Masaryk University

Faculty of Education

Department of English Language and Literature

Michaela Semerádová

New Zealand Immigration Policy

Bachelor Thesis

Supervisor: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D.

Brno 2013

Acknowledgement I would like to thank Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. for his patience, help and valuable advice during the process of writing this thesis.

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the sources listed in the bibliography.

………………………………………………… Michaela Semerádová

Abstract

The objective of this bachelor thesis is to analyse the historical progress and current structure of New Zealand immigration policy. The work consists of two parts, a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part outlines development of New Zealand immigration regulations throughout the past and present, but also upcoming immigration changes. The practical part examines immigrants' experience with immigration and resulting settlement. The main aim is to discover how Immigration New Zealand decides and works. Moreover, it deals with questions which help to describe closely New Zealand immigration policy, specifically: Has New Zealand really acquired non-discriminatory approach in accepting immigrants? Is New Zealand immigration policy successful?

Key words:

Colonization, immigration, Maori, New Zealand immigration policy, The Treaty of Waitangi, an immigration act, visa, settlement strategy, assimilation.

Content

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….7 2. Historical background ………………………………………………………………………9 2.1. Colonization of New Zealand……………..………………………………………9 2.2. New Zealand modern history of immigration …………………………………...11 3. Selected events in New Zealand immigration policy……...……………………………….13 3.1. Early years and immigration……………………………………………………..13 3.2. The Treaty of Waitangi and immigration………………………………………...14 3.3. Restrictions on others...... ………………………………………………………...14 3.3.1. The Chinese Immigrants Act 1881……………………………………..15 3.3.2. The Immigration Restriction Act 1899…………………………………16 3.3. 3. The Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act 1907………………………17 3.3.4. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1908…………………...17 3.3.5. The Undesirable Immigrants Act 1919………………………………...18 3.3.6. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920…………………...19 3.3.7. The Immigration Restriction amendment Act 1931……………………20 3.4. After the WW2…………………………………………………………………...21 3.5. Non-discriminatory immigration policy after 1960……………………………...22 3.5.1. 1960s- 1980s……………………………………………………………22 3.5.2. 1980s- 1990s……………………………………………………………23 3.5.3. 1990s- 2000s……………………………………………………………24 3.5.4. 2000s- 2010s…………………………………………………………....25 4. Recent changes and current situation in New Zealand immigration policy...……………...27 5. Future perspectives in New Zealand immigration policy..………………………………...29 6. Types of visa as they exist now……………………………………………………………30 6.1. Temporary visa…………………………………………………………………...30

6.1.1. Work Visa………………………………………………………………30 6.1.2. Visitor Visa……………………………………………………………..31 6.1.3. Study Visa………………………………………..…………………….31 6.1.4. Working Holiday Visa………………………………………………….32 6.2. Permanent visa…………………………………………………………………...32 7. New Zealand settlement strategy…………………………………………………………..35 7.1. Treating Maori……………………………………………………………………36 7.2. Settlement strategies applied on others…..………………………………………38 8. Practical part: Immigration policy survey………………………………………………….43 8.1. Summary of respondents' characteristics………………………………………...44 8.1.1. Demographic characteristics…………………………………………...44 8.1.2. Application procedure summary……………………………………….46 8.1.3. Social integration and settlement of the respondents…………………..48 8.2. Has New Zealand really acquired non-discriminatory approach in accepting immigrants? ...... 50 8.3. Is New Zealand immigration policy successful? ...... 52 9. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………55

1. Introduction

Migration is a worldwide phenomenon. Together with globalization and growth in foreign visitors, migration is becoming a hot issue, and so it is in New Zealand where nearly 20 percent of their citizens and residents had been born in another country. A country´s immigration policy, however, does not only focus on benefits from newcomers but also deals with an outflow of their own habitants. Moreover, after crossing the frontier, immigrants become a part of a particular nation, and therefore, it touches every sphere of human lives such as economic, culture, politics or socialization. We can easily understand that immigration is a very complex system, which requires attention of many government agencies and also general public.

For New Zealand being a multicultural country, migration is of the utmost importance to their future prosperity. On that account, it continues to be a source of plenty debates. After decades, migration system was shaken and there have been a number of immigration policy changes, which played a crucial role in constructing New Zealand's future.

After the country was discovered, many travelers ended up settling there. The sweeping change in New Zealand history came with the arrival of British and with appropriation of this far distant country. When New Zealand became an outpost of Britain, the British influenced the policy-making for centuries. Generally the main aim of the policy was to keep New Zealand white. Although this was not claimed officially as in Australia, the white man policy was pushed forward. However, such beliefs were dismissed in about 1970 when the criteria for entry gradually changed. Even though the restrictions on immigrants remained strictly regulated, government targeted at deciding according to personal qualities and skills, which is more or less followed until now.

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The thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part discusses all the noteworthy changes in New Zealand immigration system. In order to understand the immigration policy it is necessary to be familiar with the history of New Zealand colonization and settlement. Therefore, this work starts with historical background. The next chapter outlines the evolution of the immigration regulation from the very first contact with British men to the current situation there. It also covers a topic of settlement and assimilation which is an important factor of immigrants' life and influences their living in the country. The practical part deals with the impact of immigration policy on different nationalities. I came up with a survey with suitable questions and distributed it among people who ever applied for New Zealand visa. Consequently, I compare their experience in terms of the application and arriving process, but also in terms of their settlement and integration within the country. Lastly, on the basis of the survey I try to answer two questions characterizing New Zealand immigration policy: Has New Zealand really acquired non- discriminatory approach in accepting immigrants? Is New Zealand immigration policy successful?

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2. Historical background

2.1. Colonization of New Zealand

It has been more than thousand years since the vessels of 40 canoes with Polynesian ancestors first touched Aotearoa1 at the shore of the northern island. It is estimated that those first settlers came either from Cooks islands or from Tahiti. Nevertheless, the land remained vastly uninhabited until 1642 when Dutchman Abel Tasman on a research sail happened to meet the two islands which were later on named by Dutch Nova Zeelandia ( Sinclair, 2003, 27).

Nearly one hundred years later, in 1762, James Cook first landed in New Zealand. This first touch with British was followed by dramatic and abrupt changes in environment, culture and agriculture. Moreover, Cook opened possibilities for further British entry. Many of New Zealand early immigrants arrived in search of items to trade (Ch. Rawlings, B. Atkinson et al., p. 31-32). Despite the isolation, the presence of natural sources such as oil, flux and fur led people to leave their homelands and travel thousands of kilometers. Nearly 100 years after the first Europeans reached New Zealand and more than 100 sealers, whalers and missionaries settled in the New Zealand land. Except for a few Americans and Asians, most of them were of the British or Irish origin. In the following decades the non-Maori population was rising. These days British were already promoting their interests and so the first targeted immigration was organized by so called New Zealand Company, which until 1839 brought about 2,000 migrants. As the indigenous people did not by all accounts obey any principles and rules, conflicts among Maoris and Europeans began to deteriorate.

1 Aotearoa is a Maori name for New Zealand. It is actually a compound of three Maori words. All together it could be translated as a long white cloud. It is often said that during the great migration Maori were navigating according to long white clouds. The other explanation, which even more probable, is that the long white cloud was the first thing they saw when they arrived to New Zealand ("Definitions of Maori words used in New Zealand English")

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The situation changed in 1840 when in view of need to control the colonization, The Treaty of Waitangi was signed. Although both sides, the British Crown and Maori chiefs, were presented to the act, there were many chiefs who strictly disagreed. The treaty enabled the United Kingdom to regulate the inflow of people settling in this country, and on top of that, it provided British with status of a New Zealand citizen2. The New Zealand Company continued with their recruitment and by assisted migration managed to double the population in Aotearoa. The company tried to attract English people to head off to New Zealand with hope for a better life. Alongside the growing number of inhabitants, there was a strong need to fill the labor market, which required employment of agricultural workers, shepherds, miners, gardeners, brick makers, mechanics, hand craftsmen and domestic servants. Not only were thousands of those people assisted with free passage, but they were also promised ownership of land for inconsiderable sum of money and also secured employment ("The colonization of New Zealand").

At the end of the 50s, alike in Australia, gold was found in New Zealand which was to change the further immigration process. Unfortunate for Britain, the discovery of gold lured people from other countries as well. By far the most relevant group came from China, but a number of gold diggers were Germans, Scandinavians and other Europeans. Over the period of gold rush more than a quarter of million people flooded into the country ("History of immigration").

However, due to an economic depression the period of great migration to New Zealand fell apart which lasted nearly until The Great War of 1914- 1918. Very few people arrived during this time, as New Zealand economic situation was degrading. Only a considerable number of Australians arrived to escape the bad situation in their own country. As the public debt rose steeply and unemployment was increased abruptly, newly arrived were no more wanted. Because people living in New Zealand intended to tackle their own problems within the country, government decided to tighten the migration laws and no more

2 These days New Zealand citizenship was not established yet. So the New Zealand citizen status was only a label for someone who lived in the country. It was not a legally acquired citizenship as it exits nowadays. 10

support the settlement directed from Britain. Suddenly, New Zealanders were no more immigrants, but turned to be in their homeland and a number of people born in New Zealand were at that moment even higher in comparison to those people who were foreign born3. Just before the outbreak of The First World War the labor workers were at a shortlist and so the British subjects were provided with the assisted passage once again.

2.2. New Zealand modern history of immigration

The First World War generally ceased migrating all around the world, since the journey was too risky and ships were needed for another purposes. On the other, hand New Zealand culture suffered from shortage of men, as thousands did not get back from the fights. There was also a strong call for domestic servants. On that account, the British government came up with the Overseas Settlement Scheme which provided subsidies for the passages to ex-servicemen and later to widows and dependants ("Immigration to New Zealand- Or finding the Ship your Ancestors Came to New Zealand"). This act was, however, only applied on the Anglo- Saxon population. The outsiders were to pay a poll tax and had to prove their suitability for being a New Zealander. War intensified resistance towards the foreigners and so between the wars many immigrant exclusion acts came into practice. After the great outburst in immigration, the world-wide economic depression arrived to Pacific Ocean. New Zealand was not, therefore, appealing to immigrants any more. Consequently, people rather tended to leave Aotearoa than to come there. The election of the first New Zealand labor government in 1935 did not strengthen the immigration affairs. Nevertheless, thousands of Europeans escaping from genocide and from totalitarian regimes came over. Another exception was given to 566 English children who arrived there to flee the danger. Yet most of the refuges returned back home after the war ("Immigration to New Zealand").

3 In 1886 number of population born in New Zealand was 52% (including Maori), the Australians were counted up to 3%, English 22%, Scotsmen 9.5%, Irelands 9% and others 4.5% ( Ibid ).

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After the Second World War, the opportunities for aspiring migrants significantly improved, because after the wars New Zealand government speculated how to increase the country's population. Although they supported a natural way of growing the population, the Labor Government introduced full assisted immigration scheme, mainly because a shortage of workers. By 1951 85 per cent of foreign born population was still British, but some other Europeans arrived, including the Dutch, Germans, Swiss or Greeks, who seemed to fit the British prospective.

In the 70s the whole immigration system recorded a turning point in accepting foreigners. Although New Zealand immigration policy was still directed towards the white population, the immigration acts eliminated the discrimination against some race or nationality. At this period schemes of student visas started to be implied as well. Additionally, New Zealand took up responsibilities towards Pacific Islanders which brought over more than 50,000 people. Rights of residence became based on questions of skills and qualifications, not ethnicity and national origin ("History of immigration"). However, the situation revealed New Zealand´s economic instability, resulting in outflow of the locals4. Up to now different immigration policies and various points systems were introduced5.

4 In 19th century New Zealand lost over 40,000 people, which was the biggest outflow in their history ( "New Zealand International Migration Statistics". p.7 )

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3. Selected events in New Zealand immigration policy

New Zealand is often called a country of immigrants and is considered to be a multiethnic society. Mainly because more than 30 per cent are foreign born and because it is home to people many different nationalities6. However, this country was not known to the rest of the world until the end of the 17th century, hence, it could always offer a vast opportunity for population growth. The latest statistics show that the majority of New Zealand´s population is of European descent. Thus, each and every immigrant coming to New Zealand played crucial role in its future economic, social and cultural development.

In this section I am going to depict selected historical events in New Zealand immigration policy, which I think influenced the formation of New Zealand society and culture.

3.1. Early years and immigration:

After the sailors pioneered New Zealand, the entry restrictions were made only by Maoris´ decisions. They managed to protect their country and very often scared strangers to land at their shores, yet due to the possible benefits and exchange of goods (e.g. guns, vegetables) they did allowed a few people to stay there and sometimes even took them into their own communities. Europeans were still bringing more and more favorable items like some fabrics, nails, guns and gunpowder ( Sinclair, 2003, p. 31). Therefore, Maori themselves

6 69 percent of New Zealand's population is of European descent, the indigenous Maori are considered to be the largest minority (14.6 percent), followed by Asians (9.2 percent) and Pacific Islanders (6.9 percent) ( "Ethnic population projection: issues and trends" ).

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asked for foreigners and decided to cooperate with them and let them into the country. Generally speaking, everyone who seemed suitable for Maoris was allowed to enter.

3.2. The Treaty of Waitangi and immigration:

The Treaty of Waitangi in fact acknowledged New Zealand to be under the British control and placed all Maori under the British authority. On top of that, the regulation of immigration was a matter of British intention and immigrants from other places were to keep outside. And so the first wave of organized migration began. Seeing the immigration as a key to growth, most of the newcomers were recruited by New Zealand Company. The organized campaigns were successful in bringing over many European migrants and establishing British based settlements throughout the colony. Those Europeans were to become landowners, filling in the vastly unpopulated country in order to make it British.

New Zealand, being a developing colony, was at that time in need of labor workers who would be on hand to the farmers or help to cultivate the land like to build the houses and roads. Therefore, the government offered free passage to European immigrants, in other words to those people from the United Kingdom who were attracted by the New Zealand company. As well as land ownership the other arguments for call for migrants were the rising conflicts with Maori.

As a result of the immigration policy, by 1852 there were approximately 28,000 Europeans in New Zealand ("History of immigration").

3.3 Restrictions on others

In the 1860 the discovery of gold began to attract non- British people, who of course were not wanted. Apart from Australians, who were generally welcome being a part of another British colony, also a considerable number of Chinese arrived in lure of the gold rush.

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The gold rush was important for the immigration system in the 80s. Many immigration regulations were established, as for the very first time New Zealand was being occupied by other nationalities than British or Irish. This extensively disturbed the British view about New Zealand and grew fears about large number of aliens in British colony. Although very few Chinese immigrants entered New Zealand, government imposed restrictions on immigration for the first time. As well as Chinese also Indians were prohibited to enter, although they were part of the British Empire.

3.3.1 The Chinese Immigrants Act 1881:

The Chinese immigration Act 1881 was actually the very first act imposed against immigrants, particularly the Chinese, who were coming to New Zealand in increasingly large numbers. As the work on goldfields become harder to find, a public meeting held in Dunedin in 1871, called for no more migrants to follow those who arrived in the 60s.

„BE IT ENACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1. The Short Title of this Act is „ The Chinese Immigrants Act, 1881“ 3. In this Act, if any vessel shall arrive in any port in New Zealand, having on board a greater number of Chinese passengers than in the proportion of one to every ten tons of the tonnage of vessel, according to the register, the owner, charterer, or master of such vessel shall be reliable, on conviction, to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds for each Chinese passengers carried in excess 4. Before making any entry at the Customs, and before any Chinese shall be permitted to land, the master shall pay to such Collector or other principal officer ten pounds for every such Chinese, and no entry shall be deemed to have been legally made, or to have any legal effect, until such payment shall have been made“ ( "Chinese Immigrants Act 1881 (45 VICT 1881 No 47)").

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This restriction reduced the number of Chinese who could land in New Zealand to one to every 10 tons of a cargo and a poll tax of £10 per each Chinese person was to be paid. However, this still did not scare off satisfactory number of Chinese. That implies the following cutback in 1888. The ration of immigrants to ship weight was reduced to 100 tons. In 1896 the discrimination against Chinese got even worse by cutting it down to 200 tons of a cargo and increasing the poll tax to £100.

3.3.2. The Immigration Restriction act 1899:

„BE IT THE THEREFORE ENACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :- 1. The Short Title of this Act is "The Immigration Re- Short,' Title Restriction Act, 1899." 3. Except in so far as is otherwise provided in the subsequent sections of this Act, It shall not he lawful for any person of any of the following classes (hereinafter called" prohibited immigrant ") .to land in New Zealand, that is to say:- (1.) Any person other than of British (including Irish) birth any parentage. (2.) Any idiot or insane person. (3.) Any person suffering from a contagious disease which is loath some or dangerous“("Immigration Restriction Act 1899 (63 VICT 1899 No 33).").

This act imposed in 1899 was a further restriction on Asians. Although originally it said that any person who was not of British or Irish born cannot enter New Zealand, this legislation was actually used to dispose of the Indians, for the first time, as well as the Chinese and the others. Not only did the poll tax and shipping tonnage stayed in practice, but as it is mentioned in many sources, also any "idiot or insane person alike those suffering from contagious diseases" (" Immigration chronology: selected events 1840-2008"). Although these acts were strictly racist and directly attracted Asian nations, these legislations ware in practice for the next 20 years, which at the beginning of the 20th century was nearly impossible.

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3.3.3. The Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act 1907:

BE IT ENACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows; 1. This Act may be cited as the Chinese Immigrants Amend- Short Titlement Act, 1907 2. It shall not be lawful for any Chinese to land in New Chinese immigrants Zealand until it has been proved to the satisfaction of the Collector to pass reading test, or other principal officer of Customs at some port in New Zealand that such Chinese is able to read a printed passage of not less than one hundred words of the English language, selected at the discretion of such Collector or principal office (" Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act 1907 (7 EDW VII 1907 No 79)").

The 1907 Chinese Immigrants Amendment Act passed on other restrictions on Chinese. As a result, any Chinese were not allowed to enter New Zealand land unless they had been considered to be satisfactory by passing an English- language reading test. In practice, the test required every immigrant to read an English text in front of the Collector of customs, which was nearly impossible at the beginning of the 20th century.

3.3.4. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1908:

BE IT EN ACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as the Immigration Restriction Amendment Act, 1908, and shall be read together with and deemed part of the Immigration Restriction Act, 1908 2. (1.) Section forty-two of the principal Act shall not apply- To the return to New Zealand of any Chinese who, whether before or after the passing of this Act, has left or leaves New Zealand, after registering his name and thumb-print with a Collector of Customs, and who returns to New Zealand within four years after the date of such registration, and satisfies a Collector of Customs as to his identity.

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(2.) The Governor may from time to time by order in Council make regulations prescribing the manner in which and the conditions on which such registration may be effected, and every registration effected while any such regulations are in force shall be effected in conformity therewith, or otherwise shall be of no effect ("Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1908 (8 EDW VII 1908 No 230)").

A completely new way how to keep Chinese out was to prevent the permit being exploited by another person wanting to come. And so either a new coming Chinese or already New Zealand Chinese had to register themselves with a thumbprint before left to their homeland. Moreover, the second sub-section of the second section gave the government unlimited power to change the regulation at any time. The interesting thing is that such restriction was only imposed at Chinese population at that time.

3.3.5. The Undesirable Immigrants Act 1919:

BE IT EN ACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1. this Act may be cited as the Undesirable Immigrants Exclusion Act, 1919, 4. (1.) No person who has at any time been a subject of the State of Germany or of Austria-Hungary as those States existed on the fourth day of August, nineteen hundred and fourteen (being the date of the commencement of the war with Germany), and no alien born in any place which on that date was within the limits of the German Empire in Europe or within the limits of the monarchy of Austria-Hungary, shall land in New Zealand without a license in that behalf issued by the Attorney-General. 5. (1.) When the Attorney-General is satisfied that any person Attorney-General is not permanently resident in New Zealand and is disaffected or disloyal, or of such a character that his presence m New Zealand would be injurious to the peace, order, and good government of that Dominion, and that such person is about to arrive or land in New Zealand from parts beyond the seas, the Attorney-General may, by order

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signed by him, prohibit that person from landing in New Zealand ("Undesirable Immigrants Exclusion Act 1919 (10 GEO V 1919 No 44)")

As we are in the period of the WW1 the immigration acts were not carried out until 1919, when under The Undesirable Immigrants Act 1919 the Attorney- General was given the power to stop anyone who was undesirable, disaffected, or disloyal before reaching New Zealand. Also Germans and Austro-Hungarians were not allowed to enter under this act. As a result of the economic decline, New Zealand was no longer a desirable place to live. Furthermore, the government was financially unable to provide the assisted immigration from Britain. The government itself expressed an antipathy towards immigration as shown by newly elected Labor Prime Minister Savage´s speech: "We are not going to pay anyone´s fare to come to New Zealand until we have solved our own economic problems" ("History of immigration").

3.3.6. The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920:

BE IT ENACTED by 'the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as the Immigration Restriction Amendment Act, 1920. 5. (1.) In addition to the restrictions imposed upon immigration into New Zealand of the several classes of persons specified in the principal Act as amended by this Act, it is hereby enacted that no person other than a person of British birth and parentage shall (except as by this Act is specially provided) enter into New Zealand unless he is in possession of a permit to enter in the form and to the effect provided by regulations under this Act ("Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 (11 GEO V 1920 No 23)").

The 1920 Immigration Restriction Amendment Act simply specified who at that time was allowed to enter New Zealand. However, there was no sign of relief for the non British people. It simply reviewed that only British or Irish population was the suitable one and they

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were the only exception who could freely entry the country, whilst the other nationalities had to ask for permission in written form. On contrary, the act gave the government the right to dismiss any request they liked to. Although the language test and the requirement for a thumbprint were no longer in use, it only meant that the restrictions were not then aimed only at Asians but at all with non British parenthood.

3.3.7 The Immigration restriction Amendment Act 1931:

BE IT ENACTED by the General Assembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1. This Act may be cited as the Immigration Restriction Amendment Act, 1931, 2. (1) In addition to the restrictions imposed by the principal Act upon immigration into New Zealand, the Governor-General, on account of any economic or financial conditions affecting trade and industry in New Zealand or any other conditions whatever which render it expedient so to do in the public interest, may from time to time, by Order in Council, make regulations prohibiting the landing in New Zealand of persons of any specified nationality or race or of any specified class or occupation, or limiting the number of any such persons that may land in New Zealand during any specified period or period ( " Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1931 (21 GEO V 1931 No 2)").

In 1931 Immigration restriction Amendment Act was imposed, yet it again just clarified who was appropriate to enter the furthest British Colony and again aimed at the enemies from outside the British land, who were to be stopped before New Zealand shores. Only a few Jews were given an exception as refugees from totalitarianism, additionally those were able to prove themselves to be economically stable.

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3.4. After the WW2

The rapid spread of WW2 discontinued any migration to New Zealand without any interference of government. Not only did this war decreased the number of immigrants, but it also changed social mentalities of New Zealanders who were disillusioned by the development of the war particularly by the failure of Britain to fully protect them in war. This slight change of thoughts, however, was a turning point for New Zealand future, because since then they began to head its foreign policy toward the United State and Asia. The very first outcome of such reorientation was the removal of the Chinese migration poll-tax in 1944. The government also accepted 4,582 Europeans refugees escaping the totalitarian regimes. It was followed by another important act passed in 1948 which established a New Zealand citizenship. Under this act settlers were for the first time given a passport even those from tradition countries, yet the title was still announced as " British passport, New Zealand " ( Spoonleya, Pearson, 268). Consequently, this major change meant that people living in New Zealand were no more under the control of Britain, but were newly legal inhabitants of Aotearoa. Until then, citizenship was granted by swearing to Crown and rather than giving the citizenship the applicants were passed through process of naturalization. After the force of the act, New Zealand nationality was attained by birth or registration of those people already being in the country (" New Zealand citizenship established"). On top of that, all current residents including Chinese were accepted as New Zealanders.

After the drop in new coming immigrants during the war, there occurred an immediate need for more work forces. So in 1946 a select committee was set up as a means to raise the number of inhabitants. A new assisted-passage scheme was introduced. It was primarily aimed at young single British people. Yet the shortage of workers was still in force, the suitable people were extended to Dutch, Danish, Swiss, Austrian and German Even though the foreign policy against non-Europeans recorded slight changes, the discrimination against Asians was still in practice until the 60s ( "Immigration regulation - Immigration policy: overview").

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3.5 Non-discriminatory immigration policy after 1960

3.5.1. 1960s-1980s

From the early 60s onward the immigration policies were changed, as New Zealand government considered immigration as an instrument of labor market policy. The relevant system was formed on the basis of occupational priory list, which demonstrated the employers need for recruitment of more skilled workers. Consequently, this situation was followed by Immigration Amendment Act 1961 under which all persons, newly including the British, had to go through the immigration process and satisfy all the requirements. The only exception was given to Australian citizens who actually from signing The Treaty of Waitangi were not required to acquire any permission for entry. Moreover, newly in 1973 Trans-Tasman Travel arrangement was established. It allowed each others' people visiting, studying and working within the country without any need for visa, only a valid passport must have been provided on the arrival (Hawkins, p.147). As for the citizenship between these two countries, the common requirements are applied. Although the policies were becoming more open to non-British immigrants, for Englishmen it was only a formal process to acquire, whilst for Asians it was still quite a challenge. This only proved how the white immigration policy remained embedded in New Zealand society and also reflects the fact that New Zealand actually followed Australian´s model who even officially tried keeping Asians out of their country. Only the economic reasons made New Zealand change their policies less restrictive towards the non-British migrants. Current government freshly irrespective of race, color or religion decided to accept more prospective migrants. One of the main drivers of this policy change was the British economic situation, once the instability of their market appeared to be alarming for future New Zealand prosperity. Thus, in the 70s New Zealand directed their foreign cooperation to other nations, particularly Pacific nation and up to 1,100 Samoans were accepted to New Zealand land officially and the permits were obtained on the grounds of meeting the labor demands by accepting those with better skills and higher qualification. However, the strong evidence of favorable British immigrants was still apparent, at least

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because the non natives had difficulties with the application process which of course required essential knowledge of English language. In the late 70s declining economy and grow in ethnical distinction led general public to reassesses the immigration situation. The government aimed to do it by limiting the inflow of immigrants and also by disposing of the illegally staying migrants. And so in 1978 the government improved the identity fraud system, which focused on temporary visitors without any permission to work.

3.5.2. 1980s- 1990s

The changes happening in the previous decade were becoming even more apparent in the immigration policies. Mainly because New Zealand lost a vital link with British market and so they had to find a new trading source. Secondly, it was because of the overall change in world industry, in which Asian countries and nations in the Middle East were the leading ones and they meant the paramount importance for future immigration evolvement. As a consequence, Middle East, Western Europe, Asia and also Pacific workers became a crucial source of labor workers. This of course caused a strong need of change in their foreign policies, which were not accustomed to accepting so many non- British immigrants so far. In this period of time, the racial or ethnic features were falling apart, yet the composition of immigration was set on the basis of high level skills requirements and any person who possessed satisfactory business, educational or professional qualities were given a permit to stay.

"Under the Immigration Act 1987, New Zealand adopted a system which selected migrants based on three categories:

o Skills and business stream: this list specified aptitudes required in New Zealand labor market. The preferable priorities were given to business immigrants (over half of the immigrants who arrived after 1987). o A family stream: people who did not have relatives anywhere in the world but in New

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Zealand were accepted to join their families there ( one third came under this category). o A humanitarian stream: this was a stream for people who suffered from any physical or emotional harm back in their country" ("Immigration regulation - 1986–2003: selection on personal merit").

On the other hand, New Zealand was still more and more accepting asylum seekers and migrants from poorer countries. Moreover, a number of illegally staying citizens was increasing. For this reason the policy also focused on downsizing receiving such immigrants. Despite this fact, the Australian´s free entry was still in practice. These changes highly influenced New Zealand society structure as it exists nowadays. New Zealand, being part of Pacific region, also tightened its links towards the Pacific nations.

3.5.3. 1990s-2000s

In the 90s of the 20th century, New Zealand immigration policy and its future was more or less settled down, so the government could only work at its improvements and make adjustments that would develop the country´s prosperity. In March of 1991 the Immigration Amendment Act 1991 was established and aspiring migrants acquired points according to their age, educational qualification, age and employability. There was set the minimum level and only those who reached the number of points needed ware accepted. Of course the level was changing considering the immigration targets. Also a satisfactory English level was needed and the language skill was one category in the point system. Together with increasing number of Asians living in New Zealand, a problem of assimilation was arising. The current government, however, initiated that it is rather an issue of immigrants themselves than a one of the government. The only thing they did was to focus on limiting the immigrants and they decided to more control the number of migrants per year. Generally, the requirements were tightening. The minimum standard of English became demanding and also removal procedures for illegally staying migrants got very strict.

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3.5.4. 2000s-2010s

These days immigration policy was getting into public minds and because the public opinion mattered it even became a part of election campaigns. At the very beginning of the 21th century, Immigration New Zealand decided to double the number of people coming under the Working Holiday Visa per year and it was followed by extension of accepted residents per year. Along with an increasing number of new coming foreigners, the criteria for entry focused on proficient admission system, which pushed forward economic participation and future prosperity. Except for the thorough selection of highly skilled migrants, the terrorist attack of 9.11. 2001 on the United States resulted into stricter immigration restrictions. Consequently, there were needed higher language skills and the Skilled Migrant Category was established which brought vital changes in distribution of points following the criteria of age, qualification, employment qualities, work experience and possible job offers relevant to their qualification ("Immigration policy: A contribution from the Asia New Zealand foundation"). There also appeared the first intention to improve the settlement process. The tendency to tighten the criteria for entry was only proved by the Citizenship Amendment Act 2005, which made it more difficult to obtain the citizenship. Until then, immigrants ware required holding New Zealand residence for 3 years before being accepted as a citizen, yet the act of 2005 extended it to 5 years. In terms of student visas there came one pleasant change which enabled students to earn a bit of money whilst studying ("Immigration chronology: selected events 1840-2008"). New Zealand also started to realize a strong outflow of New Zealand born people and immigration bureau decided to encourage Kiwis to stay and even attract them coming back by relieving them of taxation or employment ("Immigration policy 2008", p.1). Furthermore, the current government reassessed their position in world and thorough migration engagement tried to enlarge their foreign business activities. Thus, they provided special cooperation with China and some Pacific Nations and let them work temporarily in New Zealand. So far the immigration policies were strictly tightened to the Immigration Act of 1987, which after several decades became a bit outdated. Therefore, in 2010 Immigration New Zealand got very active in adjusting the immigration system and this year was a year of big

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changes. Firstly, there appeared many amendments in Working Holiday Scheme, which were generally pleasant for working and holiday makers. It covered alternations like introduction of WHs for Spanish and Slovak people, online applications for some nationalities, increase of the age limit for Canadians or annulment of restriction to work for the same employer for 3 months for some nationalities ("Changes to policy taking effect on 29 March 2010"). Secondly, new Silver Fern visas were introduced. This type of visa targeted the group of people who would help grow New Zealand culture and economy. In other words it was designed to attract young and skilled migrants who were in strong demand. Hence, Silver Fern Visa enables those who found a permanent job to stay for additional 2 years. Yet there was set limit to 300 places per year. Last innovation was aimed at people over 65 who would like to stay for two years in New Zealand. However, this attractive offer was conditioned by investment of NZ $ 7500,000. The possible restoration after two years still call for meeting the requirements in other words to invest the same amount once more.

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4. Recent changes and current situation in New Zealand immigration policy

From the 80s of the 20th century, New Zealand government has been concentrating on producing economically rich country and cohesive society. Every year immigration New Zealand worked hard to support such policy by strict selection of coming immigrants. Moreover, the worldwide competition for skilled migrants was accompanied by attracting students who either contribute to the national budget grow7. This was reflected in an amendment act in 2011, which brought many innovations to student visas. On the other hand, the years of 2011 and 2012 meant a huge decline in potential immigrants. New Zealand being detached from the rest of the world was experiencing the financial crisis in 2008 a little bit latter and by the 2011 the economic decline was culminating there, which naturally became evident in number of people directing New Zealand, particularly in the number of tourists8 who bring certain investment into its economy as well. In addition to this, in 2011 New Zealand was facing series of earthquakes in Christchurch region. On one hand, this natural disaster drove away many tourists, students and workers, and on the other hand, called for growth in work force.

As mentioned above in June 2011 student visas registered several amendments. As Minister Jonathan Coleman claimed: "The majority of people are there to legitimately study, but some just see a student visa as a short cut to gaining access to New Zealand" ("Significant changes to student visas announced by Immigration New Zealand"), immigration bureau came up with another restriction which was to tighten the selection

7 In New Zealand education belongs to top five export earning industry which brings about NZ $ 2.3 billion to New Zealand economy every year and provides 32, 000 jobs (" Information sheet: immigration policy changes affecting students" ).

8 The number of people arriving to New Zealand at the beginning of the financial crisis was 28,675 in comparison to 33, 526 migrants who arrived in 2008 (" New Zealand immigration decline ").

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process. On that account, students were obliged to prove the school attendance, academic progress and also access to any financial support. All these requirements were already in practice, but they were made stricter. Moreover, the government issued a problem that some educational facilities were admitting students that were not able to successfully pass the course. Hence, the holders of student visas were newly conditioned by engagement with a respected educational institute. The same year Immigration New Zealand was trying to lure more tourists by new IT system which should have alleviated the application process. This improvement was done in view of the crisis to enhance the budget. Besides, the government focused on helping the victims of the earthquakes. They mainly realized that many immigrants suffered from isolation from family in such dramatic situation. Therefore, they assisted the family members to get to New Zealand by making the application process faster and by exempt them from the fees.

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5. Future perspectives in New Zealand immigration policy

At this moment New Zealand is experiencing the largest review of the immigration system and we can expect many changes to happen in order to balance the national economic growth, national security and responsibilities towards the international links. New Zealand has not fully recovered from the Christchurch earthquakes and the Canterbury region still needs subsidies from the government. Thus, in the following year it is planned to set a new rule, which would help rebuild the affected area. The views say that vacancies in Canterbury region will not be opened for visa holders unless the local trade has been searched through. Alongside the world crisis in economy, New Zealand is ready to save job offers for New Zealanders. There also appeared public opinions that immigration office is too opened to foreigners, particularly to the older ones who do not have s secured retirement engagement in their countries. And so they warn against the impact of relatively high immigration rates which would load the economy. We can only speculate how New Zealand government will deal with the situation. In a long time New Zealand is expected to accept more new comers from Pacific region who might be forced to leave their homelands due to global warming and rise of the sea level. That would of course require other changes in the policies.

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6. Types of visa as they exist now

New Zealand visas can be divided into several categories. It mainly depends on the purpose of an immigrant. Firstly, we can distinguish two major groups in view of a long term and short term stay. Secondly, immigrants travel to New Zealand with the intention to work, visit and study or live.

6.1. Temporary visa

For the temporary stays there are several possibilities that immigrants may apply for and it allows them to stay in the country up to 3 years. The short term stay visas comprises Working Visa, Visitors Visa, Study Visa and Working Holiday Visa.

6.1.1. Work visa

This type of visa enables to work in New Zealand; however, the length of the stay depends on the type of visa and mainly on the duration of employment. Except meeting the general requirements, applicants must meet various requirements according to a specific category. The working visas are not limited in number. The particular categories are: o Essential Skills Work Visa- there is a need to have a job offer in an occupation from the list of essential skills in demand. o Silver Fern Visa- are aimed at highly skilled young people, the crucial requirement is certificated education or skill. o Specific Purpose or Event- for people who seek to work in New Zealand temporarily on for example a tournament or a professional show. o Student and Trainees- allow people to acquire work experience; they have to meet the health, character and job requirements.

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o Study to Work category- for students finishing their studies with an employment offer relevant to their qualification. o Family Stream- there are covered family members who want to join their relatives and aim to work, however, it calls for certificates proving the relationship and evidence of financial and accommodation interdependence. o Work Exchange Stream- a government pre-approved scheme must be supported. o China Skilled Work Categories- for Chinese immigrants whose skills are on China skilled work list. o Free Trade Agreement Special Work categories- comprise nationals like the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia supported with full-time employment. o Religious Workers instructions- for religious workers with religious work experience or training of at least 2 years and a job offer of religious work. (" Applying for a temporary work visa").

6.1.2. Visitor Visa

Visitor Visa is a category which does not tolerate any other activity than travelling in New Zealand. The length of the stay allowed is up to 9 months. Since the applicant cannot work or study in the country there are not so many requirements. As well as the basic conditions, there must be showed proof of sufficient sum of money to enter New Zealand or a pre paid flying ticket.

6.1.3 Study Visa

Student Visas are naturally for those who intend to study in New Zealand, nevertheless, there is no age restriction and under specific circumstances students are allowed to work. It covers primary, secondary and tertiary education. Generally, students may stay there up to 9 months as long as the studies are going on, yet it is tied together with the type of the studies. The full time studying is required, on the other hand, studying part time is possible if it is necessary to gain work experience at the same. As mentioned above there is a

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chance to work even if it is not part of the study experience, for example during holidays. Yet the working hours are restricted up to 20 hours per week. Prior to being accepted on Student Visa an applicant must be enrolled in a course. Than there must be proved a self-support evidence, a plan to leave, as well as a paid fees ( NZ $ 4).

6.1.4. Working Holiday Visa

These visas are for young people, most commonly between 18-35, and it allows to do a great range of activities. It is valid for 12 months, yet can be extended up to 15 months, if an immigrant happens to work in a horticulture or viticulture industry for at least 3 months. Working Holiday scheme is designed, however, only for 40 nationalities9, alongside with different requirements and conditions. The demands every applicant must meet cover a return ticket, proof self-evidence, age limit. In addition to this, the possible work or study engagement cannot be longer than 3 months within one employee or study course ("Working and Holiday Scheme in New Zealand")

6.2. Permanent Visa

Immigrants planning to stay permanently in New Zealand have several possibilities how to become a New Zealand resident and a citizen afterwards. The visas can be distinguished into several categories:

9 Woking and Holiday scheme is designed for: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Poland, Singapore (work exchange programme), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Vietnam (Ibid)

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o Skilled Migrant category is a category for people under 55 with high qualification and experience. Visa is given on the basis of point system10. o Work visa is for those who worked temporarily in New Zealand and now would like to apply for a residency. o Investment stream requires business experience. There are not any limits to age, experience or language, but an applicant is rewarded points per each category. Reaching the minimum point applicant would be given the residency after the investment period of 3 years. o Partner visa/ Sibling/ Adult/ Child visa is for a New Zealand resident's relatives who have to prove stable relation and serious support from the relative. o Retiring Visa is conditioned by the age, obliged investment and the length of the stay. ("Requirements for a permanent resident visa")

Granting a citizenship can by a very long process, on the other hand, becoming a Kiwi may happen over a night. Together with marriage or birth to a New Zealand citizen, the person is given the citizen status automatically. Otherwise, it takes long time, but the only thing to do is to live legally in the country for 5 years.

10 Point system distributes points according to which applicants are given visas. It takes into accounts categories like: qualification, skilled employment, relevant work experience, age, other family, and partner.

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7. New Zealand settlement strategy

A successful immigration policy requires close connection between immigration regulations and immigrants' settlement. Therefore, immigration department should consider the settlement strategy and generally immigrants' integration within a host society. An overall immigration program should include the settlement strategy, which on one hand, assist immigrants' integration, and on the other hand, ensure that immigrants contribute to the host country prosperity. The main objectives aim to create a climate in which diverse communities live in cooperation and positively influence each others' lives. On that account, both settlement and integration are accompanied by certain adaptation, which is surely a two way process and as well as adaptation of newcomers the inhabitants are to change in a way. The settlement plays an important role in every sphere of human lives, especially the economic and social participation within the host society. Language is a basic aspect. The lack of language knowledge may cause barrier with the locals and consequently it very often complicates access to job vacancies or healthcare. Additionally, after the arrival immigrants are expected to accommodate well. Yet the possible housing depends on their economic sources. Then the social participation, which is closely connected with attitudes of the locals, influences how an immigrant gets integrated within the society. Above all these aspects, employment crucially influences immigrants' integration and overall well-being. Therefore, a host country's settlement strategy calls for post-arrival assistance to those having difficulties with labor market participation. The way, how an individual settle in a new country, is closely connected with assimilation. It is a process in which a minority group absorbs the cultural tradition of a host society. Although it is expected to be voluntary, in history the ethnic groups were forced to melt into the superior group in order to fit the needs of a nation. Moreover, very often isolation disgraces them to stay in touch with their own cultural heritage which afterwards leads into the process assimilation. In terms of cultural acceptance and attitude towards immigrants there are distinguished several political ideologies. In the early immigration history, any country happened to be

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ethnically homogenous. A worldwide phenomenon was to keep the society that way and to adopt the approach signaling monoculturalism, possibly biculturalism. Both of these political frameworks support dismissing ethnic, cultural or national diversity. Consequently, it implies assimilation into the superior culture. Together with increasing migration government policies inevitably changed to heterogeneity and acceptance of any different culture, which is defined by policies of pluralism or multiculturalism. These two frameworks are not politically identical, but both respect immigrants as part of the nation and allow them to keep aspects of their own culture. Hence, it does not force foreigners into assimilation model, which tend to be rather voluntary.

From the early colonization until now, New Zealand has been focusing on meeting their economic needs. Nevertheless, for centuries the ethnic aspect was crucial in terms of accepting immigrants. In view of such policies, New Zealand was strongly unwilling to participate in assisting the non- British immigrants. Following the ideas monoculturalism, the unintentional immigrants had to face assimilation. Moreover, ever before New Zealand nation was giving particular prominence to existence of two cultures, English and Maori, which not always existed in mutual cooperation, which only underlined the monocultural policy. The 20th century brought steep grow in number of arriving immigrants and in the 1990s New Zealand slowly realized the importance of highly skilled migrants and nature of multicultural framework was introduced. Additionally, in 2004 Immigration New Zealand took up responsibilities towards newly arrived. A settlement strategy was developed in order to facilitate the immigrants' settlement and integration.

7.1. Treating Maoris

After the first Europeans arrived to Aotearoa a complex process of adjustments was practiced on Maori. Although European sailors were in position of immigration group they worked hard on assimilation of the indigenous inhabitants. Everything was, however, intensified by signing The Treaty of Waitangi. After this important act Maori tended to be

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converted into colonial society. Firstly, they accepted a lot of European food, plants or animals. Additionally, as British were building their new colony a certain change in housing and way of living became apparent. Maybe the most sweeping change came with arrival of missionaries who managed to imprint thoughts of Christianity into Maoris' minds. Maori made themselves British as they accepted the culture. Together with increasing British population, Maori were becoming a minority in New Zealand. Despite fights between the two ethnic groups, Britons very often had to rely on Maori in terms of food supply, or navigating. Alongside the white men policy, Maori were to get assimilated. A little bit later in the history they were nearly excluded from any politics and very often had troubles in finding a job. However, there were some more traditional Maori leaders who worked hard to save the cultural heritage. And soon after the World Wars, Maori development, education, tradition, language was strongly pushed forward. As Immigration New Zealand decided to accept more Pacific islanders, the Polynesian population grew enormously and it changed the position of Maoris in general. In recent years there appeared a significant improvement in attitude towards Maori culture. Firstly, due to government decision to take up responsibilities towards them. Also the boom in tourism influenced their position, as foreigners were attracted by relatively unknown Maori culture. Yet in modern Maori history they were accused of increasing New Zealand criminality, which did not strengthen their social status. Nowadays most of Maori people live in cities, they accepted Christianity, wear common European clothes, live in European-style houses and they speak English language. However, these changes were likely to be done by themselves rather than by any pressure from the Europeans. It probably resulted from predominance of British in history, which did not allow Maori culture to develop. It should not be said that Maori got completely assimilated and completely adopted British culture. Their cultural heritage is still apparent; at least everyone is likely to recognize Haka, Maori tattoo or kumara. Because Maori have never been in position in migration group, treating the Maori people is rather a matter of social politics, which currently provides them with many subsidies from government.

One may suppose New Zealand to be a bicultural nation, as Maori culture was recognized as being the indigenous one and Anglo-Saxon culture became a dominant culture

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after New Zealand annexation. Bicultural theory develops an idea that two nations exist within one geo-political nation in mutual co-existence, development, respect and responsibilities ("Dennis, 1-9"). This theory got, however, undermined by New Zealand history. From the evidence above and from the definition, it can be easily derived that the two nations never existed in equality and that the Anglo-Saxon values have always been prevailed. Moreover, these two cultures were likely to develop separately and both tried to urge their own interests, which again break the rule of mutual relationship. Only bicultural political participation has been in practice ever since 1867, when Maori were given 4 seats in the Houses of Representatives (Joseph, p. 12). The other aspect of the monocultural policy is assimilation, which was obviously apparent for decades when treating Maori people.

7.2. Settlement strategies applied on others

Concerning people who were recruited by New Zealand Company, covering mainly the British population, they received the greatest support, as there was a plenty of job opportunities guaranteed for British before they left their homes. On the other hand, the employment did not satisfy their settlement, since they faced poor living standards and isolation from social participation. At the beginning they lived in common buildings, getting food was hard work and living in vastly unpopulated country caused depression and homesick feelings.

When gold was found undesired elements arrived. Yet their situation was harsh. They had to deal with discrimination, hunger, poverty and very often with fever. The British leadership did not want them in their new colony anyway, and so they rather try to keep them out by the regulations. At the turn of the 19th century, the immigration population was nearly 90 per cent of the Anglo-Saxon origin. The very small number of the odd men outs was regarded as enemies, and therefore, were tried to get assimilated and turn to become British as much as possible. During the Great Wars many refugees were accepted into the country. Yet they were

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still seen as aliens, and therefore, had to face prejudice and ignorance from New Zealanders. It is said that New Zealand was the most democratic country in the world at a time. This idea gets undermined by treating the Vietnamese during the Vietnam War, though. On arrival they were held in special camps before they got a refugee status and afterwards almost all of them had difficulties to settle. The second half of the 20th century brought slow quality improvement to immigration regulations; still the post-arrival admission did not become better. All newcomers were confronted with pressure to reject their culture and even aimed to be adopted into British- based society. Dr. Reuel Lochore officially stated: " We must make new Britishers: by procreation, and by assimilation; making suitable aliens into vectors of the British way of life" ( " People Who Made New Zealand Home"). Hence, immigrants were being relocated around the country to avoid clustering together and to eliminate contact with their culture. However, plenty of employment was offered to them. In contrary to that, non- British migrants brought many innovations to Kiwis' lives, for example growing tulips introduced by Dutch, Hungarian architecture, or Greek and Italian cuisine ( Ibid ). After alleviation of immigration restrictions immigrants were arriving in large numbers which lead into difficulties in gaining occupation. Nearly half of newly arrived people were jobless. The government took first tentative steps towards better settlement strategies. In the 90s a priority occupation list was to improve the employability. Another way how to help was a change in distribution of points. After all it did not bring much improvement. Additionally, a lack of information after arrival was urgent and it required some more innovation in term of info service ( Spoonley and Pearson. p. 111). As we know from the evidence from previous chapters in early 21th century, New Zealand ran a race for highly skilled migrants and became aware of benefits from aspiring immigrants. Thus, in cooperation with migrants New Zealand settlement strategy was officially introduced in 2004. The main aim of the strategy was to create a close-knit community and welcoming destination to live in. So that the successful strategy could have been achieved immigrants should have fulfilled several qualities: o respect of New Zealand culture o being housed well

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o acquire New Zealand English o gain employment relevant to their qualification, skill and experience o be able to access information, healthcare, social interaction and education (" New Zealand Settlement Strategy, our future together")

These days New Zealand government continues to assist immigrants before and after their arrival. There are many web pages available providing detailed information about life in New Zealand. More than 15 settlement support New Zealand offices are available around the country so that everyone can freely access local information. A free phone line is at disposal to advice about local vacancies. Furthermore, information in more than 20 international languages is provided to those who do not speak English well. Additionally, New Zealand really appreciates good workers and so they offer possible extension of visa to those who legally keep the visa conditions. The whole government framework is aimed at building understanding between cultures and focuses on immigrants' contribution to their economy. As far as cultural assimilation is concerned, migrants made great effort to keep their cultural customs alive by meeting in clubs and organizing common celebrations. It is important to mention that New Zealand settlement strategy targets the support rather at the permanent immigrants, who naturally bring more benefits to the country, than at the short term migrants. Whether the settlement strategy is effective or not is discussed within the practical part which covers questions about experience of particular immigrants.

The United Kingdom, having decided upon the New Zealand rights, ever before dismissed culturally heterogeneous society within their furthest colony. Even the indigenous Maori people were seen as minority and their rights' development was successfully limited. Thus past New Zealand settlement policies can be evidently defined as monocultural. The monocultural policy was even officially introduced as White men policy, which was accompanied with great efforts of immigrants' assimilation. The implied adaptation was either aimed at Maori people or at any non- British immigrants. The process of assimilation and rejection of any cultural diversity was, however, shifted towards more equal and open-door

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policy at the end of the 20th century. The pluralistic/ multicultural framework was first noticed in the immigration restrictions themselves. Consequently, the attitude towards newly arrived got changed mainly due to high immigrants' unemployment and world competition for skilled migrants. The officially introduced settlement strategy stands for the shift to ethnical diversity with no need of assimilation and to willingness to welcome all immigrants. Although the distinction between pluralism and multiculturalism is very subtle, it is not clear which theory better specify New Zealand settlement policy. Multiculturalism looks for culturally diversity flourishing peacefully as one unit and immigrants become legitimate members of the nation, whilst pluralism rather assumes the nation to consist of large number of different groups with different interests and values (Joseph, p. 6-9). On that account I assume that New Zealand government aim to create a multicultural nation, as the settlement strategy stress the welcoming nature of New Zealand nation and values understanding between cultures. Yet, it is of the paramount importance to consider the immigrants' opinion and experience.

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8. Practical part: Immigration policy survey

Immigration policy includes restrictions and procedures which are designed to deal with people who wish to stay in a country, in particular those who intend to work and remain there. Yet limiting studying and travelling groups is necessary in order not to get the country flooded. Besides, regulation of arriving migrants the way how they settle and become accustomed to a host country has to be considered in terms of immigration policy. In New Zealand history, immigration policies tended to be bias towards nationality, ethnicity or religious. This has recently developed and modern era abandoned such policies and gets directed towards personal qualities. However, it is not guaranteed that the non-discriminatory policy is perfectly achieved. Therefore, we can only argue whether New Zealand really acquires non-discriminatory selective procedure and whether New Zealand immigration policy is successful.

From my point of view the only way how to prove or disprove these two questions is to ask immigrants themselves. Thus I came up with a questionnaire (fig. 1), which was to examine the premises about discriminatory or non-discriminatory policy and successful immigration system. It consists of 30 questions covering both questions about personal qualities and personal experience with application process, entering New Zealand and also with settling there. The questionnaire was distributed among 100 people of different nationalities, age and different year of applying. When choosing the respondents, I only focused on nationality considering New Zealand immigration history. Yet I was partially limited by available respondents and unfortunately I received only 70 out of 100 questionnaires. Getting the response was quite a long process, as I could not talk to the interviewees personally and we only communicated through the Internet.

It is essential to point out that there might appear a few errors in terms of reliability of the outcome from the survey. It may include inaccuracies and possible bias in immigrants' answers, which might be caused by time delay of their first experience in New Zealand

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and also immediate mood may influence their answers. Moreover, the fact that the information has been collected from a certain group of immigrants rather than from the entire population of immigrants is liable to change the result. Therefore, the reached conclusion cannot be matched with overall situation in New Zealand and is very likely to reflect specific experience of the respondents.

8.1. Summary of immigrants' characteristics based on the survey

The following three chapters outline summary of respondents' characteristics based on the survey. It describes their demographic characteristics, than it deals with result of the survey with regards to the application procedure itself. Lastly, it examines respondents' initial experience with New Zealand culture, how they felt about New Zealand, which problems they had to overcome and their level of satisfaction with their settlement.

8.1.1. Demographic characteristics (fig. 2)

As I have already mentioned, I picked respondents according to their place of origin. From the history evolvement it is clear that British, Chinese and Pacific settlers played crucial role in forming New Zealand society, economy and other parts of their lives. Therefore, I contacted some Chinese people and in contrast to them some other Asian nations, particularly Japanese and Korean people. These nationalities were obviously the ones to be kept out of New Zealand and to be discriminated, as well as most of the Europeans. Therefore, I also asked several Germans, Czechs and a few Russians and Turks. On the other hand, from the early colonization Brits were always wanted and even deliberately moved to New Zealand. Hence, they were part of my survey as well and they provided some kind of contrast in it. On the account of national preference, the other demographic characteristics turned out to be random. However, I found it important to ask about their personal information in order to fill in the connection between application, settlement and their qualities and

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skills. The survey covered questions about nationality, age, gender, year of application, education, work experience English language knowledge and social status.

AGE

Nearly half of the immigrants applied at the age of 25 to 30 years. The second largest group covered people between 20 and 25 and about 15 percent were more than 30 years old, yet the oldest respondent was at the age of 33. In total the median age of the respondents is 27.Although the relatively young age of the respondents may signify some preference, it was not meant to be deliberate. Again it may reflect the drawback of limitation in available respondents. On the other hand, it is likely to match the fact that most of New Zealand visas are designed for younger immigrants, who are supposed to be more economically active.

YEAR OF APPLICATION

Interviewees were applying for New Zealand visa from 1997 until 2012. The most significant group applied between years of 2005 and 2010, following by 30 percent of those applying between 2000 and 2005. The two smallest groups of applicants granted the visa either before 2000 (8 percent) or after 2010 (17 percent).

EDUCATION

One of the most important personal qualities, which help to answer the set premises about New Zealand immigration policy, is immigrants' education. Most of interviewed immigrants reached secondary level of education, the rest represented by approximately 30 percent gained tertiary level. Additionally only 27percent out of 100 holds various post-school certificates, for example driving license, IT certificates or language certificates.

WORK EXPERIENCE

However, education is closely linked to work experience. About a quarter of all reported to have less than 2 years of paid work experience before granting the visa, another quarter reported 5 to 10 years of experience. The highest proportion of questioned people was working for 2 to 5 years. Only 9 percent covers those with 10 years and more of work experience.

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEVEL

English language skill belongs to main factors influencing immigrants' settlement. Nevertheless, nearly half of the respondents (41 percent) had intermediate level of English and only 17 percent answered their English level was upper intermediate. In contrary to 13 percent with elementary and 13 percent with pre-intermediate knowledge only 6 percent had advanced language level.

SOCIAL STATUS

I assume that vast majority of immigrants were single without any commitments. Very few people were married at the time application and one quarter of all had a partner. But hundred percent of all respondents were childless.

8.1.2. Application procedure summary

As the applicants were chosen only on the basis of their nationalities, types of visa resulted to be unevenly distributed (fig. 3). Majority of the immigrants were accepted under Working Holiday Scheme (39 percent) or Working Visa (30 percent), following by 20 percent of Student immigrants. About 5 percent arrived under Visit Visa and the same percentage covered those who applied for Work to resident Visa. Evidently, none of the respondents arrived under Investment Visa, Silver Fern Visa, Retirement Visa and Partner/Family Visa. This does not lead into any conclusion but only reflects the restricted choice of the respondents. Before actual permission for entry, every immigrant irrespective of their place of origin had to go through the application procedure. Firstly, the respondents were asked how they indeed found out about the way of application for New Zealand visa. It may be relatively equally divided into 3 options comprising Internet, friend advice and advice from agency. This first resolution quite logically leads into the visa application itself. Hence, those who asked agency for advice then authorized the agency to act on behalf of them and similarly those who asked for friend assistance. Hundred percent of those who sought for the

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information on the Internet decided to do the process on their own. Although these two steps are certainly connected, the number of those who asked an agency to do it for them was excessively higher (46 percent) than those who primarily asked for their advice ( 32 percent). Additionally, language level of the respondents matches the fact that about 60 percent of all answered that they found the application form difficult to fill in. From the previous chapter we learned that the fees taxation was used to repel some immigrants and furthermore, the amount differed according to their desirability in New Zealand. From the survey it is possible to draw a conclusion that each and everyone has been required to pay relatively identical amount of money, approximately £ 24. On the other hand, the purpose of the tax has been slightly different, for example a Japanese applicant paid for application and facilitation fees, whilst the Czech one paid for visa application and service fees. As well as the poll tax, various requirements for visa permit were implied on diverse immigrants as means to control the inflow of newcomers. These days the requirements conspicuously matched with a type of a visa. Consequently, students and visitors most likely had to generally prove their self-sufficiency, either medical or financial, and also their plans for temporal visit in New Zealand which had to be supported by a return flying ticket. The working part of the respondents was mostly asked about their work experience, education but also medical insurance. A police certificate had to be provided in some cases, but there did not appear any connection with nationality, genre, type of visa or any other personal quality. Surprisingly, none of all respondents were asked to prove any language knowledge. Last part of the questionnaire considered purely personal opinion about the application procedure. An inquiry about unnecessary or discriminatory questions in the application forms proved to be rather positive. There rarely occurred disapproval with questions about family report questions and about future plans in New Zealand. Few more examples were announced, but they are not worth mentioning, because they did not appear in large number and I consider them to be personal matter. On the other hand, there should be underlined that Chinese applicants were required to provide information about their military history and most of them found this question unnecessary or discriminatory.

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8.1.3. Social integration and settlement of the respondents

The largest proportion of the immigrants felt positive about people in New Zealand and their attitude towards them. However, I must also point out that about 20 percent of them had rather neutral or even bad feelings about the locals. There can be found a significant connection with a year of their application and also nationality. All the negative answers were provided either by those who applied before 2005 or by Asian population. This fact may reflect the implemented settlement strategy 2004, which deals with this issue. On the other hand, when we look at the percentage of these two groups it was no more than 18 percent of application before 2005 and Asian population who answered negatively in terms of interpersonal relationships. Generally, this outcome rather fit the multicultural policy, as most of the immigrants felt welcome and therefore, we can assume that they became part of New Zealand nation. Migrants were also asked to provide their English language level and also rating on how they understood New Zealand English during their first few weeks. Absolute majority admitted to have little difficulties and only 28 percent of all respondents felt comfortable in following Kiwis' English. Despite all efforts to welcome new arrivals, 86 percent responded to have some problems after their arrival, covering inconveniencies with job search, accommodation seek, language barrier and insufficient socialization. None of these difficulties can be linked with a place of origin, gender or any age group. Yet finding a job is likely to reflect the level of education, work experience and language knowledge. Understandably, they all solved their situation successfully after a while, although a very small number asked for government help, mainly because they did not know about such possibility. But majority of those who decided to rely on government assistance found it helpful and reached satisfaction. On the other hand, the remaining 14 percent of those without any problems highly associate with group of students who nearly with unanimity replied not to experience any of those problems. Students were most likely to get guaranteed accommodation from school as well as social connection or English language improvement, and they of course did not search for work. Immigrants were also asked about detailed information about their job search, their level of satisfaction with the job, their wage per hour and also relevance of the job with their

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education/experience. Generally, there were three important factors that helped immigrants to find employment. Distributing CVs appeared to be the most common one, whilst the government was used only in 6 percent of all. Also a friend or family support played crucial role in the job hunting. The survey concludes that more than 85 percent of immigrants worked for the lowest wage rate, which is a quite high number, despite the lower educational profile. Furthermore, an important outcome is that hardly 30 percent found employment relevant to their experience or education. From the demographic characteristics it is apparent that the work experience, level of education and language of the respondents was rather average, therefore, this argument does not necessarily reflect poor job standards in New Zealand. On the other hand, positive 76 percent of all respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction with their employment. Another vital factor of good settlement strategy is housing, which came out to be much better for immigrants. Internet, friends, family or school helped the immigrants accommodate well and majority of them were satisfied with their living. Cultural integration was discussed in two questions focusing on both sides. Firstly, an opportunity to meet with respondents' culture was examined. Surprisingly, it appeared to be very high irrespective of any special demographic characteristic. Only a year of application seems to affect this cultural factor, as 100 percent of immigrants accepted after year 2005 reported to meet with their culture very often. The percentage was getting lower with older year of visa application. Again we can only speculate the significance of the year 2005, which played crucial role in the issue of locals' attitude. Although the settlement strategy was aimed at immigrants' integration, it is highly unlikely to influence the situation so fast. Also such generalization is not practicable in view of number of the respondents. The other side of cultural integration is an issue how immigrants get adopted to a host culture. This factor is, however, very complex and it is hard to make a conclusion without closer research. It is closely connected with the length of immigrants' stay, with their job or accommodation. Nevertheless, we can assume that there occurred certain assimilation, because approximately 87 percent reported to acquire at least one of the host culture characteristics. There appeared adopted factors like New Zealand language, personal and lifestyle characteristics, but also New Zealand and Asian cuisine and also adopted British festivals. Probably the most relevant

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factor was the lifestyle, as one quarter claimed to be more open-minded, easy going and laid- back after a while in New Zealand. Also the British festivals become part of the respondents' life, as they continue celebrating for example Halloween or St. Patrick’s Day. The Kiwi English was mainly apparent in immigrants' accent. In spite of all negatives and positives of immigrants' initial experience in New Zealand, a large proportion of the respondents assumed to get accustomed to life in Aotearoa well. Very rarely banking, shopping, tax system or public transport caused some problems to the interviewees. Yet Mostly resemblance with their cultural heritage made their lives easier in terms of the process of getting used to the culture. This appeared to be a slight problem for Asian nations, whose culture is the most different one. Moreover, immigrants from all approved demographic categories reported a high level of satisfaction. Only 19 percent claimed to be dissatisfied with New Zealand experience.

8.2. Has New Zealand really acquired non-discriminatory approach in accepting immigrants?

Discrimination in general means unfair treatment on the grounds of age, disability, ethnicity, origin, political belief, race, religion and sex. Consequently, non-discriminatory immigration policy stands for eschewing ethnicity, race, national, origins as selection criteria in the context of immigration ("Definition of discrimination"). Over centuries New Zealand immigration policies aimed at a system that could be called white man policy and foreigners within New Zealand faced several legislation discrimination. As we learned in the previous chapters, from 1970 these policies were abandoned. Nowadays Immigration New Zealand has still been working on improvement of the system. I would now like to examine on the basis of the response from interviewees whether New Zealand really gave up on the white man policy. In the past there were several tools how to keep undesirable immigrants out of New Zealand. Firstly, a poll tax was practiced mainly on Chinese immigrants. The respondents

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answered that the fees were more or less identical for all. Although the purpose of the tax slightly differed, it does not reflect any bias. Another restriction practiced on arriving foreigners was reducing number of Chinese who could land in New Zealand to tons of a ship. Such limitation of newly arrived seems to be still in practice, because for example only 1000 Czechs a year can arrive under Working Holiday Scheme. Yet the restriction is not a mean of selection criteria, but only a way to prevent congestion of a local market. Thereafter, language requirements kept out many non-British immigrants. These days it is rather part of education requirements and it helps to focus on highly skilled migrants. Nevertheless, none of the respondents claimed to be required to pass any language test. Furthermore, necessity of leaning a thumbprint for Chinese was another discriminatory restriction. It can be easily recognized from the survey that no applicant was required to do this. Because either Chinese or British participated in the survey, it can be another distinction of non-discrimination. Personal characteristics appear to be still one of the requirements, but these are rather based on applicants' criminal history than a power to stop anyone undesirable, disaffected or disloyal as it was said in the Undesirable Immigrants act 1919 ("Immigration chronology: selected events 1840-2008"). The vast proportion of the immigrants themselves did not find the application discriminatory, except for some Chinese who had to answer some questions about their criminal history. The criteria for entry seem to be equal for all the respondents. As it was mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, discrimination implies any bias towards immigrants' ethnicity, nationality or religion, which is not apparent in New Zealand immigration policy according to our respondents. Moreover, New Zealand seems to welcome almost all immigrants and the rest of those who did not feel welcome cannot be linked with any minority groups and their place of origin or demographic characteristics. From the evidence above I would draw a conclusion that New Zealand really acquired non discriminatory immigration policy. I did not reveal any significant connection between current New Zealand immigration restrictions and any minority groups. There can be found a

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certain distinction in Chinese' visa requirements, who had to provide information about their military history, however, it does not seem to influence the visa permit itself. And so the non discriminatory immigration policy can be easily distinguish. Nevertheless, it is not possible take this conclusion as a fact, which characterize New Zealand situation, due to the number of the respondents. It rather shows a current trend or possible suggestion.

8.3. Is New Zealand immigration policy successful?

The first obstacle to be overcome to create truly successful immigration policy is xenophobic demagogy, which was discussed in the previous chapter. On the basis of the survey, it was claimed that although New Zealand has long history of mainly British deliberate immigration, New Zealand government managed to eliminate the xenophobia.

Secondly, there is the issue of a settlement strategy, which is said to be crucial in cooperation with the immigration restrictions. In New Zealand immigrants' assistance after arrival was firstly applied in 2004 and since then New Zealand settlement strategy was regulated to maintain its success. But has New Zealand really met the set points of the strategy. The first point says that immigrants should feel welcome and not excluded from the society. About 80 percent of all respondents proved New Zealand to be welcoming country, more than 10 percent felt neutral in view of New Zealanders attitude towards them and only 3 percent of all did not feel welcome. On that account, it may be assumed that New Zealand has successfully acquired status of welcoming nation. On the other hand, one quarter of all immigrants happened to face insufficient socialization after their arrival, which was mainly caused by insufficient contact with friends and family, and also by lack of entertainment. A very small number appeared to have problems with accommodation. Consequently most of them expressed a high degree of satisfaction with their accommodation. Therefore,

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being housed well after arrival seems to positively influence good settlement of immigrants. Unemployment and problems with finding a job is likely to be the biggest downsize of successful settlement strategy in New Zealand. A large proportion of the respondents (56 percent) experienced problems with job inaccessibility and on top of that vast majority of the immigrants after all worked in the position that was not relevant to their experience or education. However, half of those were happy about their work place. Furthermore, the settlement strategy points out that New Zealand English should be acquired by all immigrants. Yet more than 70 percent claimed to have difficulties with understanding the language. On the other hand most respondents got accustomed very well and quite quickly to living in New Zealand, which covers the language factor as well. In the chapter about New Zealand settlement strategy, there was outlined how immigration bureau maintain accessibility of information about the visa application and life in New Zealand. The service appeared to be very carefully a reasonably organized. Nevertheless, hardly 20 percent of the respondents asked government for help with their difficulties with job or accommodation search or insufficient socialization. The number is likely to be so low mainly because immigrants did not really know about possible government assistance. So we can assume that there is a certain gap in the information service, which disgrace immigrants of further inquiry. Moreover, there is an issue of accessibility of information about actual visa application, which did not prove to be in very high numbers as well. But it fell out to have close connection with low English language level of the respondents.

Lastly, the successful immigration policy has to consider an outflow of the locals, which leads into so called brain-drain, in other words, highly skilled workers' emigration. There was already said that in 2008 New Zealand was experiencing the highest brain-drain ever. Only since then Immigration New Zealand decide to take up responsibilities towards leaving Kiwis. Additionally New Zealand government very successfully protect their home land and home economy by limiting number of coming immigrants and also by saving job vacancies for Kiwis especially in Canterbury region.

After the negative and positive sides of New Zealand immigration policy were considered, it is clear that New Zealand government has been still working hard on improving

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the immigration system. Some points, like xenophobia, seem to be fulfilled. On the other hand, the settlement strategy has not served its best benefits. From my point of view New Zealand strategy is quite new innovation in immigration policy and a lot of immigrants have not got used to it. I also suppose that all the problems are very likely to be connected with language skill. Very often immigrants arrive without any reasonable language knowledge and so it was true for the respondents. This after all may complicate theirs job search, the whole application procedure or gaining information. Despite this fact most respondents were not obliged to pass any language requirements. In a nutshell, New Zealand immigration policy is likely to be rather successful considering the group of the respondents; however, it still desires a certain improvement. Mainly the high unemployment represents the most critical factor.

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9. Conclusion

The main objective of this thesis was to provide an exact outline of New Zealand immigration changes and to analyse current situation. To conclude, I would now like to sum up the main points and the outcome of the practical part.

Immigration policy is a very complex system, which never seems to be perfect and has to be adjusted in view of an international situation. In New Zealand, immigration led to changes in the composition of New Zealand nation. Generally speaking, we can say that except for Maori all New Zealanders may be considered as immigrants. Who knows how New Zealand would look like, if the French, who actually intended to do it but arrived 1 week after The Treaty of Waitangi was signed, had colonized New Zealand? There have been a number of significant shifts in the immigration system. The Treaty of Waitangi was the first and most important factor that directed the inflow of foreigners for centuries. Secondly, the gold rush made government do many relevant restrictions applied on immigrants. The World Wars ceased the migration in general and it reduced the number of immigrants in New Zealand as well. The wars, on the other hand, afterwards brought to New Zealand many refugees and victims of totalitarian regimes. The following decades called for more open frontier. Immigration policy needed to be re-evaluated after immigration mattered in public minds. From the 1960s migration patterns have been changing enormously towards non-discriminatory policy. These days New Zealand even promotes cultural diversity and tries to attract economically beneficial migrants. The other side of immigration policy is immigrants' settlement and the way how government deals with it. From the first deliberate British immigration, the colony was aimed to be monocultural and any non-British immigrants were to get assimilated. The change of monocultural views was closely connected with more open immigration policy in the 20th century. Consequently, the immigration affairs happening after the 1970s turned the cultural policies into pluralism and more likely to multiculturalism. It is interesting how such

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immigration biased country managed to change in 40 years into multicultural and ethnically diverse country.

The practical part tried to analyse closely the immigration system on the basis of the survey. Moreover, I aimed to answer the issues of non-discrimination and successful immigration system. However, the number of the respondents did not allow application of the conclusions on New Zealand situation in general. It only showed the current trend and suggested possible circumstances in New Zealand. I assume that despite the long standing white men colonization, New Zealand seems to accept immigrants irrespective of their ethnicity or nationality. This actually meets one of the requirements of a successful immigration policy, which was the other issue of the practical part. Altogether, the successful immigration policy appears to be achieved; only the high unemployment of the immigrants is likely to require further improvement.

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Appendix

Figure 1: A questionnaire about application for New Zealand visa and settlement in New Zealand

PERSONAL INFORMATION (at the time of your application)

Age: …………… Nationality: ………………………. Sex: F M Year of application: …………… Education: …………………………. Working experience: …………………….. English language level: beginner elementary lower-intermediate intermediate upper-intermediate advanced proficiency Social Status: 1. married partner single divorced widowed 2. childless have a child/ children

1. How did you find out how to apply for visa to New Zealand? a. from the Internet b. from a friend c. other: …………………………. Did you find the information about the application accessible? a. Yes b. No

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2. Can you describe the procedure how you applied for the visa? a. I did it via Internet by myself. b. I did it via Internet with a little help. c. I asked a friend to do it for me. d. I asked an agency to do it for me.

3. Did you try to acquire any special skill before you applied? a. Not really. b. I took a language course. c. I finished my studies d. I did work experience

4. What kind of visa did you apply for? a. Work to resident Visa b. Student Visa c. Investment Visa d. Work Visa e. Silver Fern Visa f. Visit visa g. Retirement Visa h. Working Holiday Visa i. Partner/ Family Visa

Have you ever considered extending your visa? Yes. Why? ...... ………………………………………………… No. Why? ...... ………………………………………………….

5. Where there any fees which you had to pay? Yes No If yes, how much was it? ...... What were they for? ......

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6. What kind of requirements did you have to meet in order to get the visa? a. No requirements b. language requirements c. education requirements d. psychology test e. health requirements f. police certificate g. return flying ticket h. financial backup i. work experience j. medical insurance

7. Did you find it difficult to fill in the application form? a. very difficult b. quite difficult c. quite easy d. very easy

8. Did you find some questions in the form unnecessary? No. Yes. Which ones? ...... …………………………………………………………………………………………...

9. Did you find some questions in the form discriminatory? No Yes. Which ones? ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………...

10. Did you have any inconveniences when entering New Zealand? a. No b. Yes, I brought something that I had to declare. c. Yes, my luggage got lost. d. Yes, I was searched through at the passport control. e. Yes, I did not understand the language. f. other:………………………………………………………………………………………….

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11. After your arrival, were there any problems you had to solve? a. Not at all. b. A language barrier. c. I could not find accommodation. d. I could not find a job. e. Insufficient socialization. f. Other: ………………………………………………………………………………………

If yes, did you try to ask for help immigration department? No. Why? ………………………………………………………………………………. Yes. Why? ……………………………………………………………………………

If yes, how did it go? a. It was helpful enough. b. It did not help at all. c. It was helpful, but it still did not solve my problem

12. During your stay in New Zealand how did you feel about New Zealand people? a. Everyone was friendly b. Everyone was helpful c. d. Other: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

13. Did you understand New Zealand English well? a. very good b. good c. little difficulties d. completely lost

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14. How did you get used to living there? (Consider traffic, public transport, banking, shopping, and entertainment). ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

15. What was the attitude of locals towards you? a. welcoming b. not welcoming c. I did not meet with locals very often. d. other: ………………………………………………………………………………………...

16. How did you find a job in New Zealand? a. thanks to my friend b. via Internet c. I distributed my CV. d. by chance e. other: ………………………………………………………………

What was your wage per hour? ……………………………………………………. Was the job relevant with your education/work experience? Yes. No. Were you satisfied with your job? Yes. No.

17. How did you find your accommodation? a. thanks to my friend b. via Internet c. other: ………………………………………………………………………………………...

Were you satisfied with your accommodation? Yes. No.

18. Did you get an opportunity to meet with your culture? a. Yes, very often. b. Yes, but very rarely. c. Not at all.

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Is there any cultural characteristic that you adopted when in New Zealand? (Consider the language, personal characteristic, lifestyle and some more) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. How long did you stay in New Zealand/ have you been in New Zealand? ……………………………………………………………………………………

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Figure 2.

AGE NATIONALITY Chinese Korean Japanese 20 - 25 Czech German 25 - 30 Turkish more than 30 Russian British

Work experience Less than 2 years 2 - 5 years

5 - 10 years

More than 10 years

LANGUAGE LEVEL Elementary Social status Lower intermediate Married Intermediate Partner Upper intermediate Single Advanced

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Figure 3.

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