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ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches
A Peer Reviewed, Refereed & Quarterly Journal
Vol. 7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN : 2349-8684
CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH & PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS) www.crrps.in
ROOTS
ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The Journal is assigned by National Science Library / NISCAIR, New Delhi and powered & published by Center for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu - India. The journal provides a valid space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and advancements in Multidisciplinary Subjects. It aims to foster the exchange of ideas on a range of important international subjects and to provide stimulus for research and the further developments and updating of international perspectives. The international perspective is further enhanced and enriched by the geographical spread of the aspiring contributors.
There are many practical reasons to publish the research articles. We don’t really understand what we have discovered until we write it up, when we submit an article for publication, we get back reviews and criticisms from colleagues and readers which undoubtedly can often be very helpful and sometime point our mistakes or shortcomings in the applied logic therein.
When we share the results of our efforts through publication, we become a part of the scientific community. We benefit from the exchange of ideas and learn about what others have already done. We can often establish valuable collaborations with people on the other side of the planet even without seeing them. If everybody kept their results and ideas secret, the progress of science would slow to a crawl. If we want to benefit from the work others have done before we, it’s only fair that we contribute our bit too. The process of research publication creates a mindset that is vital for research progress.
The scope of the Journal is to facilitate the researchers, scholars, resource persons and practitioners to come on a strong potential platform and to share their findings of the research with the rest of the world. So that intellectual decisions can be instilled to enrich societies as a whole with attitude of magnanimity and openness.
Dr. S. Balakrishnan Publisher and Managing Editor [email protected] www.crrps.in 09944212131
ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684, www.rootsjournal.com
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Editors-in-Chief
Dr. M. DAVAMANI CHRISTOBER Dr. J. SURESH Principal & Secretary Principal The American College The Madura College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India
Publisher and Managing Editor
Dr. S. BALAKRISHNAN Founder Director Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services Tamil Nadu – India
Associate Editors
Dr. MANIMANGAI MANI Dr. MAMTA BRAHMBHATT Senior Lecturer Associate Professor of Management Department of English B.K. School of Business Management Faculty of Modern Languages and Gujarat University Communication Ahmedabad, Gujarat– India Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia Dr.J. JOHN SEKAR Head & Associate Professor of English Dr. S. THEENATHAYALAN The American College Member of Syndicate, MKU, Madurai Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India Associate Professor of Economics The Madura College Dr. SURESH FREDERICK Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Associate Professor and UG Head Department of English Bishop Heber College (Autonomous) Trichy, Tamil Nadu– India
Editorial Board
Dr. S. PAUL MARY DEBORRAH Dr. K. UTHAYASURIYAN Controller of Examination Controller of Examination & Mother Teresa Women’s University Professor and Head Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu– India Department of International Business (School of Management) Alagappa University Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu– India
Dr.J. HELEN RATNA MONICA Dr. M. MOOVENDHAN Associate Professor of Chemistry Head of the Department The American College Department of English Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. V. DARLING SELVI Associate Professor of Commerce Dr. M. CHITRA Rani Anna Government College for Assistant Professor Women Department of Econometrics Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu – India School of Economics Madurai Kamaraj University Dr.J. BALASUBRAMANIAM Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Assistant Professor Department of Journalism and Science Dr. S.C.B. SAMUEL ANBU SELVAN Communication Assistant Professor of Commerce Madurai Kamaraj University The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India
Dr. PRADEEP D. WAGHMARE Dr. N. SUNDAR Assistant Professor of History Librarian Ramanarain Ruia College Thiagarajar College of Preceptors Mumbai– India Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India
Dr.M. VASIMALAI RAJA Dr. K. VELLAICHAMY Associate Professor, College of Education Assistant Professor Alagappa University Department of Education Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. T. SUDHA Assistant Professor of Economics Dr. B. KANNAN Annamalai University Assistant Professor Chitambram, Tamil Nadu – India Centre for Educational Research Madurai Kamaraj University Dr. S. DIRAVIDAMANI Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Assistant Professor of English Periyar University College of Arts & M. RAJESH Science Assistant Professor of Zoology Salem, Tamil Nadu – India The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. K. KAVIARASU Assistant Professor of English J. ALAGIRISWAMY Vivekananda College Assistant Professor of Economics Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu– India Loyola College Chennai, Tamil Nadu– India Dr. S. RAMANATHAN Assistant Professor of English V.R. SURESH KUMAR VHNSN College Head of the Department Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu– India PG & Research Department of English St. Joseph’s College of Arts and Science Dr. S. RAJARAJAN Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu– India Assistant Professor of English Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research U.T of Puducherry– India
M U L O F T I D L I S A C N I R P U L I O N J A
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ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed & Quarterly Journal ISSN: 2349-8684 | www.rootsjournal.com | 0452-4395131
GUIDELINES TO AUTHOR
About Roots ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The journal provides a space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and– advances in Multidisciplinary Subjects. This journal is an excellent forum for intra disciplinary and interdisciplinary study of various aspects of Arts, Science and Professional Studies as intellectually stimulating open platform for academicians, consultants, researchers, and business practitioners to share and promulgate their research works. Journal of Roots seek to publish research findings and articles that would promote research awareness and understanding dissemination.
Subjects for Papers ROOTS Journal expects qualitative and standardized publications of original papers on research in Multidisciplinary Researches. An Agriculture, Anthropology, Education, Geography, Advertising, Botany, Business Studies, Chemistry, Commerce, Computer Science, Communication Studies, Criminology, Cross Cultural Studies, Demography, Development Studies, Library Science, Mathematics, Methodology, Management Studies, Earth Sciences, Economics, Bioscience, Entrepreneurship, Fisheries, History, Information Science & Technology, Law, Life Sciences, Logistics and Performing Arts (Music, Theatre & Dance), Religious Studies, Visual Arts, Women Studies, Physics, Fine Art, Microbiology, Physical Education, Public Administration, Philosophy, Political Sciences, Psychology, Population Studies, Social Science, Sociology, Social Welfare, Linguistics, Literature, Zoology and other inspiring topics to meet the present trend and craze of aspirants to satisfy them.
Call for Papers The journal invites balanced mix of theoretical or empirical, conceptual papers to publish including research articles, case studies, review papers, comparative studies, dissertation chapters, reports of projects in progress, analytical and simulation models, technical notes, and book reviews, leading academicians, business peoples, corporate sectors, researcher scholars and students from academic institutions, research organizations, non – governmental organizations (NGOs), corporate sectors, civil societies, industries, and others from India and abroad.
Submission of Manuscript 1. Submit your article by email to [email protected]. 2. The manuscripts/papers should be research based or related, original and comprise of previously unpublished material and must be presented following scientific methodology. 3. Authors must send an abstract of the paper not exceeding 250 words, all manuscripts must be in font style of Times New Roman, size: 12, line spacing: double spaced and submitted only in MS Word 2003/ 2007 version. 4. All manuscripts should follow the MLA or APA style manual. The full paper must not exceed 3000 words, including tables and references. 5. The manuscript should be well-organized to have Title page, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Literature Survey, Problem Definition, Material & Methods, Findings & Results, Interpretation & Discussion, Conclusion and References.
6. All quoted, reproduced material should clearly be referenced. 7. All contents should be original – authors’ own words, ideas, findings and arguments. 8. Tables and figures should appear in the document near / after where they are referenced in the text. All figures and tables must have an intelligible caption in relation to the text. 9. Photographs must be sharp, and exhibit good contrast. 10. Correct and complete referencing of quoted and reproduced material is the obligation of the author. In the text, references should be inserted in parentheses in full. 11. If author uses a reference from an out-source, author should cite relevant source giving credit to the original author/contributor. 12. Review of Article/Manuscript The manuscript will be numbered and sent to the review committee for review- report. The author will be intimidated of the review and the process will take a maximum period of 15 – 20 days.
Ethical Policy 1. Authors are advised to adhere to the ethics of publication of his/her article to be considered for publication. 2. Acknowledgement of the original ideas, borrowed from other sources is imperative. 3. The authors of original research work (previously unpublished / under process for the publication elsewhere) should be an accurate submission of the work carried out, 4. provide the rationale of the significance of the research work in context with previous works, and should contain sufficient details to allow others for further research. 5. It will be the wholesome responsibility of the authors for such lapses if any on legal bindings and against ethical code of publication or communication media.
Plagiarism Alert & Disclaimer 1. The publisher & editors will not be held responsible for any such lapse of the contributor regarding plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their manuscripts. 2. All submissions should be original and must have a “statement of declaration” assuring their research paper as an original and fresh work and it has not been published anywhere else. 3. It will be authors are sole responsibility for such lapses, if any on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. 4. Contributors are advised to be aware about Plagiarism and ensure their paper is beyond plagiarism as per UGC norms.
Publication Policy & Peer-review Process Peer review exists to ensure that journals publish article which is of benefit to entire research community. Peer reviewers’ comments and recommendations are an essential guide to inform the editor’s decision on a manuscript that revisions and improvement. They are part of the publication process and actually help raise the quality of the manuscript. It also helps the readers to trust the research integrity of the article. 1. The Editor-in-Chief will primarily examine each manuscript. 2. The editor-in- Chief will advise the authors about the acceptance of the manuscript by email. 3. The manuscript will be evaluated on parameters of originality, practical importance, subject relevance, scientific level and contribution to the current academic scenario. 4. If the manuscript is accepted following publication policies. 5. Accepted manuscript will be forwarded to the double-blind peer review process. Such that the journal does not disclose the identity of the reviewer(s) to the author(s) and does not disclose the identity of the author(s) to the reviewer(s). 6. The review committee is not responsible for stripping of any information during panel review as the original author is not known to the committee. 7. Manuscript/paper will be published only when the article is ‘commended for publication’ from the review committee/editorial board.
8. If necessary the copy-editing work will be done by the members of the Editorial Board. 9. The review process may take minimum 20 working days. 10. In case of acceptance of the manuscript and commended for publication favorably, the manuscript will be published in online mode of time. If paper/article/manuscript is not commended for publication, the rejected manuscripts shall not be returned.
Copyright Notice Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent to the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication. Copyrights for articles published in ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring any infringement action if so desired by the author.
Indexed The journal will be indexed as per database norms. The Indexing will provide the manuscript to achieve its purpose of being accessible to worldwide readers. Easy accessible will increase as manuscript’s and journal’s reputation. It will be a source of the quality information in respective areas/studies.
Privacy Statement We may collect the contact details from authors like names, designation with Institutional address, email addresses, postal address, phone numbers and other information to understand needs and provide with a better service that are entered in this journal site and will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal.
Frequency of Publication of the Journal Roots are a quarterly journal, will be published in February, May, August and November on respective Years.
Review and Evaluation Committee Quarterly review committee meeting will be convened by the editor-in-chief. Authors are expected to submit their manuscript before 20 working days of the publication of the respective month. The journal will be published regularly as per Journal publication policy.
No article-processing charge Policy As per our journal policy, No article-processing charge (APC) or publication fee to publish your articles in Bodhi International Journal.
Get your Roots journal Subscription We provide personal or institutional Subscription. Subscriber will get all issues within the current year as four issues. No automatic renewal, subscription will expire automatically at the end of the publication year. For subscription, contact email.
Article Submission Authors are kindly advised to send manuscripts along with registration & copyright forms. (Duly filled-in Registration form is mandatory with the paper for acceptance) Soft copy of the papers should be mailed to [email protected]
Conference Proceedings Roots will be published as special issues for the national / international conference and seminars volumes. The group of papers also will be published in Roots journal.
Editorial
This compendium encapsulated with eleven write-ups in English and two descriptive elucidations in Tamil, now on your palms is the evidence that our publication could successfully travel six years to touch the first stone of this seventh year of successful and meaningful publication which made our beneficiaries like you to achieve our possible visionary target backed with missionary plans with the cordial supports, reviews, remarks, suggestions, expectations besides kick-backs we received time to time in random level to reshuffle our style and protocol in publication to the satisfactory graphical level of our readers including your honest roles. We are very sure and admit the truth that we could not have reached to this status without your honest supporting concentric part for which we are bound to thank you all.
In nut-shell, the contents of this issue elucidate in different titles without symmetrical correlations, giving long rope to accumulate and accommodate subsequent themes to satisfy our readers in one way or the other to fit to their likeness and taste in delving the hidden facts and truth on conceptual level.
The articles in Tamil bringing out the factual truth on Sangam Period and also Sangam Literature of the so credited Tamil Language history is a boon to all the readers either just to know of the origin of Tamil Language, drew back to Indus Valley Civilization or to delve out the evidences to retrieve the pre-historic period of Tamil language to imbibe for our reference and record while thinking of the Linguistic side of the universally acclaimed language, Tamil to look back since inception of the Dravidian Culture.
We thank all the hands who supported us in different ways and modes to reach to this stage and expect the same for the days to come to move beyond this Success stone, including the cordial contributions from the authors which is essential to make a change to achieve more and also the winning zone of the publication.
Editors Dr. M. DAVAMANI CHRISTOBER Principal & Secretary The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India
Dr. J. SURESH Principal The Madura College Madurai, Tamil Nadu– India
ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal Vol. 7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684
Aim & Objectives CONTENTS Academic Excellence in research is continued promoting in research support for young Page. Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating S. No. Title all aspects of encounters across disciplines and No. research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by 1 A Study of Quality and Qualification 1 assembling research groups and consequently Framework Progression in Botswana projects, supporting publications with this Dr. Gajendra Naidu inclination and organizing programmes. 2 Effect of Pesticides on Environment 10 Internationalization of research work is the unit and Human Health seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research Aabshar Khan, Dr. Umesh Kumar through quality of publications. And visibility of & Ruhi Khan research is creating sustainable platforms for 3 Effect of Salt Stress (Na2SO4) on 12 research and publication, such as series of Books; Seed Germination of Indian Mustard motivating dissemination of research results for (Brassica Juncea) Var. Goldi in people and society Vitro Condition Ruhi Khan, Dr. Farha Rehman & Disclaimer Dr. Gulafshan Contributors are advised to be strict in 4 Study on the Effect of News on Stock 17 academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment Price Behaviour using System of the original ideas borrowed from others. The Dynamics Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for Karishma Gajendra & any such lapse of the contributor regarding Dr. J. Gajendra Naidu plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their 5 Innovative Education: A Blend of 32 manuscripts. All submissions should be original and Conventional Education, Value must be accompanied by a declaration stating your Education and Techno-Based research paper as an original work and has not Education: Rethinking been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Dr. Rina Avinash Pitale Puradkar responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. 6 Observance and Violation of 38 Cooperative Principle in Karnad’s Communication Tughlaq Papers / Enquires should be mailed to Tulshiram Laxman Dabde [email protected] 7 Need for 21st Century Skills Education 45 for Teachers C. Harishree & Dr. S. Mekala
8 Stigma, Atrocities and Human Rights 53 Violation Against the Transgender Community in South India: A Case Study Based on the News Paper Reports During 2018-2020 Jibin Francis & Dr.B. Beneson Thilagar Christadoss 9 Portrayal of Satyavathi in Kavita 57 Kane’s the Fisher Queen’s Dynasty K.Jayabharathi & Dr.V.Iyyapan 10 Surrealistic Advent In A Voyage To 60 Arcturus J. Sundhar Singh, E. Alice Renola & Dr. L. Mercylatha 11 M.G.Vassanji’s Protoganist Unrealistic 65 Expectations in Select Novels - A Study Dr. R. Priyadarshini 12 neLe;njhif fhl;Lk; rq;ffhy 72 tpohf;fs; xU ghh;it Kidth; gP. nghparhkp 13 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Co;tpid 79 f.KUNf];tud; & Kidth; K. Jsrpkzp 14 Exploring School Ethos and Culture 82 - An Action Research Dr. R. Richa Mehta
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A STUDY OF QUALITY AND QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK PROGRESSION IN BOTSWANA
Dr. GAJENDRA NAIDU Professor & Head of Department Faculty of Business & Accounting Gaborone University College Gaborone-Botswana, Africa
Abstract The lexical description of qualifications of any education or training system with its resultant impacts are aptly embedded in the qualifications frameworks. Qualifications frameworks at national level illustrate what apprentices should understand, know and be able to do upon completion of a particular qualification. Typical national qualifications frameworks describe progression pathways; how a trainee progresses from one level of the qualification to the next. This study focused on the quality of qualification framework progression in Botswana with reference tothe process of developing and accreditingnational qualifications. The problem under investigation was harmonization of the requirements for ETPs in order to shape the quality of the qualification framework in Botswana through measuring of learning achievements and comparing them to each other. The objectivewas to scrutinize the extent of the quality control being undertaken by the Botswana Qualification Authority (BQA) in defending the qualification framework. The following research questions guided the study: 1. How the BQA has progressed in maintaining the national qualification framework? 2. What steps has the BQA undertaken to coordinate the education, training and skills development quality assurance system? 3. What strategies do BQA follow to ensure that ETPs are providing quality education? The study used quantitative research method where secondary data were mainly used and analysed by SPSS version 20.0. The findings showed that BQA is progressing positively within a short period of its establishment. The study also shows the BQA’s quality in safeguarding the qualification framework are significantly remarkable (α<.05) as compared to other SADC countries. Recommendations are that there is a need for in-depth further comparative studies on qualification framework for Botswana and other African countries in order to evaluate the real and extent of progression by BQA. Keywords: Qualification, Framework, BQA, National Qualification Framework, progression
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Introduction business with the Ministry of To analyze thoroughly the progression Education and Skills Development was of Botswana Qualification Authority later replaced by the Botswana (BQA) first let us know the Botswana Qualification Authority (BQA) banner. Education system. In other words, it is within the Ministry of Education that most, if not all, Botswana Education System providers of vocational courses are Basic education in Botswana covers located. both primary education which lasts for seven years leading to the Primary Need of Quality and Qualification School Leaving Certificate (PSLC) and Frame Work in Botswana: junior secondary education that leads (Objectives) to the Junior Certificate. Senior1. An evaluation by Tau and Stanslaus secondary education leads to the (2011), led to the conclusion that while Botswana General Certificate of there was a framework of some kind, Secondary Education (BGCSE), which there was limited dialogue among is a prerequisite for admission for providers regarding articulation or collegiate studies approved by any transfer of credits from one institution University. to another. The running of the Senior2. There was no coordination at Secondary School examinations by the national level to ensure an absence of University of Cambridge Local ambiguity regarding the credibility of Examination Syndicate (UCLES) was qualifications in Botswana. taken over by the Botswana3. The private providers offer courses government in 1998 (Nkosana, 2008). that are developed and accredited The Government of Botswana has elsewhere (for example, secretarial had a policy on vocational education courses accredited by Pitman, or (VET) and training since independence. courses accredited by the City and The Department of Vocational Guilds of London Institute or the Education and Training played a Institute of Commercial Management in coordinating role without any the United Kingdom). Therefore, there framework to guide it. are many qualifications of various The Botswana National Vocational descriptions associated with the same Qualifications Framework (BNVQF) is type of profession housed within the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs by virtue of it being Origin of Botswana Qualification vocational in conceptualization. The Authority (BQA) situation on the ground, however, The Botswana Qualifications indicated that the Botswana Training Authority (BQA) was recently Authority (BTA) which did most of its established through the enactment of the Botswana Qualifications Authority
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Act No 24 of 2013. According to Young programmes and above were required and Allais (2009), a growing number of to register with the Tertiary Education countries are introducing qualification Council. The institutions would go frameworks (QFs) following a common through a process of accreditation after definition of outcomes, level three years of registration or one year descriptors and a set of occupational of operation. As from 1 April 2014, or knowledge fields. Botswana has registration and accreditation of been no exception to this trend. The institutions at tertiary level previously passing of the Vocational Training Act undertaken by the Tertiary Education (1998) led to the creation of the Council (TEC), now known as the Botswana National Vocational Human Resource Development Council Qualifications Framework (BNVQF). (HRDC), will now be rendered by Prior to that, there had been no QF. Botswana Qualifications Authority The BQA commenced operations on 8 (BQA), previously known as Botswana November 2013 following an order Training Authority (BOTA). TEC was issued by the Minister of Education responsible for the registration of and Skills Development to effect the tertiary institutions and the quality Act. The coming into effect of the BQA assurance of programmes of learning. Act means that the Botswana Training The administration of the former Authority (BOTA) has been effective Vocational Training Fund (VTF), now since 8 November 2013, continued called the Human Resource under the new name of the Botswana Development Fund will be Qualifications Authority (BQA) with the administered by the HRDC. following objectives • To provide for and maintain the Literature Review National Credit and Qualifications A literature review is the current Framework (NCQF). knowledge including substantive • To coordinate the education, findings, as well as theoretical and training and skills development methodological contributions to a quality assurance system. particular topic. Literature reviews The BQA’s scope of quality assures are secondary sources, and do not training from all qualifications report new or original experimental conferred by ETPs. BQA as a work. parastatal body responsible for the Medel-Anonuevo, (2002) lifelong coordination of Tertiary Education and learning as a common sense principle- for determining and maintaining of learning from cradle to grave and standards of teaching, examination lifelong learning as an educational and research in tertiary institutions. principle that has to be realized in All institutions interested in offering policies, programs and projects. tertiary education from Diploma
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Blaschke (2012:60) Heutagogical narrativemethodology which is a approach in formal learning could be “systematic, theory-driveninterpretative integrated in to programmes through technique, which was designed to learner-defined learning contracts, assist in making sense of flexible curriculum, learner-directed heterogeneous evidence aboutcomplex questions, flexible and negotiated interventions applied in diverse assessments, collaborative learning etc. contexts in away that informs Tau and Stanslaus (2011) led to policy.The literature gathered had the the conclusion that while there was a said characteristics, therefore the framework of some kind, there was meta-narrative method was suitable to limited dialogue among providers the objectives of this study. regarding articulation or transfer of The strategy used was to include of credits from one institution to another. all actorsinvolved in NQFs that have published in Southern African Methodology countries within both academicand This study used both academic and grey literature between 2008 and 2018. greyliterature which was published All papers that broadly discussed NQFs between the years 2008 and 2018. The or any related components of NQFs researchers employed a predetermined were included. Papers published in search strategy by systematically and other languages like Portuguese (from strategically hand-searchedGoogle Mocambique and Angola), French (DR Scholar on qualification framework in Congo), Kiswahili (Tanzania) were southern African countries first then excluded because there were no searched BQA and qualification quality translators to do the translation of in Botswana and finally checked papers written in other SADC region reference lists. This whole process gave languages. the researchers a pool of 2351 papers. From this large pool of 2351 papers, only77 papers were selectedbased on the researchers’ priori criteria. A check list form was developed which incorporated the aspects for measuring quality and qualification framework progression which then were transcribed into SPSS version 20.0 to quantitatively analyse the findings. Figure1: Search and study selection The systematic review of the papers process gathered followed the Greenhalgh et al’s six stages of the meta-
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Best Practices To combat academic fraud and improve the letter asking for verification the process of verification, respondents itself. indicated: 9. Standardized letters for requesting 1. Broad –based public education. and responding to verification 2. Awareness creation programmes requests e.g. organizing a seminar on 10. Verification requests should be academic fraud. addressed to the office bearer who 3. Strengthen across border issued and signed the document, partnership to combat academic and not to a particular individual crime. 11. Recognition authorities should draw 4. Use regulatory agencies in other up an inventory of typical countries which is very much recognition cases and/or a useful. comparative overview of other 5. Get contact persons who you can education systems or qualifications rely on and trust at all times. in relation to that of their own 6. Only use formal translators. country as an aid in making 7. Increased focus on improved recognition decisions consistent; security features. Introduce 12. Improved legislation on dealing with booklets containing security academic fraud; features from different issuing 13. Forming of international bodies. Continuously collect partnerships examples of qualifications with their 14. Move away from paper-based to validity dates and security features electronic verification. Createon- where appropriate to use as line digital learner records. The reference material for future existence and effective functioning applications. This serves to of the WEAC and NLRD are familiarise credential evaluators frequently referred to as a best with the format and content of practice by countries dealing with educational documentation that can these sources directly or indirectly. be expected from individual 15. ‘Share information about academic countries, as well as the educational fraud with institutions and terminology used; government agencies as 8. When sending documents for appropriate. verification, it is important to checkt 16. Training on qualification head dress to which the verification verification. request is sent against an address appearing in published sources, Conclusion and not to thead dress provided on It is very transparently evident that
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the entire process of qualification and official information are made verification can improve as more clarity available; is created regarding recognition • Verification practices should be practices in all African countries. aligned to improve the process in Whilst there seems to be general Botswana. consensus on what should be done, • Institutions and organizations in these practices are not always Africa that assess international implemented, or interpreted differently academic credentials should be as a result of various challenges familiar with varied global practices highlighted in the report. A more and take these into consideration harmonized and transparent when developing and applying their recognition practice is essential for the own policies and practices for global quality of student mobility in Africa. standard and consistency; The three biggest challenges appear • Digitization options are explored for to be the following: implementation in Botswana.. Due to various factors beyond the • The frustration and lack of control of the evaluation service resources result in people skipping provider, the timelines for the final step in the verification processing applications are difficult process (confirmation from issuing to determine and lengthy delays body) and accept documents in often occur as a result of slow ‘good faith’ responses and difficulty in • It is clear that Botswana has a lot of contacting the foreign institution; development to be done to be able There seems to be no standard to have an effective verification procedure that can be applied in process. Africa to ensure consistency in • The efficiency of the process terms of service, turnaround time depends to a large extend on and fee structures; availability and response of the Lack of digital records and national institution being contacted for learner record databases for quick confirming the issuing of the reference. qualification. As everyone recognizes quality, to • The creation of digitized records, improve the process for the already established as a trend in verification of qualification, America and other European specifically the confirmation of countries, appears to be the only awards by relevant issuing bodies it long-term solution. is recommended that: An efficient verification process that • Platforms are created to share best is scalable (as the number of requests practices; increase) and sustainable will require • up to date and accessible process the move to an electronic verification
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process. Student data portability in the 5. Isaacs, S. B. A. 2001. Making the digital age require a paperless process NQF road by walking reflectively, where the identification of an applicant, accountable and boldly. In Sayed, Y. can be coupled with authentic & Jansen, J. (Eds.). Implementing educational attainment data, in a Education Policies: The South African secure environment, that is accessible Experience. Landsdowne: UCT through the necessary authorization. It Press, pp. 124-139 is recommended that further research 6. Keevy, J. A. 2005. A Foucauldian is conducted to determine the critique of the development and minimum requirements for the effective implementation of the South African functioning of a verification system on NQF. Unpublished doctoral thesis the African continent that will result in submitted for evaluation, University a process that is reliable, efficient, of South Africa, November 2005. consistent in delivering results, 7. National Training Board. 1994. A trustworthy and cost effective. discussion document on a national training strategy initiative: a References preliminary report. Pretoria: NTB 1. Blom, R. & Keevy, J. A. 2005. The 8. Oberholzer, A. 1994. The impact of the implementation of the establishment of an NQF in South NQF on education and training in Africa – from White Paper to South Africa. Paper to be presented blueprint. Paper presented at the at Kenton, 27-30 October 2005, 20th Annual Conference of the Grahamstown, South Africa International Association for 2. French, E. 2005. Towards an NQF Empirical Assessment (IAEA), research agenda for a new stage of Wellington, New Zealand, 1994 atonement – containing the winds of 9. South Africa. 1995. SAQA Act. Act change. Forthcoming in the SAQA 58 of 1995. Pretoria: Government Bulletin, Vol. 8(1). Printer 3. Howieson, C., Raffe, D. & Tinklin, T. 10. South Africa. Department of 2000. Conceptual frameworks for Education. 1996. Lifelong Learning studying the introduction of a unified through a National Qualifications system. Working Paper 1, ESRC Framework. Report of the Ministerial Research Project on Introducing a Committee for Development Work on Unified System, Centre for the NQF. Pretoria: Government Educational Sociology, University of Printer Edinburgh. 11. South Africa. Department of 4. Human Sciences Research Council. Education and Department of 1995. Ways of seeing the National Labour. 2002. Report of the Study Qualifications Framework. Pretoria: Team on the implementation of the HSRC
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National Qualifications Framework. 19. South African Qualifications Pretoria. Authority. 2005b. National 12. South Africa. Department of Qualifications Frameworks. Towards Education and Department of effective development and Labour. 2003. An Interdependent implementation of NQFs in the SADC National Qualifications Framework Region. Workshop Guide prepared System: Consultative Document. for the UNESCO/UNISA/NEPAD Pretoria. Angola Collaboration in Teacher 13. South African Qualifications Education Authority. 2000. The NQF: An 20. South African Qualifications Overview. Pretoria: SAQA Authority. 2005c. An introductory 14. South African Qualifications guide to recognition of prior learning: Authority. 2000b. The NQF and conceptual and practical issues for quality assurance. Pretoria: SAQA policy makers. Guide prepared on 15. South African Qualifications request of the International Authority. 2001. Criteria and LabourOrganisation. Forthcoming guidelines for providers. Pretoria: 21. Tuck, R., Keevy, J. A. & Hart, J. SAQA South African Qualifications 2004. The relevance of the National Authority, 2002. The Recognition of Qualifications Framework Impact Prior Learning in the context of the Study to qualification framework South African National Qualifications development in the Southern Framework. Pretoria. SAQA African Development Community. 16. South African Qualifications Paper presented at the Qualification Authority. 2004. National Africa International Conference held Qualifications Framework Impact at Gallagher Estate, Midrand South Study. Report 1. Establishing the Africa, 15-16 September 2004 criteria against which to measure 22. Ministry of Education (2005). progress of the NQF. Pretoria: SAQA Criteria for the Registration of 17. South African Qualifications Qualifications on the National Authority, 2004b. Criteria and Qualifications Framework in Guidelines for the implementation Namibia of the Recognition of Prior Learning. 23. SADC Report of Maseru, Lesotho Pretoria. SAQA. Meeting entitled “Towards a 18. South African Qualifications Southern African Development Authority. 2005. National Community Qualifications Qualifications Framework Impact Framework - Concept Paper and Study. Report 2. Establishing a Implementation Plan. The document baseline against which to measure was prepared by the Technical progress of the NQF. Pretoria: SAQA Committee on Certification and Accreditation (TCCA) comprising of
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experts drawn from the Member Framework for the Southern African States. Development Community. Concept 24. Southern African Development paper and guidelines. Unpublished Community (SADC) Technical concept document approved by the Committee on Certification and SADC Integrated Council of Accreditation (TCCA). 2005. Ministers, June 2005 Towards a Regional Qualifications
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EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON ENVIROMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
AABSHAR KHAN Research scholar, Department of Biochemistry Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. UMESH KUMAR Assistant professor, Department of Paramedical Science Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
RUHI KHAN Research Scholar, Department of Botany Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi, and even unwanted plants. Pesticides are also used in public health sector to kill vectors of disease such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture to kill pests that damage crops. Pesticides are used to control organism that are considerd to be harmful. They can also kill bees, ants that can cause allergic reaction. Keywords: Pesticides, Bio-pesticides, India, and Hazards.
Pesticides food, water, and skin exposure by Pesticides can save farmers money by direct contact, and the effect of preventing crop losses from insects and pesticides on human depend on the other pests. There are two types of toxicity of the chemical. Children are benefits for pesticides use primary more susceptible and sensitive to benefits are direct gain from the pesticides because they have a weak pesticides, and secondary benefits are immune system then adults. effect that are more long term (Cooper In India is one of the largest 2007). Pesticides use raise a number of manufacturers of pesticides and environment concern. Over 98% of consumption is increasing every year. sprayed insecticides and 95% of Pesticides exposure has been linked to herbicides reach a destination other diseases such as cancer, as well as to then their target species including non neurotoxicity, and neurodegenerative –targeting species, air, water, and soil disorders. Pesticides impact on aquatic (Miller 2004).Pesticides can enter the system in river, and stream, and on the body through inhalation of aerosol, other side, pesticides harmful effect on dust, and vapor that contain pesticides plants including root hair, shoot, and through oral exposure by consuming reduced plant growth.
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Biopesticides: An Ecofriendly or chronic hazards to health or Approach for Pest Control environment according to WHO or An ecofriendly alternative to Global Harmonized System (GHS) or chemical pesticides is biopesticides. their listing in relevant binding The biopesticides have a three major International agreements or classes, and India has a vast potential convention. In addition, pesticides for biopesticides.Classes of appear to cause severe or irreversible biopesticidesi.e Microbial pesticides, harm to health or the environment Plant pesticides, and Biochemical under condition of use in a country pesticides. may be considered to be, and treated Biopesticides are certain types of as highly hazardous.The environment pesticides that are derived from natural includes all of the living and non-living meterials like plants, bacteria, fungi, things that surround us, and including virus, and certain minerals. the air, water, soil, plants, and wild life. Biopesticides are low toxic than Conclusion chemical pesticides, and that may also Tips to deal with pesticides hazards affect organismi.e birds, insect, and that to eat fresh food, and organic to mammals, and biopesticides are used avoid food-related exposure, and in agriculture to control pests (aphids, encourage non- chemical farming, and whiteflies), fungi, and disease caused also avoid pesticides use near to by bacteria in different areas of the human beings, school, public spaces, world. Futher more, Biopesticides are and health centres etc. Finally, at fully aligned with sustainable, rational, regular level, ban highly hazardous and environmental friendly pesticides immediately and chemical agriculture.They also provide natural pesticides, and adopt agroecological protection for crops, and they help to practice. improve the yield, and crop quality. Reference India has a vast potential for 1. Cooper J, Dobson H (2007). “The pesticides.Indian farmers needs benefits of pesticides to mankind education for maximizing gains. and the environment” (PDF). Crop Biopesticides represent only 2.89% of Protection. 26 (9): 1337-1348. the overall pesticides market in India, 2. Miller GT (2004). “Ch. 9. and is expected to exhibit an annul Biodiversity”.Sustainingthe Earth growth rate of about 2.3% in the (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: coming years (Thakore 2006). Thompson Learning, Inc.pp.211- 216. Hazards 3. Thakore Y. 2006. The biopesticides Highly Hazardous Pesticides mean market for global agriculture use. pesticides that are acknowleged to Industrial Biotechnology Fall 2006: present particularly high level of acute 194-208
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EFFECT OF SALT STRESS (Na2SO4) ON SEED GERMINATION OF INDIAN MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA) VAR. GOLDI IN VITRO CONDITION
RUHI KHAN Research Scholar, Department of Botany Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. FARHA REHMAN & Dr. GULAFSHAN Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract Research on effect of increasing concentrations (0, 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm hos/cm and
12Mm hos/cm) of salt (Na2SO4) on germination of Brassicajuncea(var. goldi) was studied. Here our experiment was completely randomized design with three replicates. Seed germination is a critical stage in the life history of plants during salt stress.In our experiment identify, the effect of different concentrations (0, 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm hos/cm and 12Mm hos/cm) of salt (Na2SO4) on the germination of percentage, speed and index of germination as compared with germination of control plants during winter session at 15 days period in vitro condition. The strongest reduction of germination of seeds was observed in the 12Mm hos/cm. The results showed that germination percentage were no affected severely by 4 Mm hos/cm Na2SO4. For analyzing of results were used of ANOVA. However, the results showedthat in germination characters such as percentage, speed and index of germination is more sensitive to Na2SO4 salt. By this experiment, wanted to determine the which concentration of salt would not interfere with germination of seeds. This reduction of germination indicates that seeds of Brassicajuncea showed more resistanct to salt stress .
Keywords: Salinity, Brassicajuncea, germination, Na2SO4, germination speed, Indian mustard.
Introduction 2001). Germination is the series of Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea) is an steps that proceed to protrusion of the important winter oil seed crop grown radical. The phase of germination and across the northern Indian plains. seedling growth is critical one. High Osmotic stress and salt stress are exogenous salt concentrations were responsible for inhibition and delayed reported to affect seed germination, of seed germination (Almansouriet al., water deficit, cause ion imbalance of
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the cellular ions resulting in ion assimilation (Hasegawa et al., (2000); toxicity and osmotic stress (Khan et and R Munns & Tester, (2008). al., 2002). Germination under saline Together, these effects reduce plant conditions is generally affected due to growth, development and survival. high osmotic pressure of the solution. Although salinity stress mostly reduces This osmotic pressure results in less the germination percentage and delay inhibition of water. Due to capillary rise the onset of germination, its effects are of salts, the concentration of salts is modified by interaction with other more at sea depth than at lower levels environmental factors as temperature in soil profile. Salinity affects almost and light. every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of plants and significantly Material and Method reduces yield. Salinity can affect The effect of salt stress on seed germination of seeds either by creating germination of mustard(Brassicajuncea. osmotic potential which prevents water var. goldi) was studies. Seeds uptake, or by toxic effects of ions on ofBrassicajuncea(var. goldi) were embryo viability. The plants that grow obtained from authentic seed source in saline soils had diverse ionic for germination.Many of 120 seeds compositions and a range in were surface sterilized for 20 min in concentrations of dissolved salts. 20% sodium hypochlorite. In our Salinity was reported to impair seed experiment 12 petridishes (6cm in germination, reduce nodule formation, diameter) were taken with cotton and retard plant development and reduce 10 seeds of mustard (var. Goldi) was crop yield. These concentrations put in each petridish. The sterilization fluctuated because of changes in water procedure is avoid contamination by source, drainage, evapotranspiration microorganisms during the germination and solute availability (Jamilet al., process (Ruiz-Carrasco et al., 2011). 2006). Salinity has negative The quantity of sodium sulphateused relationship with germination, to prepare different salinity leveli.e (0, germination rate, root length, shoot 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm hos/cm and 12Mm length, fresh root weight and fresh hos/cm) in order to make one litter shoot weight. High salinity affects solution. The salt was added to prepare plants in two main ways: high different salinity level and than used in concentrations of salts in the soil all petridishes except three petridishes disturb the capacity of roots to extract of control. DDW was given in control water, and high concentrations of salts set of experiment. Here in our research within the plant itself can be toxic, experiment mentioned only number of resulting in an inhibition of many germination of seeds. Number of physiological and biochemical germination of seeds was determined processes such as nutrient uptake and every second of day since the beginning
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of the experiment. Germination was associated with the activity of seed scored for 15 days. germination (Maet al., 2017).
Results and Discussion Conclusion Seed germination is one of the most In recapitulation, it is clear that salinity important phases in the life cycle of problem is increasing rapidly plants. The result revealed that the throughout the world. Our experiment effect of salinity on germination traits were conducted to investigate the of mustard(var. goldi). Generally, the effects of different salt (sodium salt stress affected seeds germination sulphate (Na2SO4) concentrations i.e (0, of mustardcultivars. Here our 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm hos/cm and 12Mm experiment (fig.a) showed that the hos/cm) on seeds germination of highest reduction (55.0%) of Brassicajuncea(var. goldi), along with seedsgermination was observed at non-treated plants at 15 days time 12Mm hos/cm salt treatment as period in viro condition. In this study, compared with untreated seeds (90.0%) salt stress adversely affected the of mustard. At the concentration of percentage of germination. Overall, it
4Mm hos/cm Na2SO4, seeds of seems that salinity through mustard were germinated in high enhancement of osmotic pressure leads percentage (80.7%), there are not reduction of water absorbance and significant effect on seeds germination . disturbance in metabolic process. So, it In this study the moderate percentage is cause more delay in germination. (65.0%) of seeds of germinationshowed at 8Mm hos/cm Na2SO4 treatment. Acknowledgment Species distribution and survival Author are thankful to professor, mainly depend on the seed ability to Rampur for encouragement and complete germination and the seedling providing facilities to this work and ability to develop successfully under also thanks to those who providing unfavorable conditions (ZIVKOVIC et seeds of the mustard cultiva al., 2007). It is well known that salt inhibits soybeen seed germination and post germination growth, which eventually leads to decreases in yield (Hamayunet al., 2015).Many study showed that salt treatment caused cellular oxidative stress (Farhangi- Abriz andTorabian, 2017), and cellular oxidative pressure is further Fig:1. Depicts the effect of different concentrations (0, 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm
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hos/cm and 12Mm hos/cm) of salt
(Na2SO4) on germination (%) of Brassicajuncea (var. goldi) at 15 days time period.(Thanks to the Dept. of Botany, Mohammad Alijauhar University, Rampur for providing authentic data) 12Mm hos/cm
Pictures show the effect of different concentrations (0, 4Mm hos/cm, 8Mm hos/cm and 12Mm hos/cm) of
salt (Na2SO4) on germination of mustard (Brassicajuncea) var. goldi
References 1. Almansouri M., Kiner J.M.., Lutta S. Control (2001). Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum). Plant Soil 31:243-254. 2. Farhangi-Abriz, S., and Torabian, S. (2017). Antioxidant enzyme and osmotic adjustment changes in bean seedlings as affected by biochar under salt stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 137, 64-70. 3. Hasegawa, P. M., Bressan, R. A., 4Mm hos/cm Zhu, J. K., &Bohnert, H. J. (2000).
Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and PlantMolecular Biology, 51, 463- 499. 4. Humayun, M., Hussain, A., Khan, S. A., Irshad, M., Khan, A. L., Waqas, M., et al., (2015). Kinetin modulates physiohormonal attributes and isoflavone contents of 8 Mm hos/cm
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soybean grown under salinity 8. Munns, R., and M. Tester (2008). stress. Front. Plant Sci. 6:377. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance, 5. Jamil M., Lee D., Jung K.Y., Asraf Ann. Rev.PlantBiol.59, 651–681, M., Lee S.C., Rha E.S. (2006). Effect doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.03 of salt (NaCl) stress on germination 2607.092911. and early seedling growth of four 9. Ruiz-Carrasco K, et al; (2011). vegetables species. J. Central Eur. Variation in salinity tolerance of Agric. 7: 273-282. four lowland genotypes of quinoa 6. Khan, N.A., H.R. Ansari, M. Khan, (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) as R. Mir, Samiullah (2002). Effect of assessed by growth, physiological phytohormones on growth and yield traits, and sodium transporter gene of Indian mustard. Indian J. Plant expression, Plant Physiology and Physiol., 7, 75-78. Biochemistry,vol.49 (pg.1333-1341). 7. Ma, Q., Kang, J., Long, R., Zhang, 10. Zivkovic , S., Devic., M., Filipovic, T,.Xiong, J., Zhang, K., et al., B., Giba, Z. and Grubisic, D. (2007). (2017). Comparative proteomic Effect of NaCl on seed germination analysis of alfalfa revealed new salt in some Cantaurium Hill. Species and drought stress-related factors (Gentianaceae). Arch. Biol. Sci., involved in seed germination. Mol. 59(3), 227-231. Biol. Rep. 44, 261-272.
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STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF NEWS ON STOCK PRICE BEHAVIOUR USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS
KARISHMA GAJENDRA Chartered Certified Accountant Gaborone: Botswana, Africa
Dr. J. GAJENDRA NAIDU Professor & Head of Department Faculty of Commerce & Busines Administration Gaborone University College, Gaborone, Botswana- Africa
Abstract The economic development of a country greatly depends on its industrial and commerce activities. Many researchers, often, argue that economic growth of a nation is directly linked to the stock market developments. Stock markets, in modern economy, play vital role as an important source in providing the necessary capital for carrying out industrial and commerce activities. It provides finance to the organisations by raising funds, from individuals and institutions, through shares. It attracts foreign institutional investors into the economy. It also provides a platform for mutual fund managers for investment and hence, mitigates the risk of individual investors. Stock market is referred to as the barometer of the economy. The price behavior of a stock has been an area of interest to both academicians as well as investors. It is widely acclaimed by many researchers that news affects the behavior of stock price. Investors react to news in many ways. They take investment decisions and adopt various investment strategies such as "wait and watch‟, "stop loss‟, "profit booking‟, "averaging‟, and "buy today and sell tomorrow‟ leading to bearish or bullish behavior of the stock market. Individual investment decisions are studied from economic, behavioral, and demographic perspective. A questionnaire was designed to classify the information investors consider while making investment decision into must be, one dimensional, and delight. It was found that 14 attributes were relevant in Indian context. A questionnaire was designed and captured the information measured on 7-point Likert scale. KANO model was developed for overall BSE SENSEX 30 and also for 10 sectors separately. For BSE SENSEX 30 companies the result of technical analysis, financial advisers and analyst recommendations, past performance of firm‟s stock, and condition of financial statements were found to be „must be‟ attributes.“Linear” attributes include expected stock split or capital increase, coverage in the press,
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expected bonus share, stock marketability, information obtained from the internet, current economic indicators, affordable share price, expected corporate earnings, and rumours. “Delight” attributes include only insider information. Sector wise analysis was also carried out. The attributes are different for different sectors. Dataset of 18, 014 news announcements spread over 5 years was collected from BSE website. They were first categorized under eight headings. They were then classified as financial and non-financial. For each of the news item t - test was conduct to further. Classify them as good, bad, and indifferent. For all the 18, 014 announcements, the pre- and post- returns, pre- and post-rick of both scrip and market, volatility, trade volume ration were computed for news items and analyzed. Stock behavior for each news items was tabulated and discussed. An attempt was made to capture the stock price behavior using system dynamics model. It is assumed to be affected by four external factors namely export, GDP, US dollar exchange rate, and gold price. Though not a comprehensive model but, has captured sufficient dynamics for academic pursuit and understanding. The simulated values were compared with actual to develop sufficient confidence in the model. Further, how it can be used by investors for predictive purposes are also presented. Keywords: News, Stock Price, KANO model, System dynamics, Volatility Risk, Investor decision-making.
Introduction managers for investment and hence, The factual outcome of the economic mitigates the risk of individual development of a country solely investors. The stock market is referred depends on its industrial and to as the barometer of the economy [6, commercial activities. Many 7]. researchers [1, 2, 3] often, argue that The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) economic growth of a nation is directly of India has been continuously linked to the stock market increasing with slight fluctuations in developments. Stock markets, in its growth rate. GDP per capita has modern economy, play vital role as an grown from INR 71, 609 in 2011-12 to important source in providing the INR 127, 456 in 2017-18 [8]. Gross necessary capital for carrying out savings was INR 30, 268.37 billion in industrial and commerce activities [4, 2011-12 and 45, 725.73 billion in 5]. It provides finance to the 2016-17 [8]. The bank interest rates organisations by raising funds, from in savings bank account since 2011- individuals and institutions, through 12 has remained almost constant at shares. It attracts foreign institutional 4% per annum while a 5 years investors into the economy. It also deposit has earned 8.5% per annum provides a platform for mutual fund and has decreased to 6.5% per annum
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[8]. It is evident from the above news on share price in developed statistics that the Indian saving habits countries. But, in developing countries have increased over the years. On the such studies are sparse. Thus, in contrary, the banking deposit rates India, a developing an emerging have been declining. The individual economy, such studies are necessary investors find Investments in stock to understand the behaviour of market as attractive since on a long investors. term investment of over 15 years, it yields an interest higher than banks. Indian Stock Market The risk aversive investors find Many trading houses are present in another route into stock market India. The prominent ones among through investments in mutual funds them are Bombay Stock Exchange especially through systematic (BSE) and National Stock Exchange investment plans. The fund managers (NSE). BSE was established in 1875 of these mutual funds through their at Mumbai. It is one of the oldest and expertise again invest wisely in share one amongst the 10 largest stock market to earn better returns for exchanges in the world. More than their clients. Because of the increasing 5000 companies are 3 enlisted on BSE US dollar to INR exchange rate and [13]. The turnover at BSE from 2010- also due to higher earnings non- 11 to 2018-19 is presented in Figure resident Indians (NRIs), foreign 1.1 portfolio investors, and foreign institutional investors find Indian stock market attractive for investment. The players participate in the trading of shares with an intention of realizing better returns. The demand for and the supply of shares Figure 1.1: Annual Turnover in INR determines the trading price [9]. It is (Crores) at BSE from 2010-11 to governed by the activities of the 2018-19 firm. The activities are made known to the public through press releases, Behaviour of Stocks and Investors to publications, and corporate News announcements. The participants are The price behaviour of a stock has been always on the lookout for such news an area of interest to both [10]. They being sensitive, react academicians as well as investors. It is differently to different news items. This widely acclaimed by many researchers leads to volatility in the stock market. [14, 15] that news affects the Many researchers [11, 12] have behaviour of stock price. News can be attempted to understand the effect of defined as recently received piece of
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noteworthy information about current average, it was found that, each of the events. It could be either through BSE SENSEX 30 companies make 125 broadcast or published. This throws announcements per year. light on two aspects, one, it contains Investors react to news in many significant information and, the other, ways. They take investment decisions authenticity. Significant information and adopt various investment can be derived from financial news strategies such as „wait and watch ‟, such as earnings and dividends, or „stop loss‟, „profit booking‟, from non-financial news such as „averaging‟, and „buy today and sell appointment or retirement of directors tomorrow‟ leading to bearish or and chairman‟s speech. Authenticity of bullish behaviour of the stock market. the news refers to the source of Individual investment decisions are dissemination of the information such studied from economic, behavioral, and as news announced by corporate demographic perspective. Nagy and houses, announcements on registered Obenberger (1994) [17] found in USA stock exchanges, and press releases. that the factors influencing the It appears that [16] were the first to investment process include: carry out empirical investigation on the neutral information such as press link between news and stock price. coverage; accounting information such Many others have subsequently as financial statements; self-image studied the effect of news on stock such firm status; classic such as price movement. Broadly, news is expected dividend; social relevance classified as financial such earning such as local operations; advocate announcements and payouts, and non- recommendations such as brokerage financial such as meetings and events, house and; personal needs such as launch of a new product. It was found financial needs. Jagongo and that stock price reacts to both financial Mutswenje (2014) [18] conducted a and non-financial news. With the study in NSE on the factors influencing advent of information technology and investment decisions in India and hence, the media, news travel very fast. found that firm‟s position and There are enough evidences and performance, investment returns and studies to support the fact that news economic conditions, diversification affect the stock price and volume and loss minimization, third party traded across the trading centres. opinion, the goodwill of the firm and Exclusive television channels such as accounting information, perception CNBC-TV 18, Times Money, and NDTV towards the firm, environmental Profit which operate 24x7 have been factors, and firm‟s feeling and risk actively involved in analysing the stock minimization’s govern the investment market continuously providing decisions. information to investors. On an
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Statement of the Problem 3. To demonstrate effect of news using It is evident from the literature that a System Dynamics. stock market plays a vital role in the economy of a nation. Its contributions Scope of the Study to industrial activities are immense. It The current study covers top 30 is found that over INR 8 lakh crores of companies listed on BSE belonging to annual turnover takes place on BSE different sectors. The study analyses alone. Not only domestic individual impact of corporate announcements investors but, domestic institutional on stock price movements. For this investors, foreign individual and purpose the following corporate institutional investors, and foreign announcements are considered for the portfolio investors are increasing. It is study: Earning announcements; also found that on an average each of Capital structure; Payouts; Corporate the BSE SENSEX 30 companies make strategy and performance; Legal over 125 announcements in a year on settlement and exchange; Corporate BSE. The electronic media especially actions and management changes; television and through internet, the Development and recognition; and news spreads thick and fast. The Meetings and events. players of the stock market are The period of study is considered is sensitive and hence, react to various 5 years staring from the 1st of April types of news. Lots of research on these 2011 to 31st of has been carried in western countries March 2016. and in India, such studies are sparse.
Thus, it is intended to carry out a Methodology study on the behavior of stock price to It is proposed to adopt the following various news items can be studied. The methodology (see Figure 1.4) in study entitled “A study on the effect of carrying out the research:- news on stock price behavior using System Dynamics” is undertaken.
Objectives of the Study The researcher has identified the following objectives for the current study. 1. To analyse and classify the news related to internal environment of company, 2. To examine the effect of news on
stock price movements and returns, Figure 1.4: Methodology Adopted in and the Research Work
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Review of Literature sections the literature regarding growth Introduction of share market, news and its Investment is the employment of funds classification, investors‟ behaviour, in assets with the aim of earning and system dynamics are presented. income or capital appreciation. An investor is an individual, native or Financial and Non-Financial News foreign national, or institutions either Neuhierl et al. (2013) [22], based on domestic or international who commit many previous studies, report that with their money to financial news can be classified into two instruments with the expectation of categories namely financial and non- financial gain. The investors sacrifice financial. Many studies [23, 24, 25] their present income in order to gain report that financial news on earning money over a period of time. The main announcements, stock splits, dividend criteria for investment are, generally, have significant impact on stock price. return, risk level, and liquidity of the However, Boudoukh et al. (2012) [26] investment. The stock return refers to assert that the financial literature has the earning gained by an investor over failed to demonstrate a strong a period of time in the form of profits or relationship between stock price and dividends [19, 20]. Literature highlights news. Neuhierl et al. (2013) [22] assert that investment decisions are greatly that non-financial news also strongly affected by announcements made by impact the stock price behaviour as the companies. that of financial news. They Various types of news demonstrated that customer losses, announcements are made BSE. They management terminations, and could be earning announcements, product defects negatively affect the dividends, stock-splits, and so on. The stock price. Further, news releases investors react to news in many ways about new products, patent awards, either by demonstrating interest in unsuccessful ventures, legal selling or holding their shares. Their settlements, successful research behaviours in share market are termed outcomes have positive impact on the for example as „stop loss‟, „profit stock price movement. Filip et al. booking‟, and „averaging‟. This leads (2012) [27] in their work on market to variation in share prices and are behaviour in emerging economies governed by risk and volatility in stock reports that investors are sensitive to market. How do they react to various diverse non-financial news such as types of news is an area of interest to macro economic releases, both academicians and market experts. environmental or societal changes etc. This has been studied by many They found that investors in these researchers abroad but, such studies markets react only after the news are sparse in India. In the following announcement.
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Factors Affecting Investment investment process include: neutral Decisions information such as press coverage; Ahmed (2017) [81] studied the Pakistan accounting information such as stock market to understand the factors financial statements; self-image such influencing the investor decisions. He firm status; classic such as expected found that most influencing factors in dividend; social relevance such as local order of importance were expected operations; advocate recommendations corporate earnings, dividends paid, such as brokerage house and; personal stock marketability, Mak and Ip (2017) needs such as financial needs. [82] found that investors from Chinese Mainland and significantly different Research Instrument and Survey from Hong Kong. The investment Based on the studies of [11, 80, 75, 76, decisions are greatly influenced by 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84] 20 variables investors‟ psychological, sociological (items) were identified for the study. and demographic factors are significant A pilot study was conducted in the predictors of their investment states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and behaviour in both the places. Karnataka with a sample of 120. 18 questionnaires were found to be Factors Affecting Investment outliers. A total of 102 questionnaires Decisions: The KANO Way were considered for analysis. It was Introduction found that the following 14 variables Stock market is important in an were relevant in the context of the economy because of its role in current research in India; Past facilitating between surplus fund unit performance of firm‟s stock; Expected (investors) and deficit fund unit (stock bonus share; The result of technical issuers) to trade [83]. Share market is a analysis; Stock marketability; Expected place where one can invest with an corporate earnings; Condition of intention of making profit. Whether one financial statements; Affordable share realises profit or incurs loss depends price; Information obtained from the on many things. Investor being a internet; Insider information; Rumours; decision maker takes decision based Expected stock split or capital increase; on some information. Nagy and Coverage in the press; Current Obenberger (1994) [17] argue that economic indicators; and Financial investment decisions are studied from advisors and analysts economic perspective only and thus, recommendations. there is a need to study investment decisions from economic, behavioural, and demographic perspective. They carried out a study in USA and found that the factors influencing the
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Table 3.25: Sectors and Must Be Attributes Sl. No. Sectors Must be The result of technical analysis
1 Condition of financial statement Automobile Current economic indicators Past performance of firm‟s stock The result of technical analysis 2 Banking Expected corporate earnings Condition of financial statements Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Past performance of firm‟s stock' The result of technical analysis Stock marketability 3 Energy Condition of financial statements Affordable share price Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations 4 Pharma Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Expected corporate earnings 5 Oil and Gas Condition of financial statements Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Past performance of firm‟s stock The result of technical analysis Condition of financial statements 6 FMCG Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Past performance of firm‟s stock The result of technical analysis Expected corporate earnings 7 IT Condition of financial statements Coverage in the press Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Past performance of firm‟s stock 8 Manufacturing Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet Past performance of firm‟s stock Condition of financial 9 Infrastructure statements Past performance of firm‟s stock The result of technical analysis Tele Expected corporate earnings 10 communication Condition of financial statement Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations
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Table 3.26: Sectors and Linear Attributes Sl. No Sectors Linear attributes Past performance of firm‟s stock Expected bonus share Stock marketability Expected corporate earnings Affordable share price 1 Automobile Information obtained from the internet Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Stock marketability Expected bonus share Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet 2 Banking Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Insider information Current economic indicators Expected bonus share Expected corporate earnings Information obtained from the internet 3 Energy Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Current economic indicators Past performance of firm‟s stock Expected bonus share The result of technical analysis Stock marketability Expected corporate earnings Condition of financial statements 4 Pharma Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Current economic indicators Past performance of firm‟s stock Expected bonus share The result of technical analysis Stock marketability 5 Oil and Gas Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press
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Current economic indicators Expected bonus share Stock marketability Expected corporate earnings Rumours 6 FMCG Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Insider information Current economic indicators Expected bonus share Stock marketability Affordable share price 7 IT Information obtained from the internet Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Current economic indicators Expected bonus share The result of technical analysis Stock marketability Expected corporate earnings Condition of financial statements 8 Manufacturing Rumours Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Current economic indicators Insider information Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Expected bonus share The result of technical analysis Stock marketability Expected corporate earnings Affordable share price Information obtained from the internet 9 Infrastructure Rumours Insider information Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Current economic indicators Financial advisors and analyst‟s recommendations Expected bonus share Stock marketability Affordable share price 10 Telecommunication Information obtained from the internet Expected stock split or capital increase Coverage in the press Current economic indicators
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Table 3.27: Sectors and Delight price, five years data (1st April 2011 to Attributes 31st March 2016) was gathered from Sl. Sectors Delight BSE website. The data include the No. stock price of 30 BSE SENSEX listed 1 Automobile Insider companies (the 30 companies that 2 Banking -- were listed during the study period on 3 Energy Insider BSE SENSEX remained unchanged). In 4 Pharma Insider all there were 18,014 news items 5 Oil and Gas Insider during the study period. These were 6 FMCG -- 7 IT Insider initially classified into eight different 8 Manufacturing -- heads that includes earning 9 Infrastructure -- announcements, capital structure, Insider corporate strategy and performance, 10 Telecommunication information payouts, developments and recognitions, legal settlement and Summing-up exchange, corporate actions and There are 14 pieces of information management changes, meetings and (attributes) relevant to investors in events and later as financial and non- Indian context. An attempt has been financial news. made to classify them as „must be‟, One sample t-test was conducted „linear‟, and „delight‟ attributes. It was and based on the t-test results the also found that the must be, linear, news is classified as and delight attributes are sector good‟ if after the news the stock price specific. The overall and sector wise has increased over the reference value must be, linear, and delight attributes and is statistically significant. If the are found using KANO model and are stock price has decreased then, it is presented. considered as „bad‟ news. If there is a statistically insignificant difference Impact of News on Share Price: A between the reference value and the Study of BSE SENSEX 30 subsequent five days stock price, the Data Collection news item is classified as „indifferent‟ The scope of the study was limited to news. The scrip return, risk and BSE SENSEX 30 listed companies on volatility are also computed pre - and the Bombay Stock Exchange. All 30 post - announcement. listed companies as on 01/07/2015 were selected and 5 years data from Recapitulation 1/4/2011 to 31/3/2016 was gathered From the analysis of 18,014 news from BSE website [85]. items spread over 5 years, it can be In order to examine whether the said that news has always affected the news has an impact on the stock scrip volume traded on BSE, Mumbai.
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Non-financial news whether good, bad, investors think that more share or indifferent, has resulted in holding holders‟ means less EPS. Hence, they of the shares. Financial bad news has tend to sell more shares. resulted in holding of the shares except earning announcements. System Dynamics Modelling of Share It is observed that the corporate Price actions and management changes good Introduction news has resulted in higher holding of This chapter focuses on developing a the shares (trading volume is lesser system dynamics model to capture the by 35% post announcement). This share price movement. Share price could be for the fact that corporate movement has been difficult to capture. actions and management changes are Though plethora of literature prevails usually long term in nature. To notice on the factors affecting the share price the effect of changes and actions, behaviour, four important factors investors need more time hence, may namely GDP, export, US Dollar be holding the scrip. Corporate strategy exchange rate, and gold price are and performance good news has considered. resulted in higher volume of shares The market experts or financial being sold (increase in sales volume by analysts generally use fundamental about 27%). When the performance is and technical analysis techniques for good, investors tend to sell shares to predicting the behaviour. In book profits. Amongst the bad news, fundamental analysis, they look at past corporate strategy and performance 5 years financial announcements with announcements have resulted in special focus on Q-o-Q results to higher amount of shares holding forecast for the next quarter. In behaviour (34%). This could be due to technical analysis, the experts study poor financial results may be Q-o-Q. the past share price behaviour using Earning announcements are the actual charts and graphs generally adopting financial performance of the company. weighted moving averages (50, 100, or When the results are poor, the 200 days) or Bollinger bands investors tend to sell the scrip. The investment in Indian stock Indifferent corporate actions and market especially through BSE stock management changes have resulted in exchange has increased during the last higher holding of shares (30%). The two decades. Common public in India investors must be holding the shares in are eager to invest more through anticipation of better results from the mutual funds in the form of systematic actions. Indifferent meeting and event investment plans to earn more returns news has resulted in selling of than the banks offer. These financial shares (20%). Meeting and events when institutions have to invest in share discuss about ESOP or FPO, the market to get higher returns and
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benefit the investors. Foreign internal to the company during five institutional investors in India (FIIs) are years period were collected, analysed, showing lots of interest in investment and classified into financial and non- in India. Foreign portfolio investors are financial. The news was also classified keenly participating in trading due to into eight headings and then, into higher returns compared to their native good, bad, and indifferent. The effect of countries. news is also analysed using System System dynamics as a methodology Dynamics model and the price has the capability to capture behaviour was discussed. complexity. It has been employed Detailed literature review was widely to understand the behaviour of carried out to identify the factors a system. An attempt has been made to considered while investing by Indian capture the share price behaviour and investors‟ which are classified as presented in this chapter. accounting information, neutral information and advocate information. Conclusion 14 pertinent variables were identified The system dynamics model has been and the survey was conducted across developed to capture the behaviour of India. The KANO model was developed the share price assuming four external using the dataset. KANO model factors namely GDP, country‟s export, revealed the factors considered by US Dollar exchange, and gold price. investors is not same across all the 10 The validation of the model was carried sectors of BSE SENSEX 30. out using ICICI Bank Limited share price during 1st April 2018 and 31st Contributions to Knowledge March 2019 comprising of 248 trading There are 14 pieces of information days at BSE Mumbai. The variance (attributes) relevant to investors in captured in the simulated values is Indian context for investment decision- sufficient to have confidence in the making. EPS, as a measure of past model. performance of a stock, acts as a satisfier to investors when it is
Summary of Work Done and consistently increasing during the last Conclusions few years. Expected bonus share also Summary of the Work Done act as a satisfier. Expected corporate The present work is an attempt to earning is perceived as a must be recognise the effect of news on stock attribute when the growth rate of price behaviour and investor decision- earning per share is negative. making. The study was aimed to Information obtained from the internet understand the price behaviour to is perceived as a must be attribute various types of news announcements. when the trade or business is e- In the process, news items that are commerce intensive. Insider
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information is perceived as a delight 6. Bassey E. B., and Charles, E. attribute in the research and (2013). Capital market as a development intensive industry. A barometer for development: its rumour is perceived as delight impact and contribution to Nigerian attribute when the sector is dominated economy 1991-2011, European by a few players with intense Journal of Business and competition. Management, Vol.5, No.7, pp. 96- 106. Scope for Future Work 7. Handbook of statistics on the Indian 1) KANO model can developed for economy, Reserve Bank of India, each of the companies to better 2018. Retrieved from understand the factors affecting the https://dbie.rbi.org.in. investment decision. 8. Jingle, L., and Sanghyun, P. (2015). 2) A comprehensive System Dynamics Behind stock price movement: model considering other external Supply and demand in market factors and cause and effect microstructure and market relations can be developed. influence, Journal of Trading, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 1-12. References 9. Tetlock, P. C., Saar-Tsechansky, 1. Adajaski, C. K. D., and Nicholas, B. M., and Macskassy, S. (2008). More B. (2005). Stock market than words: Quantifying language development and economic growth. to measure firms “fundamentals, The case of selected African The Journal of Finance, Vol. 63, No. countries working paper, African 3, pp. 1437-1468. Development Bank, Vol. 98, pp. 117- 10. De Bondt, W. F. M., and Thaler, R. 20. (1985). Does the stock market 2. Levine, R. (1991). Stock markets, overreact?, The Journal of Finance, growth, and tax policy. Journal of Vol. 40, No. 3, pp.793-805 Finance, Vol. 4, pp. 1445-1465. 11. Calvet, L. E., and Fisher, A. J. 3. Levine, R. and Zervos, S. (1996). (2005). Multi-frequency news and Stock market development and stock returns, Journal of Financial long-run growth. World Bank Economics, Vol. 86, No.1, pp. 178- Economic Review. Vol.10, No. 2, pp. 212 323-39. 12. Fernandes, S. (2018). How Many DoI:10.1093/wber/10.2.323. Companies Are Listed On The BSE 4. Bagehot, W. (1873). Lombard Street. And NSE?. Retrieved from :/ Hyperion Press, Inc, Homewood, IL: /www.goodreturns.in/classroom/20 Irwin 16/07/how-many-companies-are- 5. Hicks, J. (1969). A theory of listed-on-the-bse-nse-463354 economic history. Clarendon Press, 13. French, K., and Roll, R. (1986). Oxford. Vol. 7, pp. 181-192.
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Stock return variances: the arrival American Economic Review, Vol. 93, of information and the reaction of pp. 38-62. traders, Journal of Financial 15. Cutler, D. H., Poterba, J., and Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 5-26 Summers, H. L. (1988). What 14. Andersen, T. G., Bollerslev, T., moves stock prices? Massachusetts Diebold, F. X., and Vega, C. (2003). Institute of Technology (MIT), Micro effects of macro Department of Economics, Working announcements: real-time price papers. 15. discovery in foreign exchange, 10.3905/jpm.1989.409212.
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INNOVATIVE EDUCATION: A BLEND OF CONVENTIONAL EDUCATION, VALUE EDUCATION AND TECHNO-BASED EDUCATION: RETHINKING
Dr. RINA AVINASH PITALE PURADKAR Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy R. J. College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Autonomous) [Affiliated to University of Mumbai] Ghatkopar (West), Mumbai
Abstract Swami Vivekananda opines “Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man”1. Education is the course of action through which people acquire knowledge, skills, habits, values or attitudes. Education also helps people to get adjusted with changing environment. This form of education is more important because social changes today take place with increasing speed and affect the lives masses. The schools and Colleges should impart the quality of honesty, fair play, consideration for others, compassion, kindness, truthfulness and help to discriminate between right and wrong. The term education is derived from the Latin word “educere” which literally means to “bring up” and the idea of education is not merely to impart knowledge or give information to the child in some subjects but try to develop those habits and attitudes with which he/she may successfully face the challenges that occur in future life. The Latin author Varror says, “The midwife brings forth, the nurse brings up, the tutor trains and the master teaches”.2 The value education focuses on building moral values, imbibing cultural knowledge it helps in developing an understanding of social norms, functionality of society. It also helps in building peace, love, harmony and caring for others among the young generation. So we should make philosophy and ethics a compulsory subject in schools and colleges for the betterment of young minds and there by structuring to develop morally healthy society. This paper tries to evaluate a new pedagogy that is to be centered on learning to learn, learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be for value base insight.
1 Swami Vivekananda, My Idea of Education, Advaita Ashram, ISBN 978-81-7505-832-3 (e-book). Kolkata. 2 Gisbert, P. S. J., Fundamental of Sociology, 3rd edition, Orient Longman pvt.ltd., ISBN: 81 250 0515 3, Kolkata.
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Keywords: Conventional education, value education, techno-based education, chalk and talk system, online learning, learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together
Introduction tutor trains and the master teaches”.4 According to Swami Vivekananda, The value education focuses on “Education is the manifestation of building moral values, imbibing perfection already in man”3. Education cultural knowledge it helps in is the course of action through which developing an understanding of social people acquire knowledge, skills, norms, functionality of society. It also habits, values or attitudes. Education helps in building peace, love, harmony also helps people to get adjusted with and caring for others among the young changing environment. This form of generation. So we should make education is more important because philosophy and ethics a compulsory social changes today take place with subject in schools and colleges for the increasing speed and affect the lives betterment of young minds and there masses. The schools and Colleges by structuring to develop morally should impart the quality of honesty, healthy society. fair play, consideration for others, If “the child is the father (mother) of compassion, kindness, truthfulness the man (woman)” then the process of and help to discriminate between right transformation starts with at and wrong. childhood. In 'chalk-and-talk' system of The term education is derived from education model the teacher talks the Latin word “educere” which literally endlessly and dictatorially and the means to “bring up” and the idea of student listens passively and education is not merely to impart submissively has discouraged knowledge or give information to the questioning, discovery, experimentation child in some subjects but try to and application, innovation and develop those habits and attitudes with creativity in the school and college which he/she may successfully face the classrooms. The monotony, lack of challenges that occur in future life. The involvement, low confidence and no Latin author Varror says, “The midwife self-belief, and an compulsive fear of brings forth, the nurse brings up, the failure are the unfortunate results of this unimaginative factory-based model of education. Today’s education is a 100-metre race where there is lot of
3 Swami Vivekananda, My Idea of Education, 4 Gisbert, P. S. J., Fundamental of Sociology, Advaita Ashram, ISBN 978-81-7505-832-3 3rd edition, Orient Longman pvt.ltd., ISBN: 81 (e-book). Kolkata. 250 0515 3, Kolkata.
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competition for marks. If child gets schools, colleges and university. highest marks then he is intelligent Privatization of education is not a and can run this race effectively and be remedy for techno based school or successful. Is education means getting colleges. Which will extract money from highest marks and be successful or parents? We need to set up public education is something else. This schools which are techno based and reminds me Albert Einstein who said, provide quality education to all the “Try not to become a man of success, strata of society irrespective of the but rather a man of value”5. In cut financial conditions. In fact we need to throat competitive education system is stop private education institutions and ruining the creativity, curiosity and encourage public schools for better insight among the children. Children future. In fact, in today’s pandemic are joining school as a question mark situation which has affected countries and most of the cases they leave school economy, private schools are asking for as a full stop. Do we really want such the school fees paymets from parents next generation or we want a child with and making them compulsory to pay off full of values, insight, scientific temper the school fees, government has given which will help our nation to tread the clear instruction that educational path of progress and development? institutions will not force for the school Promoting creativity and fees and they can pay monthly or innovations with values in our whatever is convenient to them. Can we educational institutions should be a say that these institutions are behaving first step towards broadening and morally? If they are not then what deepening the impact of innovations morality they will imbibe among based on values in our society. students. Government need to think Innovation is important to bring twice before giving permission for qualitative changes in education. These privatization of schools and colleges. If changes are needed to instill efficiency we compare children from similar and improve the quality and equity of backgrounds, private schools in many learning opportunities for teachers and states are not better than government students. Skills like critical thinking, schools. So we need to bring changes in creativity and imagination, can be public school. Because child is not a fostered through appropriate teaching customer if he/ she has a capacity to practices. Technology-based pay then only will get education. This innovations in education system help will abolish the main intention of to reshape the environments in article 21 which states that right to free education to all children irrespective of caste, gender and economic condition 5 Pereira P. Arthur, Achieve Success and and will not fulfill to meet the Happiness, Orient paperback, New Delhi.
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millennium goal of free education for quizzes and exploring the physical sustainable development. world with new innovative educational The conventional teaching along apps like Google Street View, H5P etc. with digital Change in India will provide which will help to deliver the message alternative ways of learning for of classroom lessons in a more students with special needs students. interesting and effective manner. New teaching-learning methodology Shifting students from fear to need to be introduced and instilled to confidence is another requirement. generate important shifts in thinking Education should not be exam bound and behavior of student. This system but child friendly where child want to needs to bring a change among a come and learn with fun. By children to learn to ask “why?” and not encouraging curiosity and creativity just to say “yes”. Children must be among children we can train them to encouraged to be curious and ask become independent, thinking innumerable whys and why nots. Can individuals who can discover and solve we recognize a child not only for the problems on their own. We should answers she or he gives in an exam but nurture their confidence and self-belief for the quality of questions that he or which is really essential part of she asks? Teaching children to observe education system in today’s world. Peer and explore new things: Children must teaching is a powerful tool to ignite and be taught and encouraged to observe to cultivate confidence among children. look beyond the obvious. Shifting from The good thing is that none of the passive learning to hands-on above requirements are expensive and experiential learning and exploration is require huge investment in important. This will engage the child’s infrastructure of school and colleges. senses of touch, feel, smell, sight and Much of the above mentioned desired sound and will be effective in helping shifts in thinking and behaviour can be them to grasp, explain and retain achieved only through low-cost difficult concepts. Shifting students everyday materials. We can start value from textbook-bound to hands-on is labs in school and college; where we required. will nurture and imbibe values in very In this era of easily accessible data, playful and innovative manner. We are children are not given the chance or creative not because we have time to use their own minds and everything at our disposal but because reason out but to passively accept what we don’t want to be monotonous. teacher is teaching. We need to Indian education system needs to introduce in school creative thinking understand the importance of value based syllabus which will include education along with hands-on, model-making workshops, audio-visual experiential learning as a powerful presentations, role-playing activities, method to encourage thinking and
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creative expression. To bring about a fashioning education systems like new national education consciousness Swami Vivekanada, Mahatma Gandhi, such ideas, values and methods, which Rabindranath Tagore, Rousseau, are rooted in curiosity and creativity, Montessori, Pestalozzi, Bertrand need to scale, spread and infuse their Russell, Paulo Freire, and Piaget, says magic across millions of classrooms that education must be based on the and online classrooms. ‘Education is psychology of the child-nature. The role not the learning of facts but the of both parent and teacher lies in training of minds to think about things enabling the child to educate him/ her, that cannot be learned from the text- to develop his/her own intellectual, book’6- Albert Einstein moral, aesthetic and practical Education must aim at the integral capacities while trading the path of development of personality and that we education. A new pedagogy that is to be need to have complete education for centered on learning to learn, learning the complete human being. The to know, learning to do, learning to live concept of the integral development of together, and learning to be. personality demands for the harmonization of the rational, Conclusion intellectual ethical, aesthetic and The 21st Century is accepted as the spiritual. The personality develops best Digital era of the post-modern age, when the educational atmosphere besides the age of cataclysmic change provides to every children a good deal and creativity then we require a of freedom; freedom in pursuing inner paradigm shift in the education system inclinations, freedom in regulating pace which will be based on six C’s i.e. of progress, and freedom in choice, collaboration, communication, determining directions of education. critical thinking, creativity, care. The Therefore the education should be child ICT technology needs to play an centre which will put the child in the important role in conventional centre of the classroom but also in the education models and need to join in centre of the society itself. This paper hands with it; which will emphasis on had tried to focus on the challenges developing human beings ethically, present in front of India in education intellectually, creatively, aesthetically system. The greatest educationalists, and spiritually. This will enable to who have played important roles in create and innovate in the face of rapid change and complexity in educational
platforms and we will nurture values 6 Calaprice Alice and Lipscombe Trevor, among the children along with new ‘Albert Einstein: A Biography’, Green Wood techno based learning activity. Hence it Biographies Press, Westport Connecticut, is to be admitted the fact and admire London, 2005, ISSN 1540-4900. the truth that, education should
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encompass the overall development 4. Pereira P. Arthur, Achieve Success and not just mental base because and Happiness, Orient paperback, “educating the mind without educating New Delhi. the heart is no education at all.”- 5. Swami Vivekananda, My Idea of Aristotle7 Education, Advaita Ashram, ISBN 978-81-7505-832-3 References (e-book). Kolkata. 1. Calaprice Alice and Lipscombe Trevor, Albert Einstein: A Biography, Green Wood Biographies Press, Westport Connecticut, London, 2005, ISSN 1540-4900. 2. Gisbert, P. S. J., Fundamental of Sociology, 3rd edition, Orient Longman pvt.ltd., ISBN: 81 250 0515 3, Kolkata. 3. Hansen Bobbi C., The Heart and Science of Teaching: Transformative Applications that Integrate academic and social emotional learning, Teachers college press, Columbia University, New York and London, ISBN 978- 0-8077-7789-7, 2019.
7 Hansen Bobbi C., The Heart and Science of Teaching: Transformative Applications that Integrate academic and social emotional learning, Teachers college press, Columbia University, New York and London, ISBN 978- 0-8077-7789-7, 2019.
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OBSERVANCE AND VIOLATION OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE IN KARNAD’S TUGHLAQ
TULSHIRAM LAXMAN DABDE Assistant Professor of English Arts, Science &Comm. College Naldurg, Osmanabad, Maharashtra
Abstract Pragmatics, the concept of dealing with things in a practical rather than theoretical way is a subfield of linguistics, the scientific study of language and its structures. It studies the ways in which context contributes the meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicatures; Cooperative Principle.Cooperative Principle is a concept of Pragmatics. Language is a social institution. Participants in linguistic exchange work on the basis of a tacit agreement that each should cooperate with the other. An important starting point for the analysis of dialogue can be Grice’s (1975) cooperative principle and its four subsidiary maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Sometimes in drama these maxims are violated. In the play Tughlaq written by Girish Karnad some characters violate cooperative maxims. In the play when the characters converse with one another, they may or may not observe the maxims of quality, quantity relation, and manner. The present paper aims to analyse the violation and observance of cooperative principle in Tughlaq. Keywords: Pragmatics, maxims, cooperative principle, Tughlaq, Grice, violation, observance quality, manner.
Introduction what is primary importance is that a The contemporary research in communicator continuously pragmatic analysis of cooperative contributes to the development of principle has given rise to various interaction.The playwright makes use possible indications of cooperative of these maxims to show the various maxims in context. The present aspects of how the truth is twisted research article attempts to analyze according to situations. But the readers cooperative principle in context of are aware that though these maxims dramatic dialogue. In a dialogue it is have been violated it doesn’t hinder the expected that the participants should understanding of the play. The cooperate with the other. Whether one violation of these maxims is necessary expresses agreement or disagreement, for making the plays interesting. approval or disapproval, acceptance or rejection is of secondary importance,
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Cooperative Principle Maxim of Quantity In any conversation, if the participants Make your contribution as informative are to achieve their goals jointly, they as is necessary, but not more must agree implicitly on an orderly informative than is required. method to talk In order to Maxim of Quality communicate accurately and efficiently, Make your contribution one, that is speakers and listeners try to cooperate true. That is donot say anything you with one another. They cooperate for believe to be false and do not say for example, on the simple mechanics of which you do not have adequate speech. Speakers talk in audible voices, evidence. use languages they believe their Maxim of Manner listeners know and adhere to the Be clear, try to avoid obscurity, phonology, syntax and semantics of ambiguity, wordiness and these languages. Just as important, disorderliness in your language. however, are the conventions. Speakers Maxim of Relation and listeners observe in what is said Make your contribution relevant to the and how it is expressed.Put concisely aims of the ongoing conversation. speakers and listeners follow the Grice’s maxims have an cooperative principle. irredeemably moral, not to say, In words ofH. P. Grice A basic moralistic tone. However it is not our underlying assumption we make when concern to discuss the moralistic we speak to one another is that we are nature of the maxims of trying to co-operate with one another to cooperativeness.My concern is to see constrict meaningful conversation. This how characters in the play Tughlaq assumption is known as The understudy observe or violate the ‘Cooperative Principle.’ As Stated in maxims and why. H.P. Grice ‘Logic and Conversation (1975). Karnad’s Dramatic Style at a Glance ‘Make your conversation GirishKarnad is a versatile genius. He Contribution such as is required, at the is a very good actor and has acted not stage at which it occurs, by the only on the stage of the theatre but also accepted purpose or direction of the a number of first rate movies.Karnad talk exchange in which you are imparted real dramatic verse to the engaged.’ technique of Indian English drama. The He has proposed four important greatness of his drama lies in his way maxims of cooperative behavior i. e. of using language of common man. His cooperative principle can be elaborated plays are marked with the theatrical in four sub principles these are called pauses, silence, imagery, witty are MAXIMS: quantity, quality, manner dialogue, irony and menace. Mostof the and relation. times the characters in his plays fail to
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communicate as normal human beings. went wild and burnt down That is why failure of communication is half of Kanpur. Youthink one of the striking qualities of his he would talk like that if plays. So the present paper attempts to he wasn’t sure ? analyse the violation of cooperative OLD MAN : They say he looks like the maxims in context of dramatic dialogue sultan. in Tughlaq. THIRD MAN: No-not very much. People exaggerate, you know. Violation of the Quantity Maxim But he has certain When people communicate with one resemblance - some another, they may or may not observe gestures, You know, all these maxims. Some people are some mannerism –(P.5) . reserved and others are talkative. An old man asks the third man However, some are precise and concise whether he has seen the sheikh. The in their talk; others aredisgressive and fitting reply to this question would have fond of pouring information that is not been ‘Why, of course.’ But the third necessary. According to this maxim of man provides information which is quantity, the speaker should make his relevant, useful but unsolicited. Here contribution as informative as is third man glorifies Sheikh Imam-ud- necessary. As far as this maxim is din. He gives more information about concerned,we do come across the Sheikh. He indirectly enables us to characters who flout it. One example of draw the conclusion that Sheikh Imam- violation of this maxim occurs in the ud-din is the only man who is bold, context of scene-I when an old man courageous. He frankly tells the people and the third man talk about Sheikh of Kanpur that Muhammad Tughlaq is Imam-ud-din’s personality. guilty of killing his father and OLD MAN : (eagerly): You’ve seen the brother.Here the third man violates the Sheikh? quantity maxim. THIRDMAN: Why, ofcourse.Onlya week Another example of violation of ago in Kanpur. What a quantity maxim is in scene V- man! What a voice! The whenShihab-ud-din joins in the group audience was spellbound. of Amirs and Sayyids against sultan. And he said the sultan’s When Shihab-ud-din is introduced to guilty of killing his father an old man Sheikh Shams-ud-din. And brother, he said. He SHIHAB: Sheikh Shamsu-ud-din ? said so many things too – Sir, what is a holyman about Islam and what’s likeyou doing in this happening to it. It was the company? most inspiring speech I’ve SHEIKH : Yes, you are right. I ever heard.The audience should shut myself up in
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a mosqueand devote IMAM-UD-DIN:(stunned) : Was this a myself to Allah. I trap ? shouldn’t get mixed in the MUHAMMAD: No, I promise you. treacherous games of IMAM-UD-DIN: But – you knew this politicians. I know and I would happen ? had hopedmy life would MUHAMMAD: I didn’t know. But I half be like that. But Allah is expected it. I know my not only for me,Shihab- people... (P.22) ud-din; He’s for everyone Muhammad Tughlaq tells lie who believe in him. While because he organised a meeting of tyranny crushes the Sheikh Imam-ud-din to address his faithful into dust, how people and at the same time asked his can Icontinueto hide in soldiers to see to it that none dared to my hole? Haven’t you come to listen to him. He wanted to heard what ishappening make use of him as an envoy. to the leaders of Islam Sometimes a lie comes in handy today? Sheikh Haidariis when a person is in a difficult situation in prison Sheikh Hood is or people use false statements to in exil…(P.32) protect the image of people they are Here Sheikh Shamsu-ud-din associated with, as we have another violates quantity maxim because his example of violation of quality maxim reply is more informative than it is in scene VI. When Tughlaq stabs required. Shihab-ud-din, Najib is afraid of Shihab’s father who is powerful man. Violation of the Quality Maxim NAJIB: We must do something The maxim quality requires that the about Shihab-ud-din’s speaker be truthful. Even if one wants father. He is powerful to be truthful all the time, man and he won’t like circumstances do not allow one to be this. so. People tell lies on different occasion IMAM-UD-DIN: (regaining control of and for different purposes. In this play himself ): Don’t worry Tughlaq tells Sheikh Imam-ud-din a lie. about him. Make a public It is announced that Sheikh Imam-ud- announcement that there din who is revered all over India as a was a rebellion in the saint will addressthe meeting. But no palace and that the one has turned up to listen to the nobles of the court try to Sheikh. This is how the conversation assassinate the the between the Sheikh and Tughlaqin Sultan during prayer. Say third scene take place. that the Sultan was saved by Shihab – ud- din who
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died a martyr’s death THIRD MAN: Don’t try to threaten me, defending him. The boy. The whole capital funeral will be held in saw it. Delhi and will be a grand YOUNG MAN: Saw what? affair. Invite his father to THIRD MAN: You know what. it and see that he is YOUNG MAN: Were you there? treated with the respect THIRD MAN: There were others – my due to the father of a loyal friends – (P.4) nobleman. (P.43-44) In the same scene we find another As far as the above example is example of violation of maxim of concerned Tughlaq tells lie because he relation when Aazam and Aziz speak knows that Shihab-ud-din’s father is each other. powerful, if he comes to know that he AZIZ: What are you doing here? has killed his son, he will revolt the AAZAM: I am where there is crowd. throne. So MuhammadTughlaq violates Look today’s earnings. the maxim of quality. And you won’t believe me if I tell you where they Violation of the Relation Maxim hide their money. As far as this maxim is concerned, it On surface level Aazam’s response demands the communication partners looks irrelevant. But the implication he make their contribution relevant. In has conveyed something more. Aazam scene first ‘ The Third man and the expects Aziz to understand that he has Young Man violate. When Muhammad satisfied the maxim of relation and he Tughlaq decides to change the capital shows the money which he has got by from Delhi to Daulatabad. picking pocket. THIRD MAN: This is tyranny ! Sheer tyranny. Move The capital Violation of the Manner Maxim to Daulatabad ! Such This maxim demands that the things never happened in conversational partners observe the his father’s days – may is principle of economy, clarity and soul rest in peace. Now processibility.Communication partner’s he’s got his father’s message should avoid obscurity, throne. He isn’t happy wordiness, ambiguity and with that and – disorderliness. Let us take an example YOUNG MAN: What do you mean? in eighth scene inDaulatabad where THIRD MAN: What? Muhammad Tughlaq and a young YOUNG MAN: What did you mean by watchman of Nineteen who that - when you said he apologizesTughlaq for his impertinence. had got his father’s MUHAMMAD: Don’t apologize at every throne? word. Ifyou stay here long
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enough you’ll anyway questionand answers, and learn to ooze spittle before stood naked and calm everyone. Be yourself at where the stars throbbed least until then. How old in my veins. I was the are you ? Earth, was the grass, was YOUNG MAN: Nineteen, your Majesty. the smoke, was the sky...... another twenty MUHAMMAD: Nineteen, Nice age ! An years and you will be as Age, When you think you old me. I might be lying can clasp the whole under those woods there. world in your palm Do you think you ‘ll like a rare diamond. I was remember me then.? (No Twenty one when I came answer) Come, why are to Daulatabad First, and you silent ? built this fort. I YOUNG MAN – (Scared) Your Majesty supervised the placing of must forgive me, Your every brick in it and I said Majesty must forgive me, to myself, one day I shall Your Majesty, But I don’t build my own history like understand what Your this, brick by brick. One Majesty is Saying...... (P. Night I was standing on 53-54). the ramparts of the old In the above example Tughlaq fort here. There was a violates the manner Maxim become his torch near me flapping its wordiness and obscurity the young wild wings and scattering watchman doesn’t understand what he golden feathers on is saying. everything in sight. There was half built gate hear Conclusion by trying to contain the The co- operative principle plays an sky within its cleft. important role in Discourse analysis, Suddenly something but we won’t find the plays or novels happened - as though where all these maxims are violated or someone has cast spell. observed. In Tughlaq also some of the The torch, the gate, the characters have violated these maxims. fort and the sky – all Thus the analysis of the violation of the melted and merged and four maxims by different characters in flowed in my blood – Tughlaq brings to forefront certain stream with the darkness behavioural patterns of Indian plays as of the night. The moment well India Society in general. shed its symbols, its
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References 6. Levinson,S.C., Pragmatics, 1. Davidson, A., ‘On the Semantics of Cambridge University Press, Speech Acts’, Journal of Cambridge,1983. Pragmatics,1988. 7. Searle,J.R., Speech Acts:An Essay 2. Grice H.P. ‘Logic and in the Philosophy of Language, Conversation’,Seminar Press, New Cambridge University Press, York. 1975. P. 45-46. Cambridge,1969 3. Kachrru, B.B., ‘The Pragmatics of 8. Thorat, Ashok ‘A Discourse Analysis Non-Native Varieties of English’, of Five Indian Novels, Macmillan Macmillan, London,1981. India Ltd. 2002. 4. Karnad, Girish ‘Tughlaq’ Oxford 9. Yule,G., Pragmatics, Oxford U.P. 1972. University Press,Oxford,1996. 5. Leech,G.N., A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry,Longman,London,1969.
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NEED FOR 21st CENTURY SKILLS EDUCATION FOR TEACHERS
C. HARISHREE Research Scholar Department of Humanities and Social Sciences National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
Dr. S. MEKALA Associate Professor Department of Humanities and Social Sciences National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract The prestigious 21st Century Skills are predominantly required to compete in the global competitive workplace environment. The need for 21st Century skills is inevitable for the career prospects of students, and the pivotal role in developing their skill set resides with the teachers. This necessitates the teachers to hone their 21st Century skills for fostering the students’ skill set. In this line, the paper focuses on integrating 21st Century skills in the teaching-learning process of the English language teachers with respect to skill-based activities. The paper also explores the significance of augmenting the teachers’ skill set through trainings and orientation programmes. It will help teachers to develop their 21st Century skills and implement the skills in their classroom which in turn promote the skill set of students. Keywords: 21st Century Skills, English language teachers, Workplace readiness.
Introduction new and innovative ideas, to think The 21st Century Skills are psycho- critically and solve problems in various social competence skills set necessary perspectives, to work with diverse to thrive in the constantly changing group of people from different social global workplace. It is indispensable to and cultural background and to ensure successful career in the possess ‘learning to learn’ attitude. information age. Four Cs of 21st In spite of young minds of the 21st Century skills say, Collaboration, Century digital era being creative and Critical Thinking, Communication, and productive, most of them are not able Collaboration are predominantly to apply it in appropriate situations required to perpetuate in the workplace due to the lack of skill-based environment. In addition, students education. Accordingly, there is a graduating in the 21st Century are general perception of Indian education expected to possess abilities to create system that the students are not
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receiving the requisite education that activities in their classroom. Hence, will prepare them for their workplace in incorporating 21st Century skills in the the competitive 21st Century world. pedagogical approaches of the English This lays a strong demand on the teachers will be more effective in education system to integrate skill- equipping the students’ skills set. based teaching by encouraging them to Further, the activities to enhance take initiatives on creating new ideas Critical Thinking skills involves and working on innovative solutions. In researching different materials and this line, the onus lies with the solving problems in the language teachers to instill requisite skill set in learning process. Similarly, Creativity students and to hone them as can be practiced in terms of writing in independent learners. the English Language classroom Teachers play vital role in making besides working on projects. the students perceive the subject Communication skill is a goal-oriented knowledge as well as the knowledge transaction involving meaningful pertaining to the context of real-life conveyance of messages and fluent situations. So, the need for teachers to usage of language. It is closely focus on life-long learning through the associated with Collaboration, as development of 21st Century skills has communication extends to people from become indispensable. The lack of various cultures and diverse social appropriate knowledge and skills background in the workplace among the technical students and the environment. Hence, respecting and shortfall of teachers’ training on the understanding the social and cultural requisite skills set to be imparted to the values are essential in any workplace students’ community have resulted in situation. In this regard, the paper this deplorable state of unemployment. analyses the different kind of skill- So, teachers are expected to be the based activities pertaining to 21st facilitators of this life-long learner- Century skills that the English centered classroom, which advocates Language teachers can implement in competency-based approach, their classroom activities. Further, the acquisition of skills, values and paper explores ways of empowering attitudes, participatory learning English teachers with the 21st Century methods and new modes of Skills set to prepare their students for assessment. workplace. The role of English language teachers in honing the language skills Review of Literature of the students is preponderant in this Lai, E. R. & Viering, M. (2012) have globalized era. The English teachers stated that the five skills of 21st develop the language skills of the Century education are Critical students by implementing skill-based thinking, Collaboration, Creativity,
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Motivation, and Metacognition. They level of 21st Century Skills and has have instigated that these skills enrich identified that 21st Century skills have the learners’ competence and in gained paramount importance among addition, have explained the inevitable the teachers. Besides, he has role and necessity of these skills in the proclaimed, “Faculty education is poor 21st Century education. Further, they in giving” the four Cs of 21st Century have opined, “Once studied and Skills. Rusdin (2018) has discussed the incorporated into curriculum, readiness of teachers to implement 21st instruction and assessment, these Century learning and has suggested to skills can help schools and teachers set offer a module for teachers to promote up learning environments capable of 21st Century skills of the students. developing the essential abilities need Tuzlukova, Busaidi, Burns, and Bugon in the 21st Century” (as Cited in (2018) have explored the perceptions of Fandino, Y. J., 2013). This ascertains 21st Century Skills among the Teachers the demand for 21st century skills in in their teaching-learning process. They the present education system. Suto have suggested the Notional-functional (2013) has reviewed different approach and learning strategies frameworks of 21st Century Skills instruction as effective approaches to proposed by the organizations like teach Critical Thinking skills in the Assessment and Teaching 21st Century English language classroom. Gilroy Skills (ATC21s) in 2005, Partnership (n.d.) has reported that Integrated for 21st Century Skills (P21) in 2013, Skills Projects (ISPs) are projects which Libson Council in 2007, International combine the LSRW skills with 21st Society for Technology in Education Century Skills like Collaboration, (ISTE) in 2013, ETS Skills in 2013, and Communication, Critical Thinking and Confederation of British Industry (CBI) Problem-solving. ISPs proposes Project in 2007 and explored that developing Based Learning approach and help 21st Century skills among young pupil students to develop their English is essential to succeed in the Language along with associated skills. workplace. These studies have proved Moreover, Landon (2019) has asserted the efficacy of 21st Century skills in the significant gap in the teaching and preparing the students for their learning process of four Cs among the workplace. Likewise, Paterson (2017) 21st Century students. has stated, “a more systematic Though these studies have approach in recognising and approached the necessity of 21st demonstrating employability skills Century Skills in different perspectives would help them in their transition and have suggested to integrate the from education to work”. skills with the curriculum through Further, Sural (2017) has studied the different approaches and methods, Turkey Teacher candidates’ proficiency scanty researches have been found on
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implementing 21st Century skills in the teachers need knowledge as well as English language classroom. skills. Likewise, mastery comes only Consequently, the present paper with adequate experience and propounds to integrate 21st Century professional support. skills set with the teaching-learning The teachers’ profession has process of the English classroom. The become complex and demanding in the paper further explores the crucial need 21st Century as they need to enhance of teachers’ professional development the students’ skill set to meet the on the 21st Century skills at this challenges of their workplace. Darling- juncture. This study can help teachers Hammond (2012) has noted that to overcome constrains in preparing the realization of student achievement students to be work-ready and requires teachers to have strong improving their career prospects. content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and skills of how to teach Need for the Study others, understanding learners and Recent studies on the teaching and their development; having general learning process indicate that teachers’ abilities for organizing, observing, knowledge need to go beyond mere explaining ideas, thinking knowledge of content and classroom diagnostically and having adaptive management. Shulman (1986) has expertise for making judgement in the affirmed that the teaching process is light of student needs in a given unique, as it requires teachers to context. As agents of change, teachers "transform" their subject matter can promote quality education and knowledge for the purpose of teaching. improved students’ performance in “Gudmundsdottir (1987 b) describes higher education. this transformation process as a Urbani et al. (2017) have developed continual restructuring of subject a model on 21st Century skill set of matter knowledge for the purpose of preservice teachers. They have stated teaching” (as cited in Shulman, 1986) the requisiteness of K-12 students to and Hr (1984) has discussed “teachers exhibit the 21st Century skills, which in must maintain a fluid control or turn necessitates the teachers “to "flexible understanding" of their subject understand how to develop, model and knowledge, i.e. be able to see a specific assess these skills”. It proposes the set of concepts from a variety of teacher education programme to viewpoints and at a variety of levels, facilitate teachers in developing 21st depending on the needs and abilities of Century competencies and implement the students” (as cited in Shulman, them in their classroom teaching. 1986). This is possible only when the Hence, training the teachers on the professional development of teachers is pedagogical methods of 21st Century a matter of continuous effort, for skills would help them to improve the
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capacity of the students to meet the skills. The teachers can connect the requirements of 21st Century era. texts with appropriate real-life incidents to make the students think Teaching 21st Century Skills out of the box. The classroom In teaching English language, teachers environment should be prepared for an should involve students in different interactive session and the students types of activities like role plays, should be asked to frame questions, projects, team tasks, presentations, analyze, and synthesize on the etc. It develops the students’ language information provided on the content of proficiency with their skill set. The the subject. The students should be target of the teachers is to prepare their equipped to answer the significant students to perform independently and questions of their peers and also make work effectively with a diverse group of them find better solutions for the people in their future workplace. The problem-solving tasks. students should be made capable of Communication plays an inevitable global interaction, adaptive, flexible, role in any workplace. Teachers of and creative nature in the workplace. English Language are expected to Teachers can concentrate on activities improve the communication level of the in the classroom, integrating with their students. The articulation of thoughts instructional methodology to prepare and ideas has to be effective in both their students fulfill the demands of the speaking and writing. The teachers workplace. In the ELT classroom, the have to adapt different techniques to four Cs play a major role. As a part of improve the language proficiency of the Creativity and Innovation skill, it is students integrating the component of essential for the students to grammar teaching too, as the students demonstrate the originality and have to work with diverse teams with inventiveness in their learning process. good communication skills and error It becomes the responsibility of free content to sustain in their career teachers to make their learners open in this globalized work environment. and responsive to diverse perspectives Hence, the teachers need to develop the of working environment. The activities socializing capability of an individual like Group Discussions and Debates learner with a group, in order to can enhance this tenet. Teachers can achieve the common goal. The teachers make the students work on new should share the responsibility of creative literary piece contributing to collaborative group task among each the development of innovation and member of the group. It is also creativity skill of the students. The expected from them to demonstrate logical reasoning on understanding the flexibility and willingness to help concepts and lessons in English is a others. The teachers can monitor the process of developing Critical Thinking students’ group task and facilitate
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them to develop these skills in the The teachers can be trained on the classroom environment. Teachers 21st Century Skills through In-service should provide opportunities for the training programmes, Orientation students to develop their knowledge programmes, and Faculty Development and skills simultaneously. Project- Programmes conducted specifically on based teaching, problem-based the theme of 21st Century skill set. teaching, Skill-based teaching and Herald, s. et al. (n.d.) have discussed Task-based teaching are some of the Conceptual Learning Experience (CRE) methodologies related to the integration programme for supporting the students of skills into the teaching-learning to develop deep-learning and process. In the English language innovation skills. The programme has classroom, the teacher can provide concentrated on Project and Problem activities based on speaking and based learning techniques that can be listening skills as group tasks on implemented in the classroom. It logical reasoning, decision-making, develops the capacity to “design analytical thinking. Teachers can apply transformation and innovative solution the Higher Order Thinking skills in for a problem, multi-model learning evaluating the knowledge of the experience across disciplines, their students and also make them work on capacity to communicate effectively and the skills deficit. In this regard, English all as a means to acquire the new skills teachers can develop 21st Century skills in-demand today” (Herald et. al, n.d.). of the students through their effective There are also models for integrating skill-based teaching-learning process. 21st Century Skills in the curriculum like Assessment and Teaching of 21st Teaching Development Century Skills (ATC21s), and Teachers should embed teaching and Programme for International Student assessment of 21st Century skills in Assessment (PISA). For the effective their pedagogy to prepare the students integration of skills in the curriculum, for their workplace needs. This the quality of teachers and teacher necessitates teachers to be exposed to education should be given more the pedagogical strategies and prepare emphasis in the information era. The themselves to develop 21st Century professional needs of teachers are skills of their students to meet the disregarded in the present scenario, global needs of present education which are inimical to the progress of system. The integration of 21st Century the educational system. Therefore, skills in the classroom requires the training programmes, Faculty teachers to be capacitated with these Development Programmes, Orientation skills through training programmes courses and Workshops on the tenets and workshops. of 21st Century Skills for the teachers has to be part of their academic
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schedule, as such interventions will References possibly equip them to impart and 1. Darling-Hammond, L. (2012). prepare their students to meet the Creating a Comprehensive System demands of the 21st Century global for Evaluating and Supporting workplace environment. Effective Teaching. Stanford, CA. Stanford Center for Opportunity Conclusion Policy in Education. One the basis of the above facts and 2. Fandino, Y.J. (2013). 21st Century truth, the English language teachers in Skills and the English Foreign colleges and universities need to be Language Classroom: A Call for imparted with the instructional More Awareness in Colombia. Gist methodologies and pedagogical tools Education and Learning Research pertaining to 21st Century skills Journal, 7, 190-208. education, as it encompasses the 3. Gilroy, Aysen. (n.d.). When 21st lifelong learning skills in students’ Century Skills Meet the English career prospects. The training on 21st Language Skills. Retrieved from Century Skills will equip the teachers https://www.academia.edu/343194 in demonstrating the requisite skill set 63/When_21st_Century_Skills_Meet in the classroom and prepare the _English_Language_Skills students to be work ready and meet the 4. Herald, S., Philip, G.G., Sharma, A. requirements in the world of work. & Ganguly, P. (n.d.). Enabling Thus, the paper has discussed the Students with 21st Century need for 21st Century Skills for the Competency Skills for Delivering English Language teachers to improve Innovation. CL Educate Limited. the skill set of the students. The Retrieved from suggested skill-based activities in the http://www.cleducate.com/enablin paper will help to integrate the 21st g-students-delivering- Century Skills in the English language innovation.html classroom situation. In addition, the 5. Lai, E.R., & Viering, M. (2012). paper has stated the significance of Assessing 21st Century Skills training programme for the teachers’ Integrating Research Findings. professional development on the 21st Annual Meeting of the National Century Skill set. In this line, fostering Council on Measurement in 21st Century skill set of the teachers Education, Vancouver B.C, Canada. would invigorate them to integrate the 6. Landon, K.N. (2019). Students skill set in their teaching Perception of Learning in the 21st methodologies. Eventually this would Century: An Evaluation of the 4 Cs facilitate the students’ beneficiaries in (Doctoral dissertation). Available developing their 21st Century skills and from Proquest Dissertations and meet their workplace requirements.
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Theses database. (UMI No. European Journal of Education 13886484). Studies, 3 (8), 530-538. DOI: 7. Paterson, R. (2017). ‘Because 10.5281/zenodo.841806. sometimes your failures can also 11. Suto, I. (2013). 21st Century Skills: teach you certain Skills’: Lecturer Ancient, Ubiquitous, Enigmatic? and Student Perceptions of Research Matters: A Cambridge Employability Skills at a Assessment Publication, 20. Transnational University. 12. Tuzlukova, V., Busaidi, S. Al, Qualitative Research in Education, 6 Burns, S. & Bugon, G. (2018). (3), 241-275. DOI: Exploring Teachers’ Perceptions of 10.17583/qre.2017.2583 21st Century Skills in Teaching and 8. Rusdin, N.M. (2018). Teachers’ Learning in English Language Readiness in Implementing 21st Classrooms in Oman’s Higher Century Learning. International Education Institutions. The Journal Journal of Academic Research in of Teaching English for Specific and Business & Social Sciences, 8 (4), Academic Purposes, 6 191-203. 1293 – 1306. Retrieved from 9. Shulman, L.S. (1986). Pedagogical https://doi.org/10.22190/JTESAP1 Content Knowledge: Teachers’ 801191T Integration of Subject Matter, 13. Urbani, J.M., Roshandel, S., Pedagogy, Students, and Learning Michaels, R. & Truesdell, E. (2017). Environments: “Those who can, do. Developing and Modeling 21st- Those who understand, teach”. Century Skills with Preservice Retrieved from Teachers. Teacher Education https://narst.org/research- Quarterly. 27-50. Retrieved from matters/pedagogical-content- https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ knowledge 1157317.pdf 10. Sural, I. (2017). 21st Century Skills Level of Teacher Candidates.
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STIGMA, ATROCITIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION AGAINST THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY IN SOUTH INDIA: A CASE STUDY BASED ON THE NEWS PAPER REPORTS DURING 2018-2020
JIBIN FRANCIS Ph.D Research Scholar Department of English St.John’s College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli)
Dr.B. BENESON THILAGAR CHRISTADOSS Associate Professor Department of English St. John’s College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli)
Abstract Marginalization, lexically, keeping off to minor/least importance, is a process in which one group or community is suppressed or unable to access the main stream of the society. Very transparently, according to the Cambridge English dictionary, to marginalize means ‘to treat someone or something as if they are not important’. The meaning of the word portrays how inhuman the marginalization process is. The marginalized people are usually subjugated by several traumas, which create in them enormous psychological problems. Any kind of marginalization whether based on gender, caste or ethnicity is therefore, an evil practice and against the law. This paper titled as “Stigma, Atrocities and Human Rights Violation against the Transgender Community in India: A case Study Based on the News Paper Reports during 2018-2020” explores a few incidents of violation happening against the transgender community which describe how they are still considered as marginalized. Keywords: Transgender, Stigma, Discrimination, News Reports, Fundamental Rights
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Introduction In 2018 ‘Mumbai Mirror’ News “Human action can be modified to paper published a news which reported some extent; but human nature can an incident that took place in not be changed” Hyderabad where a transgender was –Abraham Lincoln. killed and another transgender person Transgender communities are victims and a youth were brutally beaten by of social stigma and it deepens the the locals who thought that they came gravity of discrimination towards the for lifting children. The aggressive transgender. From their childhood locals even attacked the police who onwards, they experience several kinds came for rescuing the transgender of psychological and physical cruelties. people. As per the reports the two Many of them are victims of sexual transgender people were walking in the exploitation by their own relatives or street with another friend. Immediately neighbors. The traumatic and negative the locals came and questioned them experiences they undergo make them by accusing them as child lifters and feel insecure and generate in them a later the same people cruelly attacked pessimistic attitude towards life. In them. schools, play grounds and even at On 4th December 2018 (Published in home their identity is questioned and ‘The Hindu Newspaper’) a transgender people mock at them by calling harsh cop named R. Nazriya attempted to words. , Overcoming these distressful commit suicide. The reason was that situations is not easy for them her senior police officers misbehaved to especially at a tender age. In majority her, and teased her for her sexual of cases, they discontinue their studies identity. Even though she had worked and run away to other towns to escape hard and secured a job in the Police from the harsh realities of life. But they department, she was still humiliated by are tormented in the new places too. her seniors. More than her efficiency, The viewpoint of the majority of the her gender mattered for them. In society is constructed by the workplace too she was denied equality. stereotyped conceptions about the It shows the typical attitude of the transgender people. The transgender majority towards the transgender people are often depicted in movies as people. those who seek after sexual pleasure. On 16th February 2019 there was a However, at present some movies are shocking news published in the ‘The coming with the casting of transgender New Indian Express’ news paper. It was artists. If they walk in the daytime, about the murder of a transgender people gaze at them; if they walk at priest named ‘Rajathi’ in Tuticorin night then they are addressed as sex district of Tamil Nadu. The body of workers. Their right to equality and Rajathi was found beheaded. The right to freedom are violated. transgender persons and their lives are
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extremely insecure and each and every incidents of such kind that happen in second they are facing life threatening various parts of our country. In each of situations. For them, life is never easy the above incidents the murderers were and they never taste the sweetness of ruthlessly treating the bodies of the the fundamental rights. transgender people. A transgender has Shalu, a transgender woman from all the rights as other human beings Mysore was killed in Kozhikode, Kerala have. Unfortunately, they are denied on 1st April 2019 (Published in ‘The these human rights and a peaceful New Indian Express’ on April 1, 2019.). living is still far away from them. So a The body was found in Kozhikode fundamental change in the attitude of KSRTC bus stand. Shalu, a native of the society towards LGBT is essential. Mysore was trying to live her life even But, these changes or advancements in the midst of all the sufferings. Yet, should not be peripheral. Many public she did not succeed in that. The final and private agencies are now bringing bed for her was in a bus depot. It was new policies for providing opportunities really a heartbreaking moment. Her to the transgender people and bringing body was cremated in Kozhikode by her them to the main stream of the society. friends. They pointed out that even Let all the individuals stand with such after the death of Shalu the family of initiatives to make a radical change in Shalu was not ready to bring her back approach towards the transgender to the native home. Instead, they community. wanted to cremate the body in “It must be remembered that the Word Kozhikode itself. of God is not only divine but human’ On March 21, 2020, ‘The New –The Gospel. Indian Express’ reported an incident which took place in Bengaluru where a References transgender named Viji was viciously 1. "Kozhikode: Trans Woman Found killed by two men. After the brutal Dead In Kozhikode, Murder murder they dumped her body in an Suspected | Kozhikode News - isolated place in Bengaluru and the Times Of India". The Times Of India, police arrested the culprits 2019, immediately. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com / city/kozhikode/kozhikode-trans- Conclusion woman-found-dead-in-kozhikode- The above explained facts are very murder-suspected/ article show/ limited for clarification to exemplify the 68676318.cms. Accessed 10 May data required to the subjective title and 2020. the mentioned incidents are only a few 2. Pavan, P. "Andhra Pradesh: sample which were randomly identified Mistaken For Child Lifter, and picked up from the innumerable Transgender Beaten To Death In
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Hyderabad". Mumbai Mirror, 2020, 4. "Tamil Nadu: Transgender Priest https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.c Found Beheaded". The New Indian om/news/india/ andhra-pradesh- Express, 2019, mistaken-for-child-lifter- https://www.newindianexpress.com transgender-beaten-to-death-in- /states/tamil- hyderabad/ article nadu/2019/feb/16/transgender- show/64340476.cms. Accessed 12 priest-found-beheaded- May 2020. 1939382.html. Accessed 9 Apr 3. Scott, D.J Walter. "Alleged Bid By 2020. TN Transgender Cop To End Life 5. "2 Held For Murdering Due To ‘Workplace Harassment’". Transgender". The New Indian The Hindu, 2018, Express, 2020, https://www.new https://www.thehindu.com/news/ indianexpress.com/cities/bengalur national/tamil-nadu/ transgender- u/2020/mar/21/2-held-for- cop-in-tamil-nadu-admitted-in- murdering-transgender-2119 hospital-alleges-workplace- 632.html. Accessed 27 May 2020. harassment/article 25662029.ece. Accessed 20 May 2020.
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PORTRAYAL OF SATYAVATHI IN KAVITA KANE’S THE FISHER QUEEN’S DYNASTY
K.JAYABHARATHI M.Phil Research Scholar Kalaimahal College of Arts and Science Sembanarkoil, Nagapattinam
Dr.V.IYYAPAN Assistant Professor (with the same institution)
Abstract Kavita Kane is a writer of retelling, in Indian Literature, mythology had a special place. So many writers social explore various issues in their writing, but Kavita Kane picturized the collective unconsciousness of people. Myth deals with several aspects of human nature and natural phenomena. This article explores the myth in Kavita Kane’s The Fisher Queen’s Dynasty (2017). Kavita Kane’s novels portrayal brings the forefront the marginal characters of Indian Mythology, like Satyavathi, Ahalya etc. In this novel the character Satyavathi played crucial role and how she shaping the plot and the subsequent turn of the events and incidents in the novel. How she becomes the queen of Hastinapur, and she gives the brief account of the journey of Satyavathi from being mere fisherwomen to queen of Hastinapur. Keywords: Mythology, Marginal characters.
Introduction writers, but their writing have a In Indian writing in English divided by different perspective from those three. two phase, oneis pre-independence Women writing in English shared their phase and other one is Post- personal feelings and oppression, independence phase. In pre- familial stress. But, Amit Chaudhri, independence phase was occupied by Amitav Ghosh and PreetiShenoy they R.K. Narayan, Raja Rao and Mulk Raj are portrayed the post-colonial Anand. They represents in their writing consciousness in writings. various part of society. R.K.Narayan Here, Kavita Kane played essential role portrayed middle class society of India, for retelling. She wrote based only on Raja Rao portrayed aristocratic society Indian mythology, but she is known for of Indian family and Mulk Raj Anand her novel Karna’s Wife: The outcast wrote about the lay people life of India queen. So she is known as author of that’s why he hailed as Indian Dickens. retelling, and her famous works are, After particular years roles by women Karna’s Wife; The Outcast Queen, Sita’s
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Sister, Menaka’s Choice, Lanka’s three daughters of Kasi. In this article Princess, The Fishers Queen’s Dynasty shows women who take decisions, andAhalya’s Awakening. Here, we are direct the course of events and decide noticed one thing, every novel had the fate of men and their generation to significant in its title of the novel. In her follow, and who wielded power in more each and every novel female characters than men. In The Fisher Queen’s played the significant role and how they DynastySatyavathi displayed that the reshaped the society and how they truly powerful to not cling to power. faced the familial issues. But this She had born as a princess yet article explores how Sathyavathi abandoned at birth, raised as a fisher becomes a potential character and how woman. She has her own battles to she builds the dynasty of Hastinapur. fight. She did everything for Kuru According to the myth, who is a dynasty’s continuation while the arrival penetrating character, born as of three grandchildren Pandu, fisherwoman Kali, who sculptures Dhristrastra and Vithura. They rose herself to become a queen Satyavathi. with greed and contempt, which is She might be the reason behind the important reason of Kurushetra war. Kurshetra war. This novel is not an imaginative Satyavathi is a sensational creativity but what is in mythological character, beginning of the novel, reference and with simple narration. Bhishm(prologue), he lay still on his Her character portrayed as power bed of arrows, he had think about what politics role of women. Born if a are the mistakes he had done. He woman, what are the humiliations remembers the Flashback of Past. faced from their birth, her humiliation “Satyavathi, makes herself be strong and powerful My father’s wife, the queen mother, dynast maker. he sighed. He had a terrible longing She had been raised as a bold to die. And a burning desire to live. lineage of Kuru dynasty. She is an Not for the sake of living, but to be opportunist who never misses her given a chance to undo what he had catch. She embarks the life of a queen done: rather, what he and while her very own people disdain her. Satyavathi had irrevocably done. She endures all the rebuffing and But she was long gone, leaving him makes the people of the palace and to his wasted life, and, to face the kingdom to dance her tunes. She well consequences” (2). plays politics to keep the throne He keeps the promise of Devarat, occupies by her children and and Bhishm whose entire life revolves grandchildren. Throughout the book, around fisher queen. In the bed of she will love for her confidence and arrows, he remembers his half-brother hated for her ruthlessness. This article Chitrakand and Vichitravirya, and shows she is the enriching person of
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Kuru dynasty of and at the same time queen of Hastinapur and uses her she is disaster of Kuru dynasty. Finally, power to strengthen her kingdom. She she could see her life clearly, “They will also proves her political skills and her destroy each other: the sons of power in politics skills and her Dhritrstra and the sons of Pandu. It will potential power in politics through the be annihilation; the seeds of decay have decisions that she made for treatment been planted, the harvest will be grew of her kingdom. Satyavathi, had to some. Do you want to live to see the meet so many difficult situation and destruction of your grandsons…. the humiliation in his life but she thought heirs of Hastinapur” (317). every abnormal situation create her She finally conversed about strength strong and stubborn. That’s why it is of her grandchildrenPandu, Dhritshtra called FISHER QUEEN’S DYNASTY, not and Vithura. She knew very Dhritrastra Shantanu’s kingdom, which literarily not a fittest for kingdom because of her satisfies... blindness but the fate of kingdom is in “We purify ourselves by suffering” the hands of Dhritrastra. Pandu and –Dr.S.Radhakrishnan his wife Kunti and Matri lived in the life of forest. Soon he was died, again Kunti References comes to Hastinapur. Now Satyavathi 1. Kane, Kavita. The Fisher Queen’s becomes the great grandmother of one Dynasty.Westland Publication, hundred six grandchildren. She heard 2017. the laghing sound of her grandchildren 2. Shukla, Ankita. Depictionof Women in the kingdom. She selected the in Literature through Ages.Times of attempts of self-preservation, she want India. lead the life of Sadhu, Ambika and 3. 21 December 2016. Times of India. Ambalika also accompanied with her. India times.com/life style/books/features/depiction-of- Conclusion women-in-literatures-through- In summing-up, Satyavathi struggles a ages/article shows/56084665.cms. lot in life to prove herself as the rightful
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SURREALISTIC ADVENT IN A VOYAGE TO ARCTURUS
J. SUNDHAR SINGH Assistant Professor of English St. Mother Theresa Engineering College, Vagaikulam
E. ALICE RENOLA Assistant Professor of English St. Mother Theresa Engineering College, Vagaikulam
Dr. L. MERCYLATHA Associate Professor V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi
Abstract In literature, surrealism is an artistic effort to bond unruffled reality and resourcefulness. Surrealists hunt for the inconsistencies and cataleptic minds by making unreal or inexplicable stories full of coincidences. Using surrealist imagery, ideas, or poetic techniques, writers attempt to stretch the boundaries, free the mind, and make readers think. The war brought horrors as chemical warfare and the deliberate bombing of civilian population centers; the sheer scale of the war was unprecedented, and it left an entire generation deeply traumatized. This technique helped readers to make new connections and expand the reader’s reality. Surrealism uses phantasmagorias and allegories to coerce the reader to ponder deeper and reveal intuitive meaning.Life became topsy-turvy after two world wars. Literature and art faced the dilemma of presenting this topsy-turvy state of mind in words or colors. The artists and writers of that time tried to resolve this situation by presenting strange and shocking images in their writings and paintings. Creativity is that spectacular dimensions to clasp reciprocally distinct certainties and draws a trigger from their coincidence. The fortnightly and the assortment both disclosed their aloofness for word meanings given to substances and engrossed, the poetic undercurrents present. A voyage to Arcturus is an entirely different kind of fantasy, also sophisticated, written for an adult audience, also filled with the wondrous and the bizarre, but without a battle, sorcerer, or elf in sight. In the meantime the landing begins with a passage on a space capsule to another planet, one possibly will try to call this knowledge fiction. Still, the chronicle is far too bizarre and supernatural for that sticky tag to rub contentedly. A surrealist fantasy drawing to some extent, it has always been known as a complex and difficult book, though recent critics maintain that a reader who approaches it with sympathy will find the experience both profound and astonishing. The exertion with such apparitions is
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that, like imaginings, they can be extremely momentous and eloquent without being consciously understood. Keywords: contradiction, bizarre, juxtapositions, traumatized, Surrealism, unprecedented, disdain, sorcerer, etc.
Introduction Surrealism is destined of shocking Surrealism can be well-defined as an and strange. It is meant to push the inventive endeavor to conduit together envelope in a way that forces people of authenticity and the resourcefulness. their comfortable ideas, so much so Surrealists pursue to incredulous the that it has even been known to cause inconsistencies of the sentient and riots. While the idea of surrealism is cataleptic minds by strange stories full complex, surrealist literature does have of appositions. Founded by Andre common characteristic. Surrealist Breton (1896-1966), surrealism began literature will have contrasting images as an artistic movement in Paris in the or ideas. This technique is used to help 1920s and lasted until the 1940s. readers make new connections and Breton forced this program with his expend the reader’s reality or rather the periodical of The Manifesto of reader’s idea of what reality is. They Surrealism, as a way of rebellious pull from Freudian ideas of free against the way painting was unwritten association as a way to sheer readers at the time. Surrealist wanted to break away from societal influence and open free from the constraints posed on art up the individual’s mind. and to do so in the extreme, yet positive Although the dream may be a very way. Although the movement the above strange phenomenon and an mentioned may have ended, surrealism inexplicable Mystery, much still survives in much of today’s more inexplicable is that the nonfiction. Using surrealist imagery, mystery and aspect our minds. ideas, or poetics techniques, writers Confer on certain objects and attempt to stretch the boundaries, free aspects of life. (Giorgio de Chirico the mind, and make readers think. 10) Surrealism emerged as a direct Surrealism will use images and response to World War I. In that metaphors to form the readers to think terrible war, people all over Europe deeper and reveal subconscious experienced the devastation of meaning. As an alternative of depend industrialized warfare for the first time on plot, surrealism playwrights as an brave soldiers charged headlong into alternative concentration on the machine-gun fire and were cut down in letterings, discovery, and metaphors to their masses like cows in a slaughter potency bibliophiles to dig into their house. cataleptic and scrutinize what they discover. Surrealism also uses poetic
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styles to make dreamlike and fantastic and Breton’s Sur la route de San stories that always defy logic. Rather Romano (1948). than incorporate prosaic structure like A Voyage to Arcturus is an entirely linear plots and structural settings, different kind of fantasy, also surrealism uses poetic techniques, like sophisticated, written for an adult leaps in thinking (free association), audience, also filled with the wondrous abstract ideas, and nonlinear timelines. and the bizarre, but without a battle, The first Surrealist work, according sorcerer or elf in sight. Like Lord of the to leader Breton, was Les Camps Rings, A Voyage to Arcturus is Magnetiques (1919), Literature profoundly disturbed with intricate contained automatist works and moral issues such as the struggle accounts of dreams. The magazine and between good and evil, but on a much therefore the portfolio both showed more subtle level. The struggle doesn’t their disdain for literal meanings given turn on how good can defeat evil, but to things and focused rather on the on what good and evil are and how one undertones, the poetic undercurrents can distinguish them. Lindsay’s present. Not only did they give enthralling book, the assortment of emphasis to the poetic undercurrents, metaphysics and surreal dream-quest, but also to the connotations and the stands as one of the great originals. overtime which exist in ambiguous A surrealist fantasy drawing to relationships to the visual images. some extent, it has always been known Thus such rudiments as hodge- as a complex and difficult book. podge were familiarized, ascending However recent critics maintain that a partly from an superlative as shown in reader who approaches it with Pierre Reverdy’s poetry. And as in sympathy will find the experience both Magritte’s circumstance, the very profound and astonishing. The critic commencement of paroxysmal quoted above, J.B. Pick, suggests amalgamation became an apparatus for elsewhere that the leader should not so disclosure in and of itself. Surrealism much search for the meaning of the was to be always in flux to be more book as “hear drumbeats” (142). A modern than modern, and so there Voyage to Arcturus, though should be a rapid shuffling of the unsuccessful during Lindsay’s lifetime, philosophy as new challenges arose. is now recognized as an important work Examples of surrealist literature are both in Scottish literature and in the David Lindsay’s A Voyage to fantasy genre. Arcturus(1920), Artaud’sLe Pese-Nerfs After Maskull’s is transported by (1926), Aragon’s Irene’s Cunt(1927), mysterious means to the planet Peret’sDeath to the pigs (1929), Crevel’s Torrance, he finds that a strange new Mr. Knife Miss Fork (1931), sense organ has grown on his forehead. SadeghHedayat’sthe Blind Owl (1937), He rouses upon a immense bare,
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prostrated once more by incontrollable world. A Voyage to Arcturus makes for enormity. He discovers that he has stimulating instance study in the sprouted additional sensory organs: a transformation between representation third-eye –like “fleshy protuberance, and metaphor. The surreal details of the size of a small plum” (37) on his Torrance and some weirdly creative forehead, and a “knob on each side of ideas made the book popular. his neck” (37); while, “from the region The surrealistic genre has a of his heart, a tentacle had budded” fascinating history because there are (37). He is on Torrance. Maskull’s several points where the entire field voyage begins with surrealism could have gone in a sharply different combined with science and ends up direction. The work is the product of an with a mystery. uneasy soul. The author’s mind is There are plenty of their metaphors elusive and the story paradoxical. This embedded within the text, as Maskull is a spiritual journey that encounters wanders the land, growing and losing the age-old problems of the mystic’s new appendages, finding his very tale. It attempts to penetrate the thoughts and the way he views life to illusions and trappings of human shift and change in a fashion similar to consciousness and to reveal the how scenes and people melt and flow in metaphysical relationship between the some dreams. Oneway, but certainly One and the Man. Because Lindsay is not the only way, to read A Voyage to writing about inter knowledge the Arcturus is as both a dream and a springs from the very centre of his narrative that uses dream imagery to vision, he transcends the usual explore questions of what it means to perceptions of psychology and be human, the nature of reality, and language; the book is necessarily how mutable views of what constitutes written in allegorical, sometimes “good” and “evil” just might be. paradoxical language. The ultimate reality that Lindsay Bloom chooses Arcturus as his tries to encompass is to be found far experimental subject of developing the beyond Nature, which he equates with theory of literary fantasy. He expresses the surrealist world of individuality. It about fantasy fiction that it should be must be added, while mysticism, in the the theory of offer boundless strict sense of the word, denies all possibilities of pleasure, in daydreams, possibility of explaining Divinity, it instead ends up locked in personal Lindsay goes further, offering solutions. nightmares and anxiety. In his own He does not confine himself to words;Pre-methane freedom or striving depicting a relationship between man for freedom implicates quested, writer. and transcendent reality but goes on to And reader more deeply within the try to analyze this reality. This work is bondage of Narcissus, and a form that. representative of the ideal transcendent Promises under-determination takes on
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both the strength and therefore the Conclusion Nightmare quality of over- In recapitulation, it is to be admitted determination (Agon 219) that the ingenuity is that capacity to At the top of Arcturus, Nightspore clench reciprocally distinctive veracities finds himself alone on the tower of and enticement a spark from their Muspel. He has cast off his “ego-self” coincidence. While the reveries are a because Maskull was a self built on the very eccentric occurrence and a bizarre values of Crystalman’s, is the clandestine, far more unfathomable is innermost self, stripped of every the secret and aspect our minds confer conceivable illusion. on objects and aspects of life. “You are The idea that there is an the dreamer of impossible dreams.” unperceived or hidden spiritual world (126). But beyond the interesting behind or beyond the world we can quality of the narrative, there is in A perceive, and how our usual ways of Voyage to Arcturus a deliberate and seeing the world keep us from this detailed exposition of a specific higher understanding, pervades the philosophical system or attitude that is novel with Gnosticism. The eventual far more essential and more ascetic value embodied by Muspel is, in than romantic. The following chapter is supernatural terms, an alternative about idealistic fantasy. reality, which denotes that naught in this world viewpoint much unplanned References of having any value by its principles. 1. Birch, Dinahed. The Oxford The imagined of Arcturus, then befits a Companion to English Literature. routine for Lindsay to explore this. New York: Oxford Painstaking by the Irish times as one of 2. University Press, 2009. Print. the most dazzling of untainted 3. Lindsay, David. A Voyage to Ornamental ever verified this incredible Arcturus and The Haunted Women. story travel around the beauty and USA: Arno Press, nature of a distant world, where wild 4. 1922. Print. individuals crowd the fantastic setting, 5. ---, A Voyage to Arcturus. USA: and unreasonable tortures dominate AshgatePublishing.n.d. Print. victims with their bizarre mental 6. ---, David Lindsay official site. powers. Wikipedia.com. Web. 7 Sep.2016. 7. ---, Devil Tor. USA: Arno Press, 1932. Print.
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M.G.VASSANJI’S PROTOGANIST UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS IN SELECT NOVELS - A STUDY
Dr. R. PRIYADARSHINI Guest Lecturer in English Government Arts and Science College (w), Orathanadu
Abstract This paper factually delve out to study the immigrant’s experience of how they encounter problems. M.G.Vasssanji’s novels present the many protagonists whose portrayals are the example of unrealistic expectations. Thus his writings are associated with the history, inhospitality, functions of landscape, cultural baggage, imperialism, and multiple identities on the condition of immigrants in the postcolonial era. In Canadian literature, the main concern is developing and recovering an appropriate identifying relationship between self and place that it conducts the process of subjectivity. The purpose of this study is to attempt to throw light on immigrant’ experience which the protagonist of M.G.Vassanji’s novels. And also, it paves the way to expose unrealistic expectations his characters. Then his writings prove the protagonist’s impossible hope in the alien (new) land. Keywords: Postcolonial; Culture; Canada; Immigrant; History; Identity; M.G.Vassanji
Introduction groups. It attempts to analyze the Homi Bhabha quotes’s in “Nation and feature of a cultural phenomenon and a Narration” that, The Locality of national brief sketch of immigrant postcolonial culture is neither unified in relation to experience in Canada. itself, nor must it be seen simply as M.G.Vassanji’s literary career launched ‘other’ in relation to what is outside or with the publication of The Gunny beyond it. The boundary is Janus-faced Sack. It was his first attempt at fiction. and the problem of outside/inside Vassanji was awarded the Common must always itself be a process of Wealth Writers prize in the African hybridity, incorporating new ‘people’ in region. People from South Asia in the relation to the body politic... (Bhabha late 19th century to East Africa and 11). then from Africa to North America in M.G. Vassanji in Canadian scenario, the 1960s and 1970s immigration, we his novels visualizes with find the most of his novels. The Gunny acknowledging the fluidity of cultural Sack is an absorbing novel that focuses identity and mutual influence of on the problematic union of East Africa cultural identity on another the aspects and South Asia. The protagonist, Salim of the notion of separate cultural Juma, is the narrator of the story.
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Salim Juma and his great grandfather countless dispersion, losses, Dhanji Govinji take part in the quest separation, and ruptures. for new homes and identity. Salim’s life Vassanji’s second novel, No New is the victim of unrealistic expectations. Land, is a miserable story of the His expedition for new homes and immigrant experience. It brings about a identity and future to be assumed form rich portrait of a transplanted the past is, also a moral responsibility community. It has been illustrated the towards the posterity and, in added to fate of the Asian Africans in Canada. It the necessity for self-knowledge and moves in a flashback of incidents and survival on the part of Diasporas’ self. events. Nurdin Lalani is the protagonist The protagonist explores the past, of the novel, is a double immigrant. constructs genealogies and, traces the Here Vassanji renders voice to a complex formation of the sites of Canadian immigrant experience. He subjectivity through ruptures dispersal illustrates the fate of the Shamsi and mutations. community in Toronto, where Nurdin The sack contains all kinds of Lalani emigrates with his family. everyday objects that trigger memories The novel describes the painful and stories, which are narrated partly process of adapting the undergone by a by Kala and partly by sack (memory), family of immigrants. They have got to which represents the collective memory adapt themselves to a new and of the community. The migration of an changing environment in a distant Indian society from Africa to America land. By extension, the message goes has portrayed in the novel. It consists beyond the changes experienced by of narration, which all connected with migration to all kinds of changes in the memory and history. society, human-made or nature An interview with Gene Carey, induced. Geographically, climatically, Vassanji said, “Once I came to the and ecologically the environment United States I had a fear of losing my everywhere is changing and changing link with Tanzania. Then I feared going so rapidly that the skill of quick back because if I went back I feared adaptability is being put to the biggest losing the new world one had test. discovered”. (Roy 42) Vassanji’s The protaganist of No New Land feel statements make it clear that he is that new identity has imposed on them being caught between the homes there due to displacement. This imposition is and here. His characters like, Salim very dangerous for them. Challenges come out because of his basic are their original identity element. experience of multi-location home. Vassanji examines the question of Their lives that unfold a saga of self- culture. Since Canada has a survival are never being mapped onto multicultural nation, preserving one’s the history of the nation through own culture becomes a fundamental
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issue. Nurdin’s father, Hazi Lalani’s part fiction- part memory, a history of death and his business sunk, someone the people who left Indian shores in whispered the word Canada. Nurdin quest of a dream for Eastern Africa. Lalani is the predominant man to It is a different story of the diary of portray unrealistic expectations. The Albert Corbin, a junior British colonial situation of Nurdin in the plane (while administrator, who has many years in traveling Canada) becomes an objective various East African colonies. The correlative, and also it forecasts the colonial history of Kenya and Tanzania predicaments he has to suffer in presents with as the backdrop of the Canada. His dreams are shattered novel. Vassanji tells a rich tale while travelling in the plane (magical complete with historical dates and vivid light and the word ‘The bastards’ to descriptions of Asian the African Canada. Throughout the novel, Nurdin experience in East Africa in 1913 to tries to prepare an identity for himself. 1988. Struggle for identity is one of the He is fixated with the negative feeling important features of diaspora. that he has now lost his identity due to M.G.Vassanji always sets about to the displacement from Africa to establish the quest for identity through Canada. When one is unemployed, one his works.The Book of Secrets is a struggles, for one’s livelihood. During beautiful example of his fictional efforts this struggle life becomes too hard to to resolve the mystery of identity. The live. Nurdin’s dream and his existence past of Nurmohamed Pipa makes the become question marks. Another toughness of diasporic origins clear. It misfortune is, Nurdin is being charged is central to Vassanji’s fictional world. with sexually assaulting a white His early life is prepared with a strong woman. Then he is released. But it base for moving tales. This tale remains a dilemma. His existence develops as a tragic tale of a man becomes difficult, and so to get rid of whose major sin was to be born a this problem of life, he likes to live in a native of racially alien ancestry in East world of dreams and illusion. Africa. Then, The Book of Secrets, The character Pipa is being the Vassanji’s third novel, is a different victim of unrealistic expectations. piece of work. It is a novel of the in- Underlying every action, thought, and between. It investigates the border dreams in the life of Pipa, there seem to between the self and the other, between be ever-rising hurdles, to be giving voice and remaining silent, surmounted, making it impossible to between the center and periphery as him ever to achieve the measure of well between the pure and the hybrid. comfort and security which he seeks. It appears as a story of displacement, Here Vasssanji clearly states that the physical and emotional; one’s search journey was undertaken by a migrant for identity, and a promised land. It is or a migrant community in search of
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identity, belonging, security, and home Being an immigrant, he endures in a foreign location is being marred by from an identity crisis. He remains a challenges, doubts, and never-ending wavering character. He is full of feeling of despair. contradictions- religious, ethnic, and In The Book of Secrets Nurmohamed personal. Maintaining a strategy, Pipa can be seen conflicting for home. Vassanji’s narrative is coldly detached. He feels compelled to run away from Ramji remains a stranger even after spaces that stand in the way of his three hundred pages. Just as he yield for domestic life. It is why Pius remains a stranger to America, never Fernandes expresses his view: really belonging, yet he is never feeling Pipa was home now, yet lived in fear. the need to leave. In this novel, Ramji He was a marked man, known both to is a real victim of unrealistic the agents of Maynard and the allies of expectations. The story of Ramji Germans; any of them could call on reflects that the journey was him as they had done in Kikongo. (200) undertaken by a migrant or a migrant Likewise, the novel ends, with all community in search of identity, strength, youth, and vigor spent on a belonging and security is wontedly null and void journey; Pipa succumbs shattered by doubts, challenges, and to the pressure of his diasporic identity the never-ending feeling of despair. as an Asian African in East Africa and The novel has a repetitive duel dies. For Pius Fernandes; the narrator, movement. It is a duel in that it the past is an aesthetic necessity; it combines two plot lines. One, has enthusiastic sacral heuristic value. seemingly the dominant one, is Vassanji’s another excellent tale of personal; the other is political. It is the immigrant experience Amriika. It repetitive in that Ramji goes through explores the state of living in exile. In similar experiences, both politically and this novel, Vassanji uses the same personally, and personally, in both material but with a new twist. It parts of the novel. The first part ends engages the backdrop of three with two terminal events, the first of tumultuous decades in American which is political, while the second history, a period of antiwar protests, person. radicalized politics, sexual openness, Ramji is being involved in a bomb- and spiritual quest. Ramji, the blast for which a radical dropout that protagonist of the novel, seems to be he has known is responsible. Though modeled so closely on M.G.Vassanji he suspects that Lucy-Anne is guilty, himself. The plot of this novel is very Ramji shelters his friends in his room. straightforward. Indian origin boy, a Luckily someone else tattles on her, second-generation African, Ramji is a and Ramji gets off scot-free. The native Gujarati Muslim. woman in question curses him before
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she goes to jail, assuming that it is moment he suffers from injustice and Ramji who has betrayed her. inequalities. Gradually, therefore, Decades later in a changed America, Ramji needs a space for existence. This having just left a marriage and sub- is the reason that Ramji goes to urban existence, an older Ramji, California in search of that space. But ardently in love, finds himself drawn this search offers him his downfall. into a set of circumstances which hold Next novel, The In-Between World of terrifying reminders of the past and its Vikram Lall is an interesting and unanswered questioned. Ramji’s relevant account of the Indian personal journey, his failure in his diaspora. It deals with a compelling relationships, his alienation and story of Vikram Lall, a third generation suffering are all moving. His story ends Kenyan Asian. This story sets in East with a bittersweet and shocking Africa. It shows the ambiguous episode. Vassanji’s protagonist goes. situation and the strange position of Through every rite of American Indians of Kenya who are neither passage possible, from losing his indigenous Africa nor European virginity to an older woman, facing colonizers. Many of them cannot find a racial discrimination, to dabbling in familiar refuge on the Indian Eastern mysticism. subcontinent nor in the colonial home As Ramji gradually grows apart country. They are alienated from their from his community of foreign African homelands regardless of their students, he finds himself pulled by the emotional attachment and legal status. confused current of his times and The major thing that stands out in swept into a world of fast-changing the book is people who are the in- sexual mores, and values, of peace between. The feeling of belonging and marches, religious cults and protest not belonging is being very central to intimidation that marked the wild the book. In his various interviews, United States of the 1970s. Through M.G. Vassanji articulates time and the eyes of this University student, an again that when he lived in Tanzania, immigrant in Boston, Vassanji shows he belonged and did not belong us the picture of the nation. In such because he had come from Kenya. In impression Ramji is anxious with short, this novel deals with exile, negative feelings. He feels that he has memory, alienation, longing for home, entirely lost his identity due to in-between status of immigrants, and disarticulation from Africa to America. search for identity. Here Vassanji In the ambience of unfamiliarity, his demonstrates how the individual is existence has become a question. caught in the conflicting demands of Ramji feels that he does not have a race and nation. proper space to live in. He realizes that This novel is a profound and careful he is treated as an outsider. At every examination of the protagonist Vikram
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Lall’s explore for his place in the world formerly colonized and, frequently, and at the same time, it deals with colonizing peoples. Such effects may rootless of those who have no include, for example, inferiority or permanent national identity. In addiction complex, the related independent Kenya, he wants to shelter internalization of racism, the disturbing his individuality as a civil servant but legacies of colonization and the slave the officers, and politicians cut him trade, and so on. out. On the basis of his talent and Thus a fascinating mix of contents carefulness he becomes a successful flows in M.G. Vassanji, the first writer fixer to ensure his place and his to win the prestigious Giller Prize twice. family’s in Kenya. But he is entangled He is looming high on the arc of Indian in a corruption scandal and thus his diaspora writers. To conclude, Salim identity suffers from danger. Juma in The Gunny Sack negotiates The novel deals with Vikram’s communal and individual identities, luminal situation. He is a migrant in the life of the continent genealogies and Canada, a everlastingly offshore Indian traces the complex formations of the and a native of Africa. His in- between sites of subjectivity through ruptures, worlds is that of the Asian African in dispersal and mutations. Nurdin in No colonial and postcolonial Africa. He New Land feels that several individuals belongs to Indian community of Kenya, have shaped his existence. He cannot which is socially and politically exist on his own. The dominance of his sandwiched between the white and the father in his early life gives birth to a Black. Before Kenyan independence, feeling that he has no individual the British used the Kenyan Indians to identity. And thus being able to suppress the Africans. Anyway, things formulate his own voice, Nurdin thinks were not rosy in Kenya after this that he has no space. independence leaving the Indians in Vassanji’s another protagonist Pipa the middle again. Though the Africans, in The Book of Secrets memory drunk on this new state of British, but negotiates the colonial and postcolonial also upon Kenyan Indians and trying to history of East Africa to underscore its seize their properties and business contradictions and contingencies. through sheer pressure. Throughout the novel, the history of Psychology is disturbed with the the struggle of imperial powers of study of mental processes and Europe like Germany and England over behaviour, both conscious and colonies in Africa, the World Wars, unconscious. A psychological approach their impact on the Indian diaspora in to studying postcolonial cultures often the African East Coast, and finally the establishes a way of reading, which is decolonization of Kenya, Tanzania, attentive to the psychological effects of Uganda, Zanzibar and other nations colonizing and decolonization on constitute the troublesome destiny of
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the people. They are forced to migrate actions of senior ministers whose skin and de-migrate to the place both color exempts them from guilt and imaginary and real. responsibility. The head has changed, but the body of politics is the same. Conclusion Vikram concludes that to the Africans, Finaly Ramji, in Amriika the story he would always be the Asian, the springs from the same memory. Shylock; he would never escape that Vassanji’s engagement with the past is suspicion, that stigma. Thus Vassanji’s praiseworthy. Unlike the archives, protagonists are the longing for where the past is being already existence, but they hide in unrealistic digested as the raw material for history expectations. writing, the past here is a past memory. For him it is an aesthetic References necessity, and it has great sacral value. 1. Bhabha, Homi K. Nation Narration. And In-between the World of Vikram London: Routledge, 1990. Lall Vic agonises over whether go back 2. Roy, Hareshwar. Diasporic to Kenya and deal with the Articulation in the Novels of consequences of his past actions. M.G.Vassanji. New Delhi: Joseph’s astonishing decision to go 3. Pacific Publication, 2013. back to Kenya, as the political situation 4. Vassanji, M.G. The Gunny Sack. once again flares up, finally persuades London: Heinemann, 1989. Vic to undertake the trip he ponders 5. ---. No New Land. New Delhi: throughout the novel. Although he Penguin Books, 1992 intends to secure Joseph’s release, he 6. ---. The Book of Secrets. Toronto: decides to return to Kenya from his McClelland & Stewart, 1994 safe place in Canada and also to pay 7. ---. Amrrika. Toronto: McClelland & his debt to Kenya, and to settle anew in Stewart, 1999 the place he calls home. Yet again, he 8. ---The In-Between World of Vikram is placed in an in-between position, Lall. Toronto: Doubleday, 2003. expected to take the blame for the
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ெந ெதாைக கா ச ககால விழா க ஒ பா ைவ
ைனவ . ெபாியசாமி தமி ைற தைலவ . எ . ஆ . கைல ம அறிவிய க ாி விளா பா க
ைர ச ககால ம க வா விய எ ப இய ைகேயா இைண ததாக இ த எ பைத நா அைனவ அறிேவா . அ வாறான வா விய விழா க எ வா ெகா டாட ப டன;
எ ெத த கால களி ெகா டாட ப டன; எத ெக லா ெகா டாட ப டன எ பைத அகநா பாட களி வழி ஆ வேத இ க ைரயி ேநா கமா .
விழா க கா திைக ெப களா வள க ப பி ச ககால தி யவ க விழா களி கிய வி மீ களா ேப ெப , தா பா வதி ப வகி தன எ பைத, ஆ கமாக விள கிய கைன த அ பா ‘‘மணி ர ெநா சி ெதாிய அைண ஒ கமாகிய சிற கைள ப றி களா ைக பா யவ க சிய ப வ ள க த ராண பக இ ப வ அக றைலம ற ெச திகளா . இ த கா திைக தி நாைள ப றி சிற ெச விழ தைல ெகா ட பழவிற ’’ ெபா , அழ ெப றைம ெபா (ந றிைண, பா.எ., 293) அகநா பாடெலா றி பி கி ற . எ ெதாிவி கிற . இ யவ க இ மைழகா நீ கி மாக வி பி சி ேகாயி களி சாாிகளாக ெசய ப ய ம நிற கிளரமதி நிைற நிைல உ ள . இதைன ப ைடய மரபி அ மி ேச அக ந நா தா க என க தலா . விழாைவ ம விள மாைல கி அறிவி பவராக யவ இ தைத பழவிற பல ட வ றிய ந றிைண உண கிற . விழ ட அயர ( அக – 141)
கா திைக தி விழா கா திைக மாத தி கா திைக விள கீ ச கால இைறவழிபா விழா எ எ ற க ைடய விழாவாக தமிழ களா ைகயி றி பிட த த கா திைக ெகா டாட ப வ ஒளி வழிபா தி விழாவா . றி இடெம லா தி விழா கா திைக விள கீ எ பதா . மர இ இட எ ற வாி ஏ ப இ த தி விழாவி ேபா அதிக றி சி மைலயி றி தமி எ ணி ைகயி வாிைச வாிைசயாக க கட ளா க கியமான விழாவா ம திகளி விள ஏ றி ைவ எ ராண க கி றன. ஆ
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வழிபா ெச வ வழ க எ இ த ெகா பி ேன ெச வ . இ வைக ப ட அகநா பாட வழி அறிய கிற . விழாவி ேகா ய விழ ெகா விள பி ைற உ ளிவிழா ழவ ேபால (அக . 352) ெகா க க உ ளிவிழா ெகா டா ன எ உவைம ல விள க காணலா . இவ க த களி இ ைப றி மணிைய க ெகா அவ க ெவறியா விழா ஆ பா ெகா டா விழா ”உ ளி விழா” ப ைட நாளி ெப வழ காக ம களிைடேய இ த ெவறியா எ ெபய ெப . இதைன, விழாவா . இ த விழா க காக அ பைண விைள த ேத க ேடற எ க ப விழா. இதி ேவல ைகயி வ ப க ணிய மகி சீறா ேவேல தி ஆட, பி ஆ கிடாைய ப எவ ெகா வாழிேதாழி ெகா க ெகா திைய சி வ எ ப மணியைர யா ம கி ஆ ெவறியா விழா என ப . உ ளிவழாவி அ ன இ விழாவிைன ப றிய வர அலரா கி ற பல வா ப ேட தி கா ற பைடயி இட ெப கி ற . (அக . 368) கா சி ர சமய விழா க ெப கிய நகரமாக விள கி சமய பிாிவிைன ேச த ெதாைட விழா பல த த சமய கட ளைர வண க விழா இ விழா களி கைல பயி சி எ தன எ பதைன பல ெதாழ விழ ெதாட க விழாவா . இ விழாவிைன ேம ப ட பழவிற எ சிற பி க மாைலகளா இட ைத அழ தி, ெப பாணா ப தியி அறியலா . விழா நட ெபா அத ெகன ெகா க பல அ த ரைன அழ ப தி, வி ஏ ற ப டைத பி வ ம ைர கா சி நாேண றி அ பிைன றிபா எ ழா பாட 366 விள . சா அய ெத க ெதாைட விழா என ப ட . இதைன உ வ ப ெகா ச ககால விழா களி ேபா சிற பி வைகயி அைன பாட வாிக இ னிைச க விக ழ ஆட பாட அகநா 187 பாட பி வ வாிகளி நிக வ . இதைன, விள கிற . பாட வ மா , ெவறியா மகளிேரா ெசறிய தாஅ ழவதிர ரசிய ப பா கழ ெபா த வ க மழவ ெதாைட விழவி தைலநா அ ன விழவய வியலா……. (ப . 155-158) த மண ெஞமிாிய தி நக ற எ ற பாட வழி உணரலா . இ விழாைவ (அக . 187) ப றிய விவர தி கா பைடயி இட ெப கிற . ஊ ேதா ேகா ய விழா இ விழாவிைன ெகா டா ன ; எ பதைன, இ விழா ஒ வைக கைலவிழா ஆ . ‘‘சி திைன மலெரா சிைரஇ மறிய இதி ஆ ”கைலஞ க ேகா ய ” எ வாரண ெகா ேயா வயி பட நிறீஇ அைழ ப விற ய மயி ேபா ஊ ; ெகா ட சீ ;ெக விழவி ’’ அைச தா த க ழவிைன ழ கி (தி . 218-220)
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எ தி கா பைட ப தியா பக ெச ப கதி ப திய ெச வ அறியலா . விழா நட ெபா அத ெகன அக வா வான தாழி ேபா ெதன ெகா க பல ஏ ற ப ட . நீரற வற த நிர பா நீளிைட ‘‘சா அய ெத த உ வ ப ெகா ’’ (அக .229) எ ற வாிக ஞாயிறான ப திய ெச வ (ம ைர கா சி .366) எ ெசா ல ப வண க ப ளைத ெவறியா ேபா பிற விழா களி அறிய கி ற . ேபா இ னிைச க விக ழ க ஆட
பாட நிக வ வழ கமாக இ த . கால அண ந ளிர , ேவல எ ற த சாாி மீ க இய ைகயி க ம ெசய களி ஆவி வி றி ெசா வா எ ம க அ ச ப க திரான ந பின . இதைன, ெசய க , காரண க பி க
‘‘கள ந கிைழ க ணி இயலாத மனித மன தி க பைன பைட ேப அண காகிற எ கிறா . க.கா தி, இ வா வளநகர; சில ப பா ப ெகா ெசா ல ப ட அண கான அ ச ைத உ வ ெச திைன திேயா உ விைளவி க ய வ ப பி கா ப த உ ெக ந நா ’’ அ பைடயி அைம த உ வம ற ம (அக . 22) உ ைடய களி ச திகைள எ அகநா கிற . றி க ய ஒ றாக கா ட ப ள . ேம இ வண எ ற ெசா ல நீ விழா ெத வ , ெத வமக , வ தி ெகா இ கால தி மா கழி ேநா , ைத மாத ெத வமக எ ற தமி ெல சிக சா த நா அ ெபா க விழா மிக பகி கி ற . பழ தமி இல கிய களி சிற பாக தமிழ களா அண எ ற ெசா வ த , ெத வ ஆகிய ெகா டாட ப கி றன. இவ றி ைடய இ ெபா களிேலேய மி தியான பயி சி பைழய வ வ ைத நீராட எ ெப வ ள . ெத வ ஆகிய தி விழாவாக இ தி க என இ ெபா களிேலேய மி தியான பயி சி சா க கி றன. கால தி ெப வ ள . ெத வ என பயி ம ன க , இ விழாவி கல வ ள இட களி இல கிய ெகா டன எ பத அகநா பாட க உைரயாசிாிய க ெத வ என சா றாக அைமகி றன. (அக -232, 376) ெபா உைர ெச ளன . ைற ெத வ எ ப ெபா ளிேலா, இட திேலா ஞாயி தி க உைற இட களாக மைல, நீ நிைலக , ஞாயி றிைன வழிப வழ க பழ தமி மரபா . ஞாயி றிைன பழ தமிழ க கா , காவ மர , றி , ஊ , ேபா கள ெத வமாகேவ நிைன வண கின . இதைன ஆகியவ ைற கா வ ெகா அகநா சா பக கி ற . விள கலா .
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அண ைட ெந வைர உ சியி இழி த எ ைத ெச மா ாிரேவ ய தி கண ெகா அ வி கா ெக நாட அண ைட பனி ைற ைகெதா ேத தி (அக .22) யா மாயேமா டய . (அக .240) எ ற சா பாட வாிகளி மைல உ சியி அண உைற தி பைத அறிய கி ற . ெவ றிவிழா இைவ ம மி றி நீ நிைரகளி , கா , ேசர , ேசாழ , திதிய , எழினி, நக உைர தி பைத அகநா வாிக எ ைம ர , இள ேகா ேவ மா , ெகா டறியலா . இய ேத ெபா ந எ எ வைர அண ைட நீ பர த ெச ேபாாி தைலயால கான ெச ெவ ற அண திற ெபய த ெவ க அமி த ெந ெசழிய ெவ றி ெகா டா . அ த ட ல ம கிட ய மா ேளா ெவ றி விழாவிேல திைள ேபா களி பைடயைம ெத த ெப …. ஆரவார திைன கா தைலவ ைடய
(அக .206) பர தைமயா எ த ஊரல ெபாியதாயி த . என கி ற . அகநா ேம ெகா வ ரவி ெகா ேத ெசழிய அண கான கா , நகாி …………………… ………………… உைற தி தைமயிைன அகநா ெவ றிெகா ர ஆ பி ெபாிேத ெதாிவி கி ற . (அக .316) அண கிைன பர த அ கால ம களி தைலமக , பர ைதயி பிாி வ த வழ க . ேம அத பாதி பி த ைம பா கா ெகா ள கா தைலமக ல ெசா யதாக க தைல ம க வழ கிைன அைம ள . ெந ெசழிய , ெகா ததைன அகநா கி ற . தைலயால கான எ ஊாி அக ற தைல சா ற தா தைழ ைடைய இடெம லா , பைக ர கைள தியி அலமர லாயெமா யா கி படாஅ ெச நிற அைட மா ேபா ாி தா . ைட பதி தா கண ைடய ேம றிய எ வர ந ல ஆ ற க அறேவ கா சி கைட ேபாகைல சா ஒழி மா ெச தா . ஒ நா பக ேபைத ய ைல ேமைதய மக ேவைள ேளேய அவ கள ர க ட . (அக . 71) ெவ கா ைடகைள அவ எ ற வாிகளி அறியலா . ேம கட ைக ப றினா . த க ப றிய ேப ெத வ உைற எ ப அ கால ம களி எ பர மா அவ த பைடகைள ந பி ைகயா . அ கட ெத வ ைத ெகா வ றி ெகா ட ம ன அவ . ெந த நில ம க த க ெதாழி ெவ றி விழாவிேல ேபா ர களி இைட ஏ படாதவா பா கா ப ஆரவார க ெபாியதாயி . ேவ ெதா மி ேனா ட ெச வ
எ ப அகநா 240 வ பாட த ெதாைட விழா ெச தியா . ெதாைட விழா எ றி பிட ப திைர ர ழ த தி டமி விள கி விழா, பைட கல பயி ற இைளய ரைர ப மீ ட ெம ைமயாக கா ய
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அர ேக விழா ஆ . சின ெத ேதார காிகா வளவ ெவ ணிவாயி ெச ைமயான ேபா ைனைய அழி த எ மிட தி ேபாாி டேபா எ த க ெசலவிைன உைடய திைரகைள ஆரவார திைன விட ெபாியதாயி கி ற நீ ட கழலா ெபா ற கா கைள எ ேதாழி தைலமக றி த க ைமயிைன உைடயவ மழவ க . தைமய வாயி ம ள ேபா அவ க ெகா டா ெதாைட விழாவி அைம ள . தைலநாைள ேபால ெகாண இ ட மண
பர ள அழகிய ந மைணயி ற ெப ேசா விழா அதனா தனிைமய த அழ ெக ேமா? நீ தைலவனாகிய எ வி எ பவனி எ பைத கீ ளவா றி பி கிறா . ேபா திறைம, உற ாிேல எ த ெவ றிவிழா ெத ைன சிைத த க பாி ரவி ப றிய ெச தியா . த காத மைனவிைய ……………….. ………. பிாி த பர ைத ஒ தி ட யி ல ெகா ேலா ேதாழி ேச ஒ வ த தைலவ ம நா த தைலவிைய (அக .187) வ த அ க, அவ அவ இண கா பிாி உண திய ேதாழி தைலமக ெசா ய . தைலமக பிாிவி க ம வ . தைலைமக ேதாழி ெசா ய ெபா வா வா எ வி ஏவ ேமவா ெகா ளலா தி நக ற ல ……………. …………….. எ ற தைலவ பிாிைவ நா ெச மி ேபஎெயா உ ற ேள ஆ றியி ேப எ தைலவி ேதாழி (அக .266) றியதாக அைம ள . தைலவியி உ ள திேல தைலவ பர ைதயேரா ன ஆ னா எ ற நீ விழா வ தேம மி தியாக இ பி அதைன தைலவ நீ விழாவிேல பர ைத ட அவ றவி ைல. நி ெசயலா எ த நீ விைளயாட ேல திைள தெத ஊட ஊரல ெபாி எ பழி ெசா க ெகா த தைலவி அவ வர வ திய ேபால அைம ள . ேம , அவ ைடய உறைவ ம கீேழ உ ளவா உழவ களி இைச அ சி பற த கி றா . மயிலான அண கிைன ைடய மைலயக ேத ெந நீ ெபா ைக தாைணெயா ண அழகாக ெச த எ ப , தைலவ ……………… ……………. ஊாிேல எ த பழி ெசா க ெதா யா அ ஆ பி ெபாிேத அ சியவனாக க ட பா ைடய மைன (அக . 246) த வத காக வ தா எ க நிைற த தலானாளான நி னா அைம ள . வி ப ப ட பர ைத டேன, தா க நீ தைலவனான எ வி எ பவ ம த ளி த கா சிமர ேசாைல த எதிாிகைள வ மாக அழி தா . அக ற ஆ றினிட ேத ேந நீ ன அாிமணவாயி உற ஆகிய விைளயா னா எ பல ெசா வா க . அ விட களிேல அ த ெவ றி அதனா எ த வழி ெசா களி ஆரவார ெகா டா ட திேல அவ அளி த த ேனா
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ய ெப ேசா விழாவிேல ெகா காி உ ளிவிழா பக ெபா திேல எ த ஆரவார ைத ேபால ெகா க எ ற ெகா நா னரான நி ெசயலா ஊ வ எ த அல ம கைள றி ப . உ ளிவிழாவி ெபாி ஆரவார ைத உைடய . அைரயிேல மணியிைன க யவராக
த விழா ஆரவார ட ெத களி ஆ மகி வ . அதியமா ெந மா அ சியி கழிைன ஒ ெதா மகளி வாச ஆக
பா கி ற பாட , ய ேவக ைத உைடய …………………. …………………. திைரக ட ெந ய ேதாிைன உைடயவ அல ஆ கி ற பல வா ப ேட அ சி. அவ ைடய ெதா ைமயான கைழ (அக . 368) நிைலநி தியவனாக, க சா ற பா மகனானவ வ ைசகைள வைரய த இனிைம மி க இைச க ைர எ ைறெய லா வ வா நிைலநி தி கைட ச க கால ெதா க ெப ற இய றிய திற கைள அகநா பழ தமிழாி அகெவா க நிைன கேளா ம ேம அைமயாம கா யவ , எ காதல , எ ைவ நாளி அவ கள ெப ைம , மற , ஒ க , எம இனியவனாக உ ளா , வளைம , பழைம ம ப பல ட தி பலவி ட ம விழா க இதி ெபாதி கிட கி றன. ெப பழ ெவ றிவிழா ப னிவிழா, கா திைக விழா …………………. ………………. ஆகியவ ைற நா இ ெகா டா வ ைவ நாளின இனியனா எம ேக வ கி ேறா எ பைத விழா க ச ககால (அக .352) ம களி வா விய இர டற கல த நிக வாகேவ இ ள எ பைத அறிய டவ பலா பழ ைத த வி ெகா டதாக இய கிற . அ வி ஒ இைசயாகி ஆ மயி ைன ெகா ட பாைற, விற பி ேன நி கி ற ைண ப ய 1. இள ரண (உைர), ெதா கா பிய இய ேவாைன ேபால ேதா ற . ெபா ளதிகார , ெகௗரா பதி பக , இ ைண பயி த அத காத ெச ைன-14. பதி.2017. ெப கிைன உண வதா . 2. தமிழ ண , ப. அ ணாமைல (உைர), தைலவ தைலவி ேபர ெப கா அகநா (களி றியாைன நிைற), உைடயவ எ பதைன உண வதா ேகாவி மடாலய , ேகாவி -630 307. ேதாழி தைலவ ெசா வ ேபால பதி.2004. அைம ள . 3. தமிழ ண , ப. அ ணாமைல (உைர),
அகநா (மணிமிைட பவள ),
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ேகாவி மடாலய , ேகாவி -630 307. 6. சித பரனா . சாமி(உைர), ப ன பாைல, பதி.2004. அறி பதி பக , 2008. 4. தமிழ ண , ப. அ ணாமைல (உைர), 7. ெபா.ெவ.ேசாம தரனா (உைர), அகநா (நி தில ேகாைவ), ேகாவி ம ைர கா சி, கழக ெவளி ,பதி.1956.
மடாலய , ேகாவி -630 307. பதி.2004. 8. ேகசிக (உைர), 5. ேகசிக (உைர), ந றிைண, உமா தி கா பைட, சாரதா பதி பக , பதி பக , ெச ைன, 2018. ெச ைன, 2013.
78 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684
ச க இல கிய தி ஊ வ ைன
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Jsrpkzp ,iz Nguhrphpia = thrtp fy;Y}up> வா ைக ெநறிக ெசயலா கி ற .த கள ெசயலி ெவ றி மன த ச க ேதா றிய த ெகா ேட கிைட தா ந ைமயாக , ேதா வ அ ச க தி வள சிைய உ ளட கிய ஏ ப டா த ைமயாக க தி வழி ைறக அ ல ெநறி ைறக ேதா றி நிமி த கைள , நிமி த கைள வள வ கி றன.ெபா வாக இவ ைற க ப நமிப ைககைள உ வா கி “வா ைக ெநறிக ”எ கிேறா . இ வா ைக ெகா கி ற ”1 எ பா . ஊ வ ைன ேபா ற ெநறிக மன த ச க தி நமி ைகக ம களா உ வா க ப கி றன. அ பவ கள லி ேதா றியனேவ தவ ர அைவ வழ கி மி தியாக ேவ அ ல. பழ கவழ க களாக , இல கிய ககள ைற காண ப . ந ப ைககளாக உ ெப ற அ பவ கக மன த மன கள ஆழ பதி தன. ேகா பா அ பைட நிக வனவ றி கான காரண கைள ேத ய ச ககால இன ச க திலி , அரச அவ , யாத நிைலய ஏ ப தி உ வா க நிக த கால க ட தி ெகா டேத வ ைனேகா பா எ பா அறிஞ பாட ப டனேவ ச க இல கிய பாட க . ெப ம க . அ த வ ைன ேகா பா ஒ அைவ அரசைன ேபா றி ( நில ம ன , ப திேய ஊ வ ைன எ பதா . இ ேபரரச ) அவனா ெப சிற கைள எ எள ய ம களா “ஊழி வ ைன" எ கி றன.ம க அரச க ப ற ப ஊ வ ைன ச க இல கிய கள நட க பல ஒ க க உ வா க ப டன. ேபச ப வ த ைத ஆராயலா . ேபா , திைர, இைற, வ , ஊ வ ைன என அைவ நிர ப த ப டன. அதிகார தி ந ப ைக , ஊ வ ைன ம ன அமர, எள ய ம க உைழ க ம ேம ஊ வ ைன எ ந ப ைக ேகா பா வ தி க ப டன . அவ க சி தி காம ஆதிமன தன டமி ேத ெதாட கி ற . இ க ஊ வ ைன ேபா ற அற க அ ப றி ைனவ க.கா தி ேபா ஊ ட ப டன. இைத ரா ெகௗதம “த ைமகள லி த கைள பா கா ேபா “உட உைழ அ கால ஓர ப தி ெகா ள ந ைமகைள அவா வ ம க உய வாழ உணைவ த த . மன தி இய எ ற நிைலய மன தமன உைடைம ெப க தி வழிவ கவ ைல. சில க ப த கைள ஏ ப தி ெகா ஆ வ ைன உ ைம டவ களாக இவ க த கள ெசயலி ைன இ ைல.அத இவ க அ கைதய றவ க . 79 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 உைடைம ற இவ க இ ப தி ேம “ெகா றைவ “எ ெப ஆைச பட தா ேம தவ ர க, ெத வ வழிபா இ தைத, அ பவ க யா ”2 எ பா . ச க இல கிய கள ற ப “மற கைட ய நிைல சிற த ஊ வ ைன ேகா பா ைட கீ க ட ெகா றைவ நிைல அ திைண றேன “5 தைல கள ஆராயலா . எ ற பாவ வழி அறிய கிற . ஆைவ ய , ச திர , த , ேபா ற 1. ச க கால ம கள கட ந ப ைக. இய ைககைள ெத வமாக 2. ெதா கா ப ய தி ஊ ,பா . வழிப டைம சா றாக, 3. எ ெதாைக,ப பா ஊ வ ைன “ெகா நிைல, க தழி, வ ள எ ற ச ககால ம கள கட ந ப ைக வ ந சிற ப தலான இய ைக ெநறி கால எ கட வா ெதா க ண ய வ ேம,”6 ெசா ல ப கி ற ச க கால திேல கட எ ற பா , வழிபா இ ள .ப ேவ வைகயான சிவெப மா , பலேதவ , தி மா , கட ள ைள ச ககால ம க வண கின . க எ ற நா கட ளைர றி ப வைகய றநா றி 7 ஒ பாட “ெத வ ய ெபய நிைல கிளவ “ காண ப கி ற . எ ெதா கா ப ய ெசா லதிகர லா உணைவ , ம ைவ திர ெத வ கள ெபய கைள றி கட ள பைட , வண கியதாக ெசா க ப றி தன யாக ேப கி ற .பல ப பா கிற . ெதாைக, ெத வ கள ெபய க வழ கிலி தைத ந றிைண அ பைடயாக ெகா ேட ேம க ட திர அகநா , ப பா ேபா ற கள எ த ப ள . க காக தமி ம க உய பலிய வண கியைத வ ள வைகய பாட க “ெத வ உணாேவ...... ”3 காண ப கி றன. எ ற பா இத சா றாக மைழ இ லாவ டா ெத வ ைத வ ள கிற . ேவ வ ழா எ பழ க இ தைத நா வைக நில க உ ய றநா பாட ஒ வ ள கி ற . ெத வ கள ெபய கைள ெதா கா ப ய இதைன, அக திைண இய கிற . மாேயா , ேசேயா , ேவ த , வ ண ஆகிய மைல வா ெகா ெகன உய பல உ ெத வ கள ெபய கைள றி ப மா ஆ ,மைழ ேம உய க என வைகய , கட ேபண ய றவ மா க பய க மாறிய உவைகய .”8 “மாேயா ேமய கா ைற உலக , எ ற பாடலா அறிய ப கிற . ேசேயா ேமய ைமவைர உலக , ேவ த ேமய த ன உலக , ெந த நில பரதவ க தம வ ண ேமய ெப மண உலக , ம ெதாழி சிற க ேவ ெமன க தி ைல, றி சி, ம த , ெந த , என றாம ன ெகா ப ைன ந கட ெசா லிய ைறயா ெசா ல ெத வமான வ ணைன வழிப ட க ைத ப ேம.”4 காண கி ற . எ ற பா காண ப கி ற . இதைன, 80 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 “ெவ தாள த ேகாைதய பா ைவ க சிைன ரவ ேகா ந 1. க.கா தி, தமிழ பழ க வழ க க , மைன ேச திய வ லண கினா ந ப ைகக . ப க -45 மட றாைழ மல மைல “9 2. ரா ெகௗதம , ெபா அப த எ ற பாட வ ள கி ற . உ ைம.ப க -17 ெப க த கணவ ேபா 3. ெதா ெபா ளதிகார , அக தி ைனய ய ெவ றிெப தி பேவ எ .எ -20 கட ைள வழிப டதாக , மணமாகாத 4. ேமல ெபா ளதிகார , ற திைணய ய ெப க தி மண இன ேத நிைறேவற .எ .5 இ ைற கட ைள வழிப டன எ 5. ேமல ெபா ளதிகார ற திைணய ய அறிய கிற . ச ககால ம கள ட கட .எ :4 ந ப ைக இ தைத நி வைகய 6. ேமல ெபா ளதிகார ற திைணய ய “தமிழி எ ேபா இல கிய க .எ :27 ப ற தனேவா அ ெபா ேத தமிழ க கட 7. றநா பாட ப க எ :56 ந ப ைக உ ளவ க ஆய ன “10 எ 8. றநா ப க எ :143 க அைம ள . 9. ப ன பாைல, ப க எ :85-93 10. சாமி சித பரனா , பழ தமிழ வா வள சி ப க எ :19 81 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 ISSN: 2456-5571 EXPLORING SCHOOL ETHOS AND CULTURE - AN ACTION RESEARCH Dr. RICHA MEHTA Department of Education, Lady Irwin College University of Delhi, New Delhi Abstract The word school culture and ethos appear to be used as a similar and interchangeably. This action research explores the educative importance of ethos from a broadly research and quantitative perspective. It is argued that, for a range of reasons, the notion of ethos in the context of education needs to be brought into clearer focus. Researcher tried to focus on all possible aspects to cover in this research through graphs. An analysis is offered of the concept of ethos, with particular reference to the context of classrooms and schools. The educative importance of ethos is explored, with reference to a range of difficulties and challenges Keywords: ethos, culture, values, discipline, responsibility etc. Objective In Ambition, we want to see in the To explore school ethos and culture in child that what they want to achieve for schools of Delhi. themselves and others. How child shows courageous for their convictions Introduction and is confident to take risk for the School Ethos are generally values and right cause. Does the child respect moral supported by school that help in oneself and other? How much is the child’s development as whole in terms child aware about their responsibilities. of physical, academic, emotional and As they come from different spiritual. We will observe the following backgrounds this is important for the parameters that are following in our child to know about rights and school in Delhi. responsibilities. How can the child 1. Ambitions overcome obstacles and succeed. The 2. Confidence love care the child expresses toward 3. Creativity their environment, facilities and other. 4. Motivation We will assess them by interviewing 5. Respect & Responsibility them, using another tool as 6. Equality and Justice questionnaire and Rotter’s scale and 7. Determination also observe and reflect upon the given 8. Love and care responses. 82 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 Tools Used Interview Questionnaires Rotter’s Scale Conclusion from rotter scale we have asked 20 spontaneous questions from the students related to school ethos and as per their quick response, made graph 83 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 ISSN: 2456-5571 84 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 Analysis of helping staff members- 1. 100% of the helping staff members are working since school has inaugurated which shows their determination and attachment towards the school. 2. The working hour of helping staff members is 8 hours but they do extra duty of 2 to 3 hours per day, so here school needs to show justified behaviour towards them. 3. 90% of the working members are satisfied with their work but sometimes faces problems in their duties, so this survey shows that the level of confidence has increased that has helped them to be aware of their rights and responsibilities . 4. 100% of helping staff members like and adore students, teachers, and environment of school, indicating love and respect towards the school. 5. 100% of the students show love and care and give respect to all helping staff members. 6. 100% of the teachers give respect After conducting Rotter’s Scale test and show equal and justified we came to a conclusion that the behaviour to all helping staff. answers obtained from the students 7. 99% of the colleagues show unity reflect values, culture, ethics, respect togetherness, love, care and towards elders, honesty, love and care respectful behaviour towards each towards their school, its teachers, fellow students and the helping staff. other. Students show utmost respect 8. Every helping staff member is towards elders which is justified by ambitious and gives their 100% their behaviour towards everyone in the contribution to school and tries to school. do their duty perfectly and on time. 85 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 9. 90%of the helping staff members they have friendly and frank ISSN: 2456-5571 want holidays and leisure time as relationship with a student which a change in school as they are shows that school teachers and over burdened with the work so students share respectful, they need time for their families to responsible and caring relations show their love and care towards with each other. Also it shows them. that GOVERNMENT SCHOOL did 10. School has empowered 99% of the not follow any corporal helping staff members financially, punishment rule they were more has groomed and changed their concerned about mental , personality, made them punctual, emotional and social wellbeing of has taught them doing their work child perfectly and has increased their 5. 100% of teacher responded that in knowledge change their behaviour GOVERNMENT SCHOOL they in a positive manner, and built didn’t feel any kind of biasness confidence, creativity and and discrimination. motivation among them. 6. 90% of teacher responded that their motivation to come to school Questionnair Evaluation of Teachers is to instil values and creativity 1. 80% 2017, when school starts among their students as well as where as 20% recently joined give them subject knowledge school. which makes them satisfied 2. 100 % of teachers feel good, 7. No one wants any change in satisfied and proud to be the part school according to them their of Government School, Delhi school is best in each and every which shows their love and ethos respect towards working in 8. 75% of teachers responded that organization. Government School helps them to 3. 90 % of teachers responded that become more responsible they have excellent relationship punctual and open minded with their colleagues, which person, more over it also given depict that each and every staff them time for their hobbies which member shows love, care and make them happy and responsible behaviour towards enthusiastic person. each other and respect each other 9. 100% of teacher responded that in every manner whether it is Government School is helping opinion or work. them in completing their aim and 4. 75% teachers responded that they providing them with excellent have respectful relationship with creative students with disciplined students and 25% responded that and motivational environment 86 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 which makes them determine and are not able to spend some quality helps to complete their aim. time with their family. 10. 50% of teacher responded that Morning Prayer help them to APPENDIX enhance their spirituality whereas ROTTER’s SCALE other 50% responded that Name:______Class:______happiness classroom, Age:______Gender:______motivational lecture with their colleague and students help them Instruction to enhance their spirituality. Write the first a word comes in your mind after reading following Reflection words. After conducting this we came to Your answer will be confidential understand that for an organization to function properly Questions Answers it is very important that it has1. Discipline some ethos to follow. 2. Period Bell Government School follows a set 3. Sharing pattern of rules and regulations 4. Classroom which promote creativity, 5. Mindfulness incorporate moral values, support 6. Principal friendly student -teacher 7. Teachers relationship, and also provide a 8. Punctuality good working environment to 9. School make their teachers and student Lunch confident, more efficient. Lab In Government Schools Morning Mid-day Meal Prayer and lectures between teachers help them to enhance PTM their spirituality and moral Assembly values. Sports Government School helps them to Bulletin Boards become more responsible and Morning Prayer punctual as well as an open Respect minded person. Life Government School lacks a Ethos smooth and convenient working schedule as many of staff members and students are overloaded with work burden they 87 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches Vol.7 No. 1 August 2020 ISSN: 2349-8684 Reference ISSN: 2456-5571 1. https://www.sec-ed.co.uk/best- practice/exploring-your-schools- ethos-and-culture/ 2. https://www.cfey.org/wp- content/uploads/policy_first_201 0_final_0.pdf 3. https://www.ibo.org/contentasset s/b53fa69a03d643b1a739d30543 ca8d65/darlenefishermadrid.pdf 4. https://www.findaphd.com/phds /project/how-school-culture- climate-and-ethos-are-influenced- in-schools-within-a-shared- campus-environment- phded006/?p45254 88 Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches