Proyecto de la Unión Europea
Implementado por:
2nd July 2019
EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial
Cohesion
Mapping Report Border Area Ecuador -Peru
EU-CELAC Innovact Platform: Innovation to promote Territorial Cohesion Mapping Report Border Area Ecuador-Peru
2nd July 2019
For any information regarding this document please contact:
Elena Mejía Villacís [email protected]
Azucena Cortés [email protected]
Begoña Sánchez
Ezekiela Arrizabalaga
Table of Contents
1 Summary in EN ...... 5 2 Resumen en Español ...... 6 3 The Context of the Ecuador-Peru Border Area ...... 7 4 National Level Priorities on each side of the Border ...... 9 4.1 The ZIFEP within the priorities of the Peruvian national level ...... 9 4.1.1 General approach to border integration policy and Institutional setting ...... 9 4.2 The ZIFEP within the priorities of the Ecuador national level ...... 9 4.2.1 General approach to border integration policy and Institutional setting ...... 9 4.3 The border integration policy on the border Ecuador-Peru ...... 10 5 Value Chain Mapping in the Border Area ...... 12 5.1 Value Chain 1: Coffee in Ecuador and Peru ...... 13 5.1.1 Key Value Chain Characteristics and Economic Indicators ...... 13 5.1.2 Key Challenges and Barriers to Development ...... 14 5.1.3 Opportunities for Cross-Border Collaboration ...... 15 5.2 Value Chain 2: Tourism in Ecuador and Peru along the ZIFEP ...... 16 5.2.1 Key Value Chain Characteristics and Economic Indicators ...... 16 5.2.2 Mapping of Key Players in the Value Chain ...... 16 5.2.3 Key Challenges and Barriers to Development ...... 17 5.2.4 Opportunities for Cross-Border Collaboration ...... 18 6 Recommendations for Next Tasks...... 19 6.1 Key stakeholders ...... 19 6.2 Political issues ...... 19 6.3 Training and capacity building needs ...... 19 6.4 Project management and resources...... 20 7 Bibliography ...... 21 Contact Details of Interviewees ...... 23 Current projects supported by the EU in Ecuador Peru and the border region, and other initiatives ...... 28
Tables
Table 1. Summary of technical perceptions on ten value chain with potential for innovation ...... 12 Table 2. Prioritization of value chain according to developed indicators ...... 13 Table 3. Main coffee products and export by country ...... 13
Figures
Figure 1 Ecuador-Peru border map ...... 7
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1 Summary in EN
The border area between Ecuador and Peru, known as Border Integration Zone Ecuador-Perú , henceforth ZIFEP 1 (by its acronym in Spanish), covers an area of 420,000 km 2, along with a 1,500 km border line. Out of the border area, 133,464 km 2 are on the Ecuadorian side corresponding to 47% of the national surface; while on the Peruvian side the surface is 287,000 km2 representing 22% of the total area of the territory of Peru. The border area is very diverse and spans from the coastal zone of the Pacific to the tropical humid Amazon forest. The Peruvian-Ecuadorian border region presents a heterogeneity of ecosystems and great socio-cultural wealth. Its geographical, cultural, economic, social and demographic characteristics have facilitated the integration of neighborhood populations.
After only twenty years of peace between Ecuador and Peru, socioeconomic indicators show that the ZIFEP is still among the poorest region for both countries. To improve this reality, a binational programme, the Binational Development Plan of the Peru-Ecuador Border Region 2 and a binational fund have been established. Significant amount of investments of the Binational Development Plan have been directed to support productive value chains. Many initiatives from international cooperation have been lined-up with the aim to promote strategies to support the identified value chains. Despite this positive development, the indicators for main cities of the border area show a lack of economic growth characterised by minimal industrial productivity, decrease of employment and population migration to other major cities. Previous studies indicate well positioned agricultural practices in the area, but at the same time a lack of technology and innovation. In both sides of the border the public and private efforts remain in the productive segment, and not many examples exist of complete value chains, were agricultural products are linked to local industries or entrepreneurship. Instead, many products are transported to other regions as raw materials.
INNOVACT project, has conducted a series of consultations with different border-region stakeholders representing the triple helix (public, private and academia) involved on the value chain promotion. This has permitted a better understanding of the state of the art for innovation and technology along the ZIFEP of the value chains. As part of these consultations, ten products/services were selected and latter, deeply discussed with the local governments in Ecuador and Peru (El Oro, Piura, Cajamarca, Loja and Zamora). Coffee and tourism were chosen among all selected sectors, as priority value chains in the framework of INNOVACT due to their binational impact, added value generation and social cohesion. These value chains were latter mapped with a broader range of public and private stakeholders. The analysis shows that coffee is a well-developed crop, accompanied by a rich presence of smallholders, public programmes and larger dealers. Tourism is locally less developed; it presents an interesting arrangement of operators and service providers. Both chains are lacking innovative and cross-border solutions. Tourism is seen by local authorities as the principal means for improving social cohesion in the cross-border region.
INNOVACT project, is promoting interactions between the EU regions with two main regions from ZIFEP: Piura-Loja and Cajamarca-Zamora . The project will connect different stakeholders along the coffee and tourism value chains to jointly support technology and innovation and to provoke different interactions, exchange of experiences, etc. as many synergies and complementarities might arise. For instance, Loja and Cajamarca share a common culture around coffee; Piura and Cajamarca are also sharing similar initiatives to support tourism sector in Loja. Ecuador in general terms could benefit from initiatives launched in Perú, as public programmes to support innovation and Perú can also learn from experiences around tourism and coffee culture from Ecuador. Once common concerns are identified, the exchange of experiences with European specialists, will be crucial to change main paradigms towards innovation and transformation of the border territories. This work will be the basis for the draft Action Plan.
1 Zona de Integración Fronteriza Ecuador-Perú (ZIFEP) 2 The Plan was already established resulting from the Comprehensive Border Integration, Development and Neighbourhood Agreement, signed in Brasilia on October 26, 1998 2. It was extended in June 2007 (validity 2009-2014) and again in 2014 until 2024 according to the diplomatic note. https://planbinacional.org.pe/que-es-el-plan-binacional/
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2 Resumen en Español
La frontera terrestre entre Ecuador y Perú, conocida como ZIFEP-Zona de Integración Fronteriza Ecuador-Perú , incluye 420.000 km2, a lo largo de 1.500 km de la línea fronteriza, de los cuales 133.464 km2 están en el lado ecuatoriano correspondiente al 47% de la superficie nacional, mientras que en el lado peruano la superficie es de 287.000 km2 que representa el 22% del área total del territorio del Perú. La zona fronteriza es muy diversa y va desde la zona costera del Pacífico hasta la selva tropical húmeda del Amazonas. La región fronteriza peruano-ecuatoriana presenta una heterogeneidad de ecosistemas y una gran riqueza sociocultural. Sus características geográficas, culturales, económicas, sociales y demográficas han facilitado la integración de las poblaciones vecinas.
Después de solo veinte años de paz entre Ecuador y Perú, el ZIFEP aún se encuentra entre las regiones más pobres en términos de indicadores socioeconómicos para ambos países. Para combatir esta realidad, se estableció un programa y un fondo binacional: el Plan de Desarrollo Binacional de la Región Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador 3. Con el fin de impulsar el desarrollo, las inversiones del Plan Binacional se dirigieron significativamente al trabajo en cadenas productivas. En este sentido, muchas iniciativas de cooperación internacional están alineadas con la promoción de estrategias productivas. Sin embargo, los indicadores fronterizos para las principales ciudades siguen mostrando una falta de crecimiento económico caracterizado por una productividad industrial mínima, una disminución del empleo y la migración a otras ciudades importantes. Diversa literatura muestra la notoriedad de las prácticas agrícolas, pero la poca implementación de tecnología e innovación para crear valor agregado local. En ambos lados, los esfuerzos públicos y privados permanecen en la esfera productiva, y no existen muchos ejemplos de cadenas de valor completas, donde los productos agrícolas están vinculados a las industrias locales o el espíritu empresarial. Muchos productos son transportados a otras regiones como materia prima.
El proyecto INNOVACT realizó una serie de consultas con diferentes actores fronterizos de la triple hélice (públicos, privados y academia) con el fin de configurar un estado del arte para la innovación y la tecnología a lo largo de las principales cadenas de valor. Como parte de los resultados, se discutieron en profundidad diez productos / servicios con equipos técnicos de gobiernos locales en El Oro, Piura, Cajamarca, Loja y Zamora. Al final, se priorizaron el café y el turismo , debido a su importancia local para la creación de valor agregado y la cohesión social binacional. Estas dos cadenas se mapearon mediante el trabajo de campo, con una gama más amplia de agentes públicos y privados. De hecho, el café se vende como grano verde, pero también con un grado de transformación como café molido, acompañado de una rica presencia de pequeños agricultores, programas públicos y grandes distribuidores. En lo que respecta al turismo, varios operadores buscan oportunidades para aprovechar la cultura del café entre ambos países. El turismo, es visto como el principal medio de cohesión social.
El proyecto INNOVACT está promoviendo la interacción de las regiones europeas con dos regiones en el ZIFEP: Piura-Loja y Cajamarca-Zamora . El proyecto conectará diferentes actores de las cadenas de valor del café y turismo para trabajar conjuntamente sobre cómo mejorar la innovación y la tecnología y generar interacciones, intercambio de experiencias, etc., ya que fruto del trabajo conjunto se generarán sinergias y complementariedades. Por ejemplo, Loja y Cajamarca comparten una cultura común alrededor del café, mientras que Piura y Cajamarca están en iniciativas similares para fomentar el turismo en Loja. Ecuador, en general, puede beneficiarse de algunas iniciativas puestas por Perú en términos de programas públicos para la innovación en ambas cadenas. El Perú también puede aprender de las experiencias del turismo en torno a la cultura del café en Ecuador. Una vez que se identifican los problemas comunes, la asistencia de un especialista europeo será crucial para cambiar los paradigmas hacia la innovación y la transformación de los territorios fronterizos y escribir el Plan de Acción correspondiente.
3 El Plan ya se estableció como resultado del Acuerdo Integral de Integración, Desarrollo y Vecindad Fronteriza, firmado en Brasilia el 26 de octubre de 1998 (validez 2009-2014) y en el 2014 hasta 2024 siguiendo la nota diplomática https://planbinacional.org.pe/que-es-el-plan-binacional/
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3 The Context of the Ecuador-Peru Border Area
The border area between Ecuador and Peru (Figure 1), known as ZIFEP (by its acronym in Spanish) covers an area of 420,000 km 2 along with 1,500 km long border line. Out of the border area 133,464 km2 is on the Ecuadorian side corresponding to 47% of the national surface, while on the Peruvian side the surface is 287,000 km2 that represents 22% of the total area of the territory of Peru. The border area is very diverse and spans from the coastal zone of the Pacific to the tropical humid Amazon forest. The Peruvian-Ecuadorian border region presents a heterogeneity of ecosystems and great socio-cultural wealth. Its geographic, cultural, economic, social and demographic characteristics have facilitated the integration of the neighboring populations.
Figure 1 Ecuador-Peru border area map
Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15412193
The population of the border area is approximately 8 million people. The population density in the border integration zone is 10 inhabitants per square km, which is below the South American average (22 inhabitants per square km). From the ethnic point of view, the area consists of more than 90 native communities, 9 linguistic families and 25 ethnic groups. These communities live mainly from hunting, fishing and from agriculture. The most important border native communities are the Jibaros called Aguarunas in Peru and Shuar and Saraguros (mainly located in the province of Loja) in Ecuador.
In Ecuador, the ZIFEP comprehends: the province of El Oro, Loja, Zamora Chinchipe, Morona Santiago, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbíos and Napo. In Peru, it includes: department of Tumbes, Piura, the provinces of Maynas and Alto Amazonas of the department of Loreto and the provinces of Jaen and San Ignacio of the department of Cajamarca.
Following previous reports 4 and literature, the main problems identified for this border area are directly or indirectly related to poverty. For instance, Cajamarca in Peru, is the department with the lowest competitive development index 5, followed by similar numbers for Zamora Chinchipe in Ecuador 6. Other areas such as Piura in Peru and El Oro in Ecuador, perform better regarding industry and investment, but rank low compared to national average in access to water and sanitation. Regarding binational interactions, authors agree on the slow and very bureaucratic migratory controls that prevent mobility.
4 “Agua sin fronteras” and “INPADES” 5 Peruvian Institute of Economy, 2017. https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/ 6 There is no common data but comparing national figures conclusions are roughly similar.
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Barriers for trade have placed a very robust contraband system for agricultural products, specially rice, onions, coffee and cocoa. These products are brought to Ecuador, to benefit from exchanges rates.
Along the inherent border problems, it is worth mentioning that Ecuador and Peru have a long history of conflicts due to limits on demarcation. However, after the peace agreement signed in 1999 in Brasilia7, several technical and political mechanisms were put in place to set a common agenda for the development of this border area. These mechanisms were gathered in the Binational Plan, a legal instrument to be executed for both countries until 2022 8. Along with this Plan, annual meetings followed the Presidential Declarations, seeking to update agreements and set new directions 9. These agreements are operationalised through the three existing Binational Committees: Tumbes-El Oro, Piura-Loja, Cajamarca-Zamora. They are organised and supported by the Chancelleries, Local Governments, and presidential representatives in the territory known as Governors in Ecuador and Prefects in Peru. They sit together with social and private representatives to monitor current activities and discuss future actions. Bilateral relationships are fluid between the border region, but interaction among committees is less frequent, so that support would be needed.
In this context, INNOVACT project, is promoting the interaction between the two Committees: Piura- Loja and Cajamarca-Zamora. The main objective is to gather together different actors working within the prioritised value chains of coffee and tourism with the same focus regarding innovation and technology. Loja and Cajamarca share a common culture around coffee, while Piura and Cajamarca, have similar initiatives to foster tourism to Loja. Overall, Ecuador, can benefit from some initiatives placed by Peru such as public programs for innovation. Peru can also, learn from experiences related to tourism around coffee culture from Ecuador.
7 Acuerdo Amplio Peruano Ecuatoriano de Integración Fronteriza, Desarrollo y Vecindad. 8 This Plan was first signed for the period of 2000-2009, later to 2014 and the last to 2022. 9 http://planbinacional.gob.ec/declaraciones-presidenciales/
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4 National Level Priorities on each side of the Border
4.1 The ZIFEP within the priorities of the Peruvian national level
4.1.1 General approach to border integration policy and Institutional setting
The National Planning Secretary CEPLAN 10 (by its acronym in Spanish), presents in the Peruvian National Plan “ Plan Bicentenario 2021 ”11 , the development of the border areas as a strategic objective. For CEPLAN it is of high importance that all Peruvian institutions align their planning instruments to the new Border Policy, especially the Local Governments. According to the diagnosis made by CEPLAN, three border Departments do not consider border aspects within their Regional Development Plans (Tumbes, Cajamarca and Amazonas). The Regional Governments that have prioritised strategic objectives related to the provision of services with emphasis on the border areas are Piura, Ucayali, Madre de God, Puno, Tacna and specially Loreto.
The National Development and Border Integration Policy (PNDIF) or Borders Policy 12 in Peru is relatively new, it dates from 2018. This policy is led by the Ministry of Foreigners Affairs of Peru and all their decentralised offices. Its application has a governance scheme based on a National System. This system includes local governments at the level of regions, provinces and districts, as well as, representatives from the army and civil society. The main objective of the Border Policy is to “Promote human development of the border population, its incorporation into the dynamics of national development, the competitive integration with the bordering countries and the safe, orderly and regular occupation of the border areas ”. This policy, in line to the national strategies and other policies, foresees six axes: fundamental rights and dignity of the people; opportunities and access to services; state and governability; economy, competitiveness and employment; regional development and infrastructure and natural resources and environment.
Border Committees are the technical parties that set activities. Even though these Committees, existed before the policy; its functioning is still not precise enough although they meet regularly and discuss common agendas. These Committees count on the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru and Ecuador. In practice, during these meetings institutions from both countries gather together in technical roundtables. Later these tables set a pipeline of activities mainly around topics related to infrastructure and economic growth. It is important to remark that there are no interactions among Committees.
Parallel to the Committees, there are two offices named Binational Plan chapter Ecuador and Peru. These offices act independently, although they are associated to the Ministries of Foreigner Affairs. They receive funds from national budgets and from the international cooperation. Connections of these offices to the Binational Fund are still not clear enough. One of these offices is located in El Oro province, Ecuador and the other in Lima, Peru. In some cases, their activities compete with the decentralised competences that Local Governments implement by law.
4.2 The ZIFEP within the priorities of the Ecuador national level
4.2.1 General approach to border integration policy and Institutional setting
The legal text for Ecuador regarding Borders Affairs, shows that all the narrative is related to security and defense. Only the National Development Plan, recognises the border areas as a specific topic to be treated under the National Strategy for the Territories (ETN by its acronym in Spanish). However, this Strategy does not mention border issues. According to the Office of National Planning (SENPLADES by
10 Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico (CEPLAN)
11 https://www.ceplan.gob.pe/documentos_/plan-bicentenario/ 12 Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29778 – Ley Marco para el Desarrollo e Integración Fronteriza DECRETO SUPREMO N° 017-2013-RE. Retrieved from http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/per127474.pdf
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its acronym in Spanish), under the ETN, Local Governments and descentralised offices of the Ministries, called to include border issues in their planning instruments. Despite this fact, retrieved documents from these institutions do not present border specific issues. Hopefully this approach will change in the following years, since a new Development Border Law or Borders Law , was issued in 2018.
Unlike Peru, Ecuador does not have any written Border Policy and it is not even clear which is the institution that might promote it. The text is ambiguous regarding institutional arrangements to implement a set of benefits promulgated by the Law. However, article 34 cites “the Local Governments together with the responsible organization for the development and planning at the national level, who are in charge to evaluate annually the compliance of policies, plans programs and projects for the integral development of the borders”. Presumably, the Ministry of Foreigner Affairs, although not explicitly mentioned, might become an important agent to support this Law.
The Borders Laws establishes among others: total or partial exoneration of taxes and tariffs regarding the imports of equipment and machinery for new productive investments; opening up channels for producers to access preferential credit lines; specific preferences to border territories to become special Zones of Economic Development 13 (ZEDE by its acronym in Spanish); preferential attention by national institutions and local governments to promote and disseminate their tourism potential; significant increase in budgets for the border local governments. This Law was promoted by a coalition of border parliamentarians and local authorities.
Another important legal instrument is the Special Amazon Development Law. Since all Amazon provinces are border ones, it complements the Borders Law. This Law remarks the need of securing border areas, in line with other border affairs policies, seeking for better budgets and tax exception. This Law is implemented by a Secretary, which is an autonomous body steered by Local Governments.
4.3 The border integration policy on the border Ecuador-Peru During twenty years of peace, Peru and Ecuador have set different mechanism towards integration. This occurs in two different levels, one related to central State institutions and another related to local institutions. The first level, directed by the Ministries of Foreigner Affairs, is in charge of prompting the agreements under de peace Treaty. The second level respond to the different actions undertaken by local institutions at the borders. Both levels, have different legal competences over borders territories.
As part of the first level, Binational Cabinets presided by country Presidents are held annually. During these high-level meetings, Ministers deal with sectorial agendas for borders areas. The main objective of these sessions is “to improve the quality of life of the population, carrying out activities and promoting projects and programs that allow to economically integrate the border region and accelerate its productive and social development while minimising the negative effects of the environmental impact ”14 . At the end of these working days, a Presidential Declaratory is agreed and provided as guidelines for further action. The last agreement signed by both countries, took place in Quito, Ecuador in 2018 15 . It calls for a continuity on the work pursued by both countries, but in line with the Sustainable Development Objectives. This document emphasises the importance of prompting employment in the ZIFEP area, with a better understanding of the population mobility and social inclusion. Also, it states that connectivity is still an important aspect to enhance within the ZIFEP area and thus, Ministries need to jointly work in this matter. It also remarks the importance of binational cities, under the urban agenda. This agreement suggests a high compromise to support the preservation of the Amazon. The Declaratory also recognises the important role of the Binational Plan Offices and ensures the funding to keep this initiative alive.
13 ZEDE-Zonas Especiales de Desarrollo Económico. 14 The Binational Plan is articulated under four programmes: Binational Program of Social and Productive Infrastructure Projects; Ecuadorian and Peruvian National Programs of Construction and Improvement of Productive Infrastructure in Border Regions; Ecuadorian and Peruvian National Construction Programs and Improvement of Social Infrastructure and Environmental Aspects in Border Regions; and, Programs to Promote Private Investment. 15 https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-esta-es-declaracion-presidencial-quito-suscrita-peru-y-ecuador-730888.aspx
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Ii is worth mentioning, that this border area is very big and diverse, with areas in which accessibility is difficult due to the lack of infrastructures. This is a challenge for the project team. There are two main subregions of cooperation between Ecuador and Peru: the upper Amazon , with the provinces of Maynas and Alto Amazonas of the department of Loreto and the provinces of Sucumbíos, Napo, Orellana and Morona Santiago and the southern Ecuador and the northern Peru . In this last one, many of the governance instruments previously discusses are implemented.
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5 Value Chain Mapping in the Border Area
There is a lack of literature and previous reports regarding Ecuador-Peru border value chains. There are some practical examples, from projects undertaken in the last decade 16 ; however, many of the actions were implemented in a specific area and no further work was devoted to connecting both countries. The diagnosis carried out in the Border Policy document of Peru, states that “There is an absence of cross border trade due to the lack of means for creating and strengthening productive linkages "backwards" and "forward" in value chains on both sides of the border ”17 . This border area lacks economic growth characterised by minimal industrial productivity, decrease of employment and population migration to other major cities. However, agricultural practices are well stablished, but technology and innovation remain insufficient to create local added value. In both sides of the border, public and private efforts, focus on the productive area, and not many examples exist of complete value chains, were agricultural products are linked to local industries or entrepreneurship. Many products are transported to other regions as raw material.
Under this reality, the mapping exercise conducted within INNOVACT project prompted a deep discussion with local governments in respect to the better integration of innovation and technology in the value chains, taking into consideration that in many cases productive chains are confused with value chains. Many of the crop products are not given any transformation in situ, rather they are transported to other cities outside of the ZIFEP. This is the case of cacao, several fruits, bamboo, part of the coffee production, etc. Others, such as banana and shrimps were just slightly processed before exporting or being sold. Services, such tourism or other entrepreneurships linked to textiles, despite their high transformation and added value, were not linked to local production. Table 1 shows the different products and services discussed in each region.
Table 1. Summary of initially selected value chain by region Region El Oro Loja Zamora Piura Cajamarca Chain 1 Banana X X 2 Coffee X X X X 3 Goat X X 4 Cattle and milk X X 5 Cocoa X X 6 Mango X X 7 Bamboo X X 8 Tourism X X X X 9 Textiles X 10 Rice X Source: Own elaboration with base on virtual Delphi rounds
During the technical discussions, several reflecting questions arose. These questions were later transformed in general indicators towards value chains selection.
Which products or services can benefit from innovation and new technologies? Which products or services are generating employment in the ZIFEP? Which products or services have the potential to be transformed inside the ZIFEP? Which products or services might speed border social cohesion?
After discussing each individual value chain, banana, coffee, tourism, bamboo, goat and cattle were first selected. Later, this selection was assessed according to previously proposed indicators and coffee and
16 http://planbinacional.gob.ec/category/inpandes/ 17 Borders Policy document 2018. Retrieved from https://www.peru.gob.pe/normas/docs/ANEXO_PF.pdf
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tourism were selected as prioritised value chains for INNOVACT project. Table 2 shows the scores obtained.
Table 2. Prioritisation of value chains according to developed indicators Banana Coffee Tourism Goat and Cattle Bamboo Added value 1 3 2 1 1 Importance of the value chain for cross-border 1 2 3 2 2 cooperation and cohesion Potential to integrate the local 3 3 3 3 3 value chains into a global ones Impact on 3 3 3 1 2 employment Aligned to national 3 3 3 1 1 planning Existence of previous projects 3 3 3 1 1 and propitious local conditions Total Score 14 17 17 9 10 Source: Own elaboration with base on virtual Delphi rounds
5.1 Value Chain 1: Coffee in Ecuador and Peru
5.1.1 Key Value Chain Characteristics and Economic Indicators
In Ecuador and Peru, coffee represents an important livelihood for approximately one million people. Global data shows that production is still low per hectare in both countries; in Ecuador between 5 to 7 qq/Ha, while in Peru 30 to 35 qq/Ha. For the border area of Ecuador, the total production is 5,000 TM/year 18 , while in Peru; between Cajamarca and Piura is about 200,000 TM/year. A large portion of this production is maintained by smallholders. The coffee produced in this border area is catalogued as fine quality. There are several actions implemented to transform local coffee production along the ZIFEP from crafted towards industrial processes.
Most of the Ecuadorian coffee is exported to Colombia, while Peru tends to export coffee to USA and Europe. Most of the exports corresponds to beans, and only a minimal part is processed as roasted or decaffeinated coffee. In Table 3 a detailed list of export markets is given.
Table 3. Main coffee products and export by country/year
Ecuador Peru Product Total Countries Total Countries (tons) (tons) Coffee (excluded 4,426.0 Colombia (78.9%), 256,272.0 USA (24.6%), Germany roasted and France (6.0%), Cuba (22.3%), Belgium (11.1%), decaffeinated (4.3%), Japan (3.3%), Colombia (9.1%), Sweden coffee) USA (2.7%), rest (5.5%), Canada (4.5%) rest (4.8%) (23%) Roasted coffee 135 Chile (60.7%), Japan 67 Chile (82.0%), USA (8.9%), (13.3%), Canada Japan (2.9%), rest (6.2%)
18 https://www.flacso.edu.ec/portal/pnTemp/PageMaster/dxagdqca2xnzrm5f88bjollbqsfpex.pdf
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(11.9%), USA (11.1%), rest (3%) Roasted and 6 Chile (66.6%), USA decaffeinated (33.3%) coffee Coffee husk and 53 Spain (92.5%), USA 22 Israel (86.3%), Finland skins (7.5%) (9.0%), Chile (%), rest (4.6%) Source: Own elaboration, information obtained from Trade map 19 , 2019 Mapping of Key Players in the Value Chain
In general terms, for both countries, main actors along the value chain are recognised as follow:
Providers. These actors provide with assets to the value chain such as machinery, tools and equipment. Producers. They are mainly smallholders, organised in cooperatives. Marketers . Cooperatives, exports and collectors. The main market differentiation from foreign demand is coffee certified by fair-trade, organic coffee, sustainable coffee and other related certification. Peru is well-known by the organic production around the world, leading the organic coffee exporter list 20 . Consumers . National consumption in both countries consists mainly in instant or soluble coffee. Grupo Noboa dominates the soluble coffee market in Ecuador, which coffee is mainly imported. Ecuador and Peru export respectively, about 0.05% and 2% of the total amount of coffee worldwide (share of global market). The main product exported is coffee beans (excluded roasted and decaffeinated coffee), the main market for the Ecuadorian coffee is Colombia and the main markets for the Peruvian coffee is USA, Germany, and Belgium 21 . In Ecuador, key actors that support coffee production are: Ministry of Agriculture and its regional offices, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP), Local Governments with competences on agricultural promotion, PROECUADOR office, Association of Coffee Exporters (ANACAFE). In Peru: Local Governments, Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Board of the Peruvian Coffee, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Chamber of Coffee plus Cacao.
5.1.2 Key Challenges and Barriers to Development
The Government of Peru recognises the importance of coffee production; however, yields are unstable as they are showing a rising trend since 2015 22 , according to data from PNUD and SECO. Peru is implementing a National Coffee Plan. This Plan explains the needs and gaps to overcome regarding technology; it specifically highlights that “The limited use of technologies and the low access to technical assistance services explain the poor management of the crop. There is an absence of an articulated research, development and innovation system that focuses on problem solving based on solid transfer mechanisms. Technology transfer is reflected in the dispersion of resources and the duplication of efforts that end weakening the supply and access to technological goods and services by economic agents”.
19 https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx?lang=es 20 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Lima_Peru_5-9-2018.pdf 21 https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c604%7c%7c%7c%7c0901%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1 %7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1 22 http://minagri.gob.pe/portal/download/2017/pncafe/sector-cafe-peru.pdf
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In Ecuador, there is not a formal assessment of the coffee sector. In comparison to Peru, Ecuador has a very low global production and targets fine quality coffee. This strategy also pretends to compensate low prices of coffee. Since 2011, Ecuador is implementing a program to reactivate production and exports. The main objective is to increase coffee plantations by fostering smallholders’ associativity. Despite the public efforts, harvests continue to decrease. The following challenges have been identified resulting from the field work with border stakeholders, for the coffee value chain to overcome regarding innovation and technology:
Many efforts are placed on obtaining better plants and new phytosanitary practices. In turn, there is no further research and development work along the value chain. Public funds for innovation are directed to promote start-ups that are far from using new technologies. Then innovation is related only to entrepreneurship and not to technology adoption. Local universities are not at the forefront of research and innovation in the coffee sector, especially in the post-harvesting part of the value chain. There is little information on the actual coffee customer, therefore, there is not further product innovation. There is not enough funding to foster new product development. Now, only roasted and grounded coffee are sold. There is no local technological centre capable of supporting the emerging needs of the coffee value chain. There is not enough technical assistance in regards research, technological development and innovation. Replicating/getting inspiration from a suitable model from elsewhere might be a good starting point. To promote social cohesion between Ecuador and Peru, it is necessary to overcome the following barriers, also identified in the field work and mainly interviews with local stakeholders from the border area:
Local universities are not dealing with border studies. Consequently, there is a lack of information for the border area as well as on the benchmark with other regions. There is not a common culture of coffee for both countries. Coffee corridors related to touristic activities are present in many local plans as a mean of promoting consumption. However, there is not a common agenda among local governments. The public resources dedicated to foster south-south cooperation are limited. Despite the agreements subscribed by local and national authorities of Ecuador and Peru, cooperation mechanisms remain still weak.
5.1.3 Opportunities for Cross-Border Collaboration
There are good opportunities to foster innovation in the ZIFEP, Binational Committees can support it. But effort is needed as innovation and technology are not still integrated enough in these value chains. In Peru, INNOVATE program 23 has set a fund to overcome some technical barriers in main value chains. In Ecuador, there is not a proper fund to foster innovation.
Coffee consumption culture is still not established in Peru, but it is emerging in border areas like Jaen, Cajamarca. In turn, Ecuador Loja and Zamora, have done a tremendous effort to support the coffee culture with notorious progress. This is very important, as coffee is a means for competitiveness for the cities and rural areas of the border area. Together with tourism, coffee corridors are expected to build a binational asset that could be further exploited.
23 https://innovateperu.gob.pe/
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Local universities have the potential to receive new technological packages for productive matters and to support innovation in the local business culture. Universities are also capable of linking socio economic data with new technological uses to improve local decision making.
5.2 Value Chain 2: Tourism in Ecuador and Peru along the ZIFEP
5.2.1 Key Value Chain Characteristics and Economic Indicators
According to the Ministry of Tourism the tourism sector generated USD 2,392.1 million in Ecuador in 2018, directly contributing 2% of the GDP and employing around 5 thousand people. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), estimates that by 2019 the contribution to GDP will be close to 6%. During 2018, about 2 million foreign visitors arrived in the country. Ecuador receives visitors from Colombia 22%, United States 17%, Venezuela 11%, Peru 11% and the rest of the world 40%. Regarding the international departures from Ecuador, the main destination is the United States with 34%, followed by Peru with 24% and Colombia with 14%.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism estimates than during 2018, 4.4 million tourists entered Peru. This activity generated USD 4,883 million, representing 8.8% of total exports. For the first quarter of 2019, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism announced an increase of 2.1% for international arrivals compared to the same period in 2018. Regarding the origin of tourists, regarding international arrivals, the first place is held by Chile with 28%, followed by the United States 15%, Ecuador 8%, Colombia 5%, Argentina 5% and the rest of the world 39%. In international departures, Chile has 22%, the United States 16%, Bolivia 10%, Argentina 9%, Colombia 9% and the rest of the world 34%.
No data is available to characterise tourism value chain at the ZIFEP. Apparently, although not supported by official information, Ecuadorians cross to Peru for beach related tourism, shopping and gambling. While Peruvians are visiting Loja province to assist the Guayacanes blossom and to peregrinate to “El Cisne” sanctuary. It is worth mentioning, that data is particularly important for local agents. Global data does shows, that Ecuador and Peru are natural partners for tourism, as the two countries are part of the international tours that already include Galapagos and Machu Picchu.
5.2.2 Mapping of Key Players in the Value Chain
Tourism in both countries represent a set of simultaneous services provided by the stakeholders of the value chain. These services are adjusted or adapted to the demand. The main touristic sectors identified at the ZIFEP are: transport, accommodation, food and entertainment; while the complementary ones are composed by those related to the organisation of the trips.
The tourism value chain in Ecuador, arrange several actors:
Transportation: mainly local transport cooperatives. These cooperatives count with established routes from Loja to Piura; from Huaquillas to Piura and from Zumba to La Balsa. One airline arrives to Loja and Santa Rosa, from and to Quito. Accommodation: Hotel establishments are mainly concentrated in Loja, Vilcabamba, Huaquillas, Santa Rosa and Machala. Food: there are restaurants many and diverse restaurants, popular and exclusive ones. Entertainment: in Loja the entertainment includes cultural activities. As a complement to these main services, there are corresponding services such as the marketing of tourism services and public and private support institutions. The following are the main key actors for the case of Ecuador:
Government: Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the Interior (Police), Local Governments.
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Private sector: there are tourism operators and travel agencies, provincial Chambers of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Associations, Carriers. Diocesan Clergy, in charge of the Basilica of El Cisne. One of the main motivations for visitors to enter Loja is related to the cult of the Virgin of El Cisne, which is a religious event that attracts thousands of tourists from both Ecuador and northern Peru. Universities are also promoting sustainable practices in tourism. The Private University of Loja (UTPL), the National University of Loja and the Technical University of Machala, are the local universities with careers related to tourism. In the case of Peru, the tourism value chain has the following agents:
Transport: in Ecuador, border transport cooperatives count with established routes from Piura and Jaen to Huaquiillas and Loja. There is also a transport network of taxis and vans that cover routes between Jaen and Piura, between Piura and Huaquillas/Macara. There are three airports located in Tumbes, Piura and Jaen. All with regular flies from and to Lima. Accommodation: hotel establishments are mainly concentrated in Piura and Jaen. Food: there are restaurants of all types with varied prices, from popular dining rooms to exclusive restaurants. Entertainment: both in Jaen and in Piura there are entertainment establishments. However, for Ecuadorian tourists, the main attraction in the field of entertainment are casinos or gambling houses, since these activities are not allowed in Ecuador. The main public and private support institutions are:
Government: Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, Commission for the Promotion of Peruvian Exports and Tourism (PROMPERÚ) and Local Governments. Private sector: the National Chamber of Tourism (CANATUR), the Peruvian Association of Hotels and Restaurants (AHORA PERU), Peruvian Association of Adventure Tourism, Ecotourism and Tourism. Higher education centres such as the National University of Piura, Cesar Vallejo University in Piura, San Pedro University in Piura.
5.2.3 Key Challenges and Barriers to Development
The main challenge for tourism at the border area, is to count with real information. National statistics are not complete enough for the border area. For this reason, it is impossible for private actors to make investment decisions towards more tailored services or products. People interviewed to develop this report concluded that there are information gaps for Ecuador and Peru and that technological advances such as ICTs enabled tools are needed to overcome this barrier.
Planning is still incipient, this is a major obstacle for binational initiatives. Despite diplomatic agreements between Ecuador and Peru, there are no formal documents. This reality makes it difficult to implement a common tourism strategy. Touristic activities and places are not well organised along the ZIFEP yet. There is not a common protocol for sustainable tourism, since a border brand has not been developed. Thus, there is a lack of inventories in regard to attractions and services 24 .
Problems related to connectivity are very important too, due to the lack of a main roads between Zamora, Jaen and Cajamarca that prevents a closer integration; as well as, the lack of cross border fly routes, although airports exist. These constraints are limiting the value chain development.
24 It is important to mention that Ecuador and Colombia have a common binational plan ratified by main planning bodies. This document is an important tool to set technical and investments agendas.
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5.2.4 Opportunities for Cross-Border Collaboration
Peru has a tourism strategy for the border regions as well as instruments aligned to its Border Policy. In turn, Ecuador has implemented some tools to foster tourism plans with local governments, but none of them focused on borders. Ecuador could benefit from the Peruvian experience of integrating the border dimension to national and subnational planning. Both countries have the means to set a common ground through the development of a binational strategy. This strategy might help the border area towards a tourism brand. The construction of a ZIFEP brand might help to understand the niche of opportunity for these regions. It might be also useful to set some indicators to measure sustainable border tourism developments and performance.
For both countries, a common strategy is crucial, as there are several opportunities for the ZIFEP area regarding tourism activities. Tourism has to become a means of cultural identity and integration for the ZIFEP´s population, as well as to boost other local products such a coffee. This has been also highlighted by the people interviewed for this mapping report.
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6 Recommendations for Next Tasks
6.1 Key stakeholders The key stakeholders for the selected value chains are the followings:
On the Ecuadorian side: Prefecture of Zamora Prefecture of Loja Prefecture of El Oro Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regional Office of the Ministry of Agriculture in Zamora Regional Office of the Ministry of Tourism in Zamora On the Peruvian side: Ministry of Foreign Affairs University of Piura Regional Government of Piura (Economic Development, Tourism and Agricultural Offices) Regional Government of Cajamarca (Economic Development, Tourism and Agricultural Offices) Commonwealth of Ayabaca Municipality of Jaen Municipality of San Ignacio Tourism chamber of Jaen Tourism chamber of Piura
6.2 Political issues Local Governments in both countries were recently elected. In this sense, new authorities are still selecting technical teams and agendas. At the first stages of INNOVACT only Piura and Loja were prioritised; however, later Zamora and Cajamarca (Jaen) were also included by request of the Peruvian Chancellery. These last entries are particularly strategic for Peru and Ecuador, since they are the less developed regions of each country. Local authorities have emphasised the importance of touristic activities.
6.3 Training and capacity building needs The last Binational Cabinet agenda set priorities for both governments. These suggested a focus on agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, fisheries and tourism. Binational planning tools or strategies are thus needed very quickly. Then, capacity building should focus on planning. The lack of regional or border-oriented studies makes it difficult to set the basis for bilateral exchanges and developments focusing innovation. An effort is needed to create interactions with European universities which are more specialised in working with border -related topics. Innovation is named usually in political discourses, but still not very well understood. Interviews show that value chains are well known, but the demand is more focused on capacities towards product development and market access. In the case of coffee, added value is an important request. For tourism, the development of TICs or GIS tools needs to be prioritised.
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6.4 Project management and resources. The long distances between the regions of the integration zone increases the costs and resources that need to be devoted to this territory. Coordination and mobility are then a challenge for all stakeholders involved in the project. For example, Zamora and Cajamarca, they are not well connected by road nor any other means of transport.
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7 Bibliography
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Ceplan. (2016). Plan nacional peru bicentenario. Lima: ceplan.
Corporación alto marañón. (2019). Cadenas de valor de café y cacao en cajamarca y amazonas. Lima: innovate perú.
Cuba, i. S. (2018). Aspectos geográficos, turísticos y políticos que fomentan el desarrollo de un producto ecoturístico binacional perú-ecuador. Trujillo: universidad de trujillo.
Donoso, c. (2010). Ecuador-perú una década de paz. Quito: flacso.
Maldonado-erazo, c. (2018). Rural tourism in a binational context case study: mangachurco-casitas tourist route. International journal of professional business review.
Minagri. (2018). Plan nacional de acción del café peruano. Lima: minagri.
Ministerio de relaciones exteriores perú. (2018). Política nacional de desarrollo e integracion de fronteras. Lima.
Oddone, n. (2018). Paradiplomacia local y transfronteriza como un instrumento de gobernanza ambiental en el mercosur y la unión europea: una descripción comparada. Civitas - revista de ciências sociais.
Sausi, j. (2012). Cooperación transfronteriza e integración: oportunidades para el desarrollo del perú. Unirioja.
Senplades. (2017). Plan naciona de desarrollo toda una vida. Quito: senplades.
Zambrano, h. Y. (2018). Análisis del contexto socio-económico, comercial, financiero e internacional de las pymes ecuatorianas. Quito: ecociencia.
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https://www.peru.gob.pe/normas/docs/ANEXO_PF.pdf https://www.flacso.edu.ec/portal/pnTemp/PageMaster/dxagdqca2xnzrm5f88bjollbqsfpex.pdf https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx?lang=es https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Lima_Peru_5-9- 2018.pdf http://minagri.gob.pe/portal/download/2017/pncafe/sector-cafe-peru.pdf https://innovateperu.gob.pe/ https://euroclimaplus.org/images/Riesgo/ponencias/archivos/Sesion-inicial-19- feb/RIESGOS%20SIN%20FRONTERAS%20ECUADOR%20-%20PERU%20-%20Fredy%20Feijo%20- %20Tomas%20Savedra.pdf
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Contact Details of Interviewees
Perú
Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Gobierno Regional ulezama @regioncajamarca.gob.pe Ubelser Lezama GORE Cajamarca 987249552 Jaén, Cajamarca Cajamarca
Víctor Rodríguez A Agraria Jaen [email protected] 943191031 Jaén, Cajamarca Jiménez
Vitoly Becerra Universidad Alas Peruanas [email protected] 959479938 Jaén, Cajamarca Montalvo
José David Vilchez Cooperativa INPROCAFE 956023845 Jaén, Cajamarca Estela
[email protected] Wagner Colmerares Universidad Nacional de Jaen 975295356 Jaén, Cajamarca
Lederson Flores [email protected] Aroma del Valle 947999314 Jaén, Cajamarca Chuquihuanga
Paola Hoyos CAPTUR JAEN [email protected] 973377108 Jaén, Cajamarca Coronel
Malena Celeste Molinería El Agricultor SAC- [email protected] 998429260 Jaén, Cajamarca Vásquez Carrión IPD
César Silva Mora Corporación Alto Marañón Gerente [email protected] 944697589 Jaén, Cajamarca
James Troya Calle Cooperativa INPROCAFE [email protected] 963697202 Jaén, Cajamarca
Jorge Luis Figueroa Cooperativa INPROCAFE [email protected] 70087283 Jaén, Cajamarca Hurtado
Sara Delgado Cooperativa INPROCAFE [email protected] 944646216 Jaén, Cajamarca Salinas
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Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Flor Mezones Cooperativa COPICAFE [email protected] 956487480 Jaén, Cajamarca Facundo
Manuel Quiliche Cooperativa COPICAFE Gerente [email protected] 946827555 Jaén, Cajamarca Sánchez
Jorge Paredes Gobierno Regional Cajamarca Planeamiento [email protected] 976904833 Jaén, Cajamarca Vasquez
Pelayo Roncal Punto Focal Comité Gobierno Regional Cajamarca [email protected] 976680771 Jaén, Cajamarca Vargas Binacional
Carlos Obando Cancillería Cajamarca Jefe de Oficina [email protected] 989271020 Jaén, Cajamarca Peralta
Percy Pilco Diaz MP de Jaen-GDEL [email protected] 976992211 Jaén, Cajamarca
Marieta Sánchez Gobierno Regional de Piura Subgerente de promoción [email protected] 920594501 Piura Espinoza
Fernando Cáceres Director de Cooperación Gobierno Regional de Piura [email protected] Piura Rosell Internacional
Lili Taboada Gobierno Regional de Piura Comunicadora [email protected] 284647 Piura
César Moisés Artaza Gerencia de Desarrollo Gobierno Regional de Piura [email protected] 969632200 Piura Cardoza Económico
Carmen Lamadrid Gerencia de Desarrollo Gobierno Regional de Piura [email protected] 959072876 Piura Cruz Económico
Ricardo Purizaca DIRCETUR Esp. Comercio Exterior 965842644 Piura Peña
Arnulfo Velásquez DIRCETUR Piura Director Comercio Exterior 073340133 Piura Ávila
Edwin Darío Director Regional de DIRCETUR Piura 955888585 Piura Huaman Atarama Turismo
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Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Raúl Javier Inchima Gobierno Regional de Piura Periodista Rauljavier85Qhotmail.com 943795150 Piura
Alberto Latorre DIRCETUR Director de Turismo 968234929 Piura Alvarado
Diego Balarezo Solidaridad Gerente 988344308 Piura Camminali
Mauricio Zuñiga PROMPERU Coordinador 948322475 Piura
Billy Maca Elera PROMPERU Promotor Agropecuario 979380889 Piura
Octavio Gobierno Local Sicchez Alcalde [email protected] 969521558 Piura Chuquihuanga
Jaime Ayosa Mancomunidad Ayabaca Asesor [email protected] 942846244 Piura
Mancomunidad Municipios Vladimir Saguma Gerente [email protected] 942662875 Piura Sr. Cautivo
José Fernando Coop. Norandina Ltda. Gerente Financiero [email protected] 968941267 Piura - Ayabaca Reyes Córdova Ayabaca
Ecuador
Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Rita Salazar GAD Provincial Loja Directora Cooperación [email protected] 981542055 Loja
Gerente Técnico Desarrollo Jorge Rojas Prefectura Loja [email protected] Productivo 0992362174 Loja
María José Coronel Prefectura Loja Viceprefecta [email protected] 0989016939 Loja
Genny Campoverde Prefectura Loja Turismo - Prefectura [email protected] 0980727348 Loja
Jorge Burneo Prefectura Loja Desarrollo Productivo [email protected] 0999702201 Loja
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Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Innovaciòn y William Balbuca Prefectura Loja [email protected] emprendimiento 0980609094 Loja
Innovaciòn y Jasenia Jaramillo Prefectura Loja [email protected] emprendimiento 0982467037 Loja
Ivan Velez Burneo Ministerio de Túrismo Coordinador Zonal 7 [email protected] 0997908933 Loja
Patricia González Ministerio de Túrismo Técnica - MINTUR [email protected] 0990166562 Loja
Franz Obaco CAPTUR LOJA Presidente CAPTUR [email protected] 0962902902 Loja
Jhonatan Jumbo ITSL Vice-Rector [email protected] 0994487404 Loja
Director Titulación de Cristian Viñan UTPL [email protected] turismo UTPL 0984707935 Loja
Director Titulacion De Franklin Rosero UTPL [email protected] Gastronomia UTPL 0979005449 Loja
Gonzalo Jaramillo Finca San Gabriel. Propietario [email protected] 969283733 Loja
Lic. Didio Finca La trinidad Propietario [email protected] Fernández Blacio 988802965 Loja
Felipe Eguiguren Finca El Aguacate Propietario [email protected] 989688144 Loja
Monica Leon Finca Leon Toledo Propietario [email protected] 979230355 Loja
Manuel Jara Truchas El Salado Propietario [email protected] 989688663 Loja
Operadora Diego Diaz Aventuras/Presidente de Propietario [email protected] 985270354 Operadoras Loja
Angel Cango Castillo Chinos Bike. Vilcabamba Propietario [email protected] 981876346 Loja
Diego Roman El Descanso del Toro Administrador [email protected] 993240126 Loja
Clever Jiménez Prefectura de Zamora Prefecto Zamora
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Telephone Name Organization Position Email Comments number
Jefe Político, punto focal Esmilcar Rodríguez Gobernación de Zamora [email protected] Zamora Comité Binacional
Juan Castillo Ministerio Agricultura Director [email protected] Zamora
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Current projects supported by the EU in Ecuador Peru and the border region, and other initiatives
Euroclima “Gestión de Riesgos sin Fronteras 25 ”
General objective: To reduce the usefulness of the border area of Ecuador and Peru through the public institutional framework of governance in risk management, the preparation of the border civilian population and the improvement of access to information for the prevention of answers with emphasis on sequelae and floods.
25 https://euroclimaplus.org/images/Riesgo/ponencias/archivos/Sesion-inicial-19- feb/RIESGOS%20SIN%20FRONTERAS%20ECUADOR%20-%20PERU%20-%20Fredy%20Feijo%20- %20Tomas%20Savedra.pdf
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