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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The Status and Conservation Potential of Carnivores in Semi-Arid Rangelands, Botswana The Ghanzi Farmlands: A Case Study KENT, VIVIEN TEMPEST How to cite: KENT, VIVIEN TEMPEST (2011) The Status and Conservation Potential of Carnivores in Semi-Arid Rangelands, Botswana The Ghanzi Farmlands: A Case Study , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/728/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Status and Conservation Potential of Carnivores in Semi-Arid Rangelands, Botswana The Ghanzi Farmlands: A Case Study Vivien T. Kent Abstract The persistence of many species of carnivore may depend on their survival outside protected areas where they come into conflict with humans and their livestock. Knowledge of these wildlife populations and of the perceptions and attitudes of the stakeholders in the areas in which they live is of critical importance in the quest for coexistence. The Ghanzi farmlands in western Botswana are a prime example of semi-arid rangeland where humans, domestic livestock and wildlife live side by side with varying degrees of success. But little research has been conducted in the area into either the wildlife or the white Afrikaner minority who own the majority of the land. This study aimed to fill some of these gaps in knowledge by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, and employing methodologies from both the biological and social sciences, to determine the potential for conservation of carnivores in the area. The farm block was found to contain good carnivore species diversity and a reduced, but healthy, naturally occurring prey base. Densities of cheetah and leopard were low, but comparable to, or better than, those reported for other similar environments. A good population of brown hyaena was found to exist in the area which could be of importance to the conservation of the species as a whole. The farming community were supportive of conservation in principle, but generally intolerant of predators that killed their livestock. A wide variety of land management and livestock husbandry practices were apparent, with some farmers prepared to do more than others to actively protect their livestock. Farmers with small stock suffered from greater levels of depredation than those who farmed only cattle, while some species of predator elicited greater feelings of antipathy than others. Some farmers professed a distrust of government interference in their affairs which served to hamper efforts to obtain reliable data on livestock depredation and monitor the lethal control of predators. Vivien Tempest Kent Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Department of Anthropology January 2011 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xii Statement of Copyright ....................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 – General Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project aims .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Thesis structure ..................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 - Study area and methodology ............................................................................... 8 2.1 Study area ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................... 16 2.2i Ecological methods .......................................................................................... 16 2.2ii Socio-cultural methods ..................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3 – Historical perspective of wildlife in the Ghanzi farmlands .................................... 27 3.1 The history of wildlife conservation in southern Africa ............................................ 27 3.2 The history of wildlife conservation in Botswana .................................................... 28 3.3 The history of wildlife in Ghanzi District................................................................. 33 3.4 Fences ................................................................................................................ 38 3.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4 - Prey populations in the Ghanzi farmlands ........................................................... 42 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 42 4.2 Methods .............................................................................................................. 44 4.3 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 46 4.4 Results................................................................................................................ 48 4.4i Camera trapping .............................................................................................. 48 4.4ii Occupancy analysis .......................................................................................... 51 4.4iii Predicting carnivore density .............................................................................. 57 4.4iv Questionnaires and informal interviews ............................................................. 58 4.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 59 4.5i Species occurrence and richness, RAIs and detectability ..................................... 60 4.5ii Occupancy and density estimates ..................................................................... 60 4.5iii Predicting carnivore density from prey biomass ................................................. 62 4.5iv Stakeholder attitudes and perceptions ............................................................... 63 4.5v Limitations of this study ................................................................................... 63 4.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 63 iii Chapter 5 - Ecological aspects of carnivore populations in the Ghanzi farmlands today: species diversity, density and abundance ........................................................................................ 64 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 64 5.2 Methods .............................................................................................................. 67 5.3 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 67 5.3i Camera trapping .............................................................................................. 67 5.3ii Spoor surveys .................................................................................................. 75 5.4 Results................................................................................................................ 76 5.4i Camera trapping .............................................................................................. 76 5.4ii Spoor surveys .................................................................................................. 86 5.4iii Abundance ...................................................................................................... 95 5.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 97 5.5i Leopard ..........................................................................................................
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