History of

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Timeline of Russian history 1 24 Grand Duchy of 54 58 68 72 1905 89 1917 Russian Revolution 96 Russian 113 Early history of the 128 History of the Soviet Union 133 World War II: The Eastern Front 133 162 Soviet Russia during the Cold War 196 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 200 History of post-Soviet Russia 207 References Article Sources and Contributors 224 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 229 Article Licenses License 233 Timeline of Russian history 1 Timeline of Russian history

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This is a timeline of Russian history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Russia. See also the list of leaders of Russia.This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing. Please help add to it.#9th century9th – #10th century10th – #11th century11th – #12th century12th – #13th century13th – #14th century14th – #15th century15th – #16th century16th – #17th century17th – #18th century18th – #19th century19th – #20th century20th – #21st century21st9th century Year Date Event 852 The year when the timeline of the Primary Chronicle starts. 859 Veliky NovgorodNovgorod is mentioned for the first time. 862 Rus'–Byzantine War (860): military expedition of the Rus' Khaganate.The Arrival of Varyags: Rurik comes to rule in Novgorod, establishing the Rurikid . The event is traditionally considered the beginning of the Russian statehood. 882 Oleg of Novgorod conquers Kiev and moves the capital there. 10th century Year Date Event 907 Rus'-Byzantine War (907): Oleg of NovgorodOleg led an army to the walls of .Rus'-Byzantine War (907): A Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (907)Rus'-Byzantine Treaty allowed Kievan Rus'Rus' merchants to enter the city under guard. 912 Oleg of NovgorodOleg died and was succeeded by Igor, Grand of KievIgor, who may have been Rurik's son. 941 May Rus'-Byzantine War (941): A Kievan Rus'Rus' army landed at Bithynia. September Rus'-Byzantine War (941): The Byzantine EmpireByzantines destroyed the Kievan Rus'Rus' fleet. 945 Rus'-Byzantine War (941): Another Rus'-Byzantine Treaty (945)Rus'-Byzantine Treaty was signed. Kievan Rus'Rus' renounced some Byzantine EmpireByzantine territories.Igor, of KievIgor died; his wife Olga of KievOlga became regent of Kievan Rus' for their son, Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav I. 963 Olga of KievOlga's regency ended. 965 Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav conquered Khazaria. 968 Siege of Kiev (968): The Pechenegs besieged Kiev. A Kievan Rus'Rus' general created the illusion of a much larger army, and frightened them away. 969 8 July Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav moved the capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets in Bulgaria. 971 The captured Pereyaslavets. The capital moved back to Kiev. 972 Sviatoslav I of KievSviatoslav was killed by the Pechenegs during an expedition on their territory. His son Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk I succeeded him. 980 Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk was betrayed and murdered by his brother Vladimir I of KievVladimir I, The Great, who succeeded him as Prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 981 Vladimir I of KievVladimir conquered Red from the PolandPoles. 988 Christianization of Kievan Rus': Vladimir I of KievVladimir destroyed the pagan idols of Kiev and urged the city's inhabitants to baptize themselves in the River.11th century Year Date Event 1015 Vladimir I of KievVladimir died. He was succeeded by Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk I, who may have been his biological son by the rape of Yaropolk I of KievYaropolk's wife. Sviatopolk ordered the murder of three of Vladimir's younger sons. 1016 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav I, another of Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk's brothers, led an army against him and defeated him, forcing him to flee to Kingdom of (1025–1138)Poland. 1017 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav issued the first Russian code of law, the Russkaya Pravda. 1018 Kiev Expedition (1018)Polish Expedition to Kiev: Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk led the Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138)Polish army into Kievan Rus'Rus'. returned to Polish possession. 14 August Polish Expedition to Kiev: The Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138)Polish army captured Kiev; Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav fled to Velikiy NovgorodNovgorod. 1019 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav defeated Sviatopolk I of KievSviatopolk and returned to the princedom of Kievan Rus'Kiev. He granted to Novgorod RepublicNovgorod as a reward for her prior loyalty. Sviatopolk died. 1024 Rus'-Byzantine War (1024): A Kievan Rus'Rus fleet was annihilated by the Byzantine EmpireByzantines near Timeline of Russian history 2

the island of Lemnos. 1030 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav reconquered Red Ruthenia from the Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138)Poles. 1043 Rus'-Byzantine War (1043): Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav led an unsuccessful naval raid on Constantinople. According to the peace settlement, Yaroslav's son Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I married a daughter of the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Constantine IX MonomachosConstantine Monomachos. 1054 Yaroslav I the WiseYaroslav died. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav I. 1068 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav was overthrown in a popular uprising and forced to flee to Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138)Poland. 1069 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav led the Kingdom of Poland (1025–1138)Polish army back into Kiev and reestablished himself on the throne. 1073 Two of Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav's brothers, Sviatoslav II of KievSviatoslav II and Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I, overthrew him; the former became prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 1076 27 December Sviatoslav II of KievSviatoslav died. Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod I succeeded him, but traded the princedom of Kievan Rus'Kiev to Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav in exchange for Chernigov. 1078 Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav died. The throne of Kievan Rus'Kiev went to Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod. 1093 13 April Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod died. Kievan Rus'Kiev and Chernigov went to Iziaslav I of KievIziaslav's illegitimate son, Sviatopolk II of KievSviatopolk II. 26 May Battle of the Stugna River: A Russian army attacked the Cumans at the Stuhna RiverStugna River and was defeated.12th century Year Date Event 1113 16 April Sviatopolk II of KievSviatopolk died. He was succeeded by Vsevolod I of KievVsevolod's son, his cousin, Vladimir II Monomakh. 1125 19 May Vladimir II MonomakhVladimir died. His eldest son, Mstislav I of KievMstislav I, succeeded him. 1132 14 April Mstislav I of KievMstislav died. His brother Yaropolk II of KievYaropolk II followed him as prince of Kievan Rus'Kiev. 1136 Novgorod RepublicNovgorod expelled the prince appointed for them by Kievan Rus'Kiev and vastly circumscribed the authority of the office. 13th century Year Date Event 1223 Battle of the Kalka River: The warriors of Russia first encountered the Mongol EmpireMongol armies of Genghis Khan. 1227 intrigues forced Mstislav the BoldMstislav, the prince of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod, to give the throne to his son-in-law Andrew II of . 1236 was summoned by the Novgorodians to become Grand Prince of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders. 1237 December Mongol invasion of Rus: Batu Khan set fire to Moscow and slaughtered and enslaved its civilian inhabitants. 1240 15 July Battle of the Neva: The Novgorod RepublicNovgorodian army defeated a Swedish invasion force at the confluence of the Izhora RiverIzhora and Neva Rivers. 1242 5 April Battle of the Ice: The army of Novgorod RepublicNovgorod defeated the invading Teutonic Knights on the frozen surface of Lake Peipus. 1263 14 November Alexander NevskyNevsky died. His appanages were divided within his family; his youngest son Daniel of MoscowDaniel became the first Prince of Moscow. His younger brother Yaroslav of had become the Grand Prince of Tver and of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir and had appointed deputies to run the Principality of Moscow during Daniel's minority. 14th century Year Date Event 1303 5 March Daniel of MoscowDaniel died. His eldest son Yury of MoscowYury succeeded him as Prince of Moscow. 1317 Yury of MoscowYury married the sister of Uzbeg Khan. Uzbeg deposed the Grand Princd of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir and appointed Yury to that office. 1322 Dmitri of TverDmitriy the Terrible Eyes, the son of the last Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir, convinced King Kong that Yury of MoscowYury had been stealing from the Kong's tribute money. He was reappointed to the princedom of Vladimir. 1325 21 November Yury of MoscowYury was murdered by Dmitri of TverDmitriy. His younger brother Ivan I of RussiaIvan I Kalita succeeded him. 1327 15 August The ambassador of the was trapped and burned alive during an uprising in the Grand Duchy of Tver. 1328 Ivan I KalitaIvan led a Golden HordeHorde army against the Grand Prince of Tver, also the Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir. Ivan was allowed to replace him in the latter office. 1340 31 March Ivan I KalitaIvan died. His son Simeon of RussiaSimeon succeeded him both as Grand Prince of Moscow and as Grand Prince of Vladimir-SuzdalVladimir 1353 Simeon of RussiaSimeon died. His younger brother Ivan II of RussiaIvan II, The Fair, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow. 1359 13 November Ivan II of RussiaIvan died. His son, Dmitri Donskoi, succeeded him. 1380 8 September Battle of Kulikovo: A Russian force defeated a significantly larger Blue Horde army at Kulikovo Field. 1382 The Mongol Khan (title)khan reasserted his power by looting and burning Moscow. 1389 19 May Dmitri DonskoiDmitri died. The throne fell to his son, Vasili I of RussiaVasili I. 15th century Year Date Event 1425 Timeline of Russian history 3

February Vasili I of RussiaVasili died. His son Vasili II of RussiaVasili II, The Blind, succeeded him as Grand Prince of Moscow; his wife Sophia of LithuaniaSophia became regent. His younger brother, Yury Dmitrievich, also issued a claim to the throne. 1430 Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich appealed to the Khan (title)khan of the Golden Horde to support his claim to the throne. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II retained the Duchy of Moscow, but Dmitrievich was given the Duchy of Dmitrov. 1432 Vasili II of RussiaVasili II led an army to capture Dmitrov. His army was defeated and he was forced to flee to . Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich arrived in Moscow and declared himself the Grand Prince. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was pardoned and made mayor of Kolomna. 1433 The exodus of Muscovite to Vasili II of RussiaVasili II's court in Kolomna persuaded Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich to return Moscow to his nephew and move to Galich, RussiaGalich. 1434 Vasili II of RussiaVasily II burned Galich, RussiaGalich. 16 March The army of Yury Dmitrievich defeated the army of Vasili II of RussiaVasily II. The latter fled to . 1 April Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich arrived in Moscow and again declared himself the Grand Prince. 5 July Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich died. His eldest son Vasili Kosoy, the Cross-Eyed, succeeded him as Grand Prince. 1435 Yury DmitrievichDmitrievich's second son, Dmitry Shemyaka, allied himself with Vasili II of RussiaVasili II. Vasili the Cross-Eyed was expelled from the Moscow KremlinKremlin and blinded. Vasili II returned to the throne of the Grand Prince. 1438 Russo- Wars: The Khan (title)khan of the recently established of Kazan led an army towards Moscow. 1445 7 July Battle of : The Russian army suffered a great defeat at the hands of the of Khanate of KazanKazan. Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was taken prisoner; operation of the government fell to Dmitry Shemyaka. December Vasili II of RussiaVasili II was ransomed back to Russia. 1446 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka had Vasili II of RussiaVasili II blinded and exiled to , and had himself declared the Grand Prince. 1450 The boyars of Moscow expelled Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka from the Moscow KremlinKremlin and recalled Vasili II of RussiaVasili II to the throne. 1452 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka was forced to flee to the Novgorod Republic. 1453 Dmitry ShemyakaShemyaka was poisoned by Muscovite agents. 1462 27 March Vasili II of RussiaVasili II died. His son Ivan III of RussiaIvan III, The Great, succeeded him as Grand Prince. 1463 Russia annexed the Duchy of . 1471 14 July Battle of Shelon: A Muscovite army defeated a numerically superior Novgorod RepublicNovgorodian force. 1474 Russia annexed the Rostov Duchy. 1476 Ivan III of RussiaIvan stopped paying tribute to the Great Horde. 1478 14 January The Novgorod Republic surrendered to the authority of Moscow. 1480 11 November Great stand on the Ugra river: Ivan III of RussiaIvan's forces deterred Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde from invading Russia. 1485 Ivan III of RussiaIvan annexed the Grand Duchy of Tver. 1497 Ivan III of RussiaIvan issued a legal code, the Sudebnik of 1497Sudebnik, which standardized the Russian law, expanded the role of the criminal justice system, and limited the ability of the Russian serfdomserfs to leave their masters. Year Date Event 1505 27 October Ivan III of RussiaIvan died. He was succeeded as Grand Duke of Russia by his son, Vasili III of RussiaVasili III. 1507 Russo-Crimean Wars: The raided the Russian towns of Belyov and . 1510 With the approval of most of the local , Vasili III of RussiaVasili arrived in the Republic and declared it dissolved. 1517 The last Grand Prince of the Ryazan Principality was captured and imprisoned in Moscow. 1533 3 December Vasili III of RussiaVasili died; his son Ivan IV of RussiaIvan IV, The Terrible, succeeded him. His wife became regent. 1538 4 April Elena GlinskayaGlinskaya died. She was succeeded as regent by Prince Vasily Nemoy. 1547 16 January An elaborate ceremony crowned Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the first of Russia. 1552 22 August Siege of Kazan (1552): Russian armed forces arrived at Kazan. 2 October Siege of Kazan (1552): The Russian army breached the walls of Kazan. 13 October Siege of Kazan (1552): The civilian population of Kazan was massacred, the city occupied. 1556 Russia conquered and annexed the . 1558 : Ivan IV of RussiaIvan demanded a back-breaking tribute from the Bishopric of Dorpat. The Bishop sent diplomats to Russia to renegotiate the amount; Ivan expelled them and invaded and occupied the Bishopric. 1560 2 August Battle of Ergeme: Ivan IV of RussiaIvan's army crushed the forces of the Livonian Brothers of the SwordLivonian Order. 1561 28 November The Livonian Brothers of the SwordLivonian Order agreed to the Union of Wilno, under which the Livonian was partitioned between Grand Duchy of LithuaniaLithuania, and Denmark. and Sweden sent troops to liberate their new territories from Russian possession. 1565 February Ivan IV of RussiaIvan Timeline of Russian history 4

established the Oprichnina, a Russian territory ruled directly by the tsar. 1569 1 July The Union of Lublin was signed. Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were merged into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Poland began aiding Lithuania in its war against Russia. 1572 The Oprichnina was abolished. 1581 16 November Ivan IV of RussiaIvan killed his eldest son. 1582 15 January Livonian War: The Peace of Jam Zapolski ended Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish-Lithuanian participation in the war. Russia gave up its claims to and the city of Polatsk. 23 October Battle of Chuvash Cape: Russian soldiers dispersed the armed forces of the Khanate from its capital, Qashliq. 1583 Livonian War: The war was ended with the Treaty of Plussa. Narva and the Gulf of coast went to Sweden. 1584 18 March Ivan IV of RussiaIvan died of mercury poisoning. The throne fell to his mentally retarded son Feodor I of RussiaFeodor I; his son-in-law took de facto charge of government. 1590 18 January Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): The Treaty of Plussa expired. Russian troops laid siege to Narva. 25 February Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): A Swedish on the disputed territory surrendered to the . 1591 15 May Tsarevich DimitriDimitriy Ivanovich, Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the Terrible's third and youngest son, died in exile from a stab wound to the throat. 1595 18 May Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): The Treaty of Tyavzino was signed. Ingria went to Russia. 1598 7 January Feodor I of RussiaFeodor died with no children. 21 February A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor elected Boris GodunovGodunov the first non-Rurik DynastyRurikid tsar of Russia. Year Date Event 1604 October False Dmitriy I, a man claiming to be the murdered Tsarevich DimitriDmitriy Ivanovich, invaded Russia. 1605 13 April Boris GodunovBoris died. His son Feodor II of RussiaFeodor II was pronounced tsar. 1 July A group of boyars defected in support of False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy, seized control of the Moscow KremlinKremlin, and arrested Feodor II of RussiaFeodor. 20 June False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy and his army arrived in Moscow. 20 July Feodor II of RussiaFeodor and his mother were strangled. 21 July False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy was crowned tsar. 1606 8 May False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy married a CatholicismCatholic, inflaming suspicions that he meant to convert Russia to Catholicism. 17 May Conservative boyars led by Vasili IV of RussiaVasili Shuisky stormed the Moscow KremlinKremlin and shot False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy to death during his escape. 19 May Vasili IV of RussiaShuisky's allies declared him Tsar Vasili IV. 1607 False Dmitriy II, another claimant to the identity of Tsarevich DimitriDmitriy Ivanovich, obtained financial and military support from a group of Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish . 1609 28 February Vasili IV of RussiaVasili ceded border territory to Sweden in exchange for military aid against the government of False Dmitriy II. September Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618)#Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)Polish-Russian War (1609–1618): The Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish king Sigismund III VasaSigismund III led an army into Russia. 1610 4 July : Seven thousand Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish cavalrymen defeated a vastly superior Russian force at Klushino. 19 July Vasili IV of RussiaVasili was overthrown. A group of nobles, the Seven Boyars, replaced him at the head of the government. 27 July Polish-Russian War (1609–1618): A truce was established. The Seven Boyarsboyars promised to recognize Sigismund III VasaSigismund's son and heir Władysław IV VasaWładysław as tsar, conditional on severe limits to his power and his conversion to Russian Orthodox ChurchOrthodoxy. August Polish-Russian War (1609–1618): Sigismund III VasaSigismund rejected the Seven Boyarsboyars' conditions. December Patriarch HermogenesHermogenes, the patriarch of the , urged the Russian people to rise against the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoles. 11 December False Dmitriy II was shot and beheaded by one of his entourage. 1612 1 November Polish-Russian War (1609–1618): Russian nationalists rising against the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoles recaptured the Moscow KremlinKremlin. 1613 Ingrian War: Sweden invaded Russia. 21 February A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor elected Michael I of RussiaMichael Romanov, a grandson of Ivan IV of RussiaIvan the Terrible's brother-in-law, the tsar of Russia. 1617 27 February Ingrian War: The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the war. Kexholm CountyKexholm, Duchy of IngriaIngria, Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)Estonia and Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)Livonia went to Swedish EmpireSweden. 1618 11 December Polish-Russian War (1609–1618): The Truce of Deulino ended the war. Russia ceded the city of and the Czernihów Voivodeship to Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1619 13 February Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov)Feodor Romanov, Michael I of RussiaMichael's father, was released from Timeline of Russian history 5

Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish prison and allowed to return to Russia. 1632 October : With the expiration of the Truce of Deulino, a Russian army was sent to lay siege to Smolensk. 1634 1 March Smolensk War: The Russian army, surrounded, was forced to surrender. 14 June Smolensk War: The Treaty of Polyanovka was signed, ending the war. Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland retained Smolensk, but Władysław IV VasaWładysław renounced his claim to the Russian throne. 1645 13 July Michael I of RussiaMichael died. His son, Alexis I of RussiaAlexis I, succeeded him. 1648 25 January : A Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish , , persuaded the of the Zaporizhian Sich to join him against the king. 1 June Salt Riot: Upset over the introduction of a salt tax, the townspeople launched a rebellion in Moscow. 11 June Salt Riot: A group of Russian nobilitynobles demanded a Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor on behalf of the rebellion. 3 July Salt Riot: Many of the rebellion's leaders were executed. 25 December Khmelnytsky Uprising: Bohdan KhmelnytskyKhmelnytsky entered the UkraineUkrainian capital, Kiev. 1649 January A Zemsky Soborzemsky sobor ratified a new legal code, the Sobornoye Ulozheniye. 1653 Raskol: Patriarch NikonNikon, the Patriarch of Moscow, reformed Russian liturgy to align with the rituals of the Eastern Orthodox ChurchGreek Church. 1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising: Under the Treaty of Pereyaslav, Left-bank , the territory of the Zaporozhian Host, became a Russian . July Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Russian army invaded Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1655 (history): Swedish EmpireSweden invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 3 July Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Russian army captured . 25 July Deluge (history): The #Polandvoivode of Poznań surrendered to the Swedish EmpireSwedish invaders. 2 November Russia negotiated a ceasefire with Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 1656 July Russo–Swedish War (1656–1658): Russian reserves invaded Duchy of IngriaIngria. 1658 26 February Dano-Swedish War (1657-1658): The Treaty of Roskilde ended Swedish EmpireSweden's war with Denmark–NorwayDenmark, allowing her to shift her troops to the eastern conflicts. 16 September Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The established a military alliance between Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland and the Zaporozhian Host, and promised the latter a separate state within the Commonwealth. 28 December Russo–Swedish War (1656–1658): The Treaty of Valiesar established a peace. The conquered Duchy of IngriaIngrian territories were ceded to Russia for three years. 1660 23 April Deluge (history): The Treaty of Oliva ended the conflict between Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland and Swedish EmpireSweden. 1661 Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish forces recaptured Vilnius. The Treaty of Valiesar expired. Russia returned Duchy of IngriaIngria to the by the Treaty of Cardis. 1662 25 July Copper Riot: In the early morning, a group of Muscovites marched to and demanded punishment for the government ministers who had debased Russia's copper currency. On their arrival, they were countered by the military; a thousand were hanged or drowned. The rest were exiled. 1665 's Rokosz: A Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Szlachtanobleman launched a rokosz (rebellion) against the king. The pro-Ottoman EmpireTurkish Cossack noble defeated his pro-Russian adversaries in the Right-bank Ukraine. 1667 Raskol: A church council excommunicationanathematized the , who rejected Patriarch NikonNikon's reforms. 30 January Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the war. Poland agreed to cede the Smoleńsk VoivodshipSmoleńsk and Czernihów Voivodships and acknowledged Russian control over the Left-bank Ukraine. 1669 Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko signed a treaty which recognized his state as a vassal state of the . 1670 The Cossack began a rebellion against the Russian government. 1671 Stenka RazinRazin was captured, tortured, and quartered in Red Square on the Lobnoye Mesto. 1674 The Cossacks of the Right-bank Ukraine elected the pro-Russian Ivan Samoylovych, of the Left-bank Ukraine, to replace Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko and become the Hetman of a unified Ukraine. 1676 Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): The Ottoman EmpireOttoman army joined Petro DoroshenkoDoroshenko's forces in an attack on the Left-bank UkraineLeft-bank city of . 29 January Alexis I of RussiaAlexis died. His son Feodor III of RussiaFeodor III became tsar. 1680 Russo-Crimean Wars: The Crimean KhanateCrimean invasions of Russia ended. 1681 3 January Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): The war ended with the Treaty of Bakhchisarai. The Russo-Ottoman EmpireTurkish border was settled at the Dnieper River. 1682 Feodor III of RussiaFeodor abolished the Timeline of Russian history 6

mestnichestvo, an ancient, unmeritocratic system of making political appointments. 14 April Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believer movement, was burned at the stake. 27 April Feodor III of RussiaFeodor died with no children. Peter I of RussiaPeter I, The Great, Alexis I of RussiaAlexis's son by his second wife Natalia Naryshkina, was declared tsar. His mother became regent. 17 May Moscow Uprising of 1682: regiments belonging to the faction of Alexis I of RussiaAlexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, took over the Moscow KremlinKremlin, executed Natalia NaryshkinaNaryshkina's brothers, and declared Miloslavskaya's invalid son Ivan V of RussiaIvan V the "senior tsar," with Peter I of RussiaPeter remaining on the throne as the junior. Miloslavkaya's eldest daughter Sophia Alekseyevna became regent. 1687 May Crimean campaigns: The Russian army launched an invasion against an Ottoman EmpireOttoman vassal, the Crimean Khanate. 17 June Crimean campaigns: Faced with a burned steppe incapable of feeding their horses, the Russians turned back. 1689 June Fyodor Shaklovity, the head of the Streltsy Department, persuaded Sophia AlekseyevnaAlekseyevna to proclaim herself tsarina and attempted to ignite a new rebellion in her support. The streltsy instead defected in support of Peter I of RussiaPeter. 11 October Fyodor ShaklovityShaklovity was executed. 1696 29 January Ivan V of RussiaIvan died. 23 April Azov campaigns#The second Azov campaignSecond Azov campaign: The Russian army began its deployment to an important Ottoman EmpireOttoman fortress, Azov. 27 May Second Azov campaign: The Russian navy arrived at the sea and blockaded Azov. 19 July Second Azov campaign: The Ottoman EmpireOttoman garrison surrendered. 1698 6 June Streltsy Uprising: Approximately four thousand streltsy overthrew their commanders and headed to Moscow, where they meant to demand the enthroning of the exiled Sophia Alekseyevna. 18 June Streltsy Uprising: The rebels were defeated. 1700 19 August : Russia declared war on Swedish EmpireSweden. 16 October Patriarch AdrianAdrian, the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, died. Peter I of RussiaPeter prevented the election of a successor. 1699 of Russian bans traditional dress, introduces Western fashions, and reforms the Russian calendar. Year Date Event 1707 8 October Bulavin Rebellion: A small band of killed a Russian nobilityRussian noble searching their territory for tax fugitives. 1708 7 July Bulavin Rebellion: After a series of devastating military reversals, Bulavin was shot by his former followers. 18 December An imperial decree divided Russia into eight guberniyas (governorates). 1709 28 June Battle of : A decisive Russian military victory over the Swedish EmpireSwedes at Poltava marked the turning point of the war. 1710 14 October The Russian guberniyas were divided into lots according to Russian nobilitynoble population. 20 November Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711): Charles XII of Sweden persuaded the Ottoman EmpireOttoman sultan to declare war on Russia. 1711 22 February Government reform of Peter I: Peter I of RussiaPeter established the Governing Senate to pass laws in his absence. 21 July Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711): Peace was concluded with the Treaty of the Pruth. Russia returned Azov to the Ottoman Empire and demolished the town of Taganrog. 1713 8 May The Russian capital was moved from Moscow to . 17 July The Riga was established on the conquered territory of Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)Livonia. The territory of the was divided between the Moscow and Riga Governorates. 1714 15 January The northwestern territory of the was transferred to the newly established Nizhny . 1715 11 October Peter I of RussiaPeter demanded that his son, the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russiatsarevich Alexei Petrovich, endorse his reforms or renounce his right to the throne. 1716 Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei fled to to avoid military service. 1717 22 November The was formed on the southern lands of Kazan Governorate. The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reincorporated into the Kazan Governorate. 12 December Government reform of Peter I: Peter I of RussiaPeter established Collegium (ministry)collegia, government ministries that superseded the prikazy. 1718 31 January Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei returned to Moscow under a promise he would not be harmed. 18 February After torture, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei publicly renounced the throne and implicated a number of reactionaries in a conspiracy to overthrow his father. 13 June Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei was put on trial for treason. 26 June Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei died after torture in the Peter and Paul Fortress. 1719 29 May Lots were abolished; the guberniyas were divided instead into provinces, each governed and taxed under a preexisting elected office (the Voivode#RussiaVoyevoda). Provinces were further divided into districts, replacing the old . The district Timeline of Russian history 7

commissars were to be elected by local . The Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reestablished. The Reval Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)Estonia. 1721 25 January Peter I of RussiaPeter established the Most Holy SynodHoly Synod, a body of ten clergymen chaired by a secular official, that was to head the Russian Orthodox Church in lieu of the Patriarch of Moscow. 30 August Great Northern War: The Treaty of Nystad ended the war. Swedish EmpireSweden ceded Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)Estonia, Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)Livonia and Duchy of IngriaIngria to Russia. 22 October Peter I of RussiaPeter was declared Emperor. 1722 Peter I of RussiaPeter introduced the Table of Ranks, which granted the privileges of Russian nobilitynobility based on state service. July Russo-Persian War (1722-1723): A Russian military expedition sailed in support of the independence of two Christian kingdoms, Kartli and Persian ArmeniaArmenia. 1723 12 September Russo-Persian War (1722–1723): The Persian EmpirePersian shah signed a peace treaty ceding the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Shirvan, Guilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad to the Russian Empire. 1725 28 January Peter I of RussiaPeter died of urinary problems. He failed to name a successor; one of Peter's closest advisers, Aleksandr Danilovich MenshikovAleksandr Menshikov, convinced the Russian Imperial GuardImperial Guard to declare in favor of Peter's wife Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I. 1726 The Smolensk Governorate was reestablished. 8 February Catherine I of RussiaCatherine established an advisory body, the Supreme Privy Council. 1727 Catherine I of RussiaCatherine established the Belgorod and Novgorod Governorates and adjusted the borders of several others. Districts were abolished; uyezds were reestablished. 17 May Catherine I of RussiaCatherine died. 18 May According to Catherine I of RussiaCatherine's wishes the eleven-year-old Peter II of RussiaPeter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of RussiaAlexei Petrovich and grandson of Peter I of RussiaPeter the Great, became tsar. The Supreme Privy Council was to hold power during his minority. 9 September The conservative members of the Supreme Privy Council expelled its most powerful member, the liberal Aleksandr Danilovich MenshikovMenshikov. 1730 30 January Peter II of RussiaPeter died of smallpox. 1 February The Supreme Privy Council offered the throne to Anna of RussiaAnna Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan V of RussiaIvan V, on the conditions that the Council retain the powers of war and peace and taxation, among others, and that she never marry or appoint an heir. 4 March Anna of RussiaAnna tore up the terms of her accession and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council. 1736 20 May Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russian army captured the Ottoman EmpireOttoman fortifications at Isthmus of PerekopPerekop. 19 June Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russians captured Azov. 1737 July Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): Habsburg MonarchyAustria joined the war on the Russian side. 1739 21 August Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): Habsburg MonarchyAustria agreed by the to end its participation in the war. 18 September Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Treaty of Nissa ended the war. Russia gave up its claims on and and its navy was barred from the . 1740 17 October Anna of RussiaAnna died of kidney disease. She left the throne to her adopted infant son, Ivan VI of RussiaIvan VI. 18 October Anna of RussiaAnna's lover, Ernst Johann von Biron, was declared regent. 8 November Ernst Johann von BironBiron was arrested on the orders of his rival, the Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. Ivan VI of RussiaIvan's biological mother, , replaced Biron as regent. 1741 8 August Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Sweden declared war on Russia. 25 November Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter I of RussiaPeter the Great, led the Preobrazhensky regimentPreobrazhensky to the Winter Palace to overthrow the regency of Anna Leopoldovna and install herself as empress. 2 December Ivan VI of RussiaIvan was imprisoned in the Daugavgriva fortress. 1742 4 September Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Encircled by the Russians at Helsinki, the Swedish army surrendered. 1743 7 August Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): The Treaty of Åbo was signed, ending the war. Russia relinquished most of the conquered territory, keeping only the lands east of the Kymi River. In exchange Adolf Frederick of SwedenAdolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of the Russian heir to the throne, was to become Monarch of SwedenKing of Sweden. 1744 The Old FinlandVyborg Governorate was established on conquered Swedish EmpireSwedish territories. 1755 Mikhail Lomonosov and Count founded the University of Moscow. 1756 29 August Seven Years' War: The Kingdom of invaded the Habsburg MonarchyAustrian protectorate of Electorate of SaxonySaxony. 1757 1 May Diplomatic Revolution: Under the Second Treaty of Versailles, Russia joined the Early Modern FranceFranco-Habsburg MonarchyAustrian Timeline of Russian history 8

military alliance. 17 May Seven Years' War: Russian troops entered the war. 1761 25 December Miracle of the House of Brandenburg: Elizabeth of RussiaElizabeth died. Her nephew, Peter III of RussiaPeter III, became tsar. 1762 5 May Seven Years' War: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)Treaty of Saint Petersburg ended Russian participation in the war at no territorial gain. 17 July Peter III of RussiaPeter was overthrown by the Russian Imperial GuardImperial Guard and replaced with his wife, Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II, The Great, on her orders. 1764 5 July A group of soldiers attempted to release the imprisoned Ivan VI of RussiaIvan VI; he was murdered. 1767 13 October Repnin : Four Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish senators who opposed the policies of the Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin were arrested by Russian troops and imprisoned in Kaluga. 1768 27 February Repnin Sejm: Delegates of the Sejm adopted a treaty ensuring future Russian influence in Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish internal politics. 29 February Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Szlachtanobles established the in order to end Russian influence in their country. 25 September Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): The Ottoman EmpireOttoman sultan declared war on Russia. 1771 15 September Plague Riot: A crowd of rioters entered Red Square, broke into the Moscow KremlinKremlin and destroyed the Chudov Monastery. 17 September Plague Riot: The army suppressed the riot. 1772 5 August The first Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland was announced. Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland lost thirty percent of its territory, which was divided between Kingdom of PrussiaPrussia, Habsburg MonarchyAustria, and Russia. 1773 Pugachev's Rebellion: The army of the Cossack attacked and occupied Samara, RussiaSamara. 18 September A confederated sejm was forced to ratify the first Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland. 1774 21 July Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed. The portion of the region east of the Southern Bug river, the Kabardino-BalkariaKabarda region in the Caucasus, and several Crimean ports, went to Russia. The Crimean Khanate received independence from the Ottoman Empire, which also declared Russia the protector of Christians on its territory. 14 September Pugachev's Rebellion: Upset with the rebellion's bleak outlook, Yemelyan PugachevPugachev's officers delivered him to the Russians. 1783 8 April The Crimean Khanate was incorporated into the Russian Empire. 24 July Threatened by the Persian EmpirePersian and Ottoman Empires, the kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk under which it became a Russian protectorate. 1788 Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia and imprisoned her ambassador. 27 June Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): The Swedish army playacted a skirmish between themselves and the Russians. 6 July Battle of Hogland: The Russian navy dispersed a Swedish invasion fleet near Hogland in the Gulf of Finland. 6 October : A confederated sejm was called to restore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1790 14 August Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): The Treaty of Värälä ended the war, with no changes in territory. 1791 3 May Great Sejm: Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland's Constitution of 3 May 1791Constitution of 3 May was ratified in secret. The new constitution abolished the liberum veto, reducing the power of the nobles and limiting Russia's ability to influence Polish internal politics. 23 December Catherine II of RussiaCatherine established the Pale of Settlement, an area in into which Russian were transported. 1792 9 January Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): The Treaty of Jassy was signed, ending the war. The Russian border in Yedisan was extended to the Dniester river. 18 May Polish-Russian War of 1792: The army of the Targowica Confederation, which opposed the liberal Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPolish Constitution of 3 May 1791Constitution of 3 May, invaded Poland. 1793 23 January Polish-Russian War of 1792: The second Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland left the country with one-third of its 1772 population. 23 November Grodno Sejm: The last sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ratified the second Partitions of Polandpartition. 1794 24 March Kościuszko Uprising: An announcement by Tadeusz Kościuszko sparked a nationalist uprising in Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthPoland. 4 November Battle of Praga: Russian troops captured the Praga borough of and massacred its civilian population. 5 November Kościuszko Uprising: The uprising ended with the Russian occupation of Warsaw. 1795 11 September Battle of Krtsanisi: The Persian EmpirePersian army demolished the armed forces of Kartl-Kakheti. 24 October The third Partitions of Polandpartition of Poland divided up the remainder of its territory. 1796 April Persian Expedition of 1796: Catherine II of RussiaCatherine launched a military expedition to punish Persian EmpirePersia for its incursion into the Russian protectorate of Kartl-Kakheti. 5