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Transylvanian Review RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXVI T R No. 3 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Autumn 2017 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad Es ist die größte Torheit, mit vielen Worten nichts sagen: Eine inhaltliche, sprachliche und CENTER FOR handlungskommunikative Betrachtung über TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Martin Luthers Sprichwörter und Redensarten 3 Director: Veronica Câmpian Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop La città di Cluj e la Riforma protestante nel XVI secolo 16 Ioan-Aurel Pop The Irenical Impact of David Pareus’ Work on the Hungarian Protestant Churches 38 Olga Lukács Under the Sway of Orthodoxy and the Reformation: Romanian-Saxon Confessional Relations in Transylvania between 1688 and 1848 54 Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan • Focus Laudatio 72 Ioan-Aurel Pop Speech by His Royal Highness Charles, Prince of Wales 76 • Transsilvanica Dominikus, Bischof von Cenad (1360–1373) und Oradea (1373–1374), und sein Wirken vor der Bischofsweihe 80 Peter Labanc • Tangencies Revisiting Romania’s Regional Approach: Lessons from the Recent Past 94 On the cover: Horaþiu Sorin Dan ªERBAN SAVU, Mircea Teodor Maniu Bertha as Saint Jerome (2017), oil on canvas, 192×157 cm • Communio The Birth of a Group: Two Roma Micro-Groups Transylvanian Review continues the in Bukovina and Transylvania 109 tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which Elena Marushiakova was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Vesselin Popov between 1934 and 1944. The Rusyns in Romania: Transylvanian Review is published quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian A Minority Hidden in a Minority 124 Studies and the Romanian Academy. Marc Stegherr EDITORIAL BOARD • Philosophy CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Seduction, Communication and Leadership 137 Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, Sandu Frunzã Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy • Book Reviews HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte SORIN MITU, De la Burebista la Iohannis: Istorii, und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany analize, satire KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte (reviewed by Florian Dumitru Soporan) 150 der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, MACARIE DRÃGOI, ed., Artisan of Christian Unity Oldenburg, Germany between North and East: Nathan Soderblom. HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria His correspondence with Orthodox personalities PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. (1896–1931) Huntington University, Indiana, USA (reviewed by Iuliu-Marius Morariu) 154 ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Academician, honorary director of A. D. MIHNEA S. STOICA, Populismul în Europa: Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania Dezvoltare isto ricã, discurs politic şi susþinãtori EDITORIAL STAFF ai dreptei radicale Ioan-Aurel Pop Daniela Mârza (reviewed by Iulia Medveschi) 156 Ioan Bolovan Robert-M. Mihalache Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon • Contributors 160 Maria Ghitta Florian D. Soporan Rudolf Gräf George State Virgil Leon Translated by Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Cosmina Varga Publication indexed and abstracted in the Correspondence, manuscripts and books should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, ® Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index Centrul de Studii Transilvane and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. ISSN 1221-1249 All material copyright © 2017 by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use without written permission is prohibited. Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., [email protected] Zalãu 450031, Romania Tel. (0040)260-660598 www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro paRADIGMS Es ist die größte Torheit, mit vielen Worten nichts sagen Eine inhaltliche, sprachliche und handlungskommunikative Betrachtung über Martin Luthers V ERONI C A C ÂM PIAN Sprichwörter und Redensarten Einleitung ARTIN LUTHER wird oft von der Fachliteratur als zen- M trale Figur der deutschen Sprachentwicklung angesehen und sei- ne Bibelübersetzung hatte als Haupt- folge die Tatsache, dass man von dem Augenblick an von einer Vereinheitli- chung der deutschen Schriftsprache sprechen konnte. Luther gilt als gro- ßer Reformator in der theologischen Wissenschaft, wird aber auch für seine LUCAS CRANACH DER ÄLTERE, Porträt von Martin Luther (1529) Verdienste im Bereich der Sprache von den Philologen geschätzt. Veronica Câmpian Lektorin an der deutschsprachigen Linie der Abteilung für Kommunikation, 1. Ziel und Methode PR und Werbung innerhalb der Fakultät für Politik-, Verwaltungs- und Kommu- nikationswissenschaft der Universität IE BEDEUTUNG von Luthers Babeş-Bolyai. Verfasser, unter anderen Werk ist heutzutage aktueller Beiträgen, des Buches Meinungsäuße- D als je zuvor und der vorliegen- rung durch Wort und Bild (2013). de Beitrag nimmt sich vor einen wich- 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVI, NO. 3 (AUTUMN 2017) tigen Teil seines Schaffens in den Vordergrund zu bringen und zwar seine Samm- lung von Sprichwörtern, aber auch die Redensarten und die Sprüche, die ihn so bekannt gemacht haben. Die Arbeit kreist um die Untersuchung der Sprichwörter und der sprich- wörtlichen Redensarten und versucht die thematischen Schwerpunkte dieser zu beschreiben, aber auch ihre sprachlichen Merkmale zu identifizieren (stilistische, semantische und syntaktische Besonderheiten). Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Analyse ist die Untersuchung und Eingliederung der kommunikativen Hand- lungsarten durch welche sich diese Kurztexte charakterisieren nach den Eintei- lungskriterien der modernen Gesprächsanalyse. Als Korpus für den vorliegenden Beitrag gilt einerseits das Werk von Reinhard Dithmar (Luthers Fabeln und Sprichwörter), der 1995 Luthers Fabeln und die gesamte Sprichwörtersammlung veröffentlicht hat und andererseits das Buch von Frank Schumann (2016), der in seinem Band eine Auflistung der wichtigsten Redensarten und Sprüche gemacht hat, die sich in Luthers Predig- ten, Tischreden, in der Bibel und in anderen Schriften wiederfinden. In seinem Werk hat Schumann auch die 95 Thesen erwähnt, die ihren Wert und ihre Be- deutung bis heute nicht verloren haben. Die Untersuchung, die im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags steht, hat Beispiele aus beiden Quellen zitiert, um ein anschau- liches Bild von Luthers moralisierendes und kritisches Denken entstehen zu lassen. Die Beispiele wurden in der heutigen Schreibweise verfasst; es wurden keine Veränderungen im Satzbau ausgeübt. 2. Das Sprichwort: der Begriff und seine geschichtliche Entfaltung IE SPRICHWÖRTER sind ein grundlegendes Identitätsmerkmal einer Na- tion, sie versinnbildlichen das Wesen und die Denkweise dieser, müs- D sen aber auch als ein „hohes Kulturgut“ (Kriwantschyk 2016, 9) eines Volkes betrachtet und verstanden werden. Sie haben eine hohe didaktische und erzieherische Funktion und haben als Hauptrolle den Wunsch die Weisheit und die Erfahrung vieler Generationen näher darzustellen. Laut Albrecht/Frey (2017, 3) kann ein Sprichwort „als scheinbar allgemein- gültiger Satz beschrieben werden, der sowohl individuelle, als auch kulturelle Erfahrung komprimiert“. Umurova (2005, 24) beschreibt das Sprichwort als „einen traditionellen, wiederholbaren, leicht einprägsamen, allgemein bekann- ten, anerkannten und volkstümlichen, sowie festgeprägten Satz, der eine Le- bensregel, oder Weisheit prägt und kurz zum Ausdruck bringt“. PARADIGMS • 5 Die Sprichwörter setzten ein „kollektives Einverständnis“ (Lobenstein-Reich- mann 2013, 147) voraus, sind „metaphorische Mikrotexte“ (ebd., 143) und „appellieren an Urteile und Vorurteile des Lesers und bestätigen diese, ohne dass sie […] einer kritischen und differenzierten Analyse unterzogen werden. Es sind in dem Sinne Stereotype, da sie Situationen, Handlungen und Verhaltenswei- sen auf anerkannte, nicht hinterfragte Standardformeln bringen“ (Lobenstein- Reichmann 2013, 147, zit. nach Koller 1977, 126). Der Gebrauch von Sprichwörtern und Redensarten und das Interesse dafür lassen sich bis in die Frühgeschichte der deutschen Sprache zurückverfolgen. Ein beachtlicher Teil dieser Volks- und Lebensweisheiten waren längst im mündli- chen und schriftlichen Umlauf zu bemerken, bevor sich die deutsche Sprache von der Germanischen herausentwickelte und kristallisierte (vgl. dafür Besch/ Betten/Reichmann 2003, 2559). In der Zeit der Reformation und des Humanismus gewann das Sprichwort als „herrenlos gewordenes Zitat“ (Lobenstein-Reichmann 2013, 140) eine gro- ße Bedeutung, denn das 15. und 16. Jahrhundert gelten als die Blütezeit des deutschen Sprichwortes und der Höhepunkt wird dann im 17. Jahrhundert er- reicht. Was den Wert des Sprichwortes betrifft, geht er weit über den mündli- chen Sprachgebrauch hinaus und versinnbildlicht vor allem den Ausdruck einer Volksweisheit, die weit zurückliegt und nicht hinterfragt wird. Die Sprichwör- ter und Redensarten finden in fast allen wichtigen Werken dieser literarischen Strömungen ihren Weg. So finden wir sie bei Martin Luther, Hans Sachs, bei Grimmelshausen oder später bei Andreas Gryphius (vgl. ebd., 140). 3. Martin Luther und die Blütezeit der Sprichwörter und Redensarten UTHER HAT von Anfang an den didaktischen, pädagogischen, moralischen und politischen Wert der Sprichwörter und Redensarten bemerkt und L hat sie nicht nur in seinen Predigten eingeführt, sondern auch in den Streitgesprächen mit seinen Gegnern. Seit ungefähr 1530 arbeitete Luther an seine Sprichwörtersammlung, die er aber nie
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