaganda after Viaz’ma 103–106, Hassell, Ulrich von 204 109, 165–166, 256 Hausser, Paul 173 Spanish war effort 276 Heidelberg 12 Gollnick, Hans 184 Heinrici, Gotthard 36, 86, 257 Golubev, K. D. 218 Heitz, Walter 146 Gomel 92 Hell, Ernst-Eberhard 246 Gordon, Abram 151–152 Hellmich, Heinz 114 Göring, Hermann 108, 201, 225 Helsinki 222 Grande Armée 13–14, 19, 27 Henry, Harald 105, 159, 193, Grandes, Agustín Muñoz 33, 275 205, 267 Great Northern War 11 Heppermann, Heinz 166 Greece 42 Heusinger, Adolf 111–112, 165, 179, Greiffenberg, Hans von 90, 111, 181 260–261 Groener, Wilhelm 3 Heysing, Günther 176, 244, 247

405 / Index

Himer, Kurt 262 Jeschonnek, Hans 225 Hitler, Adolf Jews 121, 152, 212, 279 Axis allies 278–279 Jodl, Alfred 100, 270, 296 Luftwaffe losses 225 Joppien, Hermann-Friedrich 61 new operations 259–262 New Order in the east 230 Kaempfe, Rudolf 76 Operation Barbarossa 31, 39, 299 Kalinin 4 optimism for Typhoon 21, 54, 57–58, distance to 247 64, 78, 106, 256, 286, 298, 304 fall of 212 orders for Bock 81 ﬁghting at 241, 287–289, 302 in propaganda 201 operations north of 250–256 refusal to consider peace deal 70 as Panzer Group 3’s objective 81–82, reinforcements for Ostheer 21–22, 42 90, 94, 114, 128–133 Romanian success 198 Kaluga 45, 69, 90, 139, 173, 176–177, 218 strategic thinking 90, 98–101, 196, 203, Kamenskoye 245 222, 252–254, 274, 276, 283–285 Kankaapää 168 war economy 107 Karachev 195 Hoepner, Erich 8, 364 Kardell, Henning 203, 228 advance to Moscow 94–95, 177, 241, 287 Kazakhstan 175 failure of Typhoon 185, 328 Kazan 234 planning for Typhoon 49 Kearney, USS 238 relations with other commanders 285 Keitel, Wilhelm, 100, 199, 225 Viaz’ma encirclement 78, 90, 173 Kempf, Werner 8 Hoffmann, Heinrich 61 Kern, Ernst 19, 68, 262, 269 Höhne, Gustav 206 Kesselring, Albrecht 45, 60–61, 64–65, 183, Hopkins, Harry 201 206, 222–227, 252, 302–303 Horn, Wolfgang 112, 149 Kharkov 55 Hörnlein, Walter 119 Kholm 62, 71–74 Horthy, Miklós 279–280 Kiev 50, 230 Hoth, Hermann 18 Kiev, battle of 3, 16, 19, 41, 150, 208, operational problems 60, 74 216, 299 planning for Typhoon 49 Kinzel, Eberhard 271 promotion to army command 84–85 Kirchner, Friedrich 94, 327 relations with other commanders 285 Kleist, Ewald von 18, 30, 230, 313, 328 Hubicki, Alfred Ritter von 96 Klin 282 Huebner, Johannes 231 Kluge, Günther von Hungary 33, 52, 236, 271, 278–280 drive on Moscow 178–179, 239–247, 290 Hvalfjord 233 losses to Fourth Army 26 planning for Typhoon 49 Iceland 233 strategic thinking 27, 73, 82, 85, 95, Iran 236 203–204, 276, 282–285 Istrin 139 Viaz’ma 88–92 Italy 33, 52, 58, 199, 279, 282 Knappe, Siegfried 154 Ivan the Terrible 215 Knobelsdorff, Otto von 178 Ivanovich, Mikhail, 213 Konev, I. S. 45 commanding Kalinin Front 121, 183, Jahn, Curt 125 185, 252 Japan 71, 271, 274 in Typhoon’s opening phase 58, 62, Jarausch, Konrad 164 70–71

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Königgrätz, battle of 100, 104 Loeper, Friedrich-Wilhelm von 87 Kopalin, Ilya 220 Loerzer, Bruno 61 Korosten 162 Löhr, Alexander 60 Köstring, Ernst 270, 272 London 105, 223–224 Kozlov, I. E. 216 Lossberg, Bernhard von 296 Krause, Erich 146 Lovo 162 Kremenchug 192 Lozovsky, Solomon 99, 139, 211 Krüger, Walter 60, 229 Luck, Hans von 78, 151, 155, 169 Küchler, Georg von 32 Lucy spy ring 274 Kuhnert, Max 77, 80, 169, 172, 194, 205, Luftwaffe 263, 267 bombing Moscow 222–225, 304 Kuibyshev 17, 39, 209, 214, 237 at Kalinin 255, 185–187 Kuibyshev, Valerian 39 losses 22–23 Künersdorf, battle of 13 in opening phase of Typhoon 60, 85–86 Kuntzen, Adolf 90 Lukin, M. F. 115, 152–153 Kursk 82, 87, 127–128, 139, 191, Lyttelton, Oliver 237 259 Kurzenkov, Sergei 235 Madrid 216, 320 Kutuzov, Mikhail 322 Malakova 293 Kyffhäuser monument 30–31 Maloarchangelsk 260 Maloiaroslavets 45, 69, 90, 139, Labonne, Roger Henri 276 176–178, 211, 218, 245 Ladoga, Lake 64 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil 33 Landgraf, Franz 62 Manstein, Erich von 301 Landowski, Max 169 Manteuffel, Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Lange, Horst 116, 123, 149, 194, 206, 114 263 Materna, Friedrich 246 Lange, Rudolf 230 Mauchen-Heim genannt von Langermann-Erlancamp, Willibald Bechtoldsheim, Gustav Freiherr Freiherr von 60 von 123 Larrazábal, Angel Salas 320 Mediterranean Sea 22, 237 Lebensraum 23, 51 Mednoye 252 Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von 32, 84 Medyn 125 Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Meier-Welcker, Hans 194 Bolchevisme 276–277 Meissner, Kurt 97 Légion Wallonie 277, 370 Melzner, Ferdinand 270 ‘Lehrbrigade 900’ 73, 130, 183–184, Meske, Fritz 97–98 252 Messe, Giovanni 33 Lehrmann, Georg 248 Metelmann, Henry 170 Leipzig 264 Meyer-Bürdorf, Heinrich 57 Leismeier, Erich 116 Mezha 55 Leliushenko, D. D. 218 Michael, king (of Romania) 199 Lemelsen, Joachim 62 Mieth, Friedrich 118 Lend-Lease 24, 224, 233–238, 281 Miethke, Kurt 263 Lenin, Vladimir 69 Miklós, Béla 280 Leningrad 3, 16, 50, 60, 133, 166, 179, Mikoyan, Stephan 212 230, 281, 300 Milch, Erhard 23, 225 Lipovec, battle of 280 Minsk 35

407 / Index

Minsk, battle of 3, 49, 73, 282 Ochsenknecht, Ingeborg 155, 200, 263–264 Model, Walter 35–37, 327 Odessa 166, 198, 216, 278–279 Mogilev 133, 216 Ofﬁce of Foreign and Counterintelligence Moldavia, Principality of 12 270–271 Mölders, Werner 61, 225, 320 Oka River 261 Molotov, V. M. 233 OKH (Army High Command) Moscow and Hitler 283–285 in 1812 14, 239 mood 64 bombing of 222–224 orders 288 German offensive towards 124, reorganisation for Typhoon 2 244–247 Olchana 167 in German plans 17, 51, 64, 102, 139, Orel 59–62, 64, 66, 96, 133, 182, 179, 230, 259, 298–300, 303–304 211–212 in German propaganda 166, 199, 256 Ostashkov 191 panic 209–215 Osten-Sacken, Peter von der 123, 272 in soldiers’ letters 55–56, 86, 88, 291–292 Ostheer in Soviet plans 68–71, 99, 140–141, casualties/material losses 1, 248–249, 215–218, 237 262, 265–266 in Zhukov’s plans 3 intelligence 270–274 Moscow, battle of 296 perception of the enemy 229–232, 272 Mozhaisk 45, 69, 90, 139, 176, 212, 218, at start of Typhoon 17–19, 22, 24 241, 243, 302 Ottenbacher, Otto 130 Mozhaisk Line 4, 45, 69, 139, 142, 156, Ottoman Empire 12–13 176–178, 218–219, 249, 256, 282 Oven, Karl von 194 Mtsensk 66–67, 125–126, 257 Munzel, Oskar 297 Pabst, Helmut 55–56, 133, 194, 204, 206, Murmansk 234–235 252, 268–269 Muscovy 10–11, 15 panzer corps (German) Mussolini, Benito 33, 102, 279 XXIV Panzer 62 deployment 82, 158 Naro-Fominsk 219, 245, 304 drive on Mtsensk 124–126, 189–191 Nava River 282 drive on Tula 257 Nehring, Walter 67 operational problems 65, 95, 195 Netherlands 278 XXXX Panzer Neuffer, Georg 162 drive on Moscow 173–174, 177, Neuhaus, Albert 60, 114, 148, 230, 250 243–244 Neuser, Walter 148 XXXXI Panzer 85 Nieman River 28 advance to Kalinin 94, 128–131 NKVD 69, 71, 124, 139, 152, 213, ﬁghting around Kalinin 182–189, 216–217, 220, 271 250–252, 254–256, 287–289 Nogai Steppe 198 XXXXVI Panzer 39 North Africa 22, 155, 236–237, 308 drive on Moscow 174–175, 241–243, Northern Bukovina 278 294 Norway 278 operational problems 65, 122, 248, Nuremberg 30 283 Viaz’ma 112, 144, 173 Obernitz, Justin von 87 XXXXVII Panzer Oboian 49 battle reports 56

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panzer corps (German) (cont.) 9th Panzer 96, 128, 191–192, 195, Briansk encirclement 157–159, 189 197, 259 deployment 62, 76, 82 10th Panzer 39, 78 logistics 197 drive on Moscow 176–177 operational problems 94, 97, 195 losses 244–245, 249 XXXXVIII Panzer 8, 62 11th Panzer 90, 95, 364 deployment 82, 87, 119, 260 drive on Moscow 174–175, 243, logistics 197 249, 287 new operations 259 Viaz’ma encirclement 116, 143, 148 operational problems 96, 127, 17th Panzer 62 191–192, 195 Briansk encirclement 76–77, 87, LVI Panzer 128–129 118, 162 advance from Viaz’ma 183, 185–187, drive on Moscow 203 250–251, 288, 348 18th Panzer 67 LVII Panzer 90 Briansk encirclement 77, 88, 118, drive on Moscow 95, 124–125, 173, 157–161 177–178, 245 logistics 196–197 partisans 121 19th Panzer 60 panzer divisions drive on Moscow 178, 245–246 1st Panzer 20th Panzer 55, 60 advance to Kalinin 128–133 drive on Moscow 95, 125, 174, 177, ﬁghting around Kalinin 182–187, 245, 249, 282 251–252, 255 treatment of Soviet civilians 171 initial advance 55, 60, 62 24th Panzer 206 2nd Panzer 18, 42 Panzer Group 1 (until 6 October 1941;then drive on Moscow 175, 243, 249 see ‘Armies (German), First Panzer’) operational problems 67, 122, 294 8, 18, 32, 76, 277, 280, 301 Viaz’ma encirclement 78, 90, 112, Panzer Group 2 (until 6 October 1941; 117, 144–145 then see ‘Armies (German), 3rd Panzer 35–36, 61, 297, 327 Second Panzer’) drive to Tula 189, 257–258 battle reports 39, 55 operational problems 95, 195 deployment 18, 32–33 4th Panzer 59–60 losses 22, 126 Mtsensk 190–191 operational problems 64–65 operational problems 64, 66–67, panzer strength 42 125–126, 227 redesignation 74 Viaz’ma encirclement 78 Panzer Group 3 5th Panzer 18, 42 advance to Kalinin 94, 124, 128–134 battle reports 56, 89, 249 battle reports 56, 60 operational problems 68, 71, 122, 243 deployment 18, 32–33, 62, 179 Viaz’ma encirclement 90, 144 ﬁghting around Kalinin 182–189, 241, 6th Panzer 30, 62, 77, 93 250–256 operations north of Viaz’ma horses 193 250–252, 255, 288–289 new commander 84 Viaz’ma encirclement 114, 117, 129 new operations 260, 288–289 7th Panzer 35, 77–78 operational problems 65, 123, 167 operations north of Viaz’ma 251, 255 panzer strength 42 Viaz’ma encirclement 114–115, 117, Viaz’ma encirclement 77–78, 81–82, 145, 151, 273 88, 114–115, 117–118, 145, 149

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Panzer Group 4 in German propaganda 304 battle reports 56 ingenuity of 67–68 deployment 8, 17, 62, 95 motivation 219–221 drive for Moscow 82, 173, 241–245, offensive strength 17, 28 249–250, 282–283 weaknesses 16 new operations 288 weaponry 227–229 Operation Barbarossa 32 Red Orchestra spy ring 274 Viaz’ma 88, 112–114, 145 Reese, Willy Peter 307 Paris 5, 199 Reichenau, Walter von 32, 121 partisan warfare 120–124, 196–197, Reichsbank 108 201, 273 Reimann, Hans 162 Paulus, Friedrich 6 Reinhardt, Georg-Hans 85, 117, 184, Pavlov, Dmitri 33, 70 255, 288–290 Peace of Tartu 281 Reinhardt, Wolfgang 293 Perekop Isthmus 16 Rendulic, Lothar 118 Peru 201 Reuben James, USS 238 Peshkova, Natalia 160 Riabyshev, D. I. 198 Peter I, tsar 11–12 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 109, 199 Pinus, Yakov 151 Richthofen, Wolfram von 61, 165 Plavsk 257 Ridnyi, Stepan 236 Ploesti 109 Riga 170 Podolsk 139 Riga ghetto 170 Poland 12, 16, 102, 270 Rittau, Stephan 252 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 10 Rokossovsky, K. K. 77–78, 218 Polish–Soviet War 27 Romania 32, 109, 201, 236, 271, Polish War of Succession 12 278–279, 282 Polosukhin, Viktor 176 Rommel, Erwin 155 Poltava, battle of 11 Roosevelt, Franklin 24, 232 Popova, Nadezhda 226 Roslavl 71, 92, 195 Pripet marshes 25 Roth, Hans 66, 92, 103–104, 153, 167, Prüller, Wilhelm 58, 167, 171, 174, 203, 228–229, 292 250, 268 Röttiger, Hans 128–130, 187 Prussian–Austrian War (1866) 104 Royal Air Force 222, 235 Prut River Campaign 12 Royal Navy 236 Rudel, Hans 187–188, 223 Rahe, Heinz 50 Ruehl, Heid 37 Rakutin, K. I. 153 Rundstedt, Gerd von 32, 41, 84, 121 Rameshki 130 Ruoff, Richard 146 rasputitsa 4 Russian Civil War 16 on approaches to Moscow 95, 156, Russian empire 11–15 166, 240, 250, 290 Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 13 in German planning 50, 98 Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 13 horses 194 Rybinsk 253–254, 288–290 Raus, Erhard 30, 93, 251, 288 Rzhev 81, 90, 188 Recke, Heinrich 89 Rzhev–Viaz’ma Defensive Line 45 Red Army confronting Typhoon 45–49, 56 Saaremaa 225 defensive strength 272 Saleph River 52 force generation 39–40 Samara 39

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Sapozhnikova, Olga 140, 212 deployment for Typhoon 45–49, 58, Scapa Flow 233 134, 300 Schaal, Ferdinand 128 encirclement of 69, 76, 119, 161, 211 Schacht, Hjalmar 108 fighting around Tula 258, 275, 290 Schaefer-Kehnert, Walter 116, 148, 287 Kalinin Front 140 Schäufler, Hans 190 establishment of 183 Scheller, Walter 243 fighting at Kalinin 241, 250–252, Schenckendorff, Max von 121 275, 287, 304 Scheuer, Alois 50 in German plans 255, 290 Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 204 Leningrad Front 69, 215 Schmidt, Paul 305 North-Western Front 81, 94, 139–140, Schmundt, Rudolf 57 182–185 Schobert, Eugen Ritter von 32 Reserve Front 2 Schroeck, Erich 178 deployment for Typhoon 45–49, 134, Schroth, Walter 177 300 Schubert, Albrecht 253 encirclement of 69–71, 161, 211 Schweppenberg, Leo Freiherr Geyr von merged into Western Front 139 62 Southern Front 198 Sea of Azov, battle of 153, 198 South-Western Front 16, 41, 139, 300 Sebastian, Mihail 104, 278 Western Front 2 Second Crusade 52 defence of Moscow 139–140, 156, Second Vienna Award 278 178, 183, 218–219, 275, 290 Sedan 104 deployment for Typhoon 45–49, 58, Serpukhov 304 134, 300 Sevek 86–87 encirclement of 69–71, 161, 211 Seven Years’ War 12, 306 losses 219, 282 Shabalin, Ivan 115 offensive operations 245 Shakhurin, A. I. 213 in Operation Barbarossa 16, 33–35, 40 Shaposhnikov, Boris 69 Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 309 Shekulina 117 Soviet Union Shilinka 87 defeat of 57, 80 Siberia 245 houses 267–268 Simonov, Konstantin 221 peace feelers 69–70 Sinnhuber, Johann 206 propaganda 200–203 Sizemka 86–87 strength of 5–7, 17 Slovakia 33, 280–281 war effort 134–139 Slovakian Rapid Brigade 280 Spain 33, 102, 275–276 Smith, Howard K. 105, 110 Spanish Blue Division 275–276 Smolensk 16, 92, 162, 239, 244 Spanish Blue Squadron (Escuadrilla Azul) Smolensk, battle of (1812) 14 60, 320 Smolensk, battle of (1941) 3, 19, 37–41, Spanish Civil War 216, 275, 320 73, 182 Speer, Albert 23 Smolensk War 10–12, 15 Stahlberg, Alexander 28 Sofronov, G. P. 198 Stalin, Joseph 3 Sondermeldungen 50, 55, 99, 103, bombing of Moscow 224 154–155, 161, 166, 198–199 with commanders 158, 252 Sorge, Richard 71, 273 Moscow panic 212 Soviet fronts propaganda 220–221 Briansk Front 2 reaction to intelligence 274

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rumours about 212, 286 Mark IV 35 as war leader 5, 69–71, 139–140, 209, and British tanks 234 300–301 operational problems 227 with Western Allies 232–233, 236–237 in panzer divisions 95, 178, 187, 288 Stalin Line 16 reinforcements for Typhoon Stalingrad, battle of 1, 256, 304 21, 42 Stalino 292, 371 tanks (Soviet) Stamenov, Ivan 70 BT Series 226 Staritsa 131–133, 182–183, 188 KV-1 125, 187, 226, 234, 246 Stavka 33, 68–71, 139, 300–301 T-26 226 Steiner, Felix 277 T-34 66, 125–126, 226–227, 234, 246, Stempel, Richard 246 257, 357 Straube, Erich 282 T-60 226, 234 Strauss, Adolf 26 tanks (United States) confrontation with Bock 73–74 M3 234 health 325 Tarutino 239 Kalinin 188, 289 Tatars 215 planning for Typhoon 49 Tewes, Ernst 143 Viaz’ma 88–89 Third Crusade 31, 52 Strazdovski, Viktor 89, 151 Thoma, Wilhelm Ritter von 171 Strelkovka 215 Thomas, Georg 109 Stresemann, Paul 203 Thomas, Will 159 Studnitz, Bogislav von 115 Three-Power Conference 233–234 Stülpnagel, Carl Heinrich von 32, 84 Tilsit, treaty of 13 Stumme, Georg 173 Timoshenko, S. K. 103, 329 Stützel, Rudolf 264 Tippelskirch, Kurt von 195, 302, 374 Sudoplatov, Pavel 70 Tokyo 273 Sudost River 45 Torzhok Surkov, Aleksei 221 as new objective 130, 134, 139 Sweden 11–12 offensive towards 182–187, 251–254, Switzerland 274 260 Sychevka 128–130, 133, 187–189 Tresckow, Henning von 111, 296–297 Szombathelyi, Ferenc 33, 280 Trierenberg, Wolf 118 Tula 4 tanks (British) advance on 189–191, 241, 256–262 Matilda 234 state of siege 214 Valentine 234 in strategic considerations 64, 82, 119, tanks (German) 126, 283, 302 Czech 35(t) 288 Turginovo 304 Czech 38(t) Turkey 31 reinforcements for Typhoon Typhoon, Operation 21, 42 British intelligence 273 Mark I 249, 257 in German plans 1–2, 4, 208, 282 Mark II 35, 187, 249, 288 October conclusions 298–300, 303–305 Mark III 35 opening phase 55–57 and British tanks 234 operational problems 134, 238, 258, operational problems 227 263, 272, 290, 294 in panzer divisions 187, 249 panzer strength 18–19, 41 reinforcements for Typhoon 21, 42 scale of 1, 17–18

412 / Index

Ukraine 8, 23 treatment of Soviet POWs 162–165, Operation Barbarossa 32, 41, 80, 272 271 Operation Typhoon 237 War Winter Relief Organisation 57 in Soviet peace feelers 70 Weckmann, Kurt 189 in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 69 Weichs, Maximilian Freiherr von 49, Ultra 273 73, 119 Uman, battle of 19 Weikersthal, Walther Fischer von 60 United States of America 24, 107, 233 Weisenberger, Karl 119 Ural Mountains 3, 86, 100, 108, 217 Wenck, Walther 131 Wendling, Anna 264–265 Varlamov, Leonid 220 Wernicke, Richard 223 Vasilevsky, A. M. 302 Werth, Alexander 5, 211 Vasiliev, Boris 224 Wilhelm I, Kaiser 30–31 Veiel, Rudolf 18 Wilson, Geoffrey M. 5 Velikie Luki 41 Winter War 281 Verzhbitskii, N. K. 210 Witt, Heinrich 166 Viaz’ma 45, 49, 62, 188, 211–212, 247, Witthöft, Joachim 73 251 Wladyslaw IV, King 10–11 Viaz’ma, battle of (1812) 146 Wollschlaeger, Arthur 59 Viaz’ma, battle of (1941) 2, 305 World War I 15, 31, 70, 203 closing the encirclement 70–73, 77–78, 85–86, 211 Yaropolets 289 drive to Moscow 178–179 Yaroslavl 253–254, 260, 288–290 ﬁghting to escape the pocket 112–118, Yartsevo 115 142–153, 156–157, 273 Yel’nya 26, 39, 58, 61, 153 Vietinghoff, Heinrich Freiherr von 39, 68 Yel’nya offensive 300 Vilna 28 Yugoslavia 42, 201 Vilsen, Alfred 105 Yukhnov 68, 71, 152 Vishnevsky, S. V. 153 Vistula, River 3 Zakharkin, I. G. 218 Vitebsk 28, 92 Zhavaronokov, Semyon 225–226 Vladivostok 274 Zhdanov, A. A. 215 Volga Basin 217 Zhirkovskii 62 Volga River 55, 253–256, 287, 302 Zhlobin 35 Vologda 181, 288 Zhukov, Georgi 3 Volokolamsk 45, 69, 139, 176, 218, 282, defence of Moscow 124, 139–140, 289, 304 150, 183, 215–219, 294–296, Voronezh 182, 259–262, 283 301 strategic thinking 30, 142–143, 282, Waeger, Alfred 76 304 Wagener, Carl 133, 185, 268 taking command of Western Front Wagner, Eduard 6, 59, 65, 189, 197, 246 69–71 Waldau, Hoffman von 225 Zorndorf, battle of 13 War Directive 32a 107 Zubtsov 130–131 war of annihilation 306 Zusha River 257