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British Chinese Youth Transitions: Cultural Identity and Youth Formations in Newcastle Upon Tyne

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British Chinese Youth Transitions: Cultural Identity and Youth Formations in Newcastle Upon Tyne British Chinese Youth Transitions: Cultural Identity and Youth Formations in Newcastle upon Tyne Alexander Marcus Lee Tan Submitted for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University May 2013 Abstract Research with British Chinese young people has tended to focus on experiences of racism, the influence of catering, and more recently educational attainment. Focusing on young Chinese people growing up in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England, this thesis brings these areas of scholarship into conversation in order to explore the youth transitions, cultural identities and everyday experiences of British Chinese youth. A key argument of this thesis is that integrating understandings of youth transitions with the everyday experiences of Chinese youth provides a critical contribution to the field. It not only expands the transitions debate that has centred primarily on white working class youth, but specifically enables a more holistic portrait of British Chinese youth to emerge. This study draws upon qualitative interviews with twenty four British born Chinese young people. The project is aimed at those aged 16-25 years. Four key influences on transition are explored: family and home; language and identity; education and aspirations; and leisure lifestyles. Home relations reveal many participants are expected to assist their families in catering work and therefore face a range of responsibilities whilst growing up, from supporting family businesses to caring for younger siblings. An analysis of language demonstrates many participants are actually ambivalent and lack confidence when it comes to Chinese linguistic competency. Nevertheless participants played significant roles as mediators, assisting their parents through English. In the education arena high levels of attainment at school and university reflect strong personal motivations to succeed, a desire to meet parental demands and an awareness of the sacrifices their parents had made to provide them with such opportunities. In their leisure time, British Chinese young people tended to engage with a broadly defined ‘Asian’ culture through global media including television, the internet and music. However, these experiences are found to be shaped by gender, young people’s life-course positioning and broader educational commitments. Overall, by exploring the role of family, language, education and leisure, this thesis offers a rich series of insights into the cultural identities and youth formations of British Chinese young people in Newcastle upon Tyne. I Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents. II Acknowledgements Thanks go to: My supervisors, Peter Hopkins and Anoop Nayak, thanks for their support and guidance throughout the project. The young people who took part in the interviews, without their help this would not be possible. Those I met, at schools, and within the local community, who sought or offered help. My mother and brother for their support over the years. Friends, specifically Lloyd Rock and James Cadman, Kevin Vong, Rebecca Yeh, Sharon Yeung and Alaa Tarabzouni. The postgraduate community, in particular Thomas Burgoine and Rebecca Payne. I would also like to thank Daryl Palumbo for inspiration. 我的中文老师，祝老师和祝老师，谢谢您。 III Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction – young British Chinese, transitions and identity. ............................. 1 1.2 Thesis questions ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Contextualising the study ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 - 1 British Chinese – silent minority status .............................................................. 4 1.3 - 2 Chinese migration to the UK .............................................................................. 6 1.3 - 3 The young British Chinese ................................................................................ 16 1.4 Conclusion and thesis structure ............................................................................ 19 Chapter 2 Literature review ............................................................................................ 22 2.1 Transitions and coupling young Chinese experiences .......................................... 23 2.2 British Chinese/Chinese in Britain - assessing the research environment ........... 26 2.2 - 1 Racism and social justice .................................................................................. 27 2.2 - 2 Catering and education, British Chinese families and young people .............. 33 2.2 - 3 Evaluating British Chinese research, the place of young British Chinese ........ 38 2.3 Exploring China, Chineseness and transnational implications.............................. 39 2.3 - 1 Changing face of China ..................................................................................... 40 2.3 - 2 Transnational Chinese families ........................................................................ 43 2.3 - 3 American Chinese............................................................................................. 45 2.3 - 4 Evaluating, China, Chineseness and transnational experiences ...................... 48 2.4 Roots and routes, theoretical considerations of Chineseness .............................. 50 2.4 - 1 Constructed Chineseness ................................................................................. 50 2.4 - 2 Diasporic Chineseness ...................................................................................... 54 2.4 - 3 Hybrid Chineseness .......................................................................................... 58 2.4 - 4 Evaluating theoretical contributions to ‘Chineseness’ .................................... 61 2.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3 Methodology .................................................................................................. 64 3.1 The study site: Newcastle itself as a site of Chinese population .......................... 64 3.2 Taking a qualitative approach – interviewing as method ..................................... 68 3.3 Ethics in research .................................................................................................. 72 3.4 Conducting the research – access and interviewing in practice ........................... 74 3.4 - 1 Access ............................................................................................................... 74 3.4 - 2 Interviews ......................................................................................................... 79 3.5 Evaluating the fieldwork ....................................................................................... 84 3.6 Transcribing, interpreting, and analysis ................................................................ 86 IV 3.7 Reflecting – positionality and Chineseness ........................................................... 92 3.8 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 98 Chapter 4 Family ........................................................................................................... 100 4.1 Parental background ........................................................................................... 101 4.2 Family in the UK .................................................................................................. 111 4.2 - 1 Notions of family and home ........................................................................... 112 4.2 - 2 Chinese family and home ............................................................................... 115 4.2 - 3 Practices within and beyond the family ......................................................... 118 4.3 Young people, family and the effect of takeaway work ..................................... 123 4.3 - 1 Takeaways and catering ................................................................................. 124 4.3 - 2 Rhythm, routine, effects ................................................................................ 126 4.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 135 Chapter 5 Language and identity .................................................................................. 137 5.1 Hong Kong, place, identity and language ............................................................ 138 5.1 - 1 A place for holiday and relatives .................................................................... 141 5.1 - 2 Reflections and ambivalences ........................................................................ 145 5.2 The significance of language ............................................................................... 151 5.2 - 1 Language and parental influence ................................................................... 153 5.2 - 2 Chinese school................................................................................................ 158 5.2 - 3 Identity ........................................................................................................... 166 5.3 Conclusions ........................................................................................................
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